REFERNCES

&
BIBLIOGRAPHY

BY
MUSSARAT JABEEN
CONTENTS

DEFINITION
PURPOSE
CHARACTERISTICS
ABBREVIATION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF STYLE
CITATION
 References
 References are the sources which are
taken from previously published work or
material. These sources are reproduced in
research work in author’s own words
known as quotation or using different
words to explain or discuss the ideas and
finding of other sources in the form of
paraphrase or summary. Citation of these
sources is necessary to avoid plagiarism.
 Purpose
 References provide the information
necessary to identify and retrieve
each source. Only those sources
should be included in the research
work that are actually used.
 References document all items
alphabetically at the end of research
paper and are cited in text with an
author-date citation system.
 Characteristics:
 Agreement of text and reference
list:
Reference cited in text must appear
in the references list. Each entry in
the reference must be cited in text
and both entries should be identical
in spelling and year. Failure to do so
can result in expensive changes after
a manuscript is set in type.
 Construction of accurate and complete
references:

The best way to ensure that information is

accurate and complete, is to check each
reference carefully against the original
publication. Give special attention to
spelling of proper names and words of
foreign language, titles, years, volume
numbers and page numbers. A well
prepared reference list establishes
credibility of author as a careful researcher.
An inaccurate or incomplete reference will
stand in print as an annoyance to future
investigators and a monument to the
writer’s carelessness.
 Personal communication:
 Reference documents those sources that
provide recoverable data.Personal
communications, such as letters,
memoranda and informal electronic
communications are not included in
references. If citation of personal
communication is necessary, use text by
giving the initial as well the surname of
the communicator and provide as exact a
date as possible, e.g.
T. K. Levis, (personal communication April
18, 2001)
 Abbreviation:
Acceptable abbreviations are used in
reference list for parts of books and
other publications, e.g.
 Chap. Chapter
 Ed. Edition
 Vol. Volume
 P. Page
 No. Number
 Numerals:
 Some volume numbers of books and
journals carry Arabic numerals while
other have Roman numerals. APA
and Chicago Manual of Styles use
Arabic numerals because they get
less space and are easy to
comprehend. A Roman numeral that
is part of a title should remain
Roman, e.g. Attention and
Performance IV.
 The Documentary Note System
 These notes consist of citation in the body of
research work, using a superscript number,
generally at the end of a sentence.
 In form of footnote, sources are written at the
bottom of the each page. A short line is drawn to
separate the body of the text from the footnote.
 If they appear at the end of a chapter, section or
paper, these are known as endnotes
 The first time a sources is cited, the documentary
note must provide full bibliographic details. The
subsequent references do not repeat all the
details again but use a shortened form.
 Bibliography
 Bibliography is an alphabetical list of
the sources. Books, periodical (items
published on a regular basis,
Journals, Magazine, news letters,
news papers and so on) CD’s,
internet, interview etc that we have
used to prepare a piece of research
work.
 Purpose:
The purposes of bibliographic entries are:
 To acknowledge the sources.

 To give the readers information to identify

and consult the sources.

 To make other to ensure that the

information is accurate.
 Entries of bibliographies spare from the

allegation of plagiarism( stealing another’s

people’s ideas of writing).
 Characteristics:
 Uniformity in the listing of bibliographical
entries is important and appreciated by
readers.
 Any entry in bibliography must be precise,
self contained and informative.
 The completion of bibliography and
consultation of the references tend to give
valuable clues to the methods, sources
and organization of data. The schemes of
classification employed in compiling a
bibliography may change as the objectives
changed and viewpoints are modified and
developed.
 Difference between reference
and bibliography
 References are consist of only that
material which is actually cited in
research work whereas a
bibliography consist of all the
material plus any other source that
has been read for research and
believed this would be useful for
other readers.
Types of Style Citations
 Types of Style Citations

 Chicago Manual of Style Citation

 APA (American Psychological

Association) Citation Style

 Oxford Style of Citation

Chicago Manual of Style Citation
Guide
 Examples are shown from Chicago
Manual of Style’ for both the Author-
Date style of citation, recommended
for natural sciences and social
sciences, as well as the Notes-
Bibliography style used for fine
arts, history, literature, etc.
Author-Date Style - (Sciences)
Bibliographic Entries
Books
 Name of Author/s (surname, first

names)
 Year of publication

 Title (italic)

