MORPHOLOGY 1.

Multiple Processes - combination of two or more word

 Morphology - study of word formation processes

 Morpheme - smallest unit of idea/language - abbreviation + derivation = two processes (YOLO + ing =

2 kinds of Morpheme Yoloing)

 Free Morpheme - root words - 2A/3B/4C/1D + derivation = multiple processes

 Bound Morpheme - affixes 3 kinds; prefix, suffix, infix

Morph - variation of a morpheme
Allomorphs - variation of one morpheme

WORD FORMATION PROCESS

--2A-----
1. Acronym- if read as a word (e.g PAG-ASA)
- Initialism - if read by letters (e.g WHO)
2. Abbreviation - shortening of words with period (e.g mister -
Mr.)

--3B-----
1. Borrowing – (boondocks, cooties)
2. Blending - joining of two or more words with deletion
(staycation, smog)
3. Backformation - change from noun to verb with omission at
the end of the words (babysitter - babysit, player - play)
removing affixes; mostly suffixes

--4C-----
1. Coinage - other term "neologism" meaning newly formed
words
- eponym words from the names of people or places - use
of name of person, place, etc. to name something
2. Clipping - shortening of words without period (eg. Doc
instead of Dr.) meaning pwede pa ibalik yung word sa
original form niya
- hypocorism shortening of words plus ie or y (telly short
for television, aussie short for australians, movie short
for moving pictures)
3. Compounding - adding two or more words without any
deletion (butter+fly)
4. Conversion - same word, different functions (from verb to
noun, from noun to verb)

--1D-----
1. Derivation - using of affixes; root word + affix (there is a
change in meaning, change in the part of speech)
- inflection if change only happened in form and tense
--1M-----
THE ENGLISH GRAMMAR - Everybody, Everyone, Everything

Parts of Speech - word classes/lexical groups - Nobody, Noone, Nothing

- Somebody, Someone, Anyone

--NOUN(11)----- - Many, few, more

- name of everything 8. Demonstrative Pronoun - his, these, that, those followed by

1. Common Noun - general names (e.g school, hospital, verb

teachers, etc.) Near Far

2. Proper Noun - specific names (e.g Cavite State University) the Singular this that
first letter is always capitalized
Plural these those
3. Concrete Noun - tangible, can be perceived by our senses
9. Possessive Pronouns - (e.g my, your, his, her, our, their) (e.g
(e.g laptop, table)
mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs) pag nagsosolo sila
4. Abstract Noun - intangible, cannot be perceived by our
A B
senses, can only be felt through feeling or emotion (e.g
My Yours
honesty)
5. Countable or Count Nouns - nouns that can be counted His His
6. Non-count Noun - cannot be counted (e.g milk, coffee, tea, Her Hers
hair)
Our Ours
7. Crossover Nouns - nouns from non-count to countable
Their Their
8. Collective Nouns - group of nouns with plural form (pack of
Ex. His car is brand new
wolves, school of fish)
9. Mass Nouns - group of nouns but without plural form (e.g
--ADJECTIVE(10)-----
information, knowledge, food, furniture, fish, sheep)
- it modifies nouns and pronouns
10. Compound Nouns - consisting of two or more nouns or
1. Qualitative Adjective - qualities (e.g height, appearance,
words
characteristics)
11. Possessive Noun - shows possession, belonging, ownership
2. Quantitative Adjective - quantity
(e.g Anna's bag, Zeus's, Jesus')
- cardinal - counting numbers (e.g 1, 2, 3)
- 1 syllable ending with s = 's
- ordinal – order (1st, 2nd,…)
- 2 or more syllables ending with s = '
- multiplicative - single/double/triple
3. Interrogative Adjective - if WH questions is inside the
--PRONOUN(9)-----
question followed by a noun or pronoun
- the substitute of noun, to avoid redundancy
4. Possessive Adjectives – (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) in a
1. Personal Pronoun - it talks about POV (e.g first person (i, we,
sentence
us) second person (you) third person (they, them, he, she)
5. Demonstrative Adjectives - this, these, that, those followed
2. Impersonal Pronoun - talks about animals, place, and things
by pronoun
(it)
6. Article
3. Interrogative Pronoun - WH questions are used for questions,
- Indefinite Article (a = consonant sound, an = vowel
and inside a question
sound)
4. Relative Pronoun - WH questions are in a statement
- Definite Article (the (di) vowel sound, the (da) consonant
- Antecedent is the noun that is substituted by the
sound)
pronoun
7. Indefinite Adjective - many nouns (Several, All, Both, Few,
5. Reflexive Pronoun - object of the sentence (object = receiver
Many, Any, None) followed by noun or pronoun
of the action) (-self/-selves)
8. Gradable Adjective - can be transformed to comparative and
6. Intensive Pronoun – subject of the sentence (-self/-selves)
superlative (e.g bad, worse, worst - good, better, best)
7. Indefinite Pronoun - indefinite of who we are substituting
9. Non-gradable Adjective (e.g dead, wooden, unique)
followed by verb
10. Royal Order of Adjectives (DOSASCOMQ)
- Anybody, Anyone, Anything
 Determiner (demonstrative and article)
  Observation/Opinion (quantity - quality) - it shows time, place, or direction and position.
 Size 1. Time – in (not specific), on (days and months), at(specific)
 Age 2. Place – in (not specific/unsure), on(avenue/street),

 Shape at(specific)

 Color 3. Direction - (to, from, into) position (with)

 Origin
 Material --CONJUNCTION(3)-----

 Qualifier - other term for connectors, joins and connects words and
tagmemes.

--VERB(9)----- 1. Coordinating - joins 2 coordinate clauses (independent

- are action words, it shows action and state of being. clauses) (e.g FANBOYS; for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

1. Action Verb - kilos or galaw in tagalog, merong "doer", 2. Subordinating - connects 1 coordinate clause + 1 subordinate

subject clause (dependent clause) (e.g because, therefore,

nonetheless, furthermore, etc.)
2. Stative Verb - stating the being of an object or thing (senses,
3. Correlative - these are conjunctions that come in pairs not
no doer)
only... but also...) (either... or...) (neither... nor...)
3. Transitive Verb - requires an object
4. Intransitive Verb - does not require an object
--INTERJECTION(2)-----
5. Linking Verbs - be verbs followed by nouns, pronouns,
- words that shows strong feelings or emotions (ouch!, yes!, good!,
adjectives, adverbs
...)
6. Auxiliary Verbs - be verbs followed by verbs
1. Primary - do not fall in any other parts of speech
(be verbs - is, are, was, when, where, them, am, be, being)
2. Secondary – can fall in any parts of speech
7. Modal Verbs - shows ability, possibility, and permission
8. Finite Verbs - has tenses, verbs can be transformed to past,
future, and present tense
9. Non-finite Verbs - cannot be transformed to its tenses
- Gerund (v + ing = noun) swimming is his hobby.
- Infinitive (To + verb = noun/subject/object) To swim
is what i like.
- Participle - all participles are functioning as
adjective. it has two types; past participle (verb + d,
ed, n, en = adjective) and present participle (verb +
ing = adjective)

--ADVERB(8)-----
- (adjective + adverb = modifiers) adverbs modify verb, adjective,
and another adverb.
1. Time - when
2. Place - where
3. Manner - how
4. Degree - how much / intense
5. Frequency - how often
6. Purpose/Reason - why
7. Negation - negative "no"
8. Affirmation - "yes"

--PREPOSITION(3)-----