1

SENIOR 5
Intensive Course
 CONTRAST and PURPOSE 2
 Although Mary studied hard, she didn’t pass the exam. (A pesar de que…)
 Even though Mary studied hard, she didn’t pass the exam.
 Even If Mary studied hard, she didn’t pass the exam.
 Though Mary studied hard, she didn’t pass the exam.

 I asked her, she didn’t come, though. (Speech = Informal)

 Although
 Even though + CLAUSE (Subject + verb + rest) , + CLAUSE
 Though
 Even If

However (Sin embargo. Siempre se expresa entre comas o punto ‘’However’’ coma.)
Mary studied hard. However, she didn’t pass the exam.
Mary studied hard; however, she didn’t pass the exam.

 On the other hand, …

 But…
 While / Whereas…

Despite / In spite of (A pesar de…)

 Despite studying hard, Mary didn’t pass the exam.
+ V-ING
 Despite not being happy, Paul went to the party.

 In spite of the rain, we went out.

+ NOUN
Examples:
 Rewrite: Although Paul was sad, he went to the party.
Despite being sad, Paul went to the party. (V-ING)
Despite his sadness, Paul went to the party. (Noun)
Despite the fact that Paul was sad, he went to the party. (Clause)
+ CLAUSE
Purpose:
 I study English TO get a job.
 I study English IN ORDER (not) TO get a job. (A fin de… / Para…)
 I study English SO AS (not) TO get a job. (A fin de… / Para…)
 FOR + ING

 I study English SO THAT I can get a job. (Clause)

 LINKING WORDS
3
 Reason:
Patrick didn’t go to the supermarket because he was tired. (porque) = ¡No pongo coma!
Because Patrick was tired, he didn’t go to the supermarket.
Patrick didn’t go to the supermarket since he was tired.

 Result:
Patrick was tired, so he didn’t go the supermarket. (Por lo tanto…/entonces…)

 Additions: (Además)
 Also,
 Besides,
 In addition,

 Giving opinion:
 In my opinion,
 From my point of view,…
 I think/I believe (that)…
 I consider…

 Giving Examples:
 For example, … People don’t take care of the environment. For example, they…
 For instance, … People don’t take care of the environment, for example, they…
, such as…
 like… + singular or plural / as… + singular

There are many natural disasters, such as tornados, earthquakes, acid rain and so on.

 Sequencing:
o Firstly, … / First of all, …
o Secondly, … / Thirdly, …
o Finally, … / Lastly, …

 Summarizing:
 In conclusion, …
 To conclude, …
 On balance, …
 4
MODALS
OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY:

 must
 have to / has to [Past: had to]
 need to
ADVICE:
should / shouldn’t Why don’t you…
had better / had better not It might be better if + SIMPLE PAST
ought to / oughtn’t – ought not to Suggest + ING
If I were you, I would / wouldn’t…

LACK OF OBLIGATION / NO OBLIGATION:

 don’t / doesn’t have to *Past = didn’t have to]
 don’t / doesn’t need to *Past = didn’t need to+
ABILITY:
 can *Past = could / couldn’t+
(BE able to) [Past = was / were able to------- Negative: wasn’t / weren’t able to]
Example: She can speak English perfectly. = She is able to speak English perfectly.
PERMISSION: PROHIBITION / NOT PERMISSION:
 may - mustn’t
 can - can’t *Past: couldn’t+
 could
 be allowed to - be not allowed to
The let me go to the party. [-] They don’t let me go to the party.
They allow me to go to the party. [-] They don’t allow me to go to the party.
I am allowed to go to the party. [-] I am not allowed to go to the party.
PROBABILITY:

 WILL probably / probably WON’T [-]
 BE likely to / BE unlikely to [-]
BE not likely to [-]
 COULD / MAY / MIGHT (not)
Paul will probably win the match.
Paul probably won’t win the match. [-]
Paul is likely to win the match.
Paul is unlikely to win the match. [-]
Paul is not likely to win the match. [-]
Paul might not win the match.
Examples and Explanation: Modal Verbs have different uses… 5

(Certain)
6
 7

Examples:

Present / Future: Present Continuous:

It is possible Harry is at home. Perhaps Susan is working now.

Harry might be at home. Susan may be working now.

I’m sure Carl will pass the exam. It is probable Patrick is working now.
Carl must pass the exam. Patrick may be working now.

I’m sure Sally is not at home. I think Richard is not working now.
Sally can’t be at home. Richard could not be working now.

Past / Present Perfect:

I’m sure Laura didn’t steal the money. Probably she has lost her keys.
Laura can’t have stolen the money. She could have lost her keys.

Useful Phrases:

