EV Battery
Management
P.Dhivya
Shanmuga industries arts and science college
97AD5560C81BD9690E84EFD24F647952
Urinary system
Introductio
n
The urinary system, also known as the renal system, plays a
crucial role in filtering waste from the bloodstream, regulating
blood pressure, balancing electrolytes, and maintaining
homeostasis. It consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the
bladder, and the urethra. Below is a detailed explanation of
each component and its functions:
1.Kidney
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located just below the
rib cage on either side of the spine. Each kidney is roughly the
size of a fist. They are essential for filtering blood, removing
waste, balancing fluids, and producing urine.
Structure
● The outer layer of the kidney is called the renal
cortex, and beneath it is the renal medulla, which
contains pyramid-shaped structures.
● Each kidney contains about one
million nephrons, which are the
functional units responsible for
filtering blood. A nephron is
made up of a glomerulus, a
small cluster of blood vessels
that filters blood, and a tubule,
where the filtration process is
refined.
Functions
● Filtration: The kidneys filter about 120 to 150 liters of blood per day,
producing approximately 1 to 2 liters of urine. Blood enters the kidney
via the renal artery, and the glomeruli filter out waste, excess salts,
and water, forming the initial urine.
● Reabsorption and Secretion: In the tubules, the kidneys reabsorb
essential substances like glucose, water, and electrolytes back
into the bloodstream, while further concentrating waste and
excess substances into uri
● Hormonal Regulation: Kidneys produce hormones like
erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production,
and renin, which helps regulate blood pressure.
2. Ureters
The ureters are muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the
bladder. Each kidney has one ureter, and these tubes are about 25 to 30
cm long.
Structure and
Function
● The walls of the ureters have smooth muscle
that undergoes peristaltic contractions,
propelling urine toward the bladder.
● The ureters are lined with transitional
epithelium, which allows for expansion as
urine flows through.At the junction where the
ureters meet the bladder, there are ureteral
valves that prevent urine from flowing back
into the kidneys.
3. Bladder
The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ located in the pelvis, responsible for
storing urine until it is ready to be excreted.
Structure
● The bladder's wall is made up of several
layers: the innermost layer is the transitional
epithelium, similar to the ureters, allowing the
bladder to stretch as it fills. Beneath this layer,
the detrusor muscle contracts to expel urine
during urination.
● The bladder can hold about 400-600 mL of
urine on average but has the capacity to store
more in certain situations.
Function
● Storage: The bladder stores urine until it is
voluntarily released. Stretch receptors in the
bladder wall signal to the brain when it is full,
initiating the urge to urinate.
● Micturition (Urination): When the bladder is full,
signals are sent to the brain, and the detrusor
muscle contracts, while the internal urethral
sphincter relaxes. The process can be
consciously controlled by the external urethral
sphincter, which is a voluntary muscle.
4. Urethra
The urethra is a small tube that allows urine to leave the bladder and
exit the body. The length of the urethra varies between males and
female
Structure
● In males, the urethra is longer (about 20 cm) and
passes through the prostate gland and penis. It has
dual functions: it transports both urine and semen.
● In females, the urethra is much shorter (about 4
cm) and only carries urine. This short length
can make women more prone to urinary tract
infections (UTIs).
Urinary process
URINARY PROCESS FLOWCHART
1.Filtration in kidneys
● Blood enters the kidneys through the renal arteries
● Filtration occurs in the glomerulus within each nephron.
● Blood plasma is filtered, separating waste, excess salts, and water.
↓
2.Reabsorption and secretion ( Nephron
tubules )
● Useful substances like water, glucose, and electrolytes are reabsorbed
into the bloodstream.
3.Urine formation ( Collecting ducts )
● The filtered fluid, now called urine, is collected in the collecting
ducts of the kidneys.
↓
4.Urine transports ( Ureters )
● Urine travels from the kidneys to the bladder through the
ureters.Peristaltic contractions of the ureters propel urine
downward.
↓
5.Storage ( Bladder )
● Urine is stored in the bladder until it reaches capacity.Stretch
receptors in the bladder signal the need to urinate.
6.Excretion
● When ready, the detrusor muscle contracts, and the internal urethral
sphincter relaxes.Urine exits the bladder via the urethra during urination.
ICD -10 CODES FOR URINARY SYSTEM
Kidney related conditions
● N18.9 - Chronic kidney disease, unspecified
● N17.9 - Acute kidney failure, unspecified
● N20.0 - Calculus of kidney (Kidney stones)
● N13.30 - Unspecified hydronephrosis
● N25.9 - Renal tubular disorders, unspecified
● N28.9 - Disorder of kidney and ureter, unspecified
Ureter - Related Conditions
● N20.1 - Calculus of ureter
● N13.2 - Hydronephrosis with ureteral stricture, not elsewhere classified
● N13.9 - Obstructive and reflux uropathy, unspecified
Bladder - Related Conditions
● N30.9 - Cystitis, unspecified
● N32.0 - Bladder-neck obstruction
● N32.81 - Overactive bladder
● N31.9 - Neuromuscular dysfunction of the bladder, unspecified
Urethra-Related
Conditions
● N36.9 - Urethral stricture, unspecified
● N34.1 - Nonspecific urethritis
● N39.3 - Stress incontinence, female/male
● N36.2 - Fistula of the urethra
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
● N39.0 - Urinary tract infection, site not specified
● N10 - Acute pyelonephritis (infection of the kidney)
Incontinence
● N39.3 - Stress incontinence, female/male
● N39.4 - Other specified urinary incontinence
Other Urinary System Conditions
● R30.0 - Dysuria (painful urination)
● R33.9 - Retention of urine, unspecified
● R35.0 - Frequency of micturition (frequent urination)
● R31.9 - Hematuria, unspecified (blood in urine)
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