English Two 1

CAN (EXPRESSING PRESENT OR FUTURE ABILITY)

(a) I can speak English - Can expresses ability in the

(b) She can play volleyball
(c) I can’t understand the text or
I cannot understand the text or I
can not understand the text.
present or future
- Use infinitive verb after can
- The negative form of can may be
written: can, cannot, or can not.

(d) Can you swim? - To make a question, use can

(e) Can you play volleyball? before the subject.

EXERCISE I
Complete the following sentences using can or cannot.

1. A cat _________climb trees, but it __________fly.

2. A fish ________walk, but it ____________swim.
3. A dog ________bark, but it ____________sing.
4. A tiny baby _________cry, but she/he ________talk.
5. We ________ride on the back of a cat, but we __________ride on the back of a horse.
6. We ________read a book by moonlight, but we __________ read in sunlight.
7. Trees ________produce oxygen, but rocks____________
8. Fish __________ live in air, but they _________ live in water.
9. You _____write with a pen, but you _________write with a paper clip.
10. You __________store water in a glass jar, but you __________store it in a paper bag.

EXERCISE II
Answer these questions.

1. What abilities and talents do you have? Tell the class about some of the things you
can do. Can you swim? Whistle? Play the piano? Cook?
2. Tell the class about some abilities or talents that you don’t have – things that you
can’t do.
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COULD (EXPRESSING PAST ABILITY)

(a) My daughter could talk when she
was two years old.
(b) When I was a child I could climb
a tree, but now I cannot.
(c) Yesterday, I couldn’t come to
the class or Yesterday, I could
not come to the class.
(d) People couldn’t / could not use
computers in the nineteenth
century.
(e) What could you do when you
were a child that you can’t do
now?
(f) Could you come to the class
yesterday?
- Could expresses ability in the
past. Could is the past form of
can.
- Use infinitive verb after could.
- The negative form of could may
be written: couldn’t or could
not.
- To make a question, use could
before the subject.

EXERCISE I
Complete the sentences using could or couldn’t.

1. I can’t sing now but I _______sing very well when I was a child.
2. He can’t play tennis very well now but he ________ play it quite well when he was
younger.
3. She can’t run very fast now but when she was at school she ________ faster than
anyone else.
4. I can’t swim very far these days but ten years ago I _______ swim from one side of
the lake to the other.
5. He had hurt his leg, so he _________ walk very well.

EXERCISE II

1. What could you do when you were a child that you can’t do now?
2. What could you do when you were living in own hometown that you can’t do now?
3. What did you want to do yesterday or last week but you couldn’t do? Why couldn’t
you do it?
4. Who has missed class recently? When? Why?
5. Who has had a cold or the flu recently? What couldn’t you do when you were sick?
 English Two 3

COULD (EXPRESSING PRESENT OR FUTURE POSSIBILITY)

(a) Santi : Why isn’t Andi in - Here, could expresses possibility.

class? In example (a) it expresses
Tony : I don’t know. He could be present possibility. In example (b)
sick. it expresses future possibility.
(b) Look at those dark clouds. It “He could be sick” has the same
could start raining any minute. meaning as “He may be sick” or
“it is possible that he is sick”.
- Use infinitive verb after could.

EXERCISE
Listen to the clues your teacher is giving, then guess what it could be.

Example : made of metal and you keep it in a pocket.

TEACHER : I’m thinking of something made of metal that you can find in my
pocket. What could it be?
STUDENTS : It could be a pen. It could be some keys. It could be a paper clip. It could be a
small pocket knife. It could be a coin.

1. has wheels and a motor

2. is made of plastic and can be found in my purse/pocket
3. is brown, is made of leather, and is in this room
4. is flat and rectangular
5. is white, hard, and in this room
6. is played with a ball on a large field
7. has three stories and is made of brick
8. has four legs and is found on a farm
9. is green and we can see it out that window
10. is sweet and you can eat it.
 English Two 4

COULD HAVE

a. Could have + past participle is used to say that we had the ability or the opportunity to
do something but did not do it.