 I’m sure... / It is certain… MUST

 It is possible… / It is probable… / Probably… COULD – MAY – MIGHT
Maybe… / Perhaps… / I think…
 It is impossible / I’m sure + Negative Sentence CAN’T
Rewrites: Modals
8
1. It is not necessary for you to have a full time job. (TO)
You don’t
2. They don’t let me go out with my friends. (ALLOWED)
I am
3. People must stay at home. (TO)
People have
4. You should eat healthy food. (BETTER)
You had
5. Sally can write interesting short stories. (ABLE)
Sally is
6. Mark will probably pass the exam. (LIKELY)
Mark is _
7. Megan is unlikely to win the competition. (PROBABLY)
Megan
8. They are not allowed to use the mobile phone in class. (CAN’T)
They
Rewrites: Modals of Deduction
1. I’m sure Arya lives in Buenos Aires. (LIVE)
Arya
2. It is possible he is tidying his bedroom now. (BE)
He
3. It is impossible she is travelling to Europe. (BE)
She
4. Probably Rick will go to the party. (MAY)
Rick
5. It is certain Robert is not from Brazil. (BE)
Robert
6. I’m sure Lucy broke her mobile phone. (HAVE)
Lucy
7. Perhaps he has not arrived on time. (HAVE)
He
8. Maybe they are not doing exercise now. (BE)
They
9. I sure John and Ann got married in London. (HAVE)
John and Ann
10. He probably won’t get the certificate. (NOT)
He
 9
Rewrites: Modals and Related Verbs.
1. Mary’s dad didn’t allow her watch horror films yesterday. (ALLOWED)
Mary
2. When I was a child, I could not read correctly. (ABLE)
When I was child, I
3. People probably won’t use public transport in the future. (LIKELY)
People _
4. It was not necessary to print the document. (NOT)
You
5. It was compulsory to wear uniform when I worked in the company. (TO)
When I worked in the company, I _
6. Laura is likely to get the prize. (MAY)
Laura
7. You should take a pill if you have a headache. (OUGHT)
You
8. No explanation needed. English grammar is so easy to understand. (NOT)
You because it is so easy to understand.
Modals of Deduction, Modals and Related Verbs.
1. I think you should stop seeing this crazy girl. (ought)
You
2. I’m not sure this man can help us with our problem. (may)
This man
3. Do you want me to help you with your hand luggage? (shall)
with your hand luggage?
4. Do I have permission to stay up late? (can)
late?
5. It is not necessary for us to bring food for the camping. (have)
for the camping.
6. I’m sure Peter is a doctor. (must)
Peter
7. The new biology teacher will probably arrive late today. (likely)
The new biology teacher
8. It is impossible Sarah studied in Cambridge because she can’t speak English. (can’t)
Sarah because she can’t speak English.
9. It is certain a professional photographer took this picture. (MUST)
A professional photographer
10.Perhaps the children are sleeping in their bedroom. (MIGHT)
The children
 PASSIVE VOICE: TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE 10
We use passive voice when we don’t want to say who the doer of the action is, or when we
want to focus on the result and not on the doer of the action.
Da Vinci painted Monalisa. (Active Voice) 1. IDENTIFICO EL TIEMPO DE LA ORACIÓN.
2. PASO EL OBJETO (SUSTANTIVO DETRÁS DEL VERBO)
ADELANTE.
3. ESCRIBO EL VERB TO BE EN EL TIEMPO QUE
Monalisa was painted by Da Vinci. (Passive Voice) IDENTIFIQUÉ.
4. ESCRIBO EL VERBO DE LA ORACIÓN EN PARTICIPIO
They robbed the bank. (Active Voice)
We can use ‘BY…’ when it is important to mention
The bank was robbed by them. (Passive Voice) who did the action. For example: A proper name.
We can express the Passive Voice in different tenses…
The bank is robbed SIMPLE PRESENT
The bank is being robbed PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The bank was robbed SIMPLE PAST
The bank was being robbed PAST CONTINUOUS
The bank has been robbed PRESENT PERFECT
The bank had been robbed PAST PERFECT
The bank will be robbed FUTURE SIMPLE
The bank is going to be robbed BE GOING TO
The bank could be robbed MODAL
Rewrites: Passive Voice 11
1. They sold the company. (SOLD)
The company
2. She has broken Paul’s mobile phone. (BEEN)
Paul’s mobile phone
3. The wind destroyed our house. (WAS)
Our house
4. He is going to repair my computer. (REPAIRED)
My computer
5. He is writing an essay. (BEING)
An essay
6. Patrick was reading a book. (BEING)
A book
7. He had fixed my laptop. (FIXED)
My laptop
8. Susan will pay the expenses. (BE)
The expenses
Rewrites: Passive Voice (REVISION)
1. Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah. (ROAMED)
The savannah
2. I ran the obstacle course in record time. (WAS)
The obstacle course
3. They are completing the tests. (BEING)
The tests
4. Carl cleans his house every morning. (CLEANED)
Carl’s house
5. You have to fill the document. (BE)
The document _
6. We are organising a protest march. (ORGANISED)
A protest march
7. She has not opened the mail yet. (BEEN)
The mail
8. Carlos painted these pictures. (BY)
These pictures
9. My dad is going to repair my bike next weekend. (BE)
My bike
10.Elder people will use technological devices in the future. (BE)
Technological devices
 12

We can express the Causative in different tenses…

I have the computer fixed SIMPLE PRESENT

I am having the computer fixed PRESENT CONTINUOUS
I has had the computer fixed PRESENT PERFECT
I had the computer fixed SIMPLE PAST
I was having the computer fixed PAST CONTINUOUS
I had had the computer fixed PAST PERFECT
I will have the computer fixed FUTURE SIMPLE
I would have the computer fixed WOULD
I am going to have the computer fixed BE GOING TO
I should have the computer fixed MODAL

