COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

& ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE(CS-

215T)

Lecture by:
Dr. Abdul Hameed Pitafi
Associate Professor
, SSUET

Batch 2023F
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 COURSE OVERVIEW
 Course Objective:
The objective of this course is to explain the
concepts of computer organization in relation with
Intel 8086/88 instruction set architecture. The
concepts of Assembly language programming for
the Intel 8086/88 related to assembling and linking
programs, addressing modes, program control
flow, arithmetic and logical operations, ASCII and
BCD arithmetic, procedure calls, and string
manipulation will be discussed. Students will
understand the design issues that can affect the
performance of a computer system, including the
elements and design concept of cache memory
using different mapping techniques.
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 COURSE OVERVIEW /2
 Lecture Breakups:
16 weeks of lectures with recommended
reading mentioned for every lecture

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 COURSE OVERVIEW /3
 Text Book:
Computer Organization & Architecture,
Design for Performance, 11/ed. 2019
by William Stallings
ISBN-13:978-0-13-410161-3,
Pearson Prentice Hall

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 COURSE OVERVIEW /3
 Text Book:
Computer Organization & Architecture,
Design for Performance, 11/ed. 2019
by William Stallings
ISBN-13:978-0-13-410161-3,
Pearson Prentice Hall

Computer Science & Information Technology Department

Sir Syed University of Engg. & Tech.
 COURSE OVERVIEW /4
 Reference Book:
The Essentials of Computer Organization
&Architecture, 2003
by Linda Null & Julia Lobur
ISBN: 0-7637-0444-X

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 Class Rules
 1. Attendance is marked in start of 10 minutes.

 2. All the assignments should be handwritten and submitted online

(link will be provided).

 3. All lectures and other reading material will be shared on Whatapp

group.

 [Link] lecture or in class I can not tolerate any disturbance, if

someone try to disturb the class he will be marked Absent one week
and 2 marks detected from sessional marks.

 5. During attendance marking if someone talk to another, he/she will

be marked Absent in that day.

Computer Science & Information Technology Department

Sir Syed University of Engg. & Tech.
 Class Rules
 6. I will not mark any single present to any student whatever the
reasons is. If someone have emergency problem must submit
application through chairman CSD.

 7. If someone get 47 marks in theory + sessional number, I can

only add maximum 3 numbers. No any excuse for 4 or > marks

 8. if someone grade changed up to 3 marks, I can add 3 numbers

only for those students who respond me in class.(eg. 57 to 60)

 9. It is necessary all the students should take part in the class and
interact with during lectures.
 10. if you any problem related to course, you can communicate with
me directly or through CR.
 10. Kindly check your attendance weekly on CMS, if someone think
there is problem , communicate with me, resolve it immediately. 9
Computer Science & Information Technology Department
Sir Syed University of Engg. & Tech.
 COMPUTER, ARCHITECTURE,
ORGANIZATION?

What do we know about these terms?

Computer?
‫کمپیوٹر‬
Literal
Architecture? meaning
‫تعمیر کا فن اور علم‬ s

Organization?
‫تنظیم‬
Let’s explore! 10

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 LET’S EXPLORE
The journey starts from the term

COMPUTER

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 LET’S EXPLORE / 2

What do these all devices do?

They all compute!

What do they require to compute?

Operations +, -, *, /

What else?
Logic!
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 LET’S EXPLORE / 3

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 LOGIC…

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 DLD - REVISIT
Dependency Rule for AND & OR Logic:

“Masking” – An Application of AND Logic:

“Setting” – An Application of OR Logic:

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 DLD - REVISIT
Application of XOR gate
XOR as an Inverter

XOR as a Buffer

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 DLD - REVISIT
Combinational Logic involves
Adder, Subtractor, Encoder, Multiplexer,
Decoder/De-Multiplexer, Comparator

A–B=A+(-B)

Subtraction can be implemented using

2’s complement addition

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 DLD - REVISIT
Combinational Logic involves
Adder, Subtractor, Encoder, Multiplexer,
Decoder/De-Multiplexer, Comparator

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 DLD - REVISIT
Concept of Universal Gates
Origin: De Morgan’s Theorem

(i) (A . B)’ = A’ + B’

(ii) (A+B)’ = A’ . B’

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 DLD - REVISIT
Sequential Logic involves Memory which
is implemented by Flip-Flops and
Latches