EXAMPLES:
1. We didn’t go out last night. We could have gone to the cinema but we decided to stay
at home. (We had the opportunity to go out but we didn’t)
2. Why did you stay at a hotel in New York? You could have stayed with Linda. (You
had the opportunity to stay with her but you didn’t)
3. Why didn’t Tom apply for the job? He could have got it. (He had the ability to get it
but he didn’t apply)

We also use could have + past participle to say something was a possibility but didn’t
happen:
Example:
- He was lucky when he fell off the ladder. He could have hurt himself.

b. couldn’t have + past participle means to say that in the past even if we had wanted
something, we didn’t have the chance to do it.

EXAMPLES:
1. When I want to New York last year, I decided not to stay with Linda. Later I found
out that she was away while I was there, so I couldn’t have stayed with her anyway.
2. The football match was cancelled last week. Tom couldn’t have played anyway
because he was ill.
3. Ann did really well to pass the examination. It was really difficult. I’m sure I couldn’t
have passed it.
4. I couldn’t have visited you when I was in Bali as I didn’t know your address. (I didn’t
visit you when I was in Bali but it was not possible anyway)

EXERCISE
In this exercise first read this information about Randy:
Randy doesn’t know any Spanish. Randy doesn’t know anything about machines.
Randy is rich and generous. Randy can’t drive.
Randy was ill on Friday night. Randy was free on Monday afternoon.
 English Two 5

A lot of people wanted Randy to do different things last week but they couldn’t contact him.
So he didn’t do any of these things. You have to say whether he could have done or couldn’t
have done these things (if he had known).

Example: His aunt wanted him to drive her to the airport.

He couldn’t have driven her to the airport (because he can’t drive).
1. Ann wanted him to come to a party on Friday night.
He __________________________because________________________
2. Jim wanted him to play tennis on Monday afternoon.
He __________________________because________________________
3. Sue wanted him to translate a Spanish newspaper article into English.
He __________________________because________________________
4. Jack wanted him to lend him $20.
He __________________________because ________________________but Randy
didn’t lend him because Jack couldn’t contact him.
5. Randy’s mother wanted him to repair her washing machine.
He __________________________because________________________

MAY AND MIGHT (EXPRESSING PRESENT OR FUTURE POSSIBILITY)

(a) It may rain tomorrow. - May and Might have the same
(b) It might rain tomorrow. meaning. They express possibility in
(c) John isn’t in the office. He may go the present or future. It may/might
to his parents’ house. rain tomorrow have the same
(d) John isn’t in the office. He might meaning with perhaps it rains
go to his parents’ house. tomorrow. So do the third and the
fourth sentences.
- Use infinitive verb after may or
might.
(e) Jack might not be in his office The negative is may not and might not.
(f) Jack may not be in his office Jack may/might not be in his office
(g) I’m not sure whether I can lend you have the same meaning with perhaps
any money. I may not have enough. he isn’t in his office.

EXERCISE
Answer the following questions. Write two possible answers using may and might.
Example : What are you going to do tomorrow?
Response : I don’t know. I may go downtown. Or I might go to the Laundromat.

1. What are you going to do tomorrow night?

2. What’s the weather going to be like tomorrow?
3. What is your friend going to do tonight?
4. What does your friend have in her purse?
5. What does your friend have in his pants pockets?
 English Two 6

6. Your friend isn’t in class today. Where is he/she?

7. You have another class after this one. What are you going to do in that class?
8. We have a vacation. What are you going to do during vacation?
9. What are you going to do this weekend?
10. What are you going to do after you graduate?

MAY HAVE AND MIGHT HAVE

(EXPRESSING PAST POSSIBILITY)

(a) Andi : I can’t find my bag
anywhere.
Linda : you might have left it in the
shop.
(a) Andi : I wonder why Ann didn’t
come to the meeting.
Linda : She might not have known
about it
(b) Andi : why didn’t he say hello
when he passed us in the street?
Linda : He might not have seen us.
- We use may have + past participle
and might have + past participle to
say what was possible in the past.
- There’s not difference in meaning
between may have and might have.
you can say you might have left it in
the shop or you may have left it in
the shop.
- You might/may have left it in the
shop has the same meaning with
perhaps you left it in the shop.
- The negative is might/may not have
+ past participle.
- She might not have known about it =
perhaps she didn’t know about it
- He might not have seen us =
perhaps he didn’t see us.

