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-4-

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- 14 aemuf taemufo&l wef? yXmef;rif;ae? ajy;&Smacs jyefavwcg? NrKd Uaumif;&mudk &Smavtausmf

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- 16 -

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- 18 &efolwkdYtm; a&vTrf;rkd;epfjrKyfarsmygap&ef pepfopfwpf&yf pwifwnfxGifNyD; aumif;pGmpDrH

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f vHk wyfcsaeavonf/

- 31 rif;&mZmBuD;wyfESihf awmifilbk&ihfwyf yl;aygif; [Hom0wDESihf yJcl;udkodrf;,ljcif;

11/ awmifib
l &k ifu &ckid w
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tcdik af pmihq
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awmifib
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tdraf &SUrif;carmif;u awmifu&Hum?
rif;&mZmBu;D u taemufu&H 0ef;&Hxm;Muonf/

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- 32 tcGihfaumif;,l ppfatmifol awmifilbk&if rif;&Jausmfxif ac:-oD[oltm; xkd;&efcsDvm&m

awmifirl if;u [Hom0wD? yJc;l NrKd Uawmftm; rdwzf uf&ckid rf if;&mZmBu;D xH tyfEx
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- 33 r[mynmausmftrwfBuD;uG,fvGefjcif;
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- 34 orD;awmf yef;oEmrif;orD;rSm a0omvDausmufavSum;NrdKUwnf a'Gifp`Erif;\ rdzk&m;acgif

okyyga'0D0ifpm;jzpf ajrmufOD; ]]bk&m;ay:}} 'g,dumrjzpfvmcJhonf[k tqkd&Sdygonf/
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- 35 vmMu&m xdktaMumif;udk rif;&mZmBuD; odMum;awmfrlonfhtcgwGif &JrufoHk;&m tapmihf

ta&Smufjzihf awmifirl if;xH oHapawmfrNl y;D taMumif;Mum;cJo
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- 36 tpOftvmbmompum;ESihf ukd;uG,frIrsm;udk ,aeY,ckxdwkdif raysmufysuf&atmif xdef;odrf;

umuG,fNyD; vlrsKd;bmomjcm; jynfyEkdifiHtwGif; NrdKU&GmBuD;rsm; wnfaxmifvQuf twnfwus
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rsm;[k todtrSwfjyKac:a0:aeqJ jzpfonf/ oufrif;aumif;vSjzLtm;vnf; [Hom0wD^yJcl;
eef;usb&k if eErif;\orD;awmf rif;orD;wpfyg;ESifh rif;&mZmBu;D u xdr;f jrm;cs;D ajrm ufay;cJyh gonf/
xku
d o
hJ Ykd Ekid if &H yfjcm; wkid ;f wpfyg;a&muf &ckid rf sK;d EG,f rif;nDrif;om;jynforl sm;tm; rif;&mZmBu;D u
cJjG cm;ypfy,fxm;rIr&S?d rsK;d d;k ZmwdreS u
f ef od&v
dS monft
h csed u
f yif rif;rderYf if;tmPmjzihf todtrSwf
jyKum e,fy,fowfrw
S yf sK;d axmifxm;&Scd o
hJ nfrmS vGepf mG rSreG jf rwfvaS yonf/ Ekid if &H yfjcm; wkid ;f wpfyg;
rSyif jzpfaevihfupm; ESpfaygif; 1000 ausmfrQ rdrdwdkY\rsKd;dk;Zmwdudk raysmufysuf&avatmif
xdef;odrf; vkdonfhpdwf"mwfrSmvnf; vGefpGmrSrGefjrwfvSayonf/ xkda'o e,fcHbmomuJG
vlrsK;d rsm;ESifh vlrsK;d a&m,Surf rI mS vnf; ,ckxufwidk f r&So
d avmufjzpfNy;D bmom? pum;pmay0wfpm;
qif,ifrI xHk;wrf;pOfvm raysmufysufroGm;cJhonfrSmvnf; r,HkEkdifavmufatmif tHhMop&m
wpf&yfyif jzpf\/ at'D 1666 ckcefrY S 333 ESpcf efY t,lonf;bmomuJG rsK;d jcm;rif; tmPmbk&ifrsm;ESifh
rdrdwdkYxuf vGefpGmrS vlOD;a&rsm;jym;vSonfh e,fcHjynfolrsm;tMum; wef;wlnDwl vkyfudkif
pm;aomufNy;D wnfNird pf mG &ifabmifwef; NyKd iq
f idk u
f m wpnf;wpfv;kH wnf; twl,OS w
f aGJ exkid v
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Muonfh taemufom;&ckdifrsm;\ yg;eyfvdrmpGm aygif;oif;qufqHa&; enf;emed,rsm;rSm
urmwpf0rS ;f vlom;rsm; twk,pl &mwpf&yfyif jzpfayonf/

aaaaaa

- 37 -

tcef; (6)
rif ; &mZmBuD ; \ bmoma&;aqmif & G u f c suf r sm;
1/
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urf;xdyfteD;a&jyif0,f BuD;rm;aom jrwfpGmbk&m; kyfwkawmfwpfql a&wGifjrKyfvQuf&SdaMumif;
wHigonfrsm;awGU&Scd &hJ mrS od& bk&ifrif;&mZmBu;D u teD;tem;&Sd urf;ay:okYd q,f,yl ihaf qmifNy;D
r[m&Hww
H idk ;f ESifh odraf usmif;awmf aqmufvyk v
f LS wef;um ud;k uG,cf yhJ gonf/ a&rS q,f,al y:xGe;f
vmaom qif;wkawmfjzpf ,ckwidk f ]]bk&m;ay:}} bk&m;[k ac:wGif ygonf/ bk&ifrif;&mZmBu;D ESifh
wefaqmifrzd &k m; cifraESmif;wd\
Yk orD;awmf yef;oEmu 'g,dumrtjzpf cH,cl o
hJ nf[k tqk&d NdS y;D
yef;oEmrSm a0omvDausmufavSum;acwf NrKd Uawmfwnf a'Gipf `E ac: r[mpE&m;rif;\ rdz&k m;acgif
okybma'0Drzd &k m;Bu;D jzpfcphJ Ofb0u qkawmif;cJo
h nft
h wkid ;f ,ckb0wGif bk&m;ay: bk&m;Bu;D
'g,dumr jzpfvmonf[k &mZ0iftqk&d ydS gonf/
2/
rif;&mZmBu;D onf ud;k aomif;bk&m;Bu;D apwDtrd Ef iS w
fh uG ud;k aomif;aom bk&m;kyw
f ak wmf?
qif;wkawmfwu
Ydk kd aumif;rGeq
f ef;Mu,fpmG jyKjyifprD u
H m wHwidk ;f pD;wm;ESiw
fh uG wnfxm;jyKjyifcNhJ y;D
&[ef;oHCmawmfwYdk oDwif;oH;k aeawmfr&l ef aZw0efausmif;awmfukd aqmufvLS cJNh y;D ud;k aomif;
bk&m;rSm rif;wdum vufxufu jynfph pkH mG tNy;D rowfrD rif;wdum ausmufa&m*gjzihf tedpa &muf
cJh aemufrif;rsm;qufvuf jyKjyifcJhMuygonf/ rif;wdum vGef-918? rif;&mZmBuD; 955-974?
at'D 1594-1612 odkYjzpf&m ukd;aomif;bk&m;rSm rif;&mZmBuD; vGefonftxd yuwdtwkdif;
rysurf pD;&Sad eaMumif; aocsmygonf/ aemufro
S m ysupf ;D ,d,
k iG ;f oGm;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ 1791^2ck
ivsiBf u;D rsm;'PfaMumih[
f k ,lq&ygonf/
3/
bk&ifrif;&mZmBuD;onf ab;awmf'o&mZm av;NrdKUyk&defacwf at'D 1123-1139
aqmufvyk jf yKjyifcahJ om r[mrked odraf wmfukd topfxyfr
H aumif;rGepf mG aqmufvyk af wmfrv
l suf
Ekid if aH wmftwGi;f &Sd &[ef;oHCmawmfwu
Ydk zkd w
d
f yi;f wpfaomif; cHawmfro
l nf/ aovm*D&ad wmif
ausmufawmfapwDESihfwuG 47 qlaom apwDwkdYudkvnf; xyfrHjyKjyifwnfaqmufawmfrlcJhonf/
968ck/
4/
Z&yf? wefaqmif;? odrf? ykxkd;? av;NrdKUjrpfdk;wavQmuf ausmif;rsm;udkvnf; BuD;us,fpGm
jyKjyifaqmufvyk cf yhJ gonf/ 969 ck/