 Place of publication

 Publisher
Book - (one author)
Kourik, Robert. 1998. The
lavender garden: beautiful
varieties to grow and gather. San
Francisco: Chronicle Books.
In-Text:
(Kourik, 1998)
 Book - (two to three authors)
 Flinder, J., and Geoffry E. Mills, eds. 1993. Theory
and concept in qualitative research: perspective
from the field. New York: Teacher College Press.
 In-Text:

(Flinders and Mills 1993)

 Book - (more than three authors)
Kimble, John M., Rattan Lal and Ronald F. Follett,
eds. 2002. Agricultural practices and policies for
carbon sequestration in soil. Boca Raton: Lewis
Publishers.
In-Text
(Kimble, et al. 2002)
Book - (corporate or organization
author)
 Ohio State University. 1959. A
directory of Ohio facilities and
services for resource conservation.
Columbus: Natural Resources
Institute.
 In-Text:
 (Ohio State, 1959)
Journal Articles:

Name of Author
Year of publication
Title
Journal name (italic)
Date, Vol. Nos,
Page number of article
 Journal Article (one author)

 Terborgh, J. 1974. Preservation of

natural diversity: The problem of
extinction-prone species. Bio Science
24:715-22.
 In-Text:

(Terborgh 1974, 720) or (Terborgh

1974)
 Journal Article - (two authors)

 Bolzan, J.F. and K.C. Jezek. 2000.

Accumulation rate changes in central
Greenland from passive microwave
data. Polar Geography 27(4): 277-
319.
 In-Text:

(Bolzan and Jezek 2000, 280) or

(Bolzan and Jezek 2000)
Newspaper Article/Encyclopedia
Article
 [Do not include in Bibliography. Citation is
made in running text style as shown in the
In Text examples below.]
 In-Text:
 "In an article on rampage killers (New York
Times, April 10, 2000), Laurie Goodstein
and William Glaberson describe..."
 In-Text:
 "In his article on Nebo in the eleventh
edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica,
Morris Jastrow noted that..."
Electronic Journal or Newspaper
Article
 Name of Author/s
 Year of publication
 Title of article
 Journal name (italic)
 Date, Vol. Nos.
 Page numbers
 Internet address
 Date of access
 Thomas, Trevor M. 1956. Wales: Land of Mines
and Quarries. Geographical Review 46, no. 1: 59-
81. http://www.jstor.org/ (accessed June 30,
2005).
 In-Text:
(Thomas, 1956)
 Electronic Book

 Rollin, Bernard E. 1998. The

Unheeded Cry: Animal
Consciousness, Animal Pain, and
Science. Ames, Lowa: The Iowa State
University Press.
http://www.netlibrary.com (accessed
June 30, 2005).
 In-Text:

(Rollin, 1998)
 Web Site

 Roach, John. 2005. Journal Ranks Top

25 Unanswered Science Questions.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com
(accessed July 7, 2005).
 In-Text:
 (National Geographic, 2005)
 Bibliography - Foot/End Notes
Style - (the Arts, Literature,
History)
Books
 Name of Author/s (surname, first

names)
 Title (italic)

 Place of publication

 Publishers

 Year of publication
 Book - (one author)

 Bibliography:
 Yow, Valerie Raliegh. Recording oral
history: a guide for the humanities and
social sciences. Walnut Creek, CA: Alta
Mira Press, 2005.
 Foot/Endnotes:
 Valerie Raliegh Yow, Recording oral
history: a guide for the humanities and
social sciences, (Walnut Creek, CA: Alta
Mira Press, 2005), p.78.
 Book - (two to three authors)

 Bibliography:
 Adams, Don, and Arlene Goldbard.
Creative community: the art of cultural
development. New York: Rockefeller
Foundation, Creativity & Culture Division,
2001.
 Foot/Endnotes:
 Don Adams and Arlene Goldbard, Creative
community: the art of cultural
development, (New York: Rockefeller
Foundation, Creativity & Culture Division,
2001).
Corporate Author
Bibliography:
Oberlin College. Conservatory of Music. Library.
Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Best Collection of Autographs,
in the Mary M. Vial Music Library of the Oberlin
College Conservatory of Music. Oberlin, OH:
Oberlin College Library, 1967.
Foot/Endnotes:
Oberlin College. Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Best
Collection of Autographs, in the Mary M. Vial Music
Library of the Oberlin College Conservatory of
Music (Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College Library,
1967),p. 46.
 Journal Article (one author)

