CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD

HARBOURS
Presentation by –
Fajardo, Marvin E.
30820
Harbour
• It is a sheltered area
• Used for loading and unloading of cargo
• Vessels are also built, repair and launch
• It protects ships naturally or artificially from fury of
sea
• Ships, boats, and barges can seek shelter from
stormy weather, in navigable waters well protected
naturally or artificially
• Situated along sea shore or river estuary or lake or
canal connected to sea
Harbour
Classification of harbours

1. Classification depending upon the

protection needed.
2. Classification depending upon the
utility.
3. Classification based upon the location.
1. Classification depending upon
the protection needed

• Artificial harbour
• Natural harbour
• Semi-natural harbour
• Artificial harbour

 Man-made harbour
Deliberately constructed break waters, sea walls ,
jetties, and also dredging is done there
 Requires maintenance by periodic dredging
 Ex. Madras harbour
• Artificial harbour
• Natural harbour
• It is protected form storms and waves by
prominence of land
• Consist of part of body of water which is protected
and deep enough for anchorage
• Natural harbour
• Semi-natural harbours
• The ones who are protected on sides by land and
require man- made protection only at entrance
• Ex. Vishakhapatnum port
• Semi-natural harbours
2. Classification depending upon the
utility.

• Harbour of refuge
• Commercial harbour
• Fishery harbour
• Military harbour or navel base harbours
2. Classification depending upon the
utility.

• Harbour of refuge- used for ships in storms

or emergency condition.
good anchorage and safe and easy access from
the sea.

• Commercial harbor- Facilities for loading

and unloading of cargo are provided.
 Harbour of refuge

Commercial harbour
• Fishery harbor- For loading unloading the
catch . It should have refrigeration stores with
plenty of storing space for preserving catch.

• Military harbor or navel base harbours- This

harbor is meant for accommodating naval crafts
and serves as a supply deport.
The layout of this type of harbor is greatly
influenced by its location.
 Fishery harbour

Military harbour
3. Classification based upon the
location.
• Canal harbour - harbour located along canals for
sea navigations
• Lake Harbour - harbour constructed along the
shore of lake
• River Harbour or Estuary Harbour - harbour
constructed along the banks of river.
• Sea or Ocean Harbour - harbour located on the
coast of sea or an ocean
 Canal Harbour

Lake Harbour
 River Harbour or Estuary
Harbour

Sea or Ocean Harbour

Requirements of a good harbour
• The depth of a harbor should be sufficient for every
type of visiting ships.
• The bottom of harbor should provide secured
anchorage to hold the ships against high winds.
• To prevent destructive wave action, break water are
provided.
• The entrance of a harbor should be wide enough to
provide the easy passage of ships.
 Harborarea required depends upon the
following factors:
 Size and number of ships to be accommodated in the
harbor at a time
 Length and width needed for movement of ships to
and from berths.
 Type of cargo carried.

To make the harbor useful for operating and

dispatching ships, the water depth in the entrance,
approach channel and harbor basin should be
sufficient even at the low water spring tide.
• It is very important i.e. the location and alignment
of elements such as entrance, approach channel,
turning basin, break water, wharves, jetties and
docks etc. will ensure easy maneuverability and
additional navigation facilities.
• The main faction of a harbor is to provide a safe and
suitable accommodation to the vessels needing
refuge, supplies, repairs, refueling or transfer of
cargo and passengers.
Features of harbour
• Breakwater
• Docks
• Entrance channel
• Jetty
• Berthing Basin
• Turning Basin
• Pier Head
• Wharves
Breakwaters
• Breakwater are the structures constructed to enclose
the harbours to protect them from the effect of wind
generated waves by reflecting and dissipating their
force or energy.
• Helps to use the area thus enclosed as a safe
anchorage for ships and to facilitate loading and
unloading of water by means of wave breakers.
• Height depends upon the its purpose, extent of
enclosed water area and nature of existing shipping
work.
• Generally the height of breakwater is kept as
equivalent to 1.2 to 1.25 times the waves expected.
• It also helps to prevent beach erosion
• The most common breakwater used has a core of
small rocks or rubble with a covering of large rocks
to keep the core from being washed away.
• It may be small structures, placed one to three
hundred feet offshore in relatively shallow water
• Breakwater either fixed or floating- choice depend
on normal water depth & tidal range
• Its construction is usually parallel or perpendicular
to the coast
Docks
• Docks are enclosed areas for berthing the ships to
keep them afloat at a uniform level to facilitate
loading and unloading cargo.
• A marine structure for berthing of vessels for
loading and unloading cargo and
passengers.
• Necessary for discharging of the cargo
• As ships require a number of days for discharging
cargo, during which period they need a uniform
water level.
• If ship is subjected to a vertical movement by the
tides, great inconvenience will be felt in lifting the
cargo from the ship and special arrangement will be
needed for lifting the cargo
• Docks can be classified into following
two categories:
 Wet docks.
 Dry docks.
 Wet docks-
• Docks required for berthing of ships or vessels to
facilitate the loading and unloading of passengers
and cargo are called wet docks.
• These are also known as harbor docks.
 Dry docks
• The docks used for repairs of ships are known
as dry docks.
• It is long excavated chamber, having side walls, a
semi circular end wall and a floor.
• The open end of the chamber is provided with a gate
and acts as the entrance to the dock.
ENTRANCE CHANNEL
• Depth and width are kept more at entrance
• Width depends upon density of traffic and no. of
entrances
JETTIES
• A narrow structure projecting from the shore
into the water with berths one or both sides and
sometimes at the end also.
• These are structures in the form of piles
projections.
• Built from the shore to the deep water.
• They may be constructed in the sea or in a
navigable river.
• The jetties extend from the shore to the deep sea
to receive the ship.
BERTHING AND TURNING
BASINS
• Berthing basins are used for the parking of ships
• While turning for the turning of ships
PIER HEAD
• The structure provided at the tip of break water
• Such as light house
Wharves
• Platforms or loading places come close enough
to the shore they are called wharves.
• wharves constructed parallel to the shore or
break water are called quays.
• wharves those project into the ships fair way
or basin at right angles or oblique from shore
are called piers.
• Function is to permit berthing of vessel along
side for cargo working
Wharves
THANK YOU