- 38 5/
oD[kdVfuRef;rS 0drv"rol&d,rif;u vufaqmifyPmrsm;ESihf omraPBuD;wpfyg;ukd
aemufvu
dk af emufyg ta>ct&Hrsm;ESifh oabFmBu;D wpfpif;jzihf apvTwu
f m oD[Vkd u
f Re;f omoem
awmf npfEGrf;ysufpD; omraPBuD;om yGm;rsm;aeaMumif;? taqGawmf rif;&mZmrif;jrwfu
q&mawmf? oHCmawmfrsm; omoemjyK&ef apvGwaf wmfral pcsiaf Mumif; o0PfvmT ay;ydaYk wmif;yef
vm ajrmufOD;ajrmuf wefaqmif;q&mawmf t&SifpE0dvmotm; avQmufxm;awmif;yef
t&HoHCm 20-yg;ESihfwuG ou&mZf 968ck wefaqmifrkef;v oabFmESihf<uawmfrlonf/ oD[kdVf
uRe;f odYk a&mufawmfrv
l Qif armif&iS o
f mraPwdt
Yk m; &[ef;yi;f cHapawmfro
l jzihf omoemawmfudk
wnfwHhapNyD;rS jyefvnf<ujref;awmfrlvmonf/ &ckdif&mZ0ifopfusrf;? &rf;jynfrl pm 158-159/
jrefrmhtvif;? t*Fvyd o
f wif;aqmif;yg;? aumufEw
I cf suu
f kd Iyg/
6/
1970 ckESpfu &efukefNrdKU A[kdyHkESdyfwkdufrSxkwfa0aom jrefrmrif;rsm;tkyfcsKyfyHkpmwrf;
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(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

yk*t
H aemf&xmrif;
yk*u
H spmG rif;
[Hom0wD"rapwDrif;
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&ckid rf if;&mZmBu;D
tr&yl&yxreef;wnfrif;
rEav;yxreef;wnfrif;wkYd jzpfMuonf/

7/
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yd#uwfusr;f *efrsm;rSwpfyg; aemufymG ;usr;f *efrsm;udk y,f&mS ;Ny;D vQif t&n0goDawmae &[ef;
rsm;rSwpfyg;? *gr0goDyaGJ usmif;rsm;udk yaysmufatmif aqmif&u
G cf ahJ yonf/
8/
*gr0goD? t&n0goD &[ef;oHCmawmf t&Sijf rwfwt
Ydk m; ypn;f av;yg;wkjYd zihf rjywfvLS 'gef;
tyfonfjzpf &[ef;oHCmawmf wko
Yd nf y&d,wf? y#dywfw&m;udk BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwf jznfu
h siafh wmf
rl&ojzifh omoemonf tvGeaf wmufy xGe;f vif;awmfr\
l /
9/
,if;okYd omoemawmf pnfyifxeG ;f vif;awmfral Mumif; owif;pum;udk vuFm'DyoD[Vdk u
f Re;f
udk tpd;k &aom 0drv"ro&l ,
d rif; Mum;avvQif rsm;pGmaom vufaqmifyPmwku
Yd dk pD&if omraP
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H &Hwu
Ydk kd oabFmBu;D wpfpif;ESifh apvTwv
f u
kd &f m qufo,
G pf m
ygvmonfrmS -

- 39 10/ oD[kdVfuRef; omoemndK;EGrf; omraPBuD;wdkYom aygrsm;aeygonf/ taqGawmf

rif;jrwfu q&mawmf? oHCmawmf rsm;udk avQmufxm;awmif;yef omoemjyKapvTwaf wmfral pcsif
aMumif;ygavonf/
11/ ,if;okdY ygvmonfudk rif;&mZmBuD; Mum;awmfrlavvQif rSL;rwftaygif;wkdYESihf wkdifyif
ajrmufwefaqmif;q&mawmf pE0dvmotm; avQmufxm;awmif;yef t&HoHCm 20 ESihfwuG
ou&mZf 968ck? at'D - 1606 rif;&mZmBuD; eef;wuf 13 ESpf tMumwGif wefaqmifrkef;v
oabFmESihf<uawmfrlvQuf oD[kdVf uRef;odkYa&mufawmfrlvQif armif&SifomraP paomolwdkYtm;
&[ef;yi;f cHapawmfro
l jzihf omoemawmfukd wnfapNy;D rS jyef<ua&mufawmfrv
l monf/
12/ &rf;NAaJ wmifausmif; q&mawmf pEmrmvmvuFm&\ &ckid &f mZ0ifusr;f pm pmrsuEf mS - 158
wGiv
f nf; az:jyxm;ygonf/
&cdkifrif;&mZmBuD;onf Ak'omoemtwGuf aqmif&GufyHk
bk&ifrif;&mZmBu;D \ omoema&;udk aqG;aEG; ar;jref;yHk rsm;rSm tr&yl& yxrNrKd Ueef;wnfrif;
w&m;ESifh oabmoGm;wlovdkvdk&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif tr&yl&yxrNrdKU eef;wnfrif; w&m;um;
rSm;rSef;odvQif jyefEkwfodrf;avh&Sdonf/ &cdkifrif;&mZmBuD;rlum; rSm;rSef;odjyefaomfvnf;
wpfzefjyefEkwaf vhr&S/d
&cdkifrif;&mZmBuD;\ omoemjyKyHkum; bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrSwpfyg; aemufay:pmrsm;udk
z,f&Sm;odrf;jcif;? *gr0goDoHCmrsm;udk y,f&Sm; t&n0goDoabFmrsm;udk tm;ay;jcif;? vlwdkY
usiahf qmifvu
kd ef mrIukd jyKjyifjcif;yifwnf;/
txuftcef;(5)wGif azmfjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f rif;&mZmBu;D onf awmifib
l &k ifzufu uln
D
[Hom0wD&Sifbk&if ig;ql'g,umudk atmifEdkifolvnf; jzpfayonf/ yudk;NrdKUu jyefonfhtcg
atmufygtrdeaYf wmfukd xkwjf yefawmfro
l nf/
(u) &cdkifrif;&mZmBuD;onf tvZd&Sifa,mifwdkYudk vl0wfvJaponfhtaMumif;
yudk;NrdKUudk csDawmfrlcdkuf aejynfawmfrsm; a&S;xHk;Oya'ysufESifhonf *gr0godyHausmif;
&[ef;wdu
Yk rif;tcs;D tajrm ufcv
H akd Mumif; wpfO;D ESiw
hf pfO;D NiKd jiifaMumif; vSL&aom ypn;f Opmudk
qnf;yl;aMumif;? &GmolwdkYESifh a&maESm[if;0Sufurf;vSrf;aMumif;? &GmolwdkY\ Opmypnf;rsm;udk
tyfEv
HS ufcaH Mumif;rsm;udk Mum;awmfrjl yefonf/ Edik if aH wmftwGi;f *gr0goD&mG olwEYkd iS hf a&maESmae