 Flip-Flops and Latches are basic unit of a

Memory
 A Flip-Flop or Latch can be considered as a
bit
 Register is used as a container
 Register is combination of latches
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 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
Logical Aspects of a computer system

Focuses on the structure and behavior of a

computer system

Attributes of a system that are visible to the

programmer

Attributes such as Instruction Set, Data

Type representation in number of bits, I/O
Mechanism, Memory Addressing Techniques
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 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
Physical aspects of a computer system

Study on how various circuits and components

fit together to create a working computer

Attributes of a system that are not visible to

the programmer such as operational units and
interconnects

Attributes such as control signals, interfaces

between computer and peripherals, memory
technology used
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 IN ONE SENTENCE…
Computer Architecture helps to answer

How do we design a computer?

Computer Organization helps to answer

How does a computer work?

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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE VS
ORGANIZATION
 Computer Architecture Computer Architecture
is a blueprint for design and implementation of
a computer system. It provides the functional
details and behaviour of a computer system
and comes before computer organization.
Computer architecture deals with 'What to
do?' Computer

 Organization Computer Organization is how

operational parts of a computer system are
linked together. It implements the provided
computer architecture. Computer organization 25
deals with 'How to do?'
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE VS
ORGANIZATION

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EXAMPLE
 Which of the following included in the
computer Architecture ?

 1. Addressing modes and design of CPU

 2. Instruction and Data Format

 3. Secondary memory and Operating System

 A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 C. 1 and 3 D. 1,2,

and 3

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 WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO STUDY?
Specially for a computer science students!

Viewpoint can be based on the

Principle of Equivalence of Hardware and Software

Computer Scientists -> Complex Algorithms

Complex Algorithms -> Implementation

Implementation -> Hardware Specifications

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 DO YOU KNOW…
The difference between K and k?

Which ‘kilo’ is associated with base10 and

Which ‘kilo’ is associated with base2?

How many bytes are there in a Kilo of base2?

How many bits are there in 16 Kilo Bytes?

Add 2019 to your three digit roll# and represent in

Binary and Hexadecimal number systems?
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 THE COMPUTER LEVEL HIERARCHY
Divide & Conquer!!!

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 THE COMPUTER LEVEL HIERARCHY
Example of each level:

Level 6 Executable Programs

Level 5 C++, Java, Fortran etc.
Level 4 Assembly Code
Level 3 Operating System, Library Code
Level 2 Instruction Set Architecture
Level 1 Microcode or Hardwired
Level 0 Circuits, Gates etc.

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 STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
•Previously we have discussed the
Data
hierarchical nature of a computerMainData
system
CPU
Processing Storage
At each hierarchical level designer is concerned
Memory
with
•Function
•Structure
Four basic
Four mainFunctions
•Structure
Structuralofcomponents
a computer
•The way in which components interrelate

Data Control
System
I/O
•Function
Movement Interconnect
•Operation of each individual component
Peripherals
Data Communication
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 TOP LEVEL STRUCTURE

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 MULTICORE COMPUTER
STRUCTURE

Functional elements of a core are:

•InstructionUnit
•Arithmetic Logic Unit
•Load / Store Logic

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 SUB-AREA WITHIN THE CORE
•ISU Instruction Sequence Unit
•IFU Instruction Fetch Unit
•IDU Instruction Decode Unit
•LSU Load/Store Unit
•XU Translation Unit
•FXU Fixed-point Unit
•BFU Binary Floating-point Unit
•DFU Decimal Floating-point Unit
•RU Recovery Unit

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 THE COMPUTER BASIC MODELS
•Von Neumann Model

•Non Von Neumann Model

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 VON NEUMANN MODEL
•Proposed by a Mathematician Von Neumann
•Followed by all stored-program computer
•Possess following characteristics
•Central Processing Unit

•Arithmetic Logic Unit

•Registers

•Main Memory Unit

•I/O Systems

•Bottleneck is the single path for transferring

data and instructions

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 VON NEUMANN MODEL

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 NON VON NEUMANN MODEL
•AKA Harvard Architecture
•Proposed solution to Von Neumann Bottleneck
•Two buses for data and instructions each
•Data and Instructions are simultaneously
transferred
•Mostly used to design special purpose machine

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 THE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A MICROPROCESSOR-BASED COMPUTER SYSTEM

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 HISTORY OF INTEL X86
MICROPROCESSOR

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