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Harbours

The document discusses the importance of siting and design in harbour construction, influenced by factors such as wind, storms, and tides. It outlines the purpose of harbours, types, and essential structures like wharfs, docks, and breakwaters, along with their functions and definitions. Additionally, it covers planning factors and the various types of harbours, including natural, improved, and artificial.

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sinikiwe2004
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31 views19 pages

Harbours

The document discusses the importance of siting and design in harbour construction, influenced by factors such as wind, storms, and tides. It outlines the purpose of harbours, types, and essential structures like wharfs, docks, and breakwaters, along with their functions and definitions. Additionally, it covers planning factors and the various types of harbours, including natural, improved, and artificial.

Uploaded by

sinikiwe2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CONSTRUCTION METHODS & MATERIALS 1B

HARBOURS
Introduction

Siting and design is important, and is influenced by:


• Wind
• Storms
• Tides

2
Purpose of harbours
• Large commercial
• Small craft
• Recreational facilities

Large harbours are situated at:


• Durban
• Richards Bay
• PE
• Cape Town

3
Factors for harbour planning

• Location
• Need for harbour protection
• Advantages vs. disadvantages
• Finance
• Type of harbour
• Number, size and type of craft to be accommodated

4
Definitions

• Wharf – a platform where loading and unloading of ships takes place


• Dock – area between two wharfs used for mooring ships
• Dry dock – ships can be accommodated and water can be drained
• Pier – similar to wharf
• Mooring – a place to anchor ships

5
Definitions

• Berth – a place assigned to a ship for mooring


• Jetty – a structure build from the shore that extends into the water
• Quay – A wharf build parallel to the shore
• Breakwater – massive wall build into the sea to protect the harbour against waves
• Slipway – ramp from which vessels are launched
• Buoy – orange coloured float to show danger

6
Breakwater
Entrance

Pier Pierhead

Quay Slip
Wharf
Entrance

Pier Breakwate
r

Cargo
sheds
Functions

• Shelters vessels
• Supports ships at sea – lighthouses, foghorns
• Service provision – refuelling, ship maintenance
• Receive and dispatch cargo

9
Types

• Natural – carved out of land: New York

• Improved – providing breakwaters or removing sandbars: Durban

• Artificial – built on dry land and then opened to the sea: Cape Town

10
Wharf

• A structure that allows for vessels to lie alongside to receive and discharge cargo

and passengers

• Quay: build parallel to shore (marginal wharf)

• Pier: wharf build at angle to shoreline

• Slip: berthing and manoeuvring space between piers

11
Wharf

Substructures

Solid fill – vertical gravity wall on the waterfront face. Earth is backfilled behind the wall and
covered

Open type – wharf is supported by concrete or steel piles. Girders are placed on top, and
decking is placed on the girders

12
Bulkheads, seawalls & revetments

Bulkhead – placed parallel to the shoreline. Secondary line of defence in major storms

Seawalls – protects the land from scouring action of waves

Revetment – 1 + layers of stone/concrete on the sloping face of the seawall. Dissipates wave energy

13
Bulkheads, seawalls and revetments

bulkhead

Seawall Revetment

14
Jetties

• Extends into the water to direct tidal flow in a channel


• Prevent or reduce silting
• Protects entrance from wave action and cross currents

15
Breakwater

• A structure to protect harbour against wave action.

• Three main types:


• Vertical sides
• Rubble mounds (replaces by dollos)
• Composite

16
Dollos

17
Dollos

18
THE END

19

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