IS/AM/ARE GOING TO HAVE

Rewrites: Causative 13
1. They are repairing my car. (HAVING)
I
2. The technician fixes my tablet. (FIXED)
I
3. He will cut her hair. (HAVE)
She
4. They were building a garage for him. (BUILT)
He
5. The optician will test my eyes. (TESTED)
I
6. Someone burgled his flat. (HAD)
He
7. Someone should service our car. (HAVE)
We
8. My brother has broken my classmate’s nose. (HAD)
My classmate had
Rewrites: Causative [Revision]
1. For my birthday, I got someone to clean my house. (HAD)
For my birthday, I
2. She is going to call the gardener to cut the grass. (HAVE)
She
3. The painter is painting my house now. (PAINTED)
I _
4. A technician will repair Sally’s computer. (HAVE)
Sally
5. I have got someone to replace that broken door. (HAVE)
I
6. They usually service her car once a month. (HAS)
She
7. Tomorrow I am going to the ophthalmologist to test my eyes. (HAVING)
Tomorrow I
8. The doctor took my temperature. (HAD)
I
9. Paul went to the hairdresser’s and they dyed his hair. (HAD)
Paul
10.The most expensive fashion designer in country was making her a silk dress. (MADE)
She
 TENSES 14
1. PRESENT SIMPLE:
-Permanent states/Repeated actions and daily routines:
 He works in a bank.
 He lives in Buenos Aires.
 He takes the bus to work every morning.
-Facts/General truths and laws of nature:
 Water is a liquid.
 The sun sets in the west.
-Timetables: (FUTURE)
 The plane from London arrives at 7.00.
 I have English on Mondays.
-Sport commentaries, reviews and narration:
 Messi overtakes Ronaldo and wins the world cup.
 Titanic is a romantic film.
 Then the prince gets on his horse and quickly rides away.
Time expressions: usually/often/always, etc.
Every day-week-month-year/in the morning-afternoon-evening/at night/at the weekend/On
Tuesdays, etc.
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
-Actions taking place now, at the moment of speaking:
 He is working now. We are studying.
-Temporary situation:
 I am staying in a hotel.
-Temporary actions, but not necessarily now:
 We are moving house.
 My dad is painting my bedroom.
-For changing or developing situations:
 More and more species are becoming extinct.
 I’m getting better.
-Future arrangement: (especially when the time and place have been decided) 15
 They are moving into their new flat next week.
 I am seeing the doctor tomorrow at 8.70.
-Annoying situations:
 You are always interrupting when I’m talking.
Time expressions: now/at the moment/at present/these
days/still/nowadays/today/tonight/etc.
1. PRESENT PERFECT
-Recent events:
 I have just finished my homework.
-Events that have already happened:
 I have seen ‘Joker’.
-Action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with state verbs
such as be, have, like, know, etc.
 Mike has had the dog for 4 years.
-Unfinished actions:
 I have known Carol for two years/since 2019.
-An action which has recently finished and whose result is visible in the present:
 Mary has dyed her hair. She has blonde hair now!
-When we don’t know the answer:
 Have you finished? Have you ever travelled abroad?
-Action which happened at an unstated time in the past. The exact time is not mentioned
because it is unknown/ unimportant.
 I have bought a new car. (The emphasis is placed on the action)
-To talk about the first/second/third time:
 This is the first time I have eaten Indian food.
-It is common after superlatives:
 Mary is the nicest person I have ever met.
Time expressions: for/since/already/yet/always/just/ever/never/so far/since 16
then/today/this week-month/how long/lately/recently.
Present Perfect: ADVERBS
 SHE HASN’T FNISHED YET (todavía)
 SHE HAS ALREADY FINISHED
(ya)
 SHE STILL HASN’T FINISHED.
(todavía)
 HAS SHE FINISHED YET? (ya)
 SHE HAS STUDIED SINCE JANUARY.
(desde) 2010.
 SHE HAS STUDIED FOR 2 YEARS.
(por) 3 WEEKS. [Period of time]

2. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:

-To put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to
the present, especially with time expressions such as for, since, all morning-day-year:
 Megan has been talking on the phone for an hour.
-For an action which started in the past and lasted for some time. The result of the action is
visible in the present:
 She has her feet hurt. She has been walking all morning.
BE GOING TO:
 Plans and Intentions:
 I am going to visit London next summer.
 PREDITION (EVIDENCE)
 The day is dark! It is going to rain.
FUTURE SIMPLE:
- Prediction, hopes and expectations:
 Argentina will win the Word Cup.
- Decision of the moment: (Speaking)
 I will take the jumper!
- Future Facts:
 Winter will be here soon.
SIMPLE PAST:
17
PAST CONTINUOUS:
18
PAST PERFECT: 19

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS:

 ACTIVITIES: TENSES 20
Choose the correct option.

1- My father drives/is driving to work.

2- I learn/am learning to drive.
3- This city is getting/gets bigger every year.
4- Oh! You are always losing/always lose your keys!
5- I play/am playing the piano.
6- Water boils/is boiling at 100°C
7- We have/are having a test tomorrow.
8- The train arrives/is arriving at 10pm next Saturday.
9- We stay/are staying at the Grand Hotel.
10- I am living/live in North London.
11- Come inside! – It is raining/rains.
12- It is raining/rains almost every day in the rainforest. It never is snowing/snows in the Sahara desert.

Complete the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1- I (know) his for about ten years.

2- We (play) chess every Friday for two years now.
3- I (work) here for six month.
4- She is out of breath because she (run).
5- Peter (read) a great book about dinosaurs.
6- Julian (break) his arm.
7- They (never/see) that film before.
8- I (work) all morning and I’ve only done half on it.
9- This is the first time I (use) a computer.
10- (ever/meet) a famous person?

Write the verbs in brackets into the correct tense and form.

1. Yesterday we were really tired, so we (go) to bed early.

2. Look at those grey clouds! I think it (rain) tonight.
3. If we (not/hurry up), we will miss the train.
4. While the children (play) happily in the park, a strange man
(come) and (talk) to them.
5. When the movies started, they realised they (already/see) it the
previous weekend.
6. My bedroom (paint) next week.
7. Now, I am in my house with the electrician. I’m having the lights (check)
8. If the goalkeeper was not fully awake, we (win) the match.
9. The thieves (record) when they try to enter my house.
10. I was just with the technician. He (repair) my computer
 RELATIVE CLAUSES 21
Relative pronouns:
- WHO (THAT): people
- WHICH (THAT): things, objects and animals
- WHERE: place
- WHEN: time
- WHOSE: possessives (‘’cuya’’)
- WHY: reason.
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE: NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE:
Defining relative clauses give Non-defining relative clauses add
important information about the extra information. They are
person, object, place, etc. separated by commas in writing.

That’s the woman who bought my Lionel Messi is the best football
car. (person) player around the world. He was
That’s the woman that bought my born in 1987.
car. Lionel Messi, who was born in
This is the car which I bought. 1987, is the best football player
This is the car that I bought. around the word.
(El that puede reemplazar a who y (La información extra va entre
which en las defining relative comas)
clauses) Lionel Messi, that was born in
1987, is the best football player
This is the restaurant where we ate around the world. X ¡MAAAL!!
Indian food. (place)
¡EN LAS NON-DEFINING RELATIVE
Rewrite: CLAUSES NO SE USA EL THAT!
This is Martin. His sister works as a
teacher of History. The hotel, that WHICH was a
This is Martin, whose sister works hundred years old, was very
as a teacher of History. comfortable.
Activity N°1: Write the correct relative pronoun and classify the relative clauses. 22
Example: I’m enjoying the book WHICH_ you lent me. = DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE

1. Keith Rolf, I used to work with, lives in Paris now.

2. They’ve booked a week in the campsite
3. We’re going on holiday in October
4. The reason I’m phoning is to ask you for Martin’s address.
5. Do you remember the day
6. Their new house,
previous one.
7. At the party she spoke to Mr. Peterson
for.
8. A widow is a person
9. That’s the shop assistant
10. Her maths teacher,
the school.
we stayed last year.
most people are back at work.
we went to Bariloche and it snowed.
has five bedrooms and a games room, is much larger than their
father owned the company she worked
husband has died.
served me the last time I came here.
everyone in the class adored, announced that he was leaving

Activity N°2: Rewrite the sentences. Do not change the word given.

