Dr Sundus Tariq

SMALL INTESTINE

Terminal food digestion, nutrient absorption, and endocrine secretion. The small intestine is relatively longapproximately 7 m. Three segments:
duodenum, jejunum ileum.

Plicae circulares: Permanent circular or semilunar folds Valves of Kerckring Mucosa and submucosa Best developed in the jejunum

SMALL INTESTINE

SMALL INTESTINE

Intestinal villi 0.5 to 1.5-mm-long Mucosal outgrowths (epithelium plus core of lamina propria) Duodenum they are leaf-shaped, Ileum fingerlike shape. Mucosa Epithelium Lamina propria Intestinal glands Peyers patches. Muscularis Mucosae

SMALL INTETINE

Epithelium

EPITHELIUM

Enterocytes, Absorptive cells. Tall columnar cells, an oval nucleus in the basal half of the cell. Striated (or brush) border . A homogeneous layer at apex of cell. E/M the striated border is seen to be a layer of densely packed microvilli. Microvilli Cylindrical protrusion of the apical cytoplasm 1 m tall and 0.1 m in diameter Actin filaments. 3000 microvilli on each cell. 1 mm2 of mucosa = 200

ABSORPTION

Plicae increase the intestinal surface three-fold, Villi increase it 10-fold Microvilli increase it 20-fold. Together, these processes are responsible for a 600-fold increase in the intestinal surface, resulting in a total absorptive area of 200 m2!

EPITHELIUM

Goblet cells Interspersed between the absorptive cells Less abundant in the duodenum More numerous in the ileum. Produce glycoprotein mucins
hydrated and cross-linked to form mucus protect and lubricate the lining of the intestine.

EPITHELIUM

Paneth cells located in the basal portion of the intestinal crypts Exocrine cells with large, eosinophilic secretory granules in their apical cytoplasm Exocytosis to release lysozyme, phospholipase A2, defensins (hydrophobic peptides) Bind and breakdown membranes of microorganisms and bacterial walls. Important role in innate immunity and in regulating the microenvironment of the intestinal

EPITHELIUM

Enteroendocrine diffuse neuroendocrine system Gastro-entero-pancreatic system. EC cells = Somatostatin GLI cells = Glicentin I cells = Cholecystokinin S cells = Secretin K cells = GIP Mo cells = Motilin the control of peristalsis, regulation of secretions necessary for food digestion, and the sense of being satiated after eating.

EPITHELIUM

M (microfold) cells Specialized epithelial cells in the ileum overlying the lymphoid follicles of Peyer patches. Basal membrane invaginations or pockets containing many intraepithelial lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. Selectively endocytose antigens Transport them to the underlying macrophages and lymphocytes, which then migrate to lymph nodes where immune responses to foreign antigens are initiated. Serve as sampling stations where material in the lumen of the gut is transferred to immune cells of the

LAMINA PROPRIA

Loose connective tissue Blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers, and smooth muscle cell. Penetrates core of villus, bringing with it microvasculature, lymphatics, and nerves. Smooth muscle fibers inside the villi are responsible for their rhythmic movements, which are important for efficient absorption. The muscularis mucosae also produces local movements of the villi and plicae circulares.

LAMINA PROPRIA

Lymphocytes Plasma cells, Mast cells, Macrophages Lymphoid aggregates Peyer patches Big lymphoid masses Ileum May extend in submucosa 50 lymphoid nodules

MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE

Smooth muscles Inner circular Outer longitudinal

CRYPTS OF LIBERKUHN AND RENEWAL OF INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM

SUBMUCOSA

Loose, coarse connective tissue Blood vessels Lymphatics Meissners plexus Duodenum Brunners gland Simple branched tubulo-alveolar glands Alkaline mucus Urogastrone

MUSCULARIS EXTERNA

Smooth muscles Inner circular Myenteric plexus Outer longitudinal

SEROSA

Thin layer of connective tissue Mesothelium Duodenum Adventitia on posterior surface

ASSIGNMENT

Histological differences between Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum