Internet

Communication
Engineering
Department level optional course 4 : VIIth Sem EXTC
Course Course Name Teaching Scheme (Contact Credits Assigned
Code Hours)
Theory Pract. Tut. Theory TW/Pract Tut. Total
Internet
ECCDLO Communication
7023 Engineering. 3 -- -- 3 -- -- 3

Course Course
Examination Scheme
Code Name
Theory
Internal Assessment

ECCDL
Mid- Exam
O 7023 Continuo End Sem Term Pract & Oral
term Duration Total
us Work
test Exam (in Hrs.)
Assessme
nt

Internet
Communic
ation
Engineerin
g. 20 20 60 2 -- -- 100
 ICE Syllabus
Module Unit Topics Hrs.
no. no.
1.0 Introduction to Internet 03

1.1 Overview of TCP/IP, layer functions

2.0 Application Layer in the Internet 06

2.1 Application Layer- Host configuration, DHCP, Domain Name System

(DNS), Multicast DNS
2.2 Remote Login, TELNET and SSH, HTTPS, Electronic mail
3.0 Internet Security 09

3.1 Network layer security (AH, ESP, IPsec)

3.2 Transport layer security (SSL), Application layer security (Secure E
mail-PGP, S/MIME)
3.3 VPN Firewall, Intrusion Detection System.
ICE Syllabus continued….
4.0 Multimedia Communications 10
4.1 Information Representation, Compression and Coding formats for text,
image, audio and video.
4.2 Multimedia transport across IP networks and relevant protocols such as
RSVP, RTP, RTCP, DVMRP, Signaling Protocols: Real-Time Streaming
Protocol (RTSP)
4.3 VoIP, IPTV

5.0 Quality of Services (QoS) 07

5.1 Integrated services (intserv): Architecture and Service Model, Resource
Reservation Protocol (RSVP), Packet Scheduling Disciplines in the
Internet

5.2 Differentiated Services (diffserv): Framework and Concept, Assured and

Expedited Services, Packet Classification, Routers Internals and Packet
Dropping Techniques
ICE Syllabus continued….

6.0 Network Industry Trends 04

6.1 Introduction to software defined networking, OPENFLOW

6.2 Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT): Definition and

characteristics of IoT, Physical design of IoT: Things in IoT, IoT
Protocols.

TOTAL 39
Internal Assessment:
 Assessment consists of one Mid Term Test of 20 marks and Continuous
Assessment of 20 marks.
 Mid Term test is to be conducted when approx. 50% syllabus is
completed Duration of the midterm test shall be one hour.

Continuous Assessment: -
 Continuous Assessment is of 20 marks. The assessment tools for the
continuous assessment will be considered on approval by the subject
teachers. The assessment tools can be any 2 or max 4 of the
following:-
Sr.no Rubrics Marks

1. *Certificate course for 4 weeks or more:- 10 marks

NPTEL/ Coursera/ Udemy/any MOOC

2. Wins in the event/competition/hackathon 10 marks

3. Content beyond syllabus presentation 10 marks

4. Creating Proof of concept 10 marks
5. Mini Project / Extra Experiments/ Virtual Lab 10 marks

6. GATE Based Assignment test/Tutorials etc 10 marks

7. Participation in event/workshop/talk / competition 5 marks
followed by small report and certificate of
participation relevant to the subject(in other
institutes)

8. Multiple Choice Questions (Quiz) 5 marks

End Semester Theory Examination:

1 Question paper will be of 60 marks

2 Question paper will have a total of five questions
3 All questions have equal weightage and carry 20
marks each
4 Any three questions out of five needs to be solved.
 Introduction to Internet
Module 1
1.1 Overview of TCP/IP, layer functions
Points to be discussed

Layered Task: Why a layered model?

OSI model and Layer
What is the purpose of the OSI model?
Which layer is responsible for reliable communication?
At which OSI layer do IP addresses operate?
What does the Data Link Layer do?
What happens at the Physical Layer?
What is the function of the Application Layer?
Which OSI layer is responsible for encryption and compression?
How is the OSI model different from the TCP/IP model?
 Scenario1: A user is unable to access a website using a browser. Ping to the IP
address works, but ping to the domain name fails.
Question: Which OSI layer is likely causing the issue?

 Answer:
Application Layer (Layer 7) – specifically the DNS (Domain
Name System) service.
Since the IP works but the domain name doesn’t resolve, the issue
lies with name resolution, which happens at the application layer.
 Scenario 2: You're trying to send a file using FTP. The connection is
established, but the file gets corrupted during transmission.
Question: Which OSI layer should be investigated for the corruption issue?

