EARTH AND SPACE:
Different types
of volcanoes
What’s a volcano?
A volcano is an opening in the earth’s crust through
which lava, volcanic ash, and gases escape. Volcanic
eruptions are partly driven by pressure from
dissolved gas, much as escaping gases force the
cork out of a bottle of champagne.
How is a volcano formed
Volcanoes are formed by the movement and interaction of tectonic plates beneath the Earth's
surface. When two tectonic plates collide or move apart, magma (molten rock) from the Earth's
mantle can rise to the surface through a vent or fissure, resulting in a volcanic eruption.
Largest volcanos
Volcanoes are formed by the movement and interaction of tectonic plates beneath the Earth's su
Mauna Loa Mount Kilimanjaro Popocatepetl Volcano
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CROSS SECTION of volcano
VENT
CRATER
SUMMIT THROAT
LAVA
PARASITIC CONE
FLANK
DIKE
SILL
ASH
BASE
CONDUIT
MAGMA
RESERVOIR
Yellowstone
Explosivity index Caldera
600,000 years ago
1000km3
The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) is a relative
measure of the explosiveness of volcanic
eruptions. It was devised by Christopher G.
Newhall in 1982.
Mono-Inyo Craters Mt St. Helens, 1980 Pinatubo, 1991 Tambora, 1815
Past 5,000 years >1km3 >10km3 >100km3
Types of volcano
There are three basic types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes, cinder cone volcanoes, and composite
volcanoes. Shield volcanoes are the largest and have gentle slopes formed by lava flows that
spread outwards, while cinder cone volcanoes are smaller and steeper with a cone-shaped
appearance, formed by the accumulation of loose pyroclastic materials.
CRATER SIDE VENT
CENTRAL VENT
CENTRAL VENT
CENTRAL VENT
MAGMA MAGMA MAGMA
CHAMBER CHAMBER CHAMBER
Cinder cone volcano Composite volcano Shield volcano
MOST ACTIVE volcanoes
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Eyjafjallajökull Mount Vesuvius Sakurajima
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Mount Merapi
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Mount Tambora eruption
April 1815
10,000
Due to Initial Eruption
Expelled into the
location
atmosphere
80,000
Due to Starvation and Disease
100km3 of Ash,
Pumice & Aerosols
60 Megatons
of Sulfur
causalities
Facts & figures
• Stratovolcano
• Forms the entire 60km wide Sanggar peninsula
on Sumbawa island, Indonesia
• Largest observed eruption in recorded history
• Measure of 7 on the volcanic explosivity
index(VEI)
Ring of fire
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Effects on human health
Volcanic eruptions can release a variety of gases and particles, including ash, sulfur dioxide,
carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide, which can have serious impacts on human health.
Volcanic ash is composed of small, sharp particles that can irritate
the eyes, nose, and throat, and can also cause respiratory
problems such as coughing, bronchitis, and asthma. In addition,
volcanic gases can cause short-term health effects such as
headaches, dizziness, and nausea, and long-term exposure can
lead to chronic respiratory conditions, heart disease, and other
health problems
Countries with most volcanoes
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58
44 42
33
19 15 11 11 9 9
comparison
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Ash
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The good H20 (Water Vapor)
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Source of materials
Co2 (carbon dioxide)
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Power generation So2 (sulfur dioxide)
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Rich volcanic soils H2s (hydrogen sulfide)
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Volcano gallery
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