GROUP 3

PRESENTATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 DEFINITIONS OF A
BIBLIOGRAPHY

A bibliography is an alphabetized list of

sources that have been used to
compile data, typically in an article,
essay or research paper.

 Fleming(2017)defines a bibliography
as a list of books, scholarly articles,
speeches and other sources of
information used when researching a
topic and a paper.
A bibliography is also known as;
 works cited,
Works consulted,
Reference list.
The etymology of the term bibliography can be semantically traced back
to the new Latin Bibliographia. It is a Greek word meaning “ copying of
books”
The bibliography is found at the end of the work and allows the person
reviewing the data to verify the veracity of the statements.
Bibliography means listing all the sources which you have consulted
while writing your essay or research article.
It is a secondary source of information.
TYPES OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES
There are many different types of bibliographies, which
include;
Annotated Bibliography
Enumerative / systematic Bibliography
Current Bibliography
Retrospective Bibliography
Serial Bibliography
National Bibliography
International Bibliography
Subject bibliography
Analytical Bibliography
1. Descriptive/ physical bibliography
2. Historical bibliography
3.Textual bibliography
Types of bibliographies
Annotated
bibliography
It provides a brief
description or annotation of
the cited sources.
The annotation comprises
of a brief summary of
content a long with a short
analysis or evaluation.
Enumerative / systematic
bibliography
it provides a list of the list of
books according to some
system, common theme to
reference plan and
includes information on; by
author, by subject or by
date
Types of bibliographies
National International
bibliography bibliography
 It provides a list of  It provides a list of works,
documents and sources sources, publications,
published in a particular manuals, books, notes,
country and are articles and websites
produced in a national collected from world
or local language of a wide sources.
country.
Types of bibliographies
Retrospective
Current bibliography bibliography
 It provides a list of  it provides a list of
published materials and documents or parts of
sources which are documents or articles
recently published. published in previous
years as distinct from a
 The purpose of a current
current bibliography.
bibliography is to report
recent literature as soon
as it is published.
Types of bibliographies
Subject bibliography
It provides a list of works
and sources related to a
specific subject.
Serial bibliography
 It is published over a
period of known and
pre-defined time slots.
 Time intervals for serial
bibliographies normally
range from weekly to
annual basis and informs
on he updates of books
and research article
titles.
Types of bibliographies
Analytical bibliography:
It refers to the collection of
sources and materials for the
purpose of critical study and
evaluation. It’s categorized into
the following;
Descriptive or physical
bibliography provides a list of
detailed facts for a book analysis
by listing its size, format binding
and publication detailed.
 Historical bibliography
provides a list of contextual
factors related to the
production of the book i.e.
printing, details, publishing,
bookselling etc.
 Textual bibliography provides
a list of literary materials
concerned with identification
and editing of transcription
errors from manuals,
manuscripts, transcripts,
scribes.
 PURPOSE AND USE OF
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
 To facilitate a researcher to get an overview of the
existing literature.
 Using the list of researched topics, one can get a
particular topic.
 To give credit to authors whose work has been consulted.
 A bibliography provides easy access to information since
relevant information is known.
 Using a bibliography saves the time of a user by providing
relevant literature.
 A bibliography helps one inquiring for information to know
the available materials on study topics or subject.
Purpose and use continued

 Bibliographies serve as book selection tools.

 It helps one to locate information materials easily.
 It informs researchers of current publications e.g.
the current bibliography.
 It helps in promoting reading culture by perusing
through them.
 Absence of a bibliography indicates that the papers
may be a piece of plagiarism.
 It ensures that the information contained in the
research paper is based on logic, truth and facts.
 HOW TO USE BiBliOgrapHiES
 Bibliography means listing all the sources which you have
consulted while writing your essay or research article. The
sources may be in the form of printed and online books,
websites, web documents, web blogs, newspapers,
articles and journals.
 Bibliographies are found at the end of the work. So, in
order for one to use them, they should always switch to
the last pages of the book, article or research paper.
 Bibliographies must start on a fresh page.
 They are either arranged alphabetically or numerically
but not both at the same according to the referencing
format or style used.
 Bibliographies consist of the author, date of publication,
place of publication and publisher.
Styles used when creating a bibliography

1. When using the following 4 styles, References are

listed alphabetically in the bibliography.
Harvard method
APA ( American Psychological Association) style
MLA ( Modern Language Association) style
Chicago style

2. References in this case are just numbered in the

bibliography.
Vancouver method
APA ( American Psychological Association) style

Authors are listed alphabetically.

For a book.
Start with the author’s surname and initials followed by the date of
publication in brackets. Title in italics. Place of publication and the
name of the publisher.
The second and following lines are indented.
E.g.
Patterson. G.L. (2011). Religion and Health. Johannesburg:
Psychology Press.
 APA ( American Psychological Association) style

Journal article Online sources

 Follow the same basic format Example
as books, with the title of the Chan, Susan. (20 April 2004). Results
journal in italics followed by of Anti-Cancer Project. Retrieved from
the volume, number and http: //www.cptr.edu.hk/project.pdf.
pages.
E.g..
 Loo, A. Bloor, Chris. and Choi,
Charlie. (2000). Parallel
Computing using Web Servers
and Servlets. Internet Research,
10(2), p160-169
 APA REFERENCE FORMAT- ExAMPlE
APPEARANCE OF ThE
bibliOgRAPhy iN APA sTylE
REFERENCES

Black, James. (2000). Web Site Standards. Hong Kong: Lingnan Publishing Company.
Chan, Susan. (20 April 2004). Results of Anti-Cancer Project. Retrieved from http:
//www.cptr.edu.hk/project.pdf.
Chung, Albert. and Lee, Mary. (2002). Server Technology. Hong Kong: Lingnan
Publishing Company.
Ho, Mary. (23 September 2004). Sharing Music Files. North China Morning Post. C2.
Ho, Paul. (3 April 2001). Anti-Cancer Project. East China Evening Post. A3.
Lee, Alfred. (2002). Peer-to-peer Systems. London: BCA Co.
Lee, Eliza. (5 August 2004). Searching for Extraterrestrial. Hi-Tech Daily p.c5.
Leung, David. (2004). Computer Systems. New York: ABC Co. Ltd.
Loo, A. Bloor, Chris. and Choi, Charlie. (2000). Parallel Computing using Web Servers
and Servlets. Internet Research, 10(2), p160-169
Smith, Chris. (2004). Searching for Power Server. International Journal of Lingnan, 5(3),
p134-145.
Wong, John. (2002). Testing the Web pages. Journal of Internet Testing, 32(3), p23-33.
Zhang, Alfred. (23 November 2002). Accessibility Survey. North China Morning Post. C3.
References

 http://www.lisbdnet.com/objectives-functions-
bibliography
 http://www.study.com
 http://www.ida.liu.se
 http://www.angelfire.com
 www.writeawriting.com
 www.thoughtco.com
 www.examples.yourdictionary.com