 Answer:
Transport Layer (Layer 4) – this layer ensures reliable data transmission
with error checking. Corruption suggests that error detection/correction may
have failed or wasn't used (e.g., using UDP instead of TCP).
 Scenario 3: Two devices in the same local network can't
communicate with each other. Both have IP addresses in the same
subnet.
Question: Which OSI layer might be causing the problem?

 Answer:
Data Link Layer (Layer 2) – responsible for local device-to-
device communication. The issue might be with MAC
addressing, ARP resolution, or a faulty switch/port.
 Scenario 4; A user reports that a video conferencing app drops
connections frequently. The internet connection is stable.
Question: Which OSI layer could be responsible?

 Answer:
Session Layer (Layer 5) – this layer manages session setup,
maintenance, and teardown. If sessions drop frequently, this layer may
not be handling sessions properly.
Also, Transport Layer (Layer 4) could be involved if TCP connections
are dropping
 5. Scenario:
 You're experiencing very slow downloads. Packet captures show
that many packets are being retransmitted.
Question: Which OSI layer is responsible for retransmission?

 Answer:
Transport Layer (Layer 4) – TCP handles retransmissions when
packet loss is detected. A high retransmission rate suggests
congestion or physical transmission issues
 6. Scenario:
 You'retesting a new Ethernet cable, but there's no connectivity at all
when it's plugged in.
Question: Which OSI layer is this issue related to?
 Answer:
Physical Layer (Layer 1) – this layer deals with hardware
connections like cables, signals, voltage, and connectors.
 7. Scenario:
 A file sent between two systems ends up with unreadable
symbols due to incompatible text encoding.
Question: Which OSI layer is responsible?

 Answer:
Presentation Layer (Layer 6) – responsible for data format
translation, encoding, and encryption. Incompatible encodings
between sender and receiver cause garbled output
 8. Scenario:
 A router is not forwarding packets to a different network
segment.
Question: What OSI layer should you check?

 Answer:
Network Layer (Layer 3) – routers operate at this layer using IP
addresses and routing tables to forward packets between
networks
 9. Scenario:
 A web server is running, and clients are reaching it, but the site
loads very slowly.
Question: What OSI layers could be contributing to the delay?

 Answer:
 Transport Layer (Layer 4) – TCP delays due to congestion or
window size.
 Application Layer (Layer 7) – web server processing time, DNS
latency, or inefficient application code
 10. Scenario:
 You run a packet capture and see ARP requests repeatedly for the same
IP with no replies.
Question: What OSI layer is primarily involved?

 Answer:
Data Link Layer (Layer 2) – ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
works between Layer 2 (MAC) and Layer 3 (IP). No replies suggest the
target device is offline or unreachable at Layer 2.

 LAYERED TASKS
concept of layers:

As an example, let us consider two friends who

communicate through postal mail. The process of
sending a letter to a friend would be complex if there
were no services available from the post office.

Why a layered model?

• Easier to teach communication process.
• Speeds development, changes in one layer does not affect
how the other levels works.
• Standardization across manufactures.
• Allows different hardware and software to work together.
2.24

• Reduces complexity
Figure 1.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.25
 THE OSI MODEL

Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO)

is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards.

An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications

is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first
introduced in the late 1970s.

• Outlines WHAT needs to be done to send data from one computer to

another.
• Not HOW it should be done.
• Protocols stacks handle how data is prepared for transmitter (to be
2.26

transmitted)
 Open System Interconnect (OSI) Model:

 OSI Model

✔was intended to be the basis for the creation of the protocols in the OSI
stack.
✔Model for understanding and designing network architecture that is
flexible, robust and interoperable.
✔Is a layered framework for the design of network systems that allows
communication between all types of computer systems.
✔It composed of 7 ordered layers.
OSI
Model
OSI
layers
 OSI Layers:
 Layers 1, 2, 3 ( Network Support Layers)-
✔ deal with physical aspects of moving data from one device to another
✔ Lower layers are combination of hardware and software.

 Layers 5,6,7 (User Support Layers )

✔ allow interoperability among unrelated software systems.
✔ Upper layers are implemented in Software.

• Layer 4 – (Transport Layer)

✔ Links the two subgroups and ensures that what lower layers have transmitted is in
a form that upper layers can use.
 An Exchange using OSI Model
 Headers are added to the data at - layers 6, 5, 4, 3, and 2.
 Trailers are usually added only at - layer 2.
 When formatted data unit passes through the physical layer it is changed
into electromagnetic signal and transported along a physical link.
 Upon reaching its destination the signal passes into layer 1 and is
transformed back into digital form.
 As each block of data reaches to next higher layer , Header and trailers are
removed.
 Appropriate action to that layers are taken.
Layers in OSL Models:
1. Physical Layer

Physical Layer is responsible for moving individual bits from one (node) to
the next.
 Physical Layer (cont’d)
 What are the Physical Layer components on my
computer?
 NIC
 Network Interface Card
 Has a unique 12 character Hexadecimal number permanently
burned into it at the manufacturer.
 The number is the MAC Address/Physical address of a
computer
 Cabling
 Twister Pair
 Fiber Optic
 Coax Cable
2. Data Link Layer

It organize bits into frames, to provide hop to hop delivery.

