CHAPTER 11:
BETTY
NEUMAN’S
SYSTEM
MODEL
GROUP 6
Betty Neuman’s System Model Theory
>Holistic nursing theory
>Understanding of a patient as a complex system.
>Patient-centered care
Core center, Stressors, Protective mechanisms
Key Concepts
Core Center: physical, emotional, and spiritual
components, as a foundation of their well-being.
Stressors: Internal or external factors that disrupt
stability. (internal or external)
Lines of Defense: Protective mechanisms that help
maintain stability (primary, secondary, and tertiary)
Lines of Resistance: Mechanisms activated to protect
against stressors and maintain stability.
Reaction to Stressors: Individuals respond to stressors
physically, psychologically, and emotionally.
Prevention and Intervention: Maintain or achieve
maximum system stability through prevention and
intervention measures.
Major Concepts Basic Stricture and Energy Resources
-The basic structure, or central core, comprises those
of Neuman basic survival factors common to the species.
Client Variables
Systems Model -Neuman views the individual client holistically and
considers the variables simultaneously and
comprehensively.
Human being -physiological variable
-is an open system that interacts with internal and external -psychological variable
environment forces or stressors. -sociocultural variable
Environment -developmental variable
-The environment may be viewed as all factors that affect -spiritual variable
and are affected by the system. In Neuman Systems Model Flexible line of defense
identifies three relevant environments: -A protective accordion-like mechanism that surrounds
(1) internal, (2) external, and (3) created. and protects the normal line of defense from invasion by
Health stressors.
-defined as the condition or degree of system stability and is
Normal line of defense
viewed as a continuum from wellness to illness.
-An adaptational level of health developed over time and
Nursing
is considered normal for a particular individual client or
-Nursing’s primary concern is to define the appropriate
action in situations that are stress-related or concerning
system.
possible reactions of the client or client system to stressors. Lines of resistance
Open System -Protection factors are activated when stressors have
-A system in which there is a continuous flow of input and penetrated the normal line of defense, causing reaction
process, output and feedback. symptomatology.
Neuman’s
Subsystem
- A human is a total person within a
client system, comprising five variables
or subsystems at different layers.
• Physiological
• Psychological
• Socio-cultural
• Spiritual
• Developmental
Neuman explains environment as the
totality of the internal and external
forces which surround a person, and with
which they interact at any given time. These
forces can affect the line of defense of the
system which can disrupt its overall
wellness and balance.
These forces include:
• Intrapersonal stressors
• Interpersonal stressors;
• and Extra-personal stressors
In addition the environment has three
components:
• The internal
• The external
• The created
System Model of health
• Health is “the condition in which all parts and
subparts, or variables, are in harmony with the whole
of the client (Neuman, 1995).”
• State of wellness is in dynamic equilibrium
• Proposes a wellness-illness continuum.
Nursing
• Neuman views nursing as a unique profession
• A holistic perspective
"Optimal wellness or stability indicates
that total system needs are being met. A
• Defines nursing as action
reduce state ofwhich assistthe
wellnessis individuals,
result of
families and groups.
unmet system needs" (Neuman, 201 1c,
p.328)
THE SYSTEM’S
6 STEPS OF views the role of nursing in terms
MODEL:
NEUMAN’S SYSTEMS of the degree of reaction to
MODEL stressors, as well as the use of
primary, secondary, and
tertiary interventions.
Assessment of Makes a diagnosis by
the patient. interpreting the data Set goals.
collected.
Implementation of
Evaluation of
plan using Primary, A plan is created.
nursing process.
Secondary, and
Tertiary preventions.
“I believe that theory is
vital to the development
of an autonomous and
accountable nursing
profession... I believe
that the model is relevant
for the future because of
its dynamic and
systematic nature, its
concepts and
propositions are
THANK YOU
Members:
Clark Voltaire C. Agregado
Hazzy T. Pacuan-cuan
Heart Love G. Bangay
Vince Gabriel B. Rubio
Mikyla D. Gabano
Glenette Ann L. Taladucon
Krixian Paul A. Camilote
