Sexual Reproduction in Human

testis
meiosis

ovary
meiosis fertilization

sperms

eggs (ova)

zygote embryo foetus baby

Male Reproductive System

vas deferens (sperm duct) epididymis

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testis

Testes
For production of male gametes (sperms) For production of male sex hormones

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Epididymis
For temporarily storage of sperms During copulation, muscles of epididymis contract to release sperms

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Testis and epididymis

epididymis

vas deferens (sperm duct)

sperm tubules

Male Reproductive System

secrete seminal fluid

seminal vesicle prostate gland Cowpers gland

Functions of Seminal Fluid

To provide a medium for the sperms to swim To activate and nourish the sperms To neutralize the acidity in the female reproductive tract

Male Reproductive System

urethra penis

Penis
Erected during copulation for insertion into vagina
Dilation of arterioles causes the erectile tissue of penis become turgid Muscles of epididymis contract Semen is squeezed from the penis to the top of vagina

Ejaculation

Female Reproductive System

oviduct ovary uterus cervix vagina
Video of fertilization
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Functions of Ovary
For production of female gametes (ova/eggs) For production of female sex hormones

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Oviduct
Carries the ovum forward by
the beating action of the cilia on its inner surface the contraction of muscles of oviduct

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Ovulation
The release of an ovum from an ovary

Video of ovulation

Video of ovulation

Menstrual Cycle
Once in about 28 days The uterine lining becomes thickened 14 days after ovulation to prepare for the fertilized ovum to implant in it

Menstrual Cycle
Day 1 - - 28 28 14 14 6 5

Video on change in uterine lining

No implantation thicker with for implantation Lining becomesthick to readyincreased Menstruation starts fertilization ovum blood remains of of fertilized ovum down; menstruation supply lining decreases in thickness to a starts Uterine breaks Day 14 : minimumovulation

Events Happened after Fertilization

Ovum is fertilized at the oviduct Fertilized ovum is carried to the uterus by
the beating cilia on the inner wall of oviduct the contraction of muscles of oviduct

After reaching the uterus, the fertilized ovum fixed firmly onto the thick uterine wall Implantation

Development of Human Foetus

uterus foetus placenta umbilical cord

amnion
amniotic fluid
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Functions of the Uterus

During embryo development
Protect the embryo Provide a constant environment for the embryo to develop Allow placenta to attach on

During birth of baby

Push the baby out by muscular contraction
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Functions of the Amniotic Fluid

To keep the foetus moist to prevent dessication As a water cushion to
support the foetus allow it to move freely absorb shock protect the foetus from mechanical injuries

To reduce temperature fluctuation To lubricate the vagina during birth

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The Placenta
oxygenated blood from mothers artery deoxygenated blood to mothers vein villus umbilical vein umbilical artery

Functions of the Placenta

As a place of exchange of materials between mother and the foetus For secreting hormones

Adaptations of the Placenta

Finger-like villi
to increase the surface area for efficient diffusion

Maternal blood and foetal blood flows in opposite direction

to speed up diffusion of materials between them

Maternal blood capillaries and foetal blood capillaries are separated by thin membrane
to shorten the distance of diffusion of materials

Adaptations of the Placenta

Maternal blood is separated from foetal blood by capillary wall
to prevent high pressure of maternal blood to break the delicate foetal blood vessels to prevent harmful substances to enter the foetus to prevent clotting of maternal and foetal blood if their blood groups are incompatible
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The Birth Process

Onset of labour
Uterine muscles begin to make rhythmic contractions Contractions gradually become stronger and closer

The Birth Process

Dilationcontractions Further Muscular Uterine of cervix push the head of contractions push out allowthe placenta the of foetus head thethe amnion first causes to pass to foetus body break and amniotic through the vagina, After birth and to umbilical fluidthe escape out cord is cut and of the vagina tied

Parental Care
To increase the chance of survival of the young Mother feeds milk to the baby
Milk provides the babies with a balanced diet It also contains antibodies which defend the babies against infection

Birth Control
Human population increases exponentially
leads to storage of resources problem of pollution becomes more serious overcrowding

Rhythm Method
Prevent copulation during 7 days before and after ovulation (fertile period)

Condom
Male and female condom As a barrier to prevent sperms from entering the vagina

Diaphragm
Fitted over the cervix To be used together with spermicides

Contraceptive Pills
Contains hormones which inhibit ovulation Must be taken regularly May have side effect

Surgical Methods
Vasectomy Cutting and tying of sperm ducts Tubal ligation Cutting and tying of oviducts