1. Teresa is the best woman sailor in the world. She was born in Argentina. (WHO)
Teresa, who was born in Argentina, is the best woman sailor in the world.
2. Richard recommended me a film to watch before he left my town. (WHICH)
I saw the film me before he left my town.
3. Mary is a friendly person. Her most striking characteristic is her kindness. (WHOSE)
Mary is a friendly person characteristic is her kindness.
4. There was a child at the airport. He was crying a lot. (WHO)
There was a child at the airport a lot.
5. Everybody is always looking at me. (WHO)
I am the person always looking at.
6. Megan travelled to Europe last year. She was the first person in her family to do this. (WHO)
Megan was the first person in her family _ last year.
7. I’m phoning you because I want to visit you. (WHY)
The reason you is to visit you.
8. We are going on holiday to Cordoba in January because the weather is perfect in that month. (WHEN)
We are going on holiday to Cordoba in January is perfect.
9. London is the capital city of England. It is large city. (WHICH)
London, capital city of England.
10. María Becerra is well- known singer at the moment. She is only 21 years old.(WHO)
María Becerra, singer at the moment.
11. Ignacio is a great student. He can’t copy quickly. (WHO)
Ignacio, student.
12. Mr. Ezequiel works at AB Institute. This institute is located in Gonzalez Catan. (WHICH)
Mr. Ezequiel works at AB Institute in Gonzalez Catan.
13. Mr. Martín is a teacher of English. His students are funny. (WHOSE)
Mr. Martin is a teacher of English
14. Marlene is a clever student. She likes reading ‘Harry Potter’. (WHO)
Marlene is a clever student
15. Elbio lives in Uruguay. There are many stunning and historical places to visit there. (WHERE)
Elbio lives in Uruguay and historical places to visit.
 STRUCTURES AFTER WISH / IF ONLY 23
 I wish / Megan wishes + CLAUSE (subject + verb)
 IF ONLY + CLAUSE
¡Luego de la frase ‘’SUBJECT + WISH’’ o ‘’IF ONLY’’ va una CLAUSE!

Situation in the present: I don’t have money.

DESIRE (Present)
To wish something in the
present, you have to use
PAST SIMPLE!
REGRET / DESIRE (Past)
(arrepentimiento)
To wish something in the
past / to express regret, you
have to use PAST PERFECT!
COMPLAINT (QUEJA)
To complain about another
person’s behaviour, you
have to use
WOULD/WOULDN’T + V-
INF!
I wish I had money. (Simple Past)
If only I had money.
Megan wishes she passed the exams.
If only Megan passed the exam.
Situation in the past: I didn’t pass the exam because I didn’t study.
I wish I had studied.
Past Perfect [HAD + PART.]
If only I had studied.
I wish you had told me the truth.
I wish you hadn’t lied!
Situation: It annoys me when my neighbour throws rubbish.
I wish my neighbour wouldn’t throw rubbish.
If only my neighbour wouldn’t throw rubbish.
Zahira hates it when her sister wears her clothes.
Zahira wishes her sister wouldn’t wear her clothes.
Zahira wishes her sister would stop wearing her clothes.

REGRET (ARREPENTIMIENTO)
Situation: I didn’t pass the exam because I didn’t study.
 I wish I had studied for the exam. (PAST PERFECT: HAD + PARTICIPIO)
 I should have studied for the exam. SHOULD / SHOULDN’T+ HAVE + PARTICIPIO
 I regret not studying for the exam.
REWRITES: WISH / IN ONLY

1. I don´t know many people. (KNEW)

I wish
2. I can´t give up smoking. (COULD)
If only I
3. Mary doesn’t have enough money for the concert. (HAD)
Mary wishes
 4. I hate it when you interrupt me. (WOULD) 24
I wish
5. George wasn´t there. (BEEN)
If only
6. It annoys me when you shout at me. (SHOUT)
I wish
7. I regretted not buying a new mobile phone.
(HAVE) =
(BOUGHT) = I wish
8. He was driving very fast when he had the accident. (HADN’T)
I wish
9. Paul would like to stay in bed. (STAYED)
If only
10. My husband didn't remember to bring his credit card with him on holiday.
(BROUGHT) = If only my husband
(SHOULD) = My husband
11. I regret not having travelled more when I was young.
(HAVE) = I should
(HAD) = I wish
12. I hate it when she drives fast in the city. (WOULDN’T)
If only
13. It's a pity I didn't study.
(SHOULD) = I
(HAD) = I wish
14. He keeps arriving late for class. It's getting on my nerves. (WOULDN’T)
I wish
15. I don't speak Italian so I can't read this book in original version. (SPOKE)
I wish

Homework:

1. Susan would like to have a baby. (WISHES)

Susan
2. It’s a pity I didn’t go to the party. (GONE)
I wish
3. It annoys me when you use my mobile phone without my permission. (WOULDN’T)
I wish
4. I didn’t visit my grandmother. (HAVE)
I should
5. I regret not handing in the assignment. (HAD)
I wish
6. I hate it when my brother breaks my things. (WOULDN’T)
I wish my brother
7. I don’t have many friends. (WISH)
I wish
8. I regret buying that Smart TV. (BOUGHT)
I shouldn’t
9. It’s a pity they didn’t bring the map. (BROUGHT)
If only they
10. I shouldn’t have written that letter! (WRITING)
I regret
 REPORTED SPEECH 25
REPORTING VERBS: CLAIM – SAY/TELL – EXPLAIN – STATE - ASK

When we use Reported Speech, we need to change pronouns, tenses and references (time and place).

