Fiery

Earth
types of volcanoes and volcanic
eruption
Objectives
01 Describe the different types of volcanoes and volcanic
eruption.

Compare and contrast the volcanic eruptions caused

02 by different substances.

Recognize the importance of distinguishing between

03 each volcano type in terms of volcano shape,
composition and explosivity.
 Think-Pair-Share
01 02 03
Take a few minutes to Pair up with a partner to share As a class, we will come back
individually brainstorm what what you wrote down. Take together and each pair will share
you know about volcanoes. turns sharing your ideas and one thing they learned or found
Write down any information listening to your partner's ideas. interesting while discussing
you have learned. with their partner.
what are
volcanoes?
Volcano
Volcanoes are fascinating geological features that are
formed when molten rock, ash, and gas escape from the
Earth's surface.
They can be found all around the world and come in many
different shapes and sizes. Some volcanoes are active and
erupt frequently, while others are dormant or extinct and
haven't erupted in many years or even thousands of years.
how do
volcanoes
form?
Volcano
Volcanoes are usually formed at plate boundaries. The
movement of the plates causes the subducted crust to be
melted, producing dissolved gases and molten rocks called
magma.

Magma and other volcanic ash and gases from underneath

the Earth are collected in the magma chamber. The magma
exerts high pressure on Earth’s crust until it reaches a vent
or opening.
Volcano
The molten rock then flows out to the surface. The
flowing magma that reaches the surface is called
lava.

As the lava cools, it starts to harden and forms a

volcano. Volcanoes form from the repeated eruption
of lava flow, ash and other pyroclastic materials.
Parts of Volcano
Crater
This is a bowl-shaped depression at the top of the
volcano that forms when the summit collapses after an
eruption.

Magma Chamber
This is a large underground cavity or reservoir where
molten rock (magma) is stored before it erupts.
Parts of Volcano
Conduit
This is a long, narrow channel that connects the magma
chamber to the surface of the volcano. Magma rises
through the conduit and erupts.

Fumarole
This is a vent on the surface of the volcano that emits
steam, gas, and other volcanic gases. Fumaroles are
usually found near the summit.
Types of
volcano
Shield Volcanoes
These volcanoes have a broad, gently sloping cone shape,
similar to a warrior's shield laid on the ground. They are
formed by numerous lava flows that spread out in all
directions from a central vent.

Shield volcanoes typically have non-explosive eruptions

and produce thin, runny lava that flows for long distances.

Some well-known examples of shield volcanoes are

Mauna Loa and Kilauea in Hawaii.
Shield Volcanoes
These volcanoes are made up of fluid lava
flows which accumulate over the years in all
directions, covering great distances and
producing domes with wide bases and gentle
slopes. They erupt “quietly” because their
lava consists of basalt which has low
viscosity.
Shield Volcanoes

mauna loa
Stratovolcanoes
These are tall, steep-sided volcanoes with a classic, cone-
shaped appearance. They are formed by alternating layers
of lava, ash, and other volcanic debris.

Stratovolcanoes can have explosive or non-explosive

eruptions and are known for their powerful explosions and
pyroclastic flows.

Some well-known examples of stratovolcanoes are Mount

Fuji in Japan and Mount St. Helens in the U.S.
Stratovolcanoes
They are also known as Composite Volcanoes.

These volcanoes are formed from alternating layers of

pyroclastic materials (acidic and with high silica content)
and solidified lava flows. They are tall, symmetrically
shaped and have steep sides. The main feature of the
formation of composite volcanoes is the presence of
conduits(channels) through which molten materials from
the magma chamber pass through.
Stratovolcanoes

mount fiji
Cinder Cones
These are small, steep-sided volcanoes made up of
loose, pyroclastic material such as ash, cinders, and
volcanic bombs.

They are usually formed by explosive eruptions that

eject the material from a single vent, piling it up
around the vent.

Some well-known examples of cinder cones are

Mauna Kea in Hawaii and Mount Etna in Italy.
Cinder Cones
These are small volcanoes which rarely exceed
304.8 m high. These volcanoes have a single
vent and are built from blobs of ejected lava that
solidified. They form a bowl-shaped crater and a
circular dome around the vent.
Cinder Cones

mauna kea
volcanoes
according to
their activity
 dormant or potentially active
volcanoes
Dormant or potentially active volcano are those that have no
historical records of eruption recently but possibly erupt in the
future.

active volcanoes
Active volcanoes are those that have erupted within the last
10,000 years.
 extinct or inactive
volcanoes
Extinct or Inactive volcanoes are those which show distinct
physical signs of changing due to erosion and deep-gully
formation.

They have not erupted for the last 10,000 years and do not
show any signs that a possible eruption or any volcanic
activity will occur in the future.
WHAT
CAUSES A
VOLCANO
TO ERUPT?
Volcano
Volcanoes erupt when molten rock called magma rises
to the surface. Magma is formed when the Earth’s
mantle melts. Melting may happen where tectonic
plates are pulling apart or when one plate is pushed
down under another. Magma is lighter than rocks, so it
rises towards the Earth’s surface. If magma is thick, gas
bubbles cannot easily escape, and pressure builds up as
the magma rises.
Volcano
When the pressure is too much an explosive eruption
can happen, which can be dangerous and destructive.
Another way an eruption happens is when water
underneath the surface interacts with hot magma and
creates stream, which can build up enough pressure to
cause an explosion.
WHAT
DETERMINE
S THE
NATURE OF
ERUPTION?
1. MAGMA’S
TEMPERATURE
The viscosity of the magma decreases with
temperature. The higher the temperature of magma is,
the lower is its viscosity. As lava flows, it cools and
begins to harden, its ability to flow decreases and
eventually stops.
2. CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
Magma with high silica content is more viscous than
those with low silica content. The magma that contains
less silica is relatively fluid and travels far before
solidifying.
3. AMOUNT OF
DISSOLVED
GASES IT
CONTAINS
Gas (mainly water vapor) dissolved in magma tends to
increase its stability to flow. Therefore, in near-surface
environments, the loss of gases makes magma more
viscous a dome or a columnar
Types of
volcanic
Eruption
 PHREATIC OR
HYDROTHERMAL
is a stream-driven eruption, as the hot rocks come in contact with water. It is short lived
characterized by ash columns but may be an onset for a larger eruption.
Example is Taal volcano eruption in Batangas.
 PHREATOMAGMATIC
iis a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma. As a result, a large column
of very fine ash, high speed and side-way emission of phyroclatics called based surges are
observed.
Example is the eruption of Mt. Fukutoku-Okanoba in Bonin Islands, Japan.
 STROMBOLIAN
a periodic weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava.
Example is Mt. Irazu Eruption in Costa Rica.
 VULCANIAN
characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow and
ash fall tephra. Example is Mt. Paricutin in Mexico.
 PLINIAN
excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastics. Example is Mt. Pinatubo in
Zambales.
 Pelean eruptions
During a Pelean eruption, the volcanic vent can become blocked by viscous magma, causing a
build-up of pressure that is released in a violent explosion. The resulting pyroclastic flow can
move at extremely high speeds, reaching hundreds of kilometers per hour, and can be extremely
destructive.
 Hawaiian eruptions
Hawaiian eruptions are characterized by the effusive eruption of basaltic lava. The lava flows
out of the volcano and spreads over a large area, forming shield volcanoes. These eruptions
tend to be non-explosive, and the lava flows steadily and relatively slowly.
 Icelandic eruptions
Icelandic eruptions are typically non-explosive and relatively gentle compared to other types of
volcanic eruptions, with lava flowing out of fissures or vents in the Earth's crust. The lava can
flow over large distances, creating vast lava fields and shield volcanoes.
 Surtseyan eruptions
Surtseyan eruptions are characterized by the interaction between magma and water, which can
lead to explosive eruptions that create a mixture of steam, ash, and rock fragments. The
interaction of the magma with the water creates a rapidly expanding steam-filled cavity.
Effects of
volcanic
Eruptions
 Property
damage
Volcanic eruptions can also cause significant
property damage, particularly if they produce
lava flows, pyroclastic flows, or lahars
(mudflows). These can destroy buildings,
infrastructure, and agricultural land.
Water
Pollution
Volcanic eruptions can also release ash and
other materials into bodies of water, which
can kill fish and other aquatic life, and
contaminate drinking water supplies.
 Air
pollution
Volcanic eruptions can release large
amounts of gases such as sulfur dioxide
and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
These gases can react with other
compounds in the air and lead to the
formation of acid rain and smog.
Health
hazards
The ash and other particles released by
volcanic eruptions can be harmful to human
health if inhaled. They can cause respiratory
problems and aggravate existing health
conditions.
 Soil
Fertility
Volcanic ash is rich in minerals and
can provide a nutrient-rich soil for
plant growth. For example, the
volcanic soils of the Hawaiian Islands
have been known to produce highly
productive agricultural land.
Geothermal
Energy
Volcanic activity can produce geothermal
energy, which can be harnessed for
electricity generation and heating. This can
provide a clean and sustainable source of
energy in areas with volcanic activity.
 New
Landforms
While the creation of new landforms can also
have negative impacts, it can also provide
new habitats for plants and animals, and
support new ecosystems.
Tourism
Spot
Volcanoes and their associated features
such as hot springs, geysers, and lava fields
can be popular tourist attractions, bringing
economic benefits to local communities.
Volcanic eruptions can be
powerful and destructive, but
also beautiful and awe-inspiring.