EXERCISE
Complete the sentences using may/might have.
1. Andi: I can’t find Susan anywhere. I wonder where she is.
Lisa: She_______________(go) shopping.
 English Two 7

2. Andi: Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? I’m sure he was in the house at the time.
Lisa: He ________________ (hear, not) the bell.
3. Andi: How do you think the fire started?
Lisa: Someone ________________ (drop) a cigarette.
4. Andi: George didn’t come to the party. I wonder why not.
Lisa: He ________________ (know, not) about it.
5. Andi: Ann didn’t answer my phone.
Lisa: She __________________ (be) in the bath.

MAY, COULD, CAN

(ASKING PERMISSION)

POLITE QUESTION POSSIBLE Use may, can, and

ANSWERS could to ask polite
(a) Can I use your Yes. questions. The
telephone? Yes. Of course. questions ask for
(b) Could I use your Yes. Certainly. someone’s permission.
telephone? Of course.
(c) May I use your Certainly. Example (a), (b), and
telephone? (c) have basically the
Sure. (informal) same meaning.
Okay. (informal) However, can is less
formal than may and
Uh-huh. (meaning could.
“yes” informal)

EXERCISE I
Complete the sentences using may, can, or could.

1. _____ I borrow your camera?

2. _____ I smoke?
3. _____ I come in?
 English Two 8

4. _____ I use your phone?

5. _____ I have the salt, please?
6. _____ I try a little of your Black Forest cake? It looks absolutely delicious.
7. Andi: Hello?
Linda: Hello. Is George there?
Andi: Yes, he is.
Linda: _________I speak to him?
Andi: Just a minute. I’ll get him.
8. Andi: Hello?
Linda: Hello. May I speak to Emily?
Andi: She’s not at home right now.
Linda: Oh ______ I leave a message?
Andi: Certainly. Just a minute. I have to get a pen.
9. ______ go now?
10. ______ use your pen just a minute?

EXERCISE II
Make your own sentences using may, can, or could to ask for permission.

MAY AND CAN

(GIVING PERMISSION)

(a) You can smoke if you like.
(b) You may smoke if you like.
(c) Yes, children, you may have a
cookie after dinner.
(d) Okay, kids, you can have a cookie - use infinitive verb after may and
after dinner.
(e) You may not smoke.
(f) You cannot smoke.
(g) You may not have a cookie.
(h) You cannot have a cookie.
- Here, may and can are used to give
permission. They have the same
meaning, but may is more formal
than can.
can.
- The negative is may not and cannot
(can’t). They are used to deny
permission.

EXERCISE I
Complete the sentences using may/can.

1. You _______(leave) the table once you have finished your meal and politely excused
yourself.
2. You ________ (go, not) before you finish your job.
3. You ________ (watch the TV) now.
4. All right, she __________ (sleep) wherever she likes.
5. No, you ___________(lie, not) to people.
 English Two 9

EXERCISE II
Make your own sentences using may and can to give permission.

WOULD YOU, COULD YOU, WILL YOU, CAN YOU

(ASKING FOR HELP)

POLITE QUESTIONS POSSIBLE ANSWERS

(a) Would you please open
the door?
(b) Could you please open
the door?
(c) Will you please open
the door?
(d) Can you please open
the door?
Yes. People use would
Yes. Of course. you, could you, will
Yes. Certainly. you, and can you to
Of course. ask polite questions.
Certainly. The questions ask for
I’d be happy to. someone’s help or
I’d be glad to. cooperation. Examples
Of course. I’d be (a), (b), (c), and (d)
happy/glad to. have basically the
Certainly. I’d be same meaning. The
happy/glad to. use of can as in (d), is
Sure. (informal) less formal than the
Okay. (informal) others.
My pleasure. (informal)
Uh-huh. (meaning “yes”)
I’m sorry, but…..
I’d like to, but….
 English Two 10

EXERCISE
Ask a polite question to your friend.
Example: You want someone to open the door.
You say : would/could/will/can you please open the door?

