Tutorial III[15L701]

1. Why is S matrix used in microwave analysis?

2. Why return loss should be less than 10 db?
3. What is VSWR formula?
4. Why VSWR is less than 2?
5. Example: A Lossless, Reciprocal Network: A lossless, reciprocal 3-port device
has S-parameters ofS11 = 1/ 2, S31 = 1 / and S33 = 0. Find the remaining 6
scattering parameters.
Why is S matrix used in microwave analysis?
Define s-matrix: In a microwave junction there is intersection of three or more components.
S matrix is used in MW analysis to overcome the problems which occurs when H, Y, &Z parameters are
used in high frequencies. Equipment is not readily available to measure total voltage &total current at
the ports of the network.

Why return loss should be less than 10 db?

S11 is return loss of device, this parameter measures how much input power given to device is
reflected back at input port. ... S11 below -10dB means at least 90% input power is delivered to device
and reflected power is less than 10%. This value is sufficient for many applications.

What is VSWR formula?

A ratio of 1:1 occurs when the load is perfectly matched to the transmission-line characteristic
impedance. VSWR is defined from the standing wave that arises on the transmission line itself by:
VSWR = |VMAX|/|VMIN|

Why VSWR is less than 2?

The range of values for VSWR is from 1 to ∞. A VSWR value under 2 is considered suitable for most
antenna applications. The antenna can be described as having a “Good Match”. So when someone says
that the antenna is poorly matched, very often it means that the VSWR value exceeds 2 for a
frequency of interest.
 Compare Planar transmission lines

An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of
electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, usually silicon
d=1mm
L=4cm
Rsh=30KΩ
Advantages of Microwaves
There are many advantages of Microwaves such as the following −
• Supports larger bandwidth and hence more information is transmitted. For
this reason, microwaves are used for point-to-point communications.
• More antenna gain is possible.
• Higher data rates are transmitted as the bandwidth is more.
• Antenna size gets reduced, as the frequencies are higher.
• Low power consumption as the signals are of higher frequencies.
• Effect of fading gets reduced by using line of sight propagation.
• Provides effective reflection area in the radar systems.
• Satellite and terrestrial communications with high capacities are possible.
• Low-cost miniature microwave components can be developed.
• Effective spectrum usage with wide variety of applications in all available
frequency ranges of operation.