El reporting verb ‘SAY’ significa ‘’decir’’ y va seguido de una CLAUSE (SUBJECT + VERB)

‘My mum is doing exercise now,’ my best friend said. PRESENT CONT PAST CONT

My best friend said his mum was doing exercise at that moment. ¡SE PUEDE OMITIR EL THAT!

CLAUSE

My best friend said to me (that) his mum was doing exercise at that moment. (Try not to use ‘SAY’ + ‘TO’!)

TELL = Tiene doble significado. Cuando significa ‘’decir’’ va seguido de una CLAUSE.

My best friend told me (that) his mum was doing exercise at that moment.

Cuando tenemos ‘TOLD’, es obligatorio agregar el objeto. (¿A quién?) [TOLD ME / US / HIM / HER / THEM]

My best friend told his mum was doing exercise at that moment. X ¡Falta el objeto!

Cuando ‘TELL’ significa ‘’ordenar’’, va seguido del TO / NOT TO + VERB INF.

‘Tidy your bedroom!’ My mum said. ¡Las oraciones que implican una orden (imperatives) mayormente

My mum told me TO tidy my bedroom. (‘’My mamá me ordenó arreglar mi cuarto’’). no tienen sujetos

‘Don’t use your mobile phones in my class!’ The teacher told the students. al principio de la oración!

The teacher told the students NOT TO use their mobile phones in his class. ¡Comienzan con un verbo!

CHANGES IN TENSES: (INTO THE PREVIOUS ONE)

Simple Present Simple Past

Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect (HAVE/HAS + PART.) Past Perfect (HAD + PART)
Present Perfect Cont. (HAVE/HAS BEEN + V-ING) Past Perfect Continuous (HAD BEEN + ING)
Past Simple Past Perfect (HAD + PART)
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
WILL (FUTURE) WOULD
AM / IS / ARE GOING TO WAS / WERE GOING TO
CAN COULD
MAY MIGHT
MUST / HAVE TO HAD TO
DON’T HAVE TO / DON’T NEED TO DIDN’T HAVE TO / DIDN’T NEED TO

- Yesterday = THE PREVIOUS DAY / THE DAY BEFORE

- Last week / month / weekend / night = the previous week / month / weekend / night.
- Now = at that moment Next week / month / weekend… = the following week / month / weekend
- Tomorrow = the following day. Here = there This = that These = Those
  ‘I have bought a new car!’ She told me.
She told me 26
 ‘Mary was working with her mum at school.’ He told John.
He told John
 ‘I visited my grandmother yesterday.’ Harry told Sally.
Harry told Sally
 ‘I can read perfectly,’ she said.
She said
 ‘I live near my school,’ my best friend said.
My best friend said
 ‘I will travel to Europe next week.’ My uncle said.
My uncle said
 ‘You have to hand in your assignments,’ the teacher told the students.
The teacher told the students
 ‘I have lived in Italy,’ my classmate said.
My classmate
 ‘Open the door!’ She told me.
She
 ‘Don’t write the table!’ The teacher told me.
The teacher told me

ASK = Tiene doble significado. (Preguntar y Pedir) ¡Siempre va seguido del objeto!

Yes / No question: AGREGO IF WH – Question = Respeto la WH

‘Do you like taking photos in your free time?’ Martín ‘Where do you live?’ She asked me.
asked Emma. PRESENT PAST
She asked me where I lived.
Martín asked Emma IF she liked taking photos in her
free time. ‘How many students are there in the class?’

‘Have you ever visited Rome?’ Elbio asked Roman. The headmistress asked me how many students
there were in the class.
Elbio asked Roman IF he had ever visited Rome.

‘Is she working now?’ My mum asked me. ASK = PREGUNTAR

My mum asked me IF she was working at that

moment.

Cuando ‘ASK’ es un pedido, va seguido de TO / NOT TO + V-ING (REQUEST)

‘Woud you mind turning off your mobile phone?’ ¡Estas frases expresan un pedido!

She asked me TO turn off my mobile phone. (‘’Ella me pidió apagar el celular’’).

‘Could you open the door, please?’ Would you mind´+ v-ing?

He asked me TO open the door. Could you please…? Can you…, please?
Reported Speech: 27
1. ‘Do you work in the company?’
I asked her .
2. ‘Who will say the truth?’
I asked him .
3. ‘I have to work many hours tomorrow’
Mark said .
4. ‘Don’t eat in class, Peter’
He told .
5. ‘Would you mind closing the window, please?’
The teacher asked .
6. ‘We can win the match.’
My friend said .
7. ‘I must get up early.’
Mary said .
8. ‘She may travel to Ireland next weekend.’
Tanya said .
9. ‘Have you ever worked in a company?’ She asked me.
She asked me .
10. ‘Where are you going on holiday?’
My friend asked her .
11. ‘Did you do your homework yesterday?’
My mum asked me .
12. ‘Mary will sell her camera next week.’
My mum said .
13. ‘Would you mind closing the door?’
The teacher asked me .
14. ‘You have to tidy your room!’
My father told me .
15. ‘I am cooking a delicious food.’
My sister said .
16. ‘Where is the toilet?’
The woman asked me .
17. ‘Did you travel to Scotland?’
My uncle asked me .
18. What time does the train leave in Gonzalez Catan?
The woman asked him .
19. What were you doing at 7am?
He asked them .
20. How long has your classmate been living in Buenos Aires?
My dad asked her .
28
29
30
 31

1. They didn’t like the film because it was boring. (would)

If the film it.
2. I don’t travel by plane because I don’t have money. (would)
If I
3. If he doesn’t tidy his bedroom, he won’t go to the party. (unless)

4. If she trains hard, she will win the competition. (may)

If she trains hard, she
5. If you don’t save money, you won’t buy a new car. (unless)
You won’t buy a new car
6. I didn’t arrive on time because I got up late. (hadn’t)
If I
7. Mary is not vegetarian, so she doesn’t go to McDonald. (would)
If Mary
8. If the weather does not improve, the party will be cancelled. (unless)
The party will be cancelled
9. My sister doesn’t use a mobile phone because she is 8 years old. (would)
If my sister
10. He didn’t call the police because he was shocked. (would)
If he _
11. I won’t buy that smart TV if it is expensive. (unless)
expensive.
12. I can’t be a teacher because I am not patient. (could)
If I
13. I lost my wallet. That’s why I could not buy her a present. (not)
If I
14. They fell asleep because they went to a party the previous night. (wouldn’t)
They a party the previous night.
15. I never go to school by car since I go there on foot. (would)
I on foot.
 32

WRITING
A FOR AND AGAINST ESSAY:
Mobile phones in young people’s lives

Nowadays, young people spend their time using different technological devices. They are spending
more and more time online with their mobile phones because they can do many activities, with both positive
and negative consequences.

