MODAL
VERBS
He can swim.
subject modal verb
MODAL VERBS
Are used as auxiliary or helping
verbs with special functions. The modal
verbs include can, could, shall, should,
may, might, will, would, must, need to
and ought to. They are used with other
verbs to express ability, obligation,
possibility, necessity, permission,
promise, request and so on. They usually
position before the main verb in a
sentence
Modal Meaning/Uses Sentences
Verbs
Can Express present ability Mark can answer his modules
even without his mother or his
Asks permission tutor.
Can I get something to eat?
Could Expresses past ability I could run as fast as a horse
Refers to something that when I was thirteen.
you wish to have or do He could have passed the
but that is not possible examination if he had studied
harder.
Shall Indicates simple futurity I shall call you later.
and obligation The food packs shall be
Indicates a promise in delivered to your house next
the future week.
Asks what to do Shall we get inside the
conference room?
Modal Verbs Meaning/Uses Sentences
Should Expresses past obligation The residents should
participate in the clean-up
Gives advice drive in their community.
Aside from daily exercise, you
should eat fruits and
vegetables to boost your
immune system.
Will Expresses simple futurity Mother will work in Italy when
and willingness pandemic ends.
I will call you later.
Would Expresses invitation Would you join us here?
Indicates past possibility If the contract tracer came,
would you tell the truth?
Expresses request Would you bake a cake for my
Modal Verbs Meaning/Uses Sentences
May Expresses probability or Father may be home late at
future possibilities mixed night.
with doubt and The congress may not pass the
uncertainty budget if they continue their
Expresses invitation political rivalry.
Request permission May you attend my sister’s
debut party?
May I talk to the mayor?
Might Used in reported speech Jane said, “ I might call you
for past time after dinner.”
Possibility It might rain tomorrow, bring
an umbrella.
Must Expresses obligation or We must follow health
necessity protocols.
People in high risk areas must
wear face mask and face
Modal Verbs Meaning/Uses Sentences
Need to Indicates necessity He has difficulty in breathing,
he needs to see a doctor.
Ought to Expresses sense You ought to have come to
obligation to do or to the hearing, your client can’t
become something but pay a private lawyer.
with stronger sense of
intensity.
Shouldn’t or Indicates prohibition or Your mother is pregnant. She
should not disapproval of shouldn’t get outside.
have or ought something that was You ought not bring so much
not done in the past. cash while in crowded places.
Transitional
Devices
Are words or phrases that help carry a
thought from one sentence to another,
from one idea to another, or from one
paragraph to another. And finally,
transitional devices link sentences and
paragraphs together so that there are
no breaks between ideas.
Susan Susan
wanted wanted cake
cake. She but she also
wanted ice wanted ice
cream. cream.
Drawing is all about Drawing is all about taking
taking the time to the time to master each
master each step. step. In other words,
Mastering drawing becoming a master in the
doesn’t happen in a art of drawing doesn’t
happen in a day.
day. It’s a skill that
Furthermore, It’s a skill
takes daily practice. that takes daily practice as
You need dedication to well as dedication to hone
hone your craft. It’s your craft. It’s important
important not to burn not to burn yourself out
yourself out. You need but you need to stick with
to stick with it. it.
A dd i tr a
ti C o n
on st
Summa Cause
Transiti or
ry
onal Result
Device introd
To
m pa s uc
Co e an
o n i l l u st r
ris To refer to a ati
previously on
mentioned Emphasis
idea or
information
in
addition,
Additio in other
words,
This
n again,
transitional moreover,
device adds furthermo
re, and
information or then, as
reinforces well as,
ideas. besides,
additionall
1. Moreover, I learned about the
wonders of the world, space travel,
human, achievements, gigantic
whales, tiny viruses and other
fascinating things of our world.
2. Furthermore, the study not only
analyzed the effects of X but also
examined the impact of Y.
3. Additionally, the previous research
has shown consistent findings,
strengthening the validity of our
study.
Indeed, of
course,
Emphas certainly,
is
This
especially,
in
transitional particular,
definitely,
device is used
extremely,
to emphasize obviously,
ideas. importantl
y
1.I would like to thank all the
people behind my success,
especially my family.
2.Importantly, the findings
have implications for future
policy decisions.
3.In particular, the study
examined the relationship
between age and cognitive
performance.
Compar Similarly
This , like, in
ison
transitional compari
device is used son,
to link likewise
relationship ,
between two
things or more.
me to places I haven’t been
in to.
2. In comparison, the current
study offers a unique
perspective by examining
the relationship from a
different angle.
3. Similarly, other researchers
have reported comparable
findings, corroborating the
generalizability of our
Rather
than,
Contras
This
unlike,
however,
t
transitional but, on the
device is used other
hand,
to connect two whereas,
things by although,
focusing on regardless,
on the
their contrary
1. However, they soon got fed
up and tired of having to
read to me continually.
2. Maila liked birds, but she
was afraid of cats.
3. On the other hand, Ver liked
animals that could fly eagles
and falcons.
Thus, to
To introduce illustrat
an e, for
This
illustration example
transitional , for
devices add instance
emphasis or ,
introduce specific
evidence. ally,
1. For example, I do not have
to catch a disease to know it
can kill me. I know the
danger so I can avoid it.
2. Specifically, Ellen loves
chocolate fudge brownie
sundaes.
Because
,
Cause or consequ
Result
This ently,
transitional thus,
device is used for, as a
to show the result,
consequences therefor
of an action. e, since,
hence
learned to read.
2. Since you’re such a good
student, you’ll get into a good
grade.
3. Therefore, you can get a job
you like.
4. Hence, the proposed model is
validated, given the consistent
and statistically significant
results.
5. Consequently, the
hypothesis can be supported
by the observed patterns in
finally,
in other
Summary words,
This to
transitional conclud
device is used e, to
to summarize sum up,
or conclude. overall,
in
the reader with so much
information and facts.
2. In summary, this research
makes a valuable
contribution to the existing
literature by extending our
understanding of the topic.
3. In conclusion, the results
indicate a consistent
pattern, providing a
foundation for future
To refer to a
previously mentioned
idea or information
As we have seen, on
the whole, as
mentioned above, as
stated previously, I
have said, it seems
then
1. As stated previously, the
wonderful thing about
reading is that I do not have
to learn things the hard way.
Identify Key Structural
Elements: Declarative
Sentences, Rhetorical
Questions and Passive
Voice
Four (4) kinds of Sentences (according to their meaning and
purpose)
Interrogative (sentence Exclamatory
that asks a question) (expresses sudden or
strong feeling),
Imperative (gives
Declarative is
command, order, or
commonly used.
request)
A.Declarative Sentence
A sentence that expresses a statement. It simply
declares something whether it’s a fact, wish, intent
or feeling. In argumentative text, declarative
statements are used in making a claim,
enumerating reasons and presenting evidences.
Examples:
1. The movie was entertaining.
2. He will be home for Christmas.
3. Jim practices the piano everyday.
4. Internet should be made free to everyone.
5. It’s a pleasure to see the children achieving their dreams
in life and a blessing to their families.
Declarative sentences can be simple or
compound in structure.
Examples:
1. Maria is happy. – (Simple Declarative Sentence)
2. Jose wants to visit his friends , but he is not
allowed to go out. – (Compound Declarative
Sentence)
Declarative sentences can be simple or
compound in structure.
Examples:
1. I don’t like tea. – (Simple Declarative Sentence)
2. I am counting my calories, yet I really want
dessert. – (Compound Declarative Sentence)
B. Passive Voice
– it usually comes in the form (verb be + past
participle of the main verb) depending on the
tenses, like was formulated, were discussed,
and will be presented, has been raised etc.
B. Passive Voice
– it is determined by the subject as the receiver
of the action or is being acted upon by the
verb. But if the subject is the doer of the
action or acts upon the verb, it is an active
voice.
Active Voice – Subject + Verb + Object
Passive Voice – Object + Verb + Subject
Examples:
1.The parents received the modules. –
Active Voice
2.The modules were received by the
parents. – Passive Voice
In sentence 1, The parents (Subject) acts on the verb (received) and the object (the modules)
receives the action. While in sentence 2, the subject (the parents) becomes the receiver of
the action (were received) and the object (the modules) becomes the doer of the action.
Examples:
1.They wear a sweater. – Active Voice
2.The sweater is worn by them. –
Passive Voice
Simple Auxiliary verb + Examples
Tenses sample V3 (past
participle)
Present am, is, are + made Sugar is made from canes.
simple Some products are made in
China.
Past simple was, were + invited Jose was invited to sing at the
ceremony.
They were invited to Maria’s
birthday party.
Future (will) will be + announced The decision will be
announced tomorrow.
Future am, is, are + going to be + A mega company is going to
(going to) built be built within the next years.
New buildings are going to be
Progressi Auxiliary verb + Examples
ve Tenses sample V3 (past
participle)
Present am, is, are + being + The item is being sent at
progressiv sent the moment.
e I am being sent to study
abroad.
Past was, were + being + The plant was being
progressiv watered, washed watered when my mother
e got home.
The clothes were being
washed while the kids are
still sleeping.
Future Will be +being+ played The music will be being
Perfect Auxiliary verb + Examples
Tenses sample V3 (past
participle)
Present has, have + been + That plant has been
perfect sold sold for 500 pesos.
The pots have been
sold for 1,000
pesos.
Past had + been + hired The janitor had
perfect been hired before
he gave the letter
MODAL Auxiliary verb + Examples
S sample V3 (past
participle)
can/could can, could + be + A certificate can be
issued issued at the office.
They said that it could
be issued today.
have to have to, has to, had Their needs have to be
to + be + catered, catered right away.
arranged, promoted A gardener has to be
arranged for tomorrow’s
event.
She had to be promoted
for her length of service.
must must + be + stopped Illegal loggings must be
stopped for the sake of
C. Rhetorical Question
- From the word “rhetoric” – an art of
expressive and persuasive speech discourse,
the writer’s way to create an emotional effect.
- It’s a question being asked to highlight or
emphasize a point and is not expecting of an
answer.
Examples:
1.Is rain wet?
2.Who are we that even the Creator offered His
life as a ransom for us?
3.Who would have thought that a virus will help
the planet breathe for a couple of months?
A song is
He composes a song. composed by him.
The kitty chased the mice. The mice was chased
by the kitty.
He trains me. I am trained
him.
by
They plant flowers. The flowers are
planted by them.
Lena is humming a tune.
A tune is being hummed
by Lena.
Even
__________
though I’m very allergic to flowers, my
boyfriend bought a bouquet of roses.
a.Because c. Moreover
b.Even though d. Until
regardles
1.She feels like giving up her job ___________
s of
the consequences she will face.
a.although c. regardless of
b.much as d. as a result
The proposed solution to the
problem did not
work._________
Therefor , we
e
attempted a second
solution.
The first and third experiments
yielded while positive
results, _______ the outcomes of
the second and fourth
experiments were negative.
Patel (2015) comes to a similar
In
conclusion. __________,
summar the four
studies considered
y here suggest
a consensus that the solution is
effective.
Chapter 1 presents my analysis
of To the
as well
Lighthouse, _________
as discussing
some background information
on Woolf.
I went to the seminar expecting
a long, boring presentation
on the
contrary
but _________, it was engaging
and a lot of fun!
Miguel forgot to add the yeast
as a result
to his dough and _________, the
bread didn’t rise.
ca
•She ______
n play the guitar very well. (Ability)
mig
•They ________
ht visit us next week. (Possibility)
shou
•He _______
ld apologize for being late. (advice)
mu
•Cars ____
st stop at stop signs. (necessity)
•I think they ________reach
will Coimbatore by 8 pm. (futurity)
Woul
•_______
d you be able to bring your camera when you come?
(request)
• I ______
will make sure to keep everything ready by the time
they reach the railway station. (futurity/willingness)
cou
•Paul _____
ld speak Chinese when he was a child. (past ability)
Thank
you