Node to Node Delivery in Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer

It Move packets from Source to destination to provide (internetworking and) end to

end delivery.
End to End Delivery in Network Layer
4. Transport Layer

It Provides reliable process to process message delivery and error recovery.

Reliable End to end delivery of a Message
5. Session layer:

It establish, manage and terminate sessions.

6. Presentation Layer

It translate, encrypt and compress data.

7. Application layer

It allows access to network resources.

Summary of Layers
OSI Model and TCP/IP Suite
Summary Of Layers:
TCP/IP and OSI Model
 Layers in TCP/IP Protocol Suite
 An Internet -is made up of several small networks called as Links.
 A Link- a network that allows a set of computers to communicate with each other.
 Router
⮚ device/switch through which links are connected together
⮚ that route the data to reach their final destination.
 1. Physical Layer

⮚ No specific protocol
⮚Communicates between two hops or nodes , either a computer or router.
⮚Unit of communication is Bits
 2. Data Link Layer

⮚ No specific protocol
⮚Unit of communication is Frame
⮚Frame- is a packet that encapsulates data received from the network layer with header and Trailer.
3. Network Layer

⮚ Supports IP.
⮚ Unit of communication is Datagram
⮚ Datagram- data in packets.
 4. Transport layer

⮚ Specified by UDP, TCP and Stream control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)

⮚ Unit of communication is a segment, user datagram or a packet depending on protocol used.
5. Application Layer

⮚ Specifies many protocols to support Email, file transfer, and accessing WWW etc.
⮚ unit of communication is a message.
OSI layers and TCP/IP stack Summary
Addresses in TCP/IP

Physical Address(Link Address): address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN.

Physical and Logical Addresses can be
1.Unicast (1 single recipient)
2. multicast (a group of recipients)
3. broadcast (to be received by all systems in the network.)
Layers and addresses in TCP/IP
Physical Address

Most local area networks use a 48-bit (6 bytes) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits, with every 2 bytes separated by a hyphen as shown below:
07-01-02-01-2C-4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address
IP Address

Internet address (in IPv4)

is 32 bits in length,
normally written as four
decimal numbers, with
each number representing
1 byte. The numbers are
separated by a dot.

132.24.75.9
Port Address
A port address is
a 16-bit address
represented by
one decimal
number as shown
below.

753
A 16-bit port
address
Sockets
 A network socket is an endpoint of an inter-process communication across a
computer network.
 Called as Internet Sockets-as communication uses IP.
 A socket address is the combination of an IP address and a port number (like telephone
connection is the combination of a phone number and a extension. )
 Types of Sockets:
1. Datagram sockets (connectionless ): use User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
2. Stream sockets (connection-oriented) : use Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP).
3. Raw sockets (or Raw IP sockets): typically available in routers and other network
equipment.
Ports

✔ in software it is a logical construct that identifies a specific process or a type of service.

✔ A port is identified for each address and protocol by a 16-bit number, known as the port number
(ranging from 0 to 65535)
✔ Specific port numbers are often used to identify specific services.
Example. for TCP, port number 0 is reserved and cannot be used. For UDP, the source port is optional and a
value of zero means no port.

Ranges of Ports
 Encapsulation:
It is the process of taking data from one
protocol and translating it into another
protocol, so the data can continue across a
network.
 List the primary differences between TCP and UDP. In what scenarios would you choose on
host?e over the other?
 What is the significance of port numbers in the Transport Layer ? How do they facilitate
communication between different applications on the same
 Discuss the significance of the TCP/IP and OSI model in modern networking, and explain why
the TCP/IP model is more widely adopted despite the OSI model’s detailed structure.
 Compare and contrast the TCP/IP model with the OSI model. How do the layers map to each
other, and what are the key differences?
 Analyze how data flows from the application layer to the network interface layer in the
TCP/IP model. What role does each layer play in this process?
 Given a scenario where a web page fails to load, analyze which layer(s) of the TCP/IP model
might be responsible for the issue and justify your reasoning.
 Break down the encapsulation process in the TCP/IP model and explain how each layer
contributes to the creation of a network packet.
 Examine how TCP and UDP differ in terms of reliability and performance. Which layer
handles these protocols, and how does this affect application behavior?