Orthographic
Projection
Orthographic Projection
Three dimensional (3- In a two
D) object dimensional (2 D)
– space
Kind of Parallel projection
Projection lines are orthogonal to the
projection plane
Principle axes/planes are parallel to the
Projection planes
TOPICS
Object representation
Multiview projection
Glass box concept
Multi-views of orthographic
projection, first angle projection
and third angle projection
OBJECT REPRESENTATION
Axonometric projection
Multiview projection
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
Three principle dimensions … can be presented only
of an object … two in each view.
Adjacent view(s)
Depth
is needed to
Height fulfill the size
description.
Width Depth
Height
Width Depth
TO OBTAIN MULTIVIEW
REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT
1. Revolve the object with respect
to observer.
2. The observer move around the
object.
REVOLVE THE OBJECT
Top view
Front view Right side view
OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
Top view
Front view Right side view
THE GLASS BOX CONCEPT
Rear view
Left side view
Bottom view
History
Depth
Width
Height
Orthographic
Projections
OBJECT FEATURES
Edges are lines that represent the boundary
between two surfaces.
Corners Represent the intersection of two or
more edges.
Edge Edge No edge
Corner No corner No corner
OBJECT FEATURES
Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges
or limiting element.
Limiting is a line that represents the last visible
element part of the curve surface.
Surface Surface Surface
Limit
Limit
PROJECTION OF OBJECT
The views are obtained by projecting all object
features to the picture plane.
You have to project the remaining surfaces which are
invisible too !
PROJECTION OF OBJECT
s
PROJECTION OF OBJECT
Viewing Objects
• A box is formed by
six mutually
perpendicular
planes of projection
that are located
around the object
• Lines are formed on the planes by
projecting the edges of the object
onto the planes
– These images are
called “views”
– There are six views
formed by the
planes of a box
• Unfolding the box produces an
arrangement of the six views
Angles of Projection
• First-angle projection
– Used by many European
countries
– Object is projected onto planes
from the first angle or
quadrant
• Front view projected to
vertical plane
• Top view projected to
horizontal plane
• Left-side view projected to
profile plane
Angles of Projection
• Third-angle projection
– Standard for the United States
– Third quadrant is used for
projection
• Front view projected to vertical
plane
• Top view projected to horizontal
plane
• Right-side view projected to
profile plane
Drawing Views of
Objects
• Depth can be projected between views
by using a 45°angle line
TOP VI EW
R. SI DE
FRONT VI EW
Line Types - Visible
• Edges that can be seen in a given view
areVisible or Object lines
• Visible lines are thick and dark
– .028” or .7mm
– F or HB lead
FRONT VI EW
Line Types - Hidden
• Edges that cannot be seen from a
given view are indicated by Hidden
lines
TOP VI EW
Line Types - Hidden
• Drawing hidden lines
– .125” (3mm) dashes
– .0625” (1mm) spaces between dashes
– Thin: .020” (.5mm)
– Dark: F or HB lead
.125"
3m
m
.0625" 1mm
Line Types - Hidden
• Follow rules for hidden line placement
– Alphabet of Lines
• Drawings produced with CAD may violate
hidden line rules
Line Types – Center
• Center lines indicate
axes of symmetry
Line Types – Center
• Perpendicular lines for circular
objects
– Small dashes cross at the center point
of feature
– One center line drawn to indicate
longitudinal axis of cylinder or hole
Precedence of Lines
• Which line should be drawn when two
lines coincide?
– Visible line coincides with hidden or
center line
• Visible line is shown
– Hidden line coincides with center line
• Hidden line is shown
LINE CONVENTION
Precedence of coincide lines.
Hidden line drawing.
Center line drawing.
PRECEDENCE OF LINE
Order of Visible Hidden Center
importance line line line
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.
Leave
space
Correct
Join
No !
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.
Leave Leave
space space
Correct No !
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should intersect to form L and T
corners.
L T Correct
No !
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden arcs should start on a center line.
CENTER LINE PRACTICE
In circular view, short dash should cross at the
intersections of center line.
For small hole, center line is presented as thin
continuous line.
Center line should not extend between views.
Leave space Leave space
CENTER LINE PRACTICE
Leave the gap when centerline forms a
continuation with a visible or hidden line
Center line should always start and end with
long dash.
Leave Leave Leave
space space space
Leave
space
Placement of Views
• Views should be visually balanced within the
working space
2.00
TOP VI EW
5.13
2.88
1.63 1.25
Ø2.22
45°
3.00
2.00
1.75
1.50
FRONT VI EW R. SI DE VI EW
SPECI AL CAM R. MI GLI ORATO 5/ 9/ 03 SCALE 1:1 16-52 12 NBHS
Steps for Centering a Drawing
• Draw border and title block using light construction lines
• Draw diagonal lines from corners of border
420 mm
594 mm
Steps for Centering a Drawing
• Add:
TOP VI EW
– Width 15
– Depth 20 2.00
– Horizontal 35 = a
5.13
2.88
– Height 30
1.63 1.25
Ø2.22
45°
– Depth 20
– Vertical
3.00
2.00
1.75
1.50
50= b
R. SI DE
FRONT VI EW VI EW
Spacing
(B-b)/5
2(B-b)/5
(A-a)/3 B
(A-a)/3
(A-a)/3
2(B-b)/5