 Name of author
 Title (italic)
 Journal name
 Date, Vol. No.
 Page numbers of article
 Bibliography:
 Banks, William. "A Secret Meeting in
Boise." Midwestern Political Review 6
(1958): 26-31. Foot/Endnotes:
 William Banks, "A Secret Meeting in
Boise," Midwestern Political Review 6
(1958): 29.
 Journal Article (two authors)

 Bibliography:
 Brown, Cecelia M., and Lina Ortega.
"Information-seeking Behavior of Physical
Science Librarians: Does Research Inform
Practice?" College & Research Libraries 66
(2005): 231-247. Footnote/Endnote:
 Cecelia M. Brown and Lina Ortega,
Information-seeking Behavior of Physical
Science Librarians: Does Research Inform
Practice? College & Research Libraries 66
(2005): 233.
Newspaper Article/Encyclopedia Article

 Bibliography:
 [Do not include in Bibliography. Citation is
made in running text style as shown in the
examples below.]
 "In an article on rampage killers (New York
Times, April 10, 2000), Laurie Goodstein
and William Glaberson describe..."
 "In his article on Nebo in the eleventh
edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica,
Morris Jastrow noted that . . ."
Electronic Journal or Newspaper
Article
 Bibliography:
 Carbado, Devon W. "Black Male Racial
Victimhood." Callaloo 21, no. 2 (1998):
337-361. http://www.jstor.org/ (accessed
July 8, 2005).
 Foot/Endnotes:
 Devon W. Carbado, "Black Male Racial
Victimhood," Callaloo 21, no. 2 (1998),
335, http://www.jstor.org/ (accessed July 8,
2005).
 Electronic Book

 Bibliography:
 Nydam, Ronald J. Adoptees Come of Age:
Living Within Two Families. Louisville, KY:
Westminster John Knox Press, 1999.
http://www.netlibrary.com (accessed July 8,
2005).
 Footnote/Endnote:
 Ronald J. Nydam, Adoptees Come of Age:
Living Within Two Families (Louisville, KY:
Westminster John Knox Press, 1999),
http://www.netlibrary.com (accessed July 8,
2005).
Web Site
 Bibliography:
 Ellison, Jim. "Assessing the accessibility of
fifty United States government Web pages:
Using Bobby to check on Uncle Sam." First
Monday, volume 9, number 7 (July 2004).
http://www.firstmonday.org (accessed June
16, 2005). Footnote/Endnote:
 Jim Ellison, "Assessing the accessibility of
fifty United States government Web pages:
Using Bobby to check on Uncle Sam, (First
Monday, 2004),
http://www.firstmonday.org (accessed June
16, 2005).
American Psychological Associa
tion

APA Style
American Psychological Association APA Style
American Psychological Association (APA) citation style
is primarily used in the social sciences
REFERENCE ENTRIES
Books
Name of Author/s (surname, initials of first name and
middle name)
Year of publication
Title of book is italicized
Place of publication
Publishers
Book (no author)
World development report. (1989). New
York: Oxford University Press.
(Alphabetization by the first word of title).
In Text
(World development , 1989)
Book (one author)
Perloff, R. M. (1995). The dynamics of
persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
In Text
(Perloff, 1995)
Book (two authors, up to six
authors)
Shain, Y., & Linz, J. J. (1995). Between states:
Interim governments and democratic transitions.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
In Text
(Shain and linz, 1995)
Book (more than six authors)
For more than six authors of a book, abbreviation
et al. is used for the remaining authors after six
authors.
I
Book (other than first edition)
Abbott, C. (1982). Colorado: A history of the
Centennial State (Rev. ed.). Boulder: Colorado:
Associated University Press. (Other abbreviations
include: 1st ed., 2nd ed, etc.)
In Text
(Abbot, 2000)
Book (society, association, or institution as
author and publisher)
American Psychological Association. (2001).
Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
In Text
(American Psychology, 2001)
Edited Book
Abbott, A. A. (Ed.). (2000). Alcohol, tobacco,
and other drugs: Challenging myths,
assessing theories, individualizing
interventions. Washington, DC: National
Association of Social Workers Press.
For multiple editors, use abbreviation, Eds.
In Text
(Abbot, 2000)
Article or chapter in an edited
book
Tillich, P. (1952). Being and love in
R. N. Anshen (Ed.), Moral
principles in action (pp. 661-672).
New York: Harper.
In Text
( Tillich , 1952)
Periodical Articles