One advantage of using mobile phones is that they can search for information. For example, if they
have to do homework, they can visit many websites on Internet. Another positive aspect of mobile phones is
that they may chat with their friends or family. Also, they could take photos or upload videos that can be
shared with their relatives and friends. This is a good way of keeping in touch with them.
[mantenerse en contacto]

On the other hand, there are also negative consequences. They can be hacked or they might find
dangerous people. In addition, mobile phones may have a negative effect on their health since they can have
a lot of problems, such as headaches, anxiety, problems in their eyes, irregular diets and so on. (ya que)

On balance, spending time on mobile phones could have a negative impact on young people. However,
cell phones are a practical tool. Personally, I believe the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

STRUCTURE:

 1° Paragraph: State the topic.

 2° Paragraph: Advantages.
 3° Paragraph: Disadvantages.
 4° Paragraph: Conclusion + Opinion.

Linking Words:

- Addition (Also, / In addition, / Besides,) = Además

- Giving examples (For example, / For instance, /…, such as *tales como…+)
- Reason (Because / Since)
- Contrast
- Concluding (To conclude, / In conclusion, )
 AN OPINION ESSAY: 33

STRUCTURE:

 1° Paragraph: State the topic and your opinion.

 2° Paragraph: Viewpoints & reasons / examples.
 3° Paragraph: Viewpoints & reasons / examples.
 4° Paragraph: Summarise and restate your opinion.
 WRITING: SHORT STORY 34
You have decided to enter a short story competition for a local magazine. The rules states that your story must
begin with these words: ‘I felt nervous when the phone rang.’ Write your narrative.

 1ST PARAGRAPH: Where were you? / What were you doing? / Who were you with? /
What was the weather like?
 2ND PARAGRAPH: What happened? / What was the conflict? Explain the conflict / plot
(trama) in detail.
 3RD PARAGRAPH: How was the problem solved? What happened at the end?
Tenses: Past tenses. (ÚNICAMENTE se puede usar presente u otro tiempo si es un diálogo)
Simple Past (LO QUE PASÓ) Past Perfect (LO QUE HABÍA PASADO)
Past Cont. (LO QUE ESTABA PASANDO) WOULD + INF (LO QUE PASARÍA)
Useful phrases:
 (Un) luckily, . // (Un) fortunately, .
 First, // and then .
 Then, . // Later, . / Later on, . / After that, .
 After a few minutes/seconds, . // Immediately, .
 Finally, .
 While + Past Cont. // When + Simple Past.
 Although it was raining, they went to… [A pesar de que… + Clause]
 . However, // ; however, . [Sin embargo]
 . Also / Besides, [también]
 because . [‘’porque’’ = without comma!]

The mysterious call

I felt nervous when the phone rang. It was midnight and I was trying to
sleep. Nobody had ever called me at that time before. Who could it be?
I got up and ran to the phone immediately. However, the phone stopped
ringing when I went down the stairs. I was really angry because I had to get out
of the bed and it was cold. In spite of being tired and angry, I decided to go to
the bed again. After a few minutes, the phone started ringing again. ‘Oh my
God! This is so annoying!’ I thought. This time I picked up the phone quickly and
shouted, ‘hello?’ At first, nobody said anything, but all of sudden I heard, ‘Happy
birthday, brother!’ [Approximately: 150 words]
I had completely forgotten that it was my birthday. My sister was always
the first person to congratulate me.
 LISTENING 35

Listening N°2: Amazing facts

Listening N°3: Celebrations

Listening N°4: Favourite things

36

Listening N°5: Difficult Situations

Listening N°6: Important people

 AACI USE ONLY AACI USE ONLY
Sections 1st 2nd 3rd
st
1 A
2nd B
C
3rd D
Total
Ready
Corrector

NAME: SURNAME:
SENIOR FIVE FINAL EXAM Paper 1
Time allowed: 2hs
SECTION A: Reading Comprehension
Read the text and circle the correct option, true (T) or false (F).

The Eurasian Otter

Anyone fortunate enough to have seen an otter swimming under water would probably
not believe their own eyes. One would never guess that this dexterous creature was anything
other than a fish. To learn that it is a furry mammal comes as a big surprise.
One could say that it is half mammal, half fish, since it has a number of qualities which
enable it to live perfectly well under water.
The Eurasian or European otter is one of the most widespread mammal species. It lives
on the European, Asian, and African continents, and is native to around 81 different countries.
Given its wide range, it is not surprising that this species is not considered to be endangered.
This semiaquatic animal lives near water, but the type of water body varies. It lives near
streams, rivers, lakes, swamps, and along coastlines, depending on the country. This species
prefers areas where there is a lot of plant life along the shore or river bank.
The Eurasian otter has webbed paws to help it paddle efficiently. Its tail is long, strong
and flattened, acting as a sturdy propeller. Its coat is perfectly fashioned for life under water too.
The fur is too short and tightly packed –to avoid water retention.
When pursuing fish, its favourite prey, the otter can reach incredible speeds and very few
escape its eager clutches. Sometimes, when the otter is not actually hungry, it captures fish just
for the fun of it.
Unlike most of its relatives, the otter uses its front paws to catch its food. Some varieties
of otter even pick up stones with their paws which they use to crack open shells of crabs,
oysters, etc.
Zoologists claim that an otter can happily breathe underwater for periods of
approximately six or seven minutes –sometimes more- particularly when it is playing or carrying
out its mating ritual.
When making its home, the otter chooses a natural hollow near the water. Sometimes it
digs out its own cave below the water, leaving room to breathe. There, it will give birth to two or
three young babies in the spring and after three weeks, they can leave the den.
The Eurasian otter is believed to be solitary. However, sometimes it is seen in family
groups. It teaches its young otters to fend for and hunt for themselves, but the mother is always
sure to take them on the safest routes.
Although the otter population of Europe and Asia is abundant, many rivers no longer
have any, due to the pollution or excessive hunting. Now these lovable creatures can only be
found in the purest of waters.
Adapted from Mode 3-Workbook (Nelson)