You want someone to:

1. Close the door.
You say:___________________________________________
2. Lend you her eraser.
You say:___________________________________________
3. Tell you the time.
You say:___________________________________________
4. Hand you a pen.
You say:___________________________________________
5. Shut the window.
You say:___________________________________________
6. Lend you a quarter.
You say:___________________________________________
7. Help you.
You say:___________________________________________
8. Hold your books for a minute.
You say:___________________________________________
9. Give the money to your mother.
You say:___________________________________________
10. Spell the word ‘abdomen’ for you.
You say:___________________________________________
HAVE/HAS TO

Have to/Has to + infinitive verb express the idea that something is necessary. Look at the
following examples:

1. I have to study tonight. - Have to is used with I, you, we, and

2. She has to study tonight. they.
- Has to is used with he, she, and it.
1. Do I have to go to your house Use do/does to make questions. Do is
tonight? used with I, you, we, they. Does is
2. Does she have to go to your house used with he, she, it.
tonight?

EXERCISE I
Complete the sentences using have/has to.

1. I can’t go to the movie tonight because I _______study.

2. She can’t go downtown with us this afternoon because she ________accompany her
mother to the doctor.
3. If you want to travel abroad you _______ bring a lot of money.
4. He needs a car because he _________ go to Bandung.
 English Two 11

5. Erica and George can’t come to class tomorrow because they ________ take a rest.

EXERCISE II

1. Tell your friend something you have to do today.

2. Tell your friend something you have to do tomorrow.
3. Tell your friend something you have to do every day.

HAVE/HAS GOT TO

Have/has got to + infinitive verb express the idea that something is necessary.

1. I’ve got to study tonight. - Have got to is used with I, you,

2. She’s got to study tonight. we, they.
- Has got to is used with he, she,
it.
- Have/has got to is generally
used only in informal speech
and writing.

EXERCISE I
Complete the sentences using have/has got to.

1. I can’t go to the movie tonight because I _______study.

2. She can’t go downtown with us this afternoon because she ________accompany her
mother to the doctor.
 English Two 12

3. If you want to travel abroad you _______ bring a lot of money.

4. He needs a car because he _________ go to Bandung.
5. Erica and George can’t come to class tomorrow because they ________ take a rest.

EXERCISE II

1. Tell your friend something you’ve got to do today.

2. Tell your friend something you’ve got to do tomorrow.
3. Tell your friend something you’ve got to do every day.

MUST

Must + Infinitive verb means that something is very necessary; there’s no other choice.
Must is used much less frequently than have to in everyday speech and writing. Must is a
strong word.

Examples:
1. We must go now.
2. The government really must do something about unemployment.

EXERCISE I
Complete the sentences using must.

1. Tell your friend something very important that you must do today.
2. Tell your friend something very important that you must do tomorrow.
3. Tell your friend a driver must do, according to the law.
 English Two 13

4. Tell your friend a person must do to stay alive. (If a person doesn’t do this, he or she will
die)

DO/DOES NOT HAVE TO

Do/deos not have to expresses the idea that something is not necessary.

(a) I finished all of my homework this - Use do not have to (don’t have to)
afternoon. I don’t have to study with I, you, we and they.
tonight. - Use does not have to (doesn’t have
(b) Tomorrow is a holiday. Mary to) with he, she, it.
doesn’t have to go to class.

EXERCISE
Complete the sentences using doesn’t/don’t have to.

1. You _________ have soup for lunch. You can have a sandwich if you like.
2. Liz finally got a car, so now she usually drives to work. She __________ take the bus.
3. Mr. Moneybags is very rich. He _________ work for a living.
4. The review class before the final exam is optional. We _______________ go unless we
want to.
5. Most vegetables can be eaten raw. You _____________ cook them.
6. When the phone rings, you ______________ answer it. It’s up to you.
7. Alan: Did Professor Adams make an assignment?
Liz: Yes, she assigned Chapter 4 and 6, but we ____________ read Chapter 6.
8. Alan: Do you have some bread?
Liz: Uh-huh. Here.
Alan: Thanks. Now I ______________ buy them.
9. You _____________ have to do the laundry. Liz will do it for you.
10. You ______________ have to buy the medicine for me. I don’t need it anymore.