Name of author
Year of publication
The title of the article.
The title of the periodical is
italicized,
Dates and volume numbers.
Page numbers.
Scholarly journal that numbers pages
continuously throughout the annual volume

Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the typical

eyewitness. American Psychologist,48, 574-576.
In Text
(Bekerian, 1993)

Scholarly journal that paginates each issue

separately

Turow, J. (1994). Hidden conflicts and journalistic

norms: The case of self-coverage. Journal of
Communication, 44 (2), 12-31.
In Text
Magazine article (in contrast to an article in a
scholarly journal)
King, R. D. (1997, April). Should English be the
law? Atlantic Monthly, 279, 55-64. Island of
trouble. The Economist, 306, 53-54.
In Text
(King, 1994)
Newspaper article
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 10). Obesity
affects economic, social status. The Washington
Post, pp. B1, B3, B5-B7. U.S. trade deficit. (1994,
August 19). The Wall Street Journal (Eastern ed.),
p. A1.
In text
(Schwartz, 1993)
Encyclopedia Articles
Signed article
Tracy, J. D. (1993). Erasmus. In The new
encyclopedia Britannica. (Vol. 18, pp. 489-491).
Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
In Text
(Tracy, 1993)
Unsigned article
Right of asylum. (1995). In Academic American
Encyclopedia. (Vol. 16, p. 222).
Danbury, CT: Grolier.
InText
( Right of, 1995)
Audiovisual Materials
Designation of resource person is identified in
parentheisis after their names
Medium is placed in bracket and is supplied after
the title
Videotape
Weir, P. B. (Producer), & Harrison, B. F. (Director).
(1992). Levels of consciousness [Videotape].
Boston: Filmways.
In Text (Weir & Harrison, 1992)
Audio recording
Carter, B. (Speaker). (1977). The growth of English
[Audio Recording]. New York: Audio Associates.
In Text (Carter, 1977)
Electronic Publications
Electronic Book
Humm, M. (1997). Feminism and film.
Bloomington, IN: Edinburgh University Press.
Retrieved October 20, 2001 from University of
Wisconsin-Parkside Library, netLibrary Web site:
http://www.netlibrary.com
In Text (Humm, 1997)
Article from an Internet journal based on
a print source (exact duplicate with same
page numbers)
Killingbeck, D. (2001). The role of television news
in the construction of school violence as "moral
panic" [Electronic Version]. Journal of Criminal
Justice and Popular Culture, 8, 186-202.
Article from an Internet journal based on
a print source (format differs or page
numbers are not indicated)
Killingbeck, D. (2001). The role of television
news in the construction of school violence
as "moral panic." Journal of Criminal Justice
and Popular Culture, 8, 186-202. Retrieved
October 30, 2001, from
http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol8is3/killing
beck.html

In Text (Killinghbeck, 2001)

Daily newspaper article,
electronic version
Greenhouse, S., & Lipton, E. (2001,
October 30). Possible anthrax case
shuts New York hospital. New York
Times. Retrieved October 31, 2001,
from http://www.nytimes.com
In Text
(Greenhouse & Lipton, 2001)
Article from Internet-only magazine

Saletan, W. (2001, October 17). The

power of negative thinking. Slate.
Retrieved October 20, 2001, from
http://slate.msn.com/framegame/entries
/01-10-17_117527.asp

In Text
(Stalen, 2001)
Periodical article retrieved from
periodical database
Madukjok, J. (1999). Militarization
and gender violence in South
Sudan. Journal of Asian & African
Studies, 34, 427-442. Retrieved
October 19, 2001, from Academic
Search Elite database.
In Text
(Madukjok, 1999)
Document retrived from World
WideWeb
American Psychological Association.
(1992, December1). American
Psychological Association Ethical
Principles of Psychologists and Code
of Conduct. Retrieved October 30,
2001, from
http://www.apa.org/ethics/code.html
In Text
(…American psychological, 1992)
Oxford Style of Citation
Bibliographic Entries:

