MBA 508

Lesson - 1 An Over view on Computer System

Spring 2011
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This Lesson Includes Following section

A computer is a electronic device whichcan responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).

A complete computer system includes four distinct parts

Hardware Software

What

How

Which
Data

Who
User

A computer hardware consists of electronic device; the part we can see and touch. The term "device" refers to any piece of hardware used by the computer, keyboard, monitor, modem, mouse, etc. A computer hardware consists of many different part. They are divided in two different groups.
 Internal Hardware  External Hardware

Internal Hardware: An Internal Hardware means hardware that surrounded by the computer's casing. External Hardware: By external hardware we mean all the computer device that we can see from outside.

Software
What is Software? Software is a set of electronic instructions that tells the computer how to do certain tasks. A set of instructions is often called a program. The two most common types of programs are : System software Application software. What is System Software? System Software refers to the operating system and all utility programs that manage computer resources at a low level. Systems software includes compilers, loaders, linkers, and debuggers. What is Application Software? Applications software comprises programs designed for an end user, such as word processors, database systems, and spreadsheet programs.
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System Software Operating System

Operating Systems
An Operating system is a program that controls the hardware directly. They provides an interface between the user and the computer hardware. They provide a way for applications software to communicate with the hardware. The OS is a program that conducts the communication between the various pieces of hardware like the video card, sound card, printer, the motherboard and the applications. They manage the system resourses such as memory and also allocate CPU time to the task being run. They manage system security.

System Software Operating System

Function of the Operating Systems
User Interface

Resourse Management

Task Management

File Management

Secuity

Utilities

User Interface The User interface is what you see when you turn on the computer. It Consists of the cursors, prompts, icons, menus, etc.

Operating System User Interface

Type of User Interface User Interfaces can be:

1 2 3

Command Driven Menu Driven Graphical (GUI Graphical User Interface)

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System Software Operating System

Operating systems role in running software programs
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Basic Services Sharing Information Multi-Tasking

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Application Software

Software

System Software

Application Software

System Management Program

System Support Program

System Development Program

Genarel Application Program

Specific Application Progral

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The Part of Computer system - Data

Data consists of raw facts, which the computer can manipulate and process into information that is useful to people. Computerized data is digital, meaning that it has been reduced to digits, or numbers. The computer stores and reads all data as numbers. Although computers use data in digital form, they convert data into forms that people can understand, such as text, numerals, sounds, and images.

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The Part of Computer system - USERS

People are the computer's operators, or users. Some types of computers can operate without much intervention from people, but personal computers are designed specifically for use by people.

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Looking inside the machine

A computer hardware devices are categorized as follows:
CPU
Processor Memory / Storage Device Control Unit

(I/O) Device
Input Device Output Device

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What Are Input And Output Device ?

Input Device
Sends data INTO a system
Some Input Device
Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Optical Input Device, Digital Camera, Joystic, Microphone, Pen, Touch Screen

Output Device
data OUT from a system to another medium
Some Output Device
Monitor, Printer, Projector, Sound Card, Speaker, Vedio Card
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How Computer Process Data

Where Processing Occurs: The Control Unit The Arithmetic Logic Unit Machine Cycles Processing takes place in the PC's central processing unit (CPU). The system's memory also plays a crucial role in processing data.

Both the CPU and memory are attached to the system's motherboard, which connects all the computer's devices together, enabling them to communicate.

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How Computer Process Data The Control Unit

The two main parts of a CPU are the control unit and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) The control unit directs the flow of data through the CPU, and to and from other devices. The control unit stores the CPU's microcode, which contains the instructions for all the tasks the CPU can perform.

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How Computer Process Data The Arithmatic Logic Unit

The actual manipulation of data takes place in the ALU. The ALU can perform arithmetic and logic operations. The ALU is connected to a set of registerssmall memory areas in the CPU, which hold data and program instructions while they are being processed ALU Operations List

Arithmetic Operations + Add  Subtract x Multiply z Divide ^ Raise by a power

Logical Operations !, { equal to, not equal to >, > greater than, not greater than <, < less than, not less than u, u greater than or equal to, not greater than or equal to e, e less than or equal to, not less than or equal to
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How Computer Process Data Machine Cycle

The CPU follows a set of steps-called a machine cycle-for each instruction it carries out. By using a technique called pipelining, many CPUs can process more than one instruction at a time. The machine cycle includes two smaller cycles: During the instruction cycle, the CPU "fetches" a command or data from memory and "decodes" it for the CPU. During the execution cycle, the CPU carries out the instruction, and may store the instruction's result in memory.

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Looking inside the machine Memory (Count.)

 The smallest usable unit of measure for memory is the byte  The amount of memory required to hold one character, like the letter A or the numeral 2.  Computers work with larger chunks of data, measured in multiple bytes, as shown below:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

byte = 8 bits kilobyte (K / Kb) = 2^10 bytes = 1,024 bytes megabyte (M / MB) = 2^20 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes gigabyte (G / GB) = 2^30 bytes = 1,073,741,824 bytes terabyte (T / TB) = 2^40 bytes = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes petabyte (P / PB) = 2^50 bytes = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes 1 exabyte (E / EB) = 2^60 bytes = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes
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Computers Today

Supercomputers

Mainframe Computers

Minicomputers

Workstations Microcomputers, or Personal Computers

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Supercomputer

A supercomputer is a computer that is considered, or was considered at the time of its introduction, to be at the frontline in terms of processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation. Supercomputers introduced in the 1960s were designed primarily by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), and led the market into the 1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research. Today, supercomputers are typically one-of-a-kind custom designs produced by "traditional" companies such as IBM and HP, who had purchased many of the 1980s companies to gain their experience, although still specializes in building supercomputer The term supercomputer itself is rather fluid, and today's supercomputer tends to become tomorrow's normal computer.
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Supercomputer Common Uses

Supercomputers are used for  Highly calculation Intensive tasks such as problems involving quantum mechanical physics,  Weather forecasting, climate research (including research into global warming),  Molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals),  Physical simulations (such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels,  Simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research into nuclear fusion),  Cryptanalysis, and the like. Major universities, military agencies.  Scientific research laboratories are heavy users.
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Supercomputer Today

Roadrunner is a supercomputer built by IBM at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, USA. Currently the world's fastest computer, Price - US$133-million = TK 919,99,99,977.00
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Mainframe Computer
Mainframes are computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, ERP, and financial transaction processing. Mainframe computers can support hundreds or thousands of users, handling massive amounts of input, output, and storage. Mainframe computers are used in large organizations where many users need access to shared data and programs. Mainframes are also used as ecommerce servers, handling transactions over the Internet. Nearly all mainframes have the ability to run (or host) multiple operating systems and thereby operate not as a single computer but as a number of virtual machines. In this role, a single mainframe can replace dozens or even hundreds of smaller servers, reducing management and administrative costs while providing greatly improved scalability and reliability.
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Mini Computer
Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes but larger than microcomputers. Minicomputers usually have multiple terminals. Minicomputers may be used as network servers and Internet servers.

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Workstations
Workstations are powerful single-user computers. Workstations are used for tasks that require a great deal of number-crunching power, such as product design and computer animation. Workstations are often used as network and Internet servers.

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Microcomputers
Microcomputers are more commonly known as personal computers. The term "PC" is applied to IBM-PCs or compatible computers. Full-size desktop computers are the most common type of PC. Notebook (laptop) computers are used by people who need the power of a desktop system, but also portability. Handheld PCs (such as PDAs) lack the power of a desktop or notebook PC, but offer features for users who need limited functions and small size.

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Microcomputers Today

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Any Question ?

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Thank You

Its not the end, its not even the beginning of the end. Its only the end of beginning.

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