MUST NOT
MUST NOT expresses prohibition, meaning DON’T DO THIS.
Examples:

(a) Children, you must not play with matches.

(b) We must not use that door. The sign says: PRIVATE: DO NOT ENTER.
(c) You can tell Tom what I said but he must not tell anybody else.

EXERCISE
Complete the sentences using must not.

1. The soup is too hot. You _____________ eat it yet. Wait for it to cool.
2. Tommy, you ___________ say that word. That’s not a nice word.
 English Two 14

3. If you are in a canoe, you ______________ stand up and walk around. If you do, the
canoe will probably tip over.
4. According to the rules of the game, one player ______________ hit or trip another player.
5. You ____________ use a pencil to write a check because someone could change the
amount you have written on it.
6. When you have a new job, you ____________ be late the first day. In fact, it is a good
idea to be a few minutes early.
7. Liz: You______________ tell Jim about the surprise birthday party. Do you promise?
Alan: I promise.
8. Alan: I _______________ forget to set my alarm for 5:30
Liz: Why do you have to get up at 5:30?
Alan: I’m going to meet Ron at 6:00.
9. Mother: Listen to me carefully, Annie. If a stranger offers you a ride, you
______________ get in the car. Never get in a car with a stranger. Do you understand?
Annie: Yes, Mom.
10. Father: Children, your mother and I are going to go out this evening. I want you to be
good and follow these rules: you must do everything the baby-sitter tells you to do. You
______________ go outside after dark. It’s Saturday night, you don’t have to go to bed at
eight. You can stay up until eight-thirty. And remember: you ______________ pull the
cat’s tail. Okay?
Children: Okay.

MUST

Must + infinitive verb can also be used to make a logical conclusion. Look at the following
table:

(a) Andi : Nancy is yawning. In example (a), Linda is making a

Linda : She must be sleepy. logical conclusion that Nancy must be
(b) Alf is a very good tennis player sleepy because she is yawning. In
 English Two 15

and not many players beat him. But
yesterday he played against Bill and
Bill won. So, Bill must be a very
good player.
Eric ate everything on his plate except
the chili sauce. He must not like chili
sauce.
example (b), the speaker is making a
logical conclusion that Bill must be a
very good player because he was able
to beat Alf.
To make a negative logical conclusion,
use must not + infinitive verb.

EXERCISE
Make a logical conclusion based on the information.

1. Tim has been working in the hot sun for the last hour. He just drank one glass of water.
Right now he is refilling his glass. (thirsty).
Tim ______________________________
2. I’m at Eric apartment door. I’ve knocked on the door and have rung the doorbell several
times. Nobody has answered the door (at home)
Eric ______________________________
3. Brian has a red nose and has been coughing and sneezing. (have a cold)
Brian _____________________________
4. Sally looks tired. She’s been coughing and sneezing. (feel well)
Sally _____________________________
5. Kate has a full academic schedule, plays on the volleyball team, has the lead in the school
play, is a cheerleader, takes piano lessons, and has a part-time job at the ice cream store.
(have a lot of spare time)
Kate ______________________________

MUST HAVE

Must have + past participle is used to make a past logical conclusion. Study the
following examples.
 English Two 16

1. We went to Deni’s house last night and rang the doorbell. There was no answer. He
must have gone out (otherwise he would have answered).
2. The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. I must have been asleep.
3. I made a lot of noise when I came home. You must have heard me.

EXERCISE
Read the situation and write a sentence with must have + past participle.
Example: The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (I must/be/asleep)
I must have been asleep.

1. That dress you bought is very good quality. (it must/be/very expensive)
It must_______________________________________________
2. I haven’t seen Jim for ages. (he must/go/away)
He must______________________________________________
3. Sinta: I wonder where my umbrella is.
Liz: (You must/leave/it on the train)
You must ______________________________________________
4. She knew everything about our plans. (she/must/listen/to our conversation)
She must ______________________________________________
5. When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I must/forget/to turn it off)
I must _______________________________________________
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English
Two
Stai
Daarussalaam
Sukabumi