- 40 aom tvZs&d iS af ,mifwu

Ykd kd ud,
k &f BH u;D r[maZ,ode;f uodr;f vuf,meH? vuf0eJ w
H iG f jcaoFh yk u
f ?kd
oif;udk,f&HBuD;rSmjznfh? t&n0goD oHCmawmfjrwfwdkYrSm wdpd0&dwfaqmufwnfNrJ Nidrf;pyfpGm
owif;oH;k awmfrMl u[laom trdeaYf wmfukd xkwjf yefawmfro
l nft
h wdik ;f vdu
k ef mMu&onf/
(c)

yd#uwfESifhrnDaom aemufyGm;usrf;*efrsm;udk z,f&Sm;zdvdrf;onfhtaMumif;

yud;k NrKd Uu ,lc&hJ ifpm? &S&d if;usr;f *efrsm;onf bk&m;pum;awmf yg|dwpfv;kH vQif wpfaomif;
yGm;rsm;? usr;f jyKpo
k nfq
kd tausmt
f apm tvd&k adS om &Siq
f ;kd vlq;kd wdYk jyKvyk af om pmvnf; &So
d nf/
vufckyfyGifhESifh uwdk;twlxm;av&m vufckwfyGifhteHYaMumifh uwdk;ysufouJhodkY bk&m;&Sifpum;
awmf&if; 0denf;ig;usr;f ? okwo
f ;kH usr;f ? tbd"rmckepfusr;f ysupf ;D av&monf/ vkyw
f &m;rsm;ESihf
jyKvyk o
f nfh usr;f pmrsm;udk ud,
k &f BH u;D trwf r[maZ,odeu
f ukepf ifatmiford ;f "romrdq&m
awmfEiS hf zwfemMunfh NI y;D vQif bk&m;&Sif edAm ef,Nl y;D aemuf tESp-f 20 wGif ab;awmfo&l ,
d "dywdrif;ESihf
&if;xm;awmfrlaom bPmrokwfusrf; txGuftwdkif; oD[dkVfuRef;rSm oHk;Budrful;,lonf/
bPmrokwf&Sd&if; bProkwfrxl;rjcm; wpfoHwnf;xGufonf/ bPmrokwftxGufESifhrnD
uGJvGJorQ o*Fg,emwift0ifusrf; r[kwf? aemufudkjyKvkyfMuaom usrf;pmrsm;jzpfonf/ 0denf;
ig;usr;f ? okwo
f ;kH usr;f ? tbd"rmckepfusr;f rsm;rSmvnf; bk&m;&Siu
f tyf? rtyf ynwfawmfr&l if;
&SdvQuf rSm;rdusL;vGefrdaom tmywfajzvQif ajyonf/ ,if;odkYygonfht&mrsm;onf &SdELvlrsdK;
wdrYk mS vnf; tjypf&&dS m **Fga&csKd ;vQif ajyonf[al om t,lEiS hf wlMuavonf/ bk&m;"rwmESpcf eG ;f
qdkawmfrldk;r[kwf/ ykxkZOfwdkY jyKvkyfoGif;xm;onfh pum;omjzpfonf/ yd#uwfudkvnf; ukefpif
atmif ygorQuEkd w
k
f rD;Nird ;f ? bk&m;pum;awmfr&l if;udk tu&m oD;oefx
Y m;[laom trdeaYf wmfukd
xkwjf yefawmfro
l nft
h wdik ;f vdu
k ef mMu&onf/
(*)

vlwdkYusifhaqmif vdkufemrIudk jyKjyifjcif;taMumif;

'geukodkvfjyK&mEdIufonf tausmftarmfudkvdk uRJEGm;Muuf0ufow0g wkdufonf?

npNf y;D vQif ay;vSLauR;arG;Muonfvnf; olawmfaumif; "avhr[kw?f uREJ mG ;Muuf0ufwu
Ykd kd owfnp f
ra&mif;r0,f rauR;rarG;apESi/hf
1/
ta&SUjrefjynf tif;0bk&if taemufbufveG rf if;w&m;u vufaqmifyPmrsm;jzifh arwm
qufaygif;zufvykd gaMumif;ESihf wpfzef apvTwaf &mufvm rif;&mZmBu;D u trwfBu;D Oumysu
H kd
jypf'gPfrS cGifhvGwfNyD;um &mZoBuFeftrnfjzifh oHwreftjzpf cefYtyfvQuf ou&mZf 971 ck?
ewfawmfvqef; 5 &uf? t*FgaeYwGif xnfhawmfrlvdkufonf/

- 41 2/
tif;0odaYk &mufonft
h cg jrefrmtrwfrsm; ynmprf;vdk onfuo
kd
d vufprG ;f jyonft
h aejzifh
r,fzyYJG 'kd pf kH 3-yd'k f t&darwb&k m;zGyYJ 'kd pf kH 3-yd'k Ef iS hf trwfBu;D O*gysu
H ,
kd f jynfawmfojYkd yefrnft
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a&;om;cJah om {uyd'k t
f jyif rd;k zG?YJ rPdO;D cs tjyif jrefrmtrwf pyfqzkd EYJG cYJG sut
f m; jznfo
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pkpak ygif;&wk 5-yk'd f tif;0 pyfqx
kd m;&Scd yhJ gonf/ tjcif;t&mrsm;u O*gyst
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r[mrkeb
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h qdrk mS ,kwrd &Sad Mumif;ay:vGiyf gonf/ owdoaH 0*&&Sad p&ef
r[mrkedbk&m; "n0wDNrdKUawmfa[mif;rSm ESpftawmftMum bk&m;uReftjzpf ydkYxm;onfu
rSeaf yrnf/ &cdik &f mZ0ifopfusr;f &rf;jynfrh l - pm - 154 ESihf 159/
3/
awmifirl if;ESihf r[mrdw?f eef;qufeef;vsm xdr;f jrm;xm;&Sd csurf sm;udk a&SUwGif azmfjycJNh y;D
jzpfonf/ taemufrZsrd b*FgwGif bd;k awmfrif;AmBu;D vufxufuyif NrKd Upm;&Gmpm;tjzpf aevmcJh
&aom a'vDyqmrif;orD;ESifh ajr;vnf; jzpfawmfrlonfh t*Fgrif;om;tm;vnf; a&aMumif;^
Munf;aMumif; uke;f oG,f a&vrf;aMumif;wGif tvGerf t
S a&;ygonfh oefvsiNf rKd UwGif &cdik af &wyfzu
YJG kd
Muyfrwftyk cf sKyu
f m tpm;ay;xm;onfuvnf; a'vDyqmrif;EG,f rsm;jzifh ,wdjywftquftoG,f
rdwrf ysu&f avatmif &nf&,
G Nf y;D ajrm ufpm;ay;urf;cJjh cif;yif jzpfaumif;jzpfayrnf/ &cdik ef ef;wGi;f
a&;&m rif;vsmtcGit
hf a&;yJ oDwmu rdr\
d om;awmfukd xnfo
h iG ;f rpOf;pm; rauseyfr&I rdS nfrmS
vlo
Y bm0t& jzpfavhjzpfx&Sad om tjzpftysuw
f pf&yfaywnf;/

