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Lec 2

The document discusses the entrance conditions for laminar flow in pressure conduits, emphasizing the importance of a rounded entrance to maintain uniform velocity across the pipe's diameter. It explains the concept of entrance length, which is the distance required for the velocity profile to stabilize, and notes that for a critical Reynolds number of 2000, this length is 116 pipe diameters. Additionally, it describes the formation of a boundary layer and the transition to fully developed laminar flow, which occurs as long as the pipe surface remains unchanged.

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summera khan
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30 views8 pages

Lec 2

The document discusses the entrance conditions for laminar flow in pressure conduits, emphasizing the importance of a rounded entrance to maintain uniform velocity across the pipe's diameter. It explains the concept of entrance length, which is the distance required for the velocity profile to stabilize, and notes that for a critical Reynolds number of 2000, this length is 116 pipe diameters. Additionally, it describes the formation of a boundary layer and the transition to fully developed laminar flow, which occurs as long as the pipe surface remains unchanged.

Uploaded by

summera khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Steady Incompressible

Flow in Pressure
Conduits
Entrance Conditions for
Laminar Flow
 In the case of a pipe leading form a reservoir, if
the entrance is rounded so as to avoid any initial
disturbance of the entering stream, all particles
will start to flow with the same velocity, except for
a very thin film in contact with the wall.

 Particles in contact with the wall have zero


velocity (the no-slip boundary condition), but the
velocity gradient there is extremely steep, and,
with this slight exception, the velocity is uniform
across the diameter, as shown in Fig 2
Entrance Conditions for
Laminar Flow

Fig.2
Entrance Conditions for
Laminar Flow
 As the fluid progress along the pipe, friction originating from
the wall slows down the streamlines in the vicinity of the
wall, but since Q is constant for successive sections, the
velocity in the center must accelerate, until the final velocity
profile is a parabola, as shown in fig.

 Theoretically, this requires an infinite distance, but both


theory and observation have established that the maximum
velocity in the center of the pipe will reach 99% of its
ultimate value in a distance

Le 0.058RD (32)
Entrance Conditions for
Laminar Flow
 This distance is called as the Entrance Length

 For the critical (maximum) value of R=2000 the


entrance length Le equals 116 pipe diameters.

 In other cases of laminar flow with Reynolds


numbers less than 2000, the distance Le, will be
corresponding less, in accordance with Eq.32
Entrance Conditions for
Laminar Flow
 Within the entrance length Fig 2, we can visualize
the flow as consisting of a central inviscid core
in which there are no friction effects i.e., the flow
is uniform, and an outer, annular zone extending
from the core to the pipe wall.

 This outer zone increases in thickness as it moves


along the wall, and is known as the Boundary
Layer.
Entrance Conditions for
Laminar Flow
 Viscosity in the boundary layer acts to transmit
the effect of boundary shear inwardly into the
flow.

 At Section AB the boundary layer has grown until


it occupies the entire cross section of the pipe.

 At this point, for laminar flow, the velocity profile


is a perfect parabola. Beyond section AB, for the
same straight pipe the velocity profile does not
change, and the flow is known as (laminar)
established flow, or (laminar) fully developed
flow.
Entrance Conditions for
Laminar Flow
 The flow will continue as fully developed so long
as no change occurs to the straight pipe surface.

 When a change occurs, such as at a bend or other


pipe fitting, the velocity profile will deform and
will require some more flow length to return to
established flow.

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