Books
Name (surname, initial of first or
middle name)
Title
Publisher
Place of publication
Year of publication
Bibliography: Book -One author
Kostof, S. A history of architecture: settings and
rituals, 2nd edn. Oxford
University Press, New York, 1995.
Footnote/Endnote:
S Kostof, A history of architecture: settings and
rituals, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, New
York, 1995. p. 35.
Two authors
Fraser, H. & R Joyce. The Federation house:
Australia’s own style. Lansdowne Press, Sydney,
1986.
Footnote/Endnote:
H. Fraser & R. Joyce, The Federation house:
Australia’s own style, Lansdowne Press, Sydney,
Three Authors
Kleiner, FS,CJ Mamiya & RG Tansey,
Gardner’s art through the ages, 11th edn.
Harcourt College Publishers, Fort Worth,
2001.
Foot/Endnotes:
FS Kleiner, CJ Mamiya & RG Tansey,
Gardner’s art through the ages, 11th edn,
Harcourt College Publishers, Fort Worth,
2001.
Chapter in edited book

Gombrich, EH,‘The early Medici as patrons of art’ in

EF Jacob (ed.), Italian Renaissance studies, Faber
and Faber, London, 1960, pp. 279–311.

Footnote/Endnote:
EH Gombrich, ‘The early Medici as patrons of art’ in
EF Jacob (ed.), Italian Renaissance studies, Faber
and Faber, London, 1960, p. 299.
 Report, group author
Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public
Works, Proposed common use infrastructure on
Christmas Island, Parliament of the
Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2002.
Footnote/Endnote:
Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public
Works, Proposed common use infrastructure on
Christmas Island, Parliament of the
Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2002,
pp.51-53.
Journal article
Goldthwaite, RA, ‘The Florentine
palace as domestic architecture’,
American Historical Review, vol.
77, no. 4, 1972, pp. 977-1020.
Foot/Endnotes:
RA Goldthwaite, ‘The Florentine
palace as domestic architecture’,
American Historical Review, vol.
77, no. 4, 1972, pp. 977–978.
Journal article, no author
‘Federation Square: A tribute to the
skill of the construction industry’,
Construct in Steel, vol. 15, no. 2,
June 2002, pp. 12-14.
Foot/endnotes:
‘Federation Square: A tribute to the
skill of the construction industry’,
Construct in Steel, vol. 15, no. 2,
June 2002, p. 12.
Newspaper article, authored
Edwards, P. ‘Mud, glorious
mud’, The Age, 20 October
2004, pp. 6-7s.
Footnote/Endnote:
P Edwards, ‘Mud, glorious mud’,
The Age, 20 October 2004, p. 6.
Repeat Citation
When a particular source is cited more than once
in a paper, the full bibliographic details for
subsequent references is not repeated but a
shortened form is used. It is being common now to
use the author’s family name and page number if
appropriate, however, Latin abbreviation are used
for repeat citation.
S Kostof, A history of architecture: settings and
rituals, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, New
York, 1995, p. 35.
Repeat Citation
Kostof, p. 63.
In case of two or more different publication by
same author, in repeat citation includes part of
title of publication
M Levey, Rococo to revolution: major trends in
eighteenth-century painting, Thames and
Hudson, London, 1966, p.14.
M Levey, Painting in eighteenth-century Venice,
2nd edn, Phaidon, Oxford, 1980, p. 113
Repeat citation
Levey, Rococo to revolution, p. 26.
Latin Abbreviation
Ibid. ( ibidem meaning the same place relates to
the same work, cited immediately before, e.g . S
Kostof, A history of architecture: settings and
rituals, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, New
York, 1995, p. 35.
Repeated Citation
ibid.
ibid also refer to different page
S Kostof, A history of architecture: settings and
rituals, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, New
York, 1995, p. 35.
Repeated Citation
ibid., p. 45.
Op.cit.(opera citato, meaning in the work used)
refers to a different page of a work cited earlier.
Loc. cit. (loco citato meaning in the place cited )
refer to the same page of the work cited earlier,
e.g.
S Kostof, A history of architecture: settings and
rituals, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, New
York, 1995, p. 35.
Repeat Citation
Kostof, op.cit., p. 46
R Tansey & F Kleiner, Gardner’s art through the
ages, 10th edn, Harcourt Brace College
Publishers, Sydney, 1996, p. 29.
Repeat Citation
Tansey & Kleiner, loc. cit.
QUESTIONS
THANK YOU