- 42 Speech delivered by Nimal Samarasundera,

Secretary of Ministry of Buddha Sasana
Sri Lanka
Most Venerable Chief Sangha Naynkan of Myanmar, Vencrable Members of Maha Sanghn,
Rector Venerable Sir, Your Excellencies, Distinguished geests, Dear Students, Ladies and gentlemen,
I consider it a privilege to be here to attend this historic occasion of inaugurating the International. Theravada Buddhist Missionary University. This is the Red Letter Day in the history of Buddhist
world when the Government of Myanmar is establishing a University which is the first and only one of
its kind in the entire. The riaada Buddhist world and which is a fulfillment of a long left need in the
region. I wish the new university every success.
Let me thank sincerely organizers for giving Sri Lanka this opportunity to share the joy of
being a partner to this important event and express the very best wishes for the project of Her Excellency Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga President of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri
Lanka HonLakshman Jayakody Minister of Buddha Sasana Cultural and Religious Affairs and the
people of Sri Lanka of whom the majority are Buddhists. As the Secretary to the Ministry of Buddha
Sasana I give you the assurance of extending Sri Lanka's Cooperation to this endeavour in whatever
way the university seeks.
The cordial relationship particularly based on Buddhism, between Myanmar and Sri Lanka is
at least 500 years old. According to the Kalyani Inscription higher ordination of Sangha was sought for
and brought into Myanmar from Sri Lanka during the 15th Century.
Subsequently during the reign of King Wimaladhar masooriya I higher ordination of
Sangha was taken to Sri Lanka from Myanmar which was then know as Arakan of Rekkhanga
Desa. Similarly monks from Sr. Lanka came to Myanmar and secured higher ordination
from venerable monks of Myanmar Sects of Sangha now we have in Sri Lanka have had
their roots in Myanmar for which we are indebted to this great Buddhist country. The world
respects Myanmar as a country which has preserved . Theravada Buddhism.

- 43 Buddhism will be the only doctrine that can face the challenges of the new millenium. It is
necessary to produce a group of Dhammadutas who can take the time less massage of Buddha across
the world.
We must appreciate the fact that now the enlightened academic and educated communities all
over the world and especially in the West have evinced a renewed interest Buddhism and that their
approach is primarily intellectual and incisive. Buddhism has never encouraged blind faith as we all are
well aware of what the Tathagata said in the Kalama Sutra ''Accept not because I say it or because
your traditional teachers have said. Analyse we and bring to bear your sense of criticism on anything
your are taught and accept that alone which is in consonance with reason and wisdom.
Today's world is not prepared to accept dogma. They seek the aid of reason and logic to test
the validity of any proposition. And I boldly say that Buddhism can stand any that Buddhism can stand
any such incise examination and scrutiny. Our Sutras are replete with such discussions that took place
while the Enlightened One was living.
So, I would humbly submit that the type of Dhammaduta that we should wend especially to the
West is the accomplished Dhammadhari who will be in a position to field the many questions raises by
a typical Western audience after a discourse. They are yearning to learn to be enlightened.
So I pray and hope that this Missionary University being the first of its kind will be a successful
harbinger of the new approach to the dissemination of the Dhamma I Thank you.
May all beings be happy. Sabbe Satta Bhavantu Sukhitatta.

aaaaaa

- 44 -

tcef; (7)
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d vkd jzpfay:cJyh gonf/

- 45 5/
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- 46 tustqHk; ajrmufrsm;pGmjzihf qkwfcGmxGufajy; wyfacgufjyefoGm;cJhMuavonf/ &JrufppfoHkYyef;

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- 47 ESdrfeif;atmifjrifvmcJh aejynfawmfodkY jyefvnfa&muf&SdNyD; rsm;rMumrDwGif BuD;pGmaom

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- 48 -

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- 49 5/
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- 60 tcsuftvufrsm;teuf rif;AmBuD;ESihfrif;&mZmBuD; ESpfOD; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk

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- 62 24/ ajrmuf O D ; 'k w d , acwf r if ; pOf r if ; quf ouf q if ; yk H

rif;&mZm (864-875)
(8) rif;vS&mZm - vDoQm
(1506-1513)
om;

eef;wufrdzk&m;
apmokwm
om;

(9)*Zmywd (875-877) (1513-1515)

pvuFmol\nD
(10)rif;apmtdk (877) (1515)
pvuFmol\nD
(10)rif;apmtdk (877) (1515)
a':vQm\om;
(11)oZmw (877-883) (1515-1520)
nD
(12)rif;acgif&mZm (883-893) (1520-1530)
(ajrmufO;D yxracwfrif;qufq;kH ))(ajrmuf
(ajrmufOD;'kwd,acwfrif;qufp)

(13)

om;

bapmoD&d (883-915)
rif;AmBuD; (1531-1553)
rif;bif
oD&dol&d,
apmrTmrif;
pEmr[m
rdzk&m;
&mZm
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om;
apmoEm
rdzk&m;

rif;wdum (915-917)
rif;'DCm (1553-1555)
(14)
om;
om;
rif;apmvS
(16)pMu0aw;
(917-926)
(926-933)
(15)
(1555-1564) (1564-1571)

(17) rif;zavmif;? ouGef'goQm (933-955) (1571-1593)

rdzk&m; 0dZv
(18) rif;&mZmBuD;? owkd;"r&mZmaqmfvdrfoQm (955-974) (1593-1612)
rdzk&m; 0dZv
om;
(19) rif;carmif;? 0&"r&mZmOaoQmifoQm
(974-984) (1602-1622)
rdzk&m; 0dZv

(19) rif;refBuD; (taemufbk&if)

om;
(20) rif;[&D? oD&dok"r&mZm (984-1000) (1622-1638) a'gifrmwif
rdzk&m; ewf&Sifr,f
(21) rif;pae (1000) (1638)

om;

orD;
yufBudoQmeDvm

- 63 25/ ajrmuf O D ; rif ; quf ? r*k d r if ; quf E S i h f awmif i l r if ; quf r sm;ud k Ed I i f ; ,S O f j yjcif ;
ajrmuf O D ; 'k w d , acwf E S i h f
wwd , acwf t pyd k i f ; txd
rif ;

1/ rif;AmBu;D
2/ rif;wdum
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/

eef ; ouf
c&pf ^ ou & mZf

1531-1553
1553-1555

rif;apmvS
pMu0aw;
rif;zavmif;
rif;&mZmBu;D
rif;carmif;
oD&o
d "k r&mZm
(rif;[&D)
9/ rif;pae

1555-1564
1564-1571
1571-1593
1594-1612
1612-1622
1622-1638

1/ e&ywdBu;D
(iukov)
2/ owk;d rif;
w&m;
3/ pEo"k r&mZm

1638-1645

Afghan Sultanate of Delhi

King

1. Humayun

1530-1556

3. Akbar

1556-1605

4. Jirhangir
5. Shan Jahan
(Tej Mahal)

1605-1627
1627-1658

6. Arangzeb

1658-1707

1638-1638

1645-1652
1652-1674

ajrmuf O D ; 'k w d , acwf r if ; quf

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/

Reign

rif ;

eef ; ouf
c&pf ^ ou & mZf

rif;AmBu;D
rif;wdum
rif;apmvS
pMu0aw;
rif;zavmif;

1531-1553
1553-1555
1555-1564
1564-1571
1571-1593

awmif i l a cwf
King

Reign

1/ wyifa&Tx;D

1530-1550

2/ bk&ihaf emif
ausmx
f ifaemf&xm

1550-1581

- 64 GENERALOGICAL TABLES
GENERALOGICAL TABLE OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS
Timur
1. Babur (1526-30)

2. Humayun
(1530-40, 1555-56).

Kamran.