AACI use
only
1. The otter is a species of the fish family. T F
1st
2. The otter is at risk of becoming extinct. T F
2nd
3. Otters have a flat tail to help them move through water. T F

4. Otters help their young babies to take care of themselves. T F 3rd

5. It is possible to find otters everywhere in Europe. T F

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SECTION B: Language in Use
I) Read the passage below. Choose the correct option for each gap and write it in the box.

Obesity
While “fat” is a subjective word, obesity is specific –and dangerous. According 1) a report by
the Royal College of Physicians, eight percent of the population are obese-that is, they weigh at least 20 per
cent more 2) the recommended upper limit for their height and frame on weight charts, and are at
higher risk of many illnesses.
3) you are severely overweight, you run twice the usual risk of suffering heart disease, as fatty
deposits from a diet too rich in saturated fats can clog up arteries 4) impede the flow of oxygen to the
heart. Clogged arteries also disrupt the flow of blood to the brain 5) can lead to strokes.
Other problems include tooth decay (very overweight people tend to eat more sugar), gallstones
(more commonly found in those who have high levels of fat in their blood) and diabetes (6) by more AACI use
glucose in the blood than the body can deal with) only
Excess weight, regardless of what you ate to get it can create its own complications. Even if your
1st
diet isn’t heavy on fat, just being very overweight can still stress your heart 7) and lead to high blood
pressure.
Very overweight people, especially 8) women, are susceptible to varicose veins, and to 2nd
arthritis because of the permanent extra strain on ligaments and joints. They are more accident prone 9)
poorer balance and, should they ever need surgery, they are more at risk from the hazards of general
3rd
anaesthetic. Severely overweight women 10) also find that they have problems when giving birth.
Adapted from Mode 3-Workbook (Nelson)
)
R
1. A. To B. for C. in D. on
2. A. less B. than C. more D. that
3. A. Unless B. Even C. If not D. If
4. A. who B. which C. whom D. where
5. A. and B. but C. so D. as
6. A. causing B. causes C. caused D. had caused
7. A. too many B. few C. too much D. a few
8. A. the B. - C. An D. a
9. A. because B. because of C. due D. for
10. A. ought B. can’t C. may not D. may

II) Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. Use modals if necessary.

Children in prison
William Mobedi, 11, (1) (arrest) by the South African police two years ago. His front
teeth were knocked out and then he was locked up in a mortuary, a prison cell and another dark room for two
months. Why? Because someone saw him while he (2) (burn) cars and shops. Eventually,
William was released, but there are thousands of other black youngsters in South Africa jails. AACI use
only
This may be because they (3) (involve) in protesting about the apartheid system
there, which organizes society along racist lines so that power(4) (keep) in the hands of the 1st
white minority.
Not in South Africa but in many countries, if people disagree with their government they are too 2nd
frightened to say anything. Those that do (5) (end up) in prison, tortured or dead.
Since 1961 Amnesty International, a human rights group, (6) (work) to stop 3rd
governments being able to imprison people for their point of view.
Recently Amnesty highlighted the plight of Palestinian children in the occupied areas of the West R
Bank and Gaza Strip, who (7) (be) often the victims of the violence of Israeli soldiers.
Some of the children end up in prison, where Amnesty fears many are tortured.
A record of cases where people are treated unjustly is kept by Amnesty and by publicizing the cases
and putting pressure, often by (8) (send) letters, on governments, decision-makers and
politicians, they hope (9) (stop) the injustice. This simple approach has worked many times.
One former prisoner of the Dominican Republic told how after thousands of letters arrived from
Amnesty members, the President released him.
Those that (10) (like) to join or find out more about the organization can visit their
website.
Adapted from Mode 3(Intermediate)CollinsELT
 III) Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
You must use the word given and cannot change it.

1. “I’ll pay off my debts next month,” he says. PROMISES

He month.
2. If your son doesn’t practise, he may fail his driving test. UNLESS
pass his driving test.
3. I’m sure she isn’t a vegan. BE
She a vegan.
4. That politician wrote a book and it became popular. WHOSE
That is became popular. AACI use
only
5. I was so bored by the film that I couldn’t finish it. SUCH
1st
It that I couldn’t finish it.
6. Many men started playing badminton in Buenos Aires last year. SINCE
2nd
Many men last year.
7. “Do you live in the same street as your parents?” my boyfriend asked me. WANTED 3rd

My boyfriend parents.
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8. I should get someone to repair my tennis racket before the match. HAVE
I should before the match.
9. I forgot my passport because I didn’t make a packing list. WOULD
If I my passport.
10. When I lived in the country, I never walked through the flowery fields. USE
When I lived in the country, I through the flowery fields.

SECTION C: Writing
Choose ONE of the following and write about 150 words.

1. You have decided to enter a story competition. The competition rules say you have to write
about an unforgettable moment with your best friend.

2. A friend of yours hosts a blog where different topics are discussed. He has asked you to
contribute with your opinion on this month's topic: “Education". Write an essay giving your
opinion about the following statement:
"History shouldn’t be taught at schools. Do you agree?"

AACI use
only

1st

2nd

3rd

R
 AACI USE ONLY AACI USE ONLY
Sections 1st 2nd 3rd
st
1 A
2nd B
C
3rd D
Total
Ready
Corrector

NAME: SURNAME:
SENIOR FIVE FINAL EXAM Paper 4
Time allowed: 2hs
SECTION A: Reading Comprehension
Read the text and circle the correct option, true (T) or false (F).