They remind us of the power of nature and

our smallness in the face of it.
activity!
Quiz 03
Identify the type of eruption exhibited by the illustrations below. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. 2. 3.
Quiz 03
Identify the type of eruption exhibited by the illustrations below. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. 2. 3.
Quizzes and
Experiment
Quiz 01
Read the questions carefully. On a
sheet of paper, write the letter of
the correct answer.
1. What is a volcanic eruption?
a) The release of lava and ash from a volcano
b) The sudden movement of tectonic plates
c) The release of water from a dam
d) The explosion of a nuclear reactor
2. Which of the following types of volcanic eruptions is
characterized by a mixture of steam, ash, and fragments?
a) Pelean eruption
b) Hawaiian eruption
c) Strombolian eruption
d) Surtseyan eruption
Quiz 01
Read the questions carefully. On a
sheet of paper, write the letter of
the correct answer.
3. What are some potential positive effects of volcanic eruptions?
a) Fertility of soil
b) Geothermal energy
c) Creation of new landforms
d) All of the above
4. What is a pyroclastic flow?
a) A flow of molten lava
b) A cloud of volcanic ash and gas
c) A flow of hot gases and volcanic debris
d) A type of volcanic eruption that creates new land
Quiz 02
1. This type of eruption is characterized by a mixture of steam, ash,
and rock fragments, and is named after the volcano on which it was
first observed in 1944.
Identify the type of eruptions
based on the description. On a
2. This type of eruption is named after the famous Roman historian
sheet of paper, write the correct
who witnessed the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, and is
answer.
characterized by a high eruption column that can reach several tens
of kilometers in height.

3. This type of eruption is common in shield volcanoes, and is

characterized by the effusion of lava flows that can travel long
distances from the vent.

4. This type of eruption is named after the Italian volcano that is

known for its frequent small explosions, and is characterized by the
ejection of incandescent lava fragments and ash.
Sandpit Volcano Experiment
Materials:
• Sand
• Baking soda
• Vinegar
• Food coloring (optional)
• Large plastic container or
sandbox
• Small plastic cup
• Funnel (optional)
• Dish soap (optional)
• Water
Sandpit Volcano Experiment
Instructions:
1. Create a mound of sand in the center of the plastic
container or sandbox to form the volcano shape.

2. Use the small plastic cup to make a hole in the center

of the mound that is big enough to fit the funnel (if
using).

3. If using the funnel, place it in the hole in the center of

the mound. If not, make a small indentation in the top of
the mound with the cup.
Sandpit Volcano Experiment
Instructions:
4. Add a few drops of food coloring to the water
(optional).

5. Fill the cup with baking soda and place it inside the
funnel or indentation.

6. Add a few drops of dish soap to the vinegar

(optional).

7. Slowly pour the vinegar over the baking soda and

watch the eruption occur!
Thank
You!
For your attentive Listening!
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