Hindal.

Askari.

3. Akbar.
(1556-1605).

Hakim.

4. Jahangir
(1605-27).

Daniyal.

Parwez.

5. Shah Jahan I
(1627-56).

Shahriyar.

Shuja.

6. Aurangzeb
(1656-1707).

Murad Bakhsh.

Darwar Bakhsh
(1627).
Dara.

Note
The names of pretenders have been
printed in italics.

Muhanuned
Sultan.

7. Shah
Alam I
Bahadur
(1707-12).

8. Jahandar
(1712-13).

Asim-ushShan (1712).

14. Alamgir II
(1754-59).

9. Farrukhsiyar
(1713-19).

A'zam
(1707).

Rafi-ush-Shan

Muhammad
Akbar.

Km Bakhsh
(1707-9).

Nikusiyar

Muhayyus-sunnat.

Jahan
Shah.
12. Muhammard
(1719-48)

15. Shah Alam II

(1759-1806).

13. Ahmad
(1748-54)

16. Muhammad
Akbar II
(1806-37).

Bedar Bakht
(1788).

17. Bahadur II
(1837-57).

10. Rafi-ud-Darjat
(1719)

11. Shan Jahan II

(Rafi-ud-Daula)
(1719).

Ibrahim (1720).

Shah
Jahan III.

- 65 -

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- 66 5/
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- 67 tiftm;r&Sd csnfheJYoGm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfayrnf/ ou&mZf 1000 at'D 1638 ckESpfu tpjyKum

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- 68 77 ESpf&SdNyD;ol ivufHk;trwftm; odrf;oGif;ac:,lum tBuHay;rif;wdkifyiftrwfBuD;tjzpf

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- 69 oGm;a&muf ppfual wmif; cJo

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- 71 3/
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Y tvH;k t&if;ESicfh saD ponf/ r[mOy&mZm
onf ppfav;aMumif;jzef
Y csw
D uf&m &ckid w
f t
Ykd jyif;txef ckcw
H u
kd cf u
dk Mf uaomfvnf; &ckid w
f Ydk I;H um
oHwNGJ rKd UESiw
fh uG awmifpOfcek pfcdik o
f mru &ckid w
f pfjynfv;kH udk rif;ESiw
fh uG &&So
d nf/ &ckid b
f &k ifEiS fh
wuG rif;aqGrif;rsK;d rSL;rwfynmonfrsm;? tvsm; tawmif-20? vH;k ywf-6awmif&dS tajrmufBu;D ESifh
cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf? tajrmufaoewfrsm;? qifjrif;vlol oHk;aomif;ausmfESihfwuG ,kd;',m;vkyf
aMu;ky-f 30ausmw
f u
Ydk kd aqmif,
l wydw
Yk GJ vjynfah usmf 7&ufaeYwiG f &ckid rf jS yefvmonf/
xkdYjyif &ckdifrif;rsm; tpOftqufudk;uG,faom r[mrked kyfyGm;awmfBuD;udkvnf;
awmifuw
k v
f rf;jzihf yihaf qmifum yef;awmif;NrKd U qdyu
f rf;rS a&TazmifawmfEiS fh wifaqmif tr&yl&
NrKd UodaYk &mufvQif NrKd Uajrmufzuf a&Tjymom'fEiS fh wnfxm;ud;k uG,o
f nf/ bk;d awmfb&k m; vufxuf
awmfwiG f &ckid rf if;quf jywfavawmhonf/

- 110 NAdwdoQudkvdkeDvufatmufcH rjzpfrD &ckdifjrefrm aemufqHk;rif;qufrsm;

tajctaejyZ,m;
Paya Lanma (Lord's Highway) over the Yoma
(Yakhine Range)
pOf ajrmufOD;acwf ou&mZf
aemufq;k H rif;quf
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48

at'D

ESpf pOf ukef;abmifacwf ou&mZf

aemufq;kH rif;quf

at'D

ESpf

1752-1763
1759-1763
1763-1776
1776-1781

7
4
1133
5

e&tb,&mZm
oD & d o l & mZm
pE y &r&mZm
tb,r[m&mZm
pE o k r e&mZm
pE 0 d r v&mZm
pE o d ' &mZm
r[morw&mZm
(42 - 10 = 32)

1104-1122
1123
1123-1125
1125-1135
1135-1139
1139
1139-1144
1144-1146

1742-1760
1761
1761-1763
1764-1773
1773-1777
1777
1777-1782
1782-1784

18
1
2
9
4
1
5
2

1
2
3
4
5

6 bkd;awmfbk&m;

1143-1146 1781-1784 3

tr&yl &

1146-1186 1784-1824

40

(if;)
7 bBuD;awmf

1146-1181 1784-1819 3355

1181-1186 1819-1824 5

tavmif;bk&m;
aemifawmfBuD;
qifjzL&Sif
pOfhul;rif;
azmif ; um;pm;
armifarmif

1114-1121
1121-1125
1125-1138
1138-1143

(7-&uf)

8 om,m0wDrif;
1824
1186
9 yk * H r if ;
1214
1852
1 0 rif ; wk e f ; rif ;
1214-1240 1852-1878 2266

t*F v d y f - jref r m yxr

ppf y J G t NyD ;
t*F v d y f v uf a tmuf 1186-1247 1824-1885
(t*F v d y f - jref r m
wwd , ppf y J G t NyD ; )
28
(61-ES p f )

(&wemyHkacwf)
1240-1247 1878-1885 7
1 1 oDaygrif;

(t*F v d y f - jref r m
wwd , ppf y J G t NyD ; )
133
t*F v d y f v uf a tmuf1247-1310
1 247-1310 18851948

63

t*Fvdyfvufatmuf 1247-1310 1885-1948 63

63

- 111 Than Tun*

Mandalay University
From the monastery of Thakhoottane in Monywa area, we got a black paper
manuseript entitled Sakkaraj 1146 mha 1148 atwan: Kusuiltoau (Royal Deeds of Merit
during 1724-1726). Its enlist the various stage when the Great Image Mahamuni was brought
from Kyauktaw to its present site. The record begins with Royal Ediet to go west and bring
back the Great Image.
The Crown Prince together with Prince Zagu and Prince Kama are to march in full
force of elephants and horses against Dhannavati the City of Yakhine and having captured
the City, they are to bring the Mhamuni here.
In f act the Ediet amounts to ordering a military campaign against the king of Yakhine.
Without defeating that monarch the removal of the Great Image was inpossible. With the
Crown Princes as the Commander-in-Chief, four routes were marked for the campaign:
1.

U Yin Pu Route from Ba Daung.

2.

Lin Ba Day Route from Myan Aung.

3.

Min Don Route from Kama and

4.

Maw Din Ga Yit (Sea) Route from Pathein.

The Commander-in-Chief went by the first route. The chronology of the campaign
is:
16. October

1784

Royal Edict to bring back the Mahamuni; war - like preparations

were already done and as soon as the Edict to bring back the
Mahamuni was issued the campaign was launched.

21. October

1784

The main body of the army arrived at Pyay.

21. October

1784

The army crossed over the Ayeyawadi and reached Ba Daung.

22. November 1784

Left Ba Daung

22. December 1784

Reached Taung Goke it was renamed Onmerbhummi.

31. January

Mrok U the capital city of Yakhine taken; the Crown Prince is-

1785

sued an order to start the work on moving the Mahamuni to

- 112 Amarapura with ten thousand men under Nemyui: Kyoauthan

Jeyasu (Atwinwun of the Crown Prince) and Siridevakyoausu (Thit
Taw Wun).
22. January

1785

The image was put on a carriage to be moved to the Kaladan river

bank.