Twin Lives

It is well-known that twins are closer to each other than most brothers and sisters - after
all, they probably spend more time with each other. Parents of twins often notice that they
develop special ways of communicating.
However, these special relationships are the result of lives spent almost entirely in each
other‟s company. What happens when twins do not grow up together, when they are separated
at birth for some reason? Are they just like any other strangers, or are there still special bonds
and similarities between them? Professor Tom Bouchard, of the University of Minnesota, set out
to find the answer to this question. He traced sixteen pairs of twins, who were adopted by
different families when they were babies, and often brought up in very different circumstances.
Each twin was then interviewed about every small detail of their life.
The results of this research make surprising reading. Many of the twins were found to
have the same hobbies or phobias, many have suffered the same illnesses, and some have
even had the same type of accident at the same point in their lives. When they arrived in
Minneapolis, many were dressed in very similar clothes. One pair of middle-aged women
arrived for their first meeting in identical dresses, another pair were wearing identical jewellery.
A large number of the twins have had children at almost the same times; sometimes they have
even given them the same names. Terry Connolly and Margaret Richardson, British twins who
didn‟t meet until they were in their mid-thirties, found that they had been married on the same
day of the same year at almost the same time of the day. Both women have also had four
children, all of more or less the same age.
But the most incredible similarities are to be found in the case of Jim Springer and Jim
Lewis from Ohio in the USA. The story of the “Jim Twins” made headline news across USA, and
they even appeared on national television. Born to an immigrant woman in 1939, and adopted
by different families at birth, both babies were named Jim by their new parents. This was just
the first in an almost unbelievable series of coincidences.
But what can be the explanation for these remarkable similarities? Is it all pure
coincidence, or is the explanation in some way genetic? Research into the lives of twins is
forcing some experts to admit that our personalities may be at least partly due to “nature”. On
the other hand, analysts are also anxious to emphasise that incredible coincidences do happen
all the time, not just in the lives of twins.
Adapted from Cutting Edge (Intermediate)

1- Parents of twins rarely realize they communicate in a special way. T F

2- Many of the interviewed twins had a lot in common. T F

3- Professor Bouchard interviewed twins that were adopted when they were sixteen. T F AACI use
only

4-The “Jim Twins” were raised by different immigrant families. . T F 1st

5- Experts believe that incredible coincidences only happen in the lives of twins. T F
2nd

3rd

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SECTION B: Language in Use
I) Read the passage below. Choose the correct option for each gap and write it in the box.
Reality TV shows are good entertainment
Reality shows are a very popular form of entertainment on TV (1) . There are dozens
of different types of programmes (2) singing contests, cooking competitions or going to live
in the jungle.
Firstly, I think that there is a lot of variety in reality TV. People (3) home can choose AACI use
which types of programme they want (4) depending on what they are interested (5) . only

Some people like watching singing or cooking competitions while others prefer watching 1st
programmes about building houses or travelling around the world. In addition, reality TV
programmes are a great opportunity to discover talented singers, dancers or chefs. Several people
2nd
(6) take part in these programmes get jobs as a result of being on TV. Another advantage is
that the people on the shows have interesting experiences and meet new people.
3rd
On the other hand, some people think that reality TV is an easy way for them to become
famous. (7) , most successful singers, actors or chefs have worked hard all their lives and are
R
good at their job (8) their hard work. Besides, sometimes the people on the shows (9)
do really difficult or dangerous things. The competitions are very hard and there is only one winner.
Another disadvantage is that some programmes always follow the same format and this can be (10)
to watch.
To sum up, I think that reality TV is good entertainment. There is lots of variety which means
there is something for everyone and they are interesting to watch.
Adapted from Straightforward Intermediate

1. A. actually B. nowadays C. yesterday D. so far

2. A. such as B. so C. but D. and

3. A. on B. by C. at D. in

4. A. to watching B. watching C. to watch D. watch

5. A. on B. in C. with D. from

6. A. which B. whose C. when D. who

7. A. Even though B. Despite C. However D. Although

8. A. because B. because of C. since D. as

9. A. have to B. don’t have to C. can’t D. mustn’t

10. A. bored B. boring C. boredom D. bore

II) Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. Use modals if necessary.
 III) Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. You
must use the word given and cannot change it.

1. It is not necessary for you to wear formal clothes at work. (DON’T)

You at work.
2. If you don‟t get up soon, you‟ll be late for your interview. (UNLESS)
, you‟ll be late for your interview.
3. It annoys me when you chew gum all the time. (WOULDN’T)
I wish .
4. Someone painted Jack‟s house while he was away. (HAD)
Jack while he was away.
5. If I were you, I would book the bar for the New Year‟s Eve party. (BETTER)
You for the New Year‟s Eve party.
6. I‟m sure my sister is visiting many stunning places in Europe. (MUST)
My sister in Europe. AACI use
7. I regret going to the party. (GONE) only

I shouldn‟t . 1st

8. „I‟m not going to travel abroad next year,‟ she said to me. (FOLLOWING)
2nd
She told .
9. Nowadays, people don‟t eat healthy food. (USED)
3rd
Nowadays, people aren‟t .
10. Ariana Grande is a well-known singer at the moment. She is only 28 years old. (WHO) R

Ariana Grande, singer at the moment.

SECTION C: Writing
Choose ONE of the following and write about 150 words.
1. You have decided to enter a short story competition. The competition rules say that the story
must begin or end with these words: "When I opened the box, I couldn’t believe it."

2. A friend of yours hosts a blog where different topics are discussed. He has asked you to contribute
with your opinion on this month's topic: “Technology”. Write an essay giving your opinion about
the following statement: "Technology has been useful during the lockdown. Do you agree?"
3. Your English class has been discussing the topic of teenagers using social networks. Your teacher
has asked you to write a for and against essay about this topic. Write the advantages and
disadvantages of using social networks.

AACI use
only

1st

2nd

3rd