GUIDED BY: Mr.

VIDHU PRATHAP

JANE ANDREW ROLL NO: 45

Wireless Underground Communication Networks(WUCN)

The WUCNs consist of wireless devices that operate

below the ground surface. They are either: 1) Buried completely under dense soil or 2) Placed within a bounded open underground space like underground mines and road/subway tunnels.

Subways

Challenges faced in WUC

For WUCNs deployed in soil ,the propagation medium

is no longer air but soil ,rock and water. - Absorption of waves by soil, rock and water. - Variation of soil properties (such as water content, soil make up and density )with time and space.
For WUCNs deployed in latter case the characteristics

of EM waves are affected by the lossy dielectric walls and ceilings of mines or tunnels.
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Various methods of Underground Wireless Communication

Electro magnetic (EM) waves

-It is used in all our terrestrial wireless communication. Magnetic Induction (MI)Communication - It is an alternative signal propagation technique using coil of wire. Magnetic Induction waveguide technique - It is an improved and extended version of MI communication.

EM waves in WUCNs
Disadvantages of using EM waves

High path loss Dynamic channel condition Large antenna size

Magnetic Induction waves in WUCNs

Advantages of MI technique in WUCN No attenuation due to dynamic channel condition Path loss of MI caused by soil absorption is much

less than the EM waves Smaller antenna size

Disadvantages of MI waves The magnetic field strength falls off much faster than

the EM waves. The total transmission range is not high.

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MI waveguide technique a good solution

Advantages of MI waveguide technique The path loss is greatly reduced by carefully designing the waveguide parameters Relay coils constituting the MI waveguide do not consume any energy and costs less. It is relatively flexible and easy to deploy and maintain.

MI Channel Model
The transmission and reception are accomplished using

coil of wires
Fig. 1: MI channel model

 Suppose the signal in the transmitter coil is a sinusoidal

Contd

current ,i.e. , = 0 .This current can induce another current in the receiver then accomplish the communication.

The MI transmitter and receiver can be modeled as the

primary coil and secondary coil of a transformer

= + ; = + ; = (1)
+ 2 2 + 2 2 +

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Contd
The relation connecting the transmitted power (Pt) and

the receiving power (Pr) is found from the equivalent circuit as, =
+ 2 4 +4 2 2 2 +2 2

2 2 + 2 +2 2

(2) The resistance is determined by the material ,size and number of turns of the coil: = . 20 ; = . 2. 0 (3) The mutual inductance of two coils is given by, =
2 2 () 2 3

(4)
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 Self induction is found to be,

1 2 2

1 2 2

(5)

Substituting these values we get,

3 3 2 160 6

(6)

Thus the receiving power loss is a 6th order function

of the transmission range r.

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MI Waveguide modeling
This is a modified MI communication channel in which

relay coils are employed between the transmitter and receiver.

Transmitter a Fig 2 : MI waveguide system Relay points Receiver

r
d

o The sinusoidal current in the transmitter induces a sinusoidal current in the relay which induces a current in the next relay point and so on. These relay coils thus act as an MI waveguide.
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Contd

In the waveguide structure shown in the figure, n relay

coils are equally spaced along one axis between the transmitter and receiver.

Fig 3 : Transformer model of waveguide

MI waveguide is modeled as a multi stage transformer,

where only adjacent coils are coupled.

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 By utilizing the equivalent circuit of the transformer , the

ratio of receiving power to transmitting power can be derived ,

2 2 2 6 1 1 8 6 40 20 +
2

40 3 3 3 + + 40 +

.. (7) Under the condition of high signal frequency and large number of turns are employed(), equation (7) can be further simplified:

6 160

( 160

+ 1)

(8)

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Contd

In the equation (7), if the last term with exponent 2n

converges to value 1, the MI waveguide path loss can be greatly reduced. So a capacitor is introduced in each coil. =
2 2 2

(9)
3

Then MI waveguide path loss becomes,

2226/46 = 2226 . 20(40+ 2 .46

0

40 3

3 + 4 0

Designing operating frequency and no of turns to

reduce path loss,

3 40

=1
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Contd

Thus we get,

1 1 2 3 2

Larger the value of n higher the path loss. Longer the r, lower the path loss We assume that operating frequency is several MHz

and coil radius is 0.1 m

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Observations
Path loss

Fig:6 Path loss of MI waveguide system with different wire resistance and relay distance

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 Bit error rate

Fig: Bit error rate of MI waveguide system with different wire resistance , relay distance and noise level
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 Operating frequency

(a)300 MHz, 5% VWC

(b)900 MHz, 5% VWC

(c)300 MHz, 25% VWC Fig: Path loss of three techniques at different operating frequency in soil with different volumetric water content

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Conclusion
The limitations while using EM waves in underground

communication can be overcome using MI waveguide technique. The transmission range and the BER is significantly increased using MI waveguide technique.

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References
1.
2.

3. 4. 5.

Zhi Sun, Ian F. Akyildiz, Magnetic Induction Communications for Wireless underground sensor Networks, IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation, vol. 58, no. 7, July 2010. I. F. Akyildiz,Zhi Sun and Mehmet C.Varun,Signal Propagation techniques for wireless underground communication networks Ad Hoc Networks Journal (Elsevier), R. Bansal, Near-field magnetic communication, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Apirl 2004. C. Bunszel, Magnetic induction: a low-power wireless alternative, RF Design vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 78-80, November 2001 I. F. Akyildiz and E. P. Stuntebeck, Wireless underground sensor networks: Research challenges, Ad Hoc Networks Journal (Elsevier), vol. 4, pp. 669-686, July 2006.
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THANKS

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