24. January

1785

The image was put on a raft and floatd down the Kaladan river.

30. January

1785

The raft carrying the image reached Taung Goke

1785

The hauling of the image along the over land routebegan

1785

Pass through the Kyi Bin Sa Khan. Chaung Gwa Sa Kham and

February

20 March

arrived at Ba Daung where the Great Image was pot on a raft and
then raft was moved up-stream to Pyay.
7

April

1785

The raft carrying the Great Image left Pyay.

27 April

1785

The raft arrived at the Amarapura jetty.

1/

2/

3/

tavmif;bk&m;?
uke;f abmifrif;quf
pwifaomESpf

aumZm 1114 c&pf-at'D 1752

&ckid u
f kd bk;d awmfb&k m;
odr;f ,laomESpf

aumZm 1146 c&pf-at'D 1784

&ckid u
f jkd refrmuke;f abmifrif;quf
tr&yl&vufatmufct
H jzpf
(u) bk;d awmfb&k m;
vufatmuf
at'D

1146-1181
1784-1819

( c)

bBuD;awmf
vufatmuf
at'D

35
35
40

1181-1186
1819-1824

5
5

- 113 4/

t*FvdyfvufatmufcHjzpfvmonfhtcsdef
(u) om,m0wDrif;
1186-1214
28
( c) yk*rH if;
1824-1852
( *) rif;wke;f rif;
1214-1247
33
(C) oDaygrif;
1852-1885 (&wemyHak cwf)
103

qdv
k o
kd nfrmS -uke;f abmifacwfEpS af ygif;
uke;f abmifwiG rf yg0ifao;yg
uke;f abmifvufatmufwiG f
yg0ifaomaomESpf
t*Fvyd u
f v
kd edk v
D ufatmufwiG f
usa&mufcahJ omESpaf ygif;

133
32

&S&d mwGif
ESpf

101
40

ESpf
ESpf

61

aaaaaa

28

28

33
33
101 -101

ESpjf zpfygonf/

- 114 wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf rif;pOfrif;quf qif;oufyHk

22/ e&ywdBuD;ukov? (1000-1007) (1638-1645)
om;
23/ owkd;rif;w&m; (1007-1014) (1645-1652)
24/ pEokr&mZm (1014-1036) (1652-1674)
om;

om;

tpfudk

nD
25/ OumAv
(1036-1047)
(1674-1685)

om;orD;&wem

om;
a,mufz
27/rPdo"k r&mZm
(1054-1056)
(1692-1694)

26/ 0&"r&mZ
(1047-1054)
(1685-1692)
om;

28/pEo&l ,
d &mZm
(1056-1058)
(1694-1696)
om;

29/iwHkaemf&xm (c)aemf&xmaZm
rsKd;jcm;
(bkef;BuD;vlxGuf) (1058-10696)
32/ e&"dywd (1060-1062) (1698-1700)
23\ajr;
33/ pE0drv&mZm (1062-1068) (1700-1706)
24\ajr;
34/ pEol&d,&mZm (1068-1072) (1700-1710)
rsKd;jcm;
35/ pE0dZ,&mZm (wEAkdvf) (1072-1093) (1710-1731)
om;ruf
a,mufz
36/ pEol&d,&mZm + zGm;aoG; (1093-1096) (1731-1731)
om;

om;
nD

37/ e&"dywd
(1096-1097)
(1734-1735)

om;(0rf;uJ)G

nD0rf;uJG
38/ e&y0&mZm
39/ pE0DZv&mZm
(1097-1097)
(1098-1737)
(1735-1737)

40/ r'&mZf (1099-1104) (1737-1742)

41/ e&tb,&mZm (1104-1123) (1742-1760)

30/ rmkyd,
rsKd;jcm; (bkef;BuD;vlxGuf)
(1058-1059) (1696-1697)
31/uvrEwJ
(1059-1060) (1697-1698)

- 115 41/ e&tb,&mZm (1104-1123) (1742-1760)

om;

om;

orD;

orD;(apmoEm)

nD
a,mufz
a,mufz
+
42/ oD&Dol&mZm 43/ pEy&r&mZm 44/ tb,r[m&mZm 45/ pEokre&mZm
(1123)
(1123-1126) (1126-1135) (1135-1139)
(1761)
(1761-1763) (1764-1773) (1773-1777)
rsKd;jcm;
46/ pE0rv&mZm
(1039-1777)
rsKd;jcm;
47/ pEod'd&mZm
(1139-1144)
(1777-1782)
rsKd;jcm;
48/ r[morw&mZm
ta*gyknaZm
(1144-1146)
(1782-1784)
rSwfcsuf/
ajrmufO;D wwd,acwf
rif;qufaygif; - 27 quf
ESpfpkaygif;
- 146 ESpf

aaaaaa

- 116 -

tcef; (14)
ajrmufOD;acwforkdif;\t"dujzpfpOfrsm;
at'D

t"dujzpfpOfrsm;

776
ysLwku
Yd dk ajrmufO;D t&yf yJjzLrif;om;u atmifEidk jf cif;
777 - 793 ajrmufO;D NrKd Uudk yJjzLrif; wnfaxmiftyk cf sKyjf cif;
1430
ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmfukd rif;apmrGew
f nfaxmif jcif;
1434
pku& m;ESipfh pfwaumif;udk odr;f ydu
k jf cif;
1437
oHweGJ ,f yl;aygif;vmjcif;
1443
tif;0ESio
fh w
H refqufqjH cif;
1454
&ckid rf if;ESit
f if;0rif;wdYk zk;d acgifawmifwiG f awGqjkH cif;
1458
uav;oQr;f wd\
Yk 0ef;&Hru
I kd ESrd ef if;jcif;
1468
umv0rf;a&m*g jzpfymG ;jcif;
1475
o&uf&dS oufwyYkd ek u
f efonfudk ESrd ef if;jcif;
1481
ppfwaumif; ykeu
f efonfukd ESrd ef if;jcif;
1513
y&deo
f ufwYdk ykeu
f efjcif;
NrKH rif;u ppfwaumif;udk odr;f ,ljcif;
1517
ay:wl*w
D EYdk iS fh ukeo
f ,
G rf pI wifjcif;
1531
ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmfukd rif;AmBu;D u wk;d csUJ jcif;
1532
ppfwaumif;ESifh 'umudk jyefvnford ;f ,ljcif;
1535
0ef;&Hvmaom ay:wl*aD &wyfwYdk atmifEidk f jcif;
1544 - 1546 awmifiw
l yfwYkd ajrmufO;D udk vkyBf ujH cif;? r& wyfjyefjcif;
1556
NrKd Uawmfukd a0omvDtxd wk;d csUJ jcif;
1557
oufrif;ykeu
f efonfukd ESrd ef if;jcif;
1564
ppfwaumif;udk yxef;wkzYd suq
f ;D jcif;
1575
ppfwaumif;ukd xyfro
H rd ;f ydu
k Nf y;D taemuf
bk&ifukd ceft
Y yfjcif;
1580 - 1581 awmifiw
l yf oHwu
GJ 0kd ef;&HNy;D qkwo
f mG ;jcif;
1586
NrKH rif; jynfukd wku
d cf u
dk o
f rd ;f oGi;f jcif;

- 117 1590

awmifiEl iS yfh ;l aygif; [Hom0wDukd atmifEidk f jcif;? ,k;d ',m;bk&if nDawmfukd

zrf;rdjcif;
1599
r[mynmausmf trwfBu;D uG,v
f eG jf cif;
1600 - 1638 ajrmufO;D acwf a&Ta&mifvrT ;f csed f
1603
'umodYk csw
D ufwu
dk cf u
dk jf cif;
oefvsipf m; ipifum ('Db&pfw)dk ykeu
f efjcif;
1607
'D,if*g&Sd ay:wl*w
D u
Ydk kd ESrd u
f yG jf cif;
1608
'wfcsw
f EYkd iS fh ukeo
f ,
G jf cif;
1609
tif;0ESio
fh H xyfrq
H ufjcif;
1610
AsLvTmudk ppfcsjD cif;
1612
ppfwaumif; taemufb&k if ykeu
f efonfukd ESrd ef if;jcif;? ay:wl*w
D Ydk wku
d cf u
dk rf u
I kd
atmifEidk jf cif;? aomif;wD;uRe;f udk NzKd zsuf odr;f ydu
k jf cif;
1616
r*dw
k Ydk ppfwaumif;udk wku
d o
f nfukd Edik jf cif;
1621
b*Fg 12NrKd U x<uonfukd ESrd ef if;jcif;
1633
'wfcsw
f EYkd iS fh ukeo
f ,
G rf w
I cH g; xyfrzH iG jfh cif;
1640
&ckid rf if;om; a'gifrmwif csv
D mjcif;ESifh uHuek jf cif;
1644
'wfcsw
f Ykd ukew
f u
dk u
f kd kyo
f rd ;f jcif;
1653
'wfcsw
f EYkd iS fh xyfru
H ek o
f ,
G jf cif;
1660
r*dk b*Fvm; bk&ifcH &SmSL*sm ck0d ifvmjcif;
1662
ck0d ifvmolwYdk ykeu
f efonfukd ESrd ef if;jcif;
1664
&SmSL*sm aemufvu
dk w
f yfrsm; xyfryH ek u
f efonf ukd ESrd ef if;jcif;
1665
'wfcsw
f Ykd &ckid &f dS ukew
f u
dk u
f ykd w
d jf cif;
1666
ppfwaumif;NrKd U usq;kH jcif;
1685 - 1710 uk,
d &f aH wmfwYdk aomif;use;f jcif;
1696
ausmufa&m*gjzihf vlrsm;pGmaojcif;
1697
oD[Vdk u
f Re;f odYk omoemjyK&ef &ckid &f [ef;awmf wkYd <uoGm;jcif;
1703 - 1710 wEAv
kd t
f rwfu ykeu
f efrrI sm;udk ESyd u
f yG &f jcif;
1717
b*Fvm;jrpf0ydik ;f okYd ppfcsjD cif;
1719
ta&SUodYk ppfcsjD cif;
1724
b*Fvm;odYk ppfcsjD cif;

- 118 1738
1741
1745
1748
1755
1756
1761
1762
1763
1767
1775
1782
1784
1785

1789
1811
1825
1826
1979

csi;f wkYd av;NrKd Ujrpfukd zsuq

f ;D jcif;
ppfwaumif;okYd ppfcsjD cif;
ppfwaumif;okYd xyfrpH pfcsjD cif;
'umodw
Yk idk af tmif ppfcsjD cif;
ppfwaumif;odYk xyfrpH pfcsjD cif;
rk;d acgif oD;ES&H mS ;yg;jcif;
umv0rf;a&m*gaMumihf vlrsm;pGmysupf ;D jcif;
ivsiBf u;D vIyjf cif;? &ckid jf yu'ed u
f kd wpfrw
l nf; jzpfatmif jyKjyifjcif;
&ckid o
f rkid ;f tBu;D qH;k ivsiv
f yI jf cif;
&ckid f pD;yGm;a&;orkid ;f tqk;d &Gm;qH;k ESpjf zpfjcif;
uRepf epfukd zsuo
f rd ;f jcif; (Zefe0g&Dv)
csi;f wkYd 0ifa&mufzsuq
f ;D jcif;
wpfjynfv;kH qlyu
G jf cif;? ausmuf? 0ufoufEiS fh umv0rf;a&m*g jzpfymG ;jcif;
&ckid af jrmufyikd ;f a&vTr;f rk;d jcif;ESifh oD;ESyH supf ;D jcif; (ZGev
f )
jrefrmwkYd csv
D mjcif;
ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmf usq;kH jcif; (Zefe0g&Dv-1)
&ckid rf if;udk zrf;rdjcif; (Zefe0g&Dv-10)
r[mjrwfrek b
d &k m;udk yihaf qmifomG ;jcif;
NrKd Uawmfa[mif;&Sd taqmufttHrk sm; NyKd vJ ysupf ;D oGm;jcif;
ykeu
f efx<uolwu
Ydk ajrmufO;D NrKd Uudk ,m,D
odr;f ydu
k jf cif;
t*Fvyd w
f u
Ydk odr;f ydu
k jf cif; ({Ny-D 1)
NrKd Ua[mif;[k trnfwiG v
f mjcif;
ajrmufO;D trnfukd w&m;0if jyefvnf owfrw
S jf cif;

aaaaaa

- 119 -

rif;ygtaemufrZsdr b*Fg 12cGif ukvm;jynfodkY ppfcsDawmfrljcif;taMumif;

1/
a&SUuazmfjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f ukvm;trwfumwDEiS hf ukvm;rif;xHEw
I jf zifh &mZoHyg;Ny;D csed rf S
rSL;awmf rwfawmfwu
Ydk kd ac:,lwikd yf if b*FgodYk ppfcs&D efjyifqifrrI sm; pD&ifNy;D ppft*Fgtjynft
h pHk
yg0ifonfh ppfaMumif;BuD; 3&yf zGJYpnf;um at'D 1531 ckESpf wefaqmifrkef;vqef; 9&ufaeYwGif
atmifwyfpwifxu
G af wmfro
l nf/ jymokv
d qef; 15&ufwiG f 'gumNrKd Uudk atmifjrifpmG odr;f ydu
k Ef ikd Nf y;D
a'vDrif;xHa&;om; &mZoHay;ydcYk &hJ m armufoZl mNrKd UawmfrS cHaeaom ukvm;a'vDrif; qkwcf cJG
hJ
armufolZmodkY csDawmfrlonf/
&ckdifbk&if rif;AmBuD;xHrS tdEd,wkdif; 'DvDyqmrif;xH ay;ydkYaom&mZoH
]]urmp r[morwrif;? ab;awmf om*& onfpOfvm? *goka'0? C#y@dw?
jA[P&mZm? rm&,krif;? tbd&mZm? uH&mZmBuD;? pEol&d,? 'o&mZm?
tmPmxGe;f vif;? rif;qufrsm;pGm? taemufrsuEf mS &uy&l wkid ;f Ekid if ?H ukrv
D NrKd Uxd?
taemufawmif? b*d&e'D a&d;k tjcm;? armufoZl mNrKd U? umvuwm; oabFmqdyx
f ?d
taemufajrmufa&mifjrLjrpf? taemufzuf? bdvufNrKd Uxd ykid af wmfro
l nf/ ab;awmf
rif;xD; vufxuf ta&SUbufodkY awmifpOfaus;&Gmudk pwifzsufqD;av&m
rmefawmf0if ou&mZf 694 ckwGif csDwufwkdufap&m oufNrdKUysuf oufrif;
ESifh om;orD;wku
Yd dk &cJo
h nf/ oufrif;om;wdYk xGuaf jy;av&m tnKd ;&efp &So
d nfjzpf
oufar; ajr; rif;aqGac:aom tif;0rif;acgifom; rif;&J ausmpf mG ou&mZf 768
ckwGif csDwufwkdufvm aomf rif;apmrGefvnf; trsKd;rif;usihfw&m; vGwfav&m
jynfoNYl ijd iifojzihf ysupf ;D vQu&f adS omf b*Fg 12NrKd Uudk xGuaf jy;ul;ajymif; yqmrif;xH
0ifcadk v&m yqmrif;u ppfual y;onfukd taMumif;jyK ukvm;b*Fvm; 12NrKd Uudk
ay;cJh onf/ ESpt
f &Sn&f NdS yD odr;f ,lavmufwef odr;f ,l awmfral vonf/ 'DvrD if;
Ekid if aH &ajruJo
h Ykd qD;qkYd ckcaH vonfrmS om,mpGm jyefvQiv
f nf; a&S; ab;awmfrif;wkYd
xHk;a[mif;rysufap& armufolZm NrdKUwGifom ,lawmfrlrnf[l ay;awmfrlvkduf
onf/
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- 122 SAMURAL ADC TO THE KING OF ARAKAN

In a Japanese book entitled '' A Country called Biruma (Burma)'' written by Takashi
Suzuki who served as Ambassador of Japan in Burma from 1970 to 1974, one reads the
following.
'' Since when did Japan and Burma meet in the course of history?'' Both countries
had existed since ancient times. Were no relations between the two peoples over this long
period?
It is common knowledge that following trade expansion under Tominaga Hideyoshi,
between the 16th and 17th centuries, some Japanese went to South East Asia. Particularly
welknown is Nagamasa Yamada who went to Siam now known as Thailand.
If many Japanese like Nagamasa Yamada had been to Thailand, could not others have
visited its western neighbour Burma?
As soon as my arrival in Burma, I wanted to look into recent if not ancient history
regarding these matters.
In other words as I could not find anything on this subject in the Japanese historical
literature my curiosity intensified. Thus I made inquiries with the Burmese governmental
authorities. Also with elders outside the government. Also with knowledgeable journalists.
'' Sorry, we don't know'' was the unanimous reply. However I did not give up. I had a
feeling that the historical facts were awaiting my ''exploration''.
My assiduity finally bore fruit. Unexpectedly I met the experienced historical
scholar U Thein Han. He is famous as a top figure in the contemporary world of Burmese
poetry. Briefly reflecting on my query, he said, " I've read in a book that certain Japanese
had served as bodyguards to a King of Arakan during the Arakanese dynasty in West Burma.
I''ll look for this book soon.'' Impressed by this scholar who live up to his renown, I awaited
his call.
Three days later a telephone call came from U Thein Han that the book has been
located. When I went over to his office a Rangoon University Library he received me with
a very old and thick western publication on his desk. Saying, '' This is the book I was talking
about '', he handed me an English translation of Vol.1 of Portuguese Missionary Frey
Sebastian Manrike's Southeast Asia Travelogue entitled Arakan Journg (Oxford University
Press 1926).

- 123 Probably because of the hot climate, the book which had been stored in the library
for so long was about to crumple on touch. Promising U Thein Han to cellophane the book.
I brought it back and immediately set down to ready it.
Sur enough it was there. In 1630 Missionary Manrike met Japanese Christian soldiers who were serving the king of Arakan as bodyguards. Manrike's diary notings were
precise and produced a faithful portrait of the Japanese soldlers. Thery were the contemporaries of Yamada Nagamasa in Thailand and 1630 was the year when he was poisoned to
death in a Thai palace intrigue.
Manrike was then a Roman Catholic priest in the Protuguese colony on Dianga
beach area 20 miles to the south of Chittagong, the present port city of Bangladesh and to
the southwest of the Arakanese kingdom.
Incensed by the news that portuguese pirates from the district of Dianga have been
disturbing the peace of his kingdom, the Arakanese king. Thirithudhamma ordered a naval
expedition to the area. Taken aback by these developments the Portuguese Governor of
Goa consulted the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Goa. The latter with the consent of the
Pope in Rome instructed Manrike to seek the audience of the Arakanese King to submit
that the accustions against the Portuguese were also and therfore to revoke the royal order
for their punishment.
In order to fulfil this important mission, Manrike immediately set off on his journey bearing many gifts and accompanied by porters carrying food and other baggage. He
took the shortest route to Mrohaung the capital of Arakan crossing the Arakan Range for
the first time. He met many hardships en route losing two men to the tigers while camping.
Backed by a strong sense of responsibility and with the help of prayers, Manrike
overcame the difficulties and reached the Arakan coast. Building a small boat he went
upstream the Kaladan River to reach Mrohaung. On the other side, King Thirithudhamma
being skilled in external relations and aware ot the coming of Manrike he commanded his
Minister to welcome the visitor midstream in his vessel.
It was then that Manrike met the Japanese which occassion he recorder with enthusiasm as follows:
"As soon as my boat landed at the shore as demarcated from midstream a group of
dressed up Jananese firing guns of welcoming salute appeared at a distance. Then they

- 124 respectfully prostrated themselve facing me. Then one of them boarded the boat, knelt at
my foot and kissed my toes. The name of that Japanese was Don Leon Donno, commander
of the bodyguards to the Arakanese King. He said, We are Japanese Christians. For the past
seven years because of disturbed conditions there has not been any visit by a religious
dignitary. We would therefore like to welcome your Worship's and to ask for your benediction. It would also be a great boon to us if with Your Worship's influence permission to
build a church in our Japanese quarters could be obtained from His Majesty." Respectful
and full of fervour his attitude was that of a truly pious believer.
Going ashore I gave benediction to each and every Japanese and also promised
them that I would try my best to get permission from the king for the construction of a
church for them. Further conversation with Leon Donno was interrupted by the dignified
aperarance of the welcoming Minister with a considerable following.
I thanked the Minister for his welcome and as I was about to transfer to the beautiful decorated royal barge in red and yellow manned by 20 rowers, being loathe to leave the
likable Japanese Leon Donno with an unfinished conversation I told the minister I would
like to bring him along. The Minister replied that he could not refuse my express wish.
When I conveyed this to Leon Donno he was moved to tears. Saying that for the lowly head
of bodyguard to he allowed to ride in the same barge with the Minister and the Father was
the greatest honour and prostrating before me he thanked me profusely.
Manrike enthusiastically continued as follows:
" Among all the race of the East, these Japanese characteristically put the greatest
emphasis on honour. Meeting Leon Donno was very useful for my future work. Next to
God's protection, Leon Donno was of the greatest help to me."
A few days later I was received in audience by King thirithudhamma. I entirely succeeded in persuading His Majesty to halt the punitive expedition of Dianga. The King ordered the recall of the fleet which was already on its way. Since he liked the personality of
Manrike he urged a longer stay in the capital of Mrohaung.
During his stay and sightseeing walkabout in Mrohaung (which by the way he dubbed
venice of the East on a account of its heavy boat traffic) he noticed a few Christian-convert
servants who were leading roving solitary and wreched lives. As a Christian priest Manrike
intensely felt the need to gather these creatures and make them lead a pious communal life
becoming good Christians. This was what he earlier referred to as his "future work"

- 125 However rushing into this work was likely to invite the suspicion of the Arakanese
King as a Portuguese conspieacy. Moreover King Thirithudhamma is not Christian but a
very devout Buddhist. What to do? Strangely enough, Leon Donno and his followers though
Christians have won the confidence of the king and have been charged with protecting him.
Must consult Leon Donno, Manrike resolved.
Manrike received the following counsel from Leon Donno. " For this kind of matter, it will be unwise to directly approach the King. My wife who comes of a good Burmes
family has long had access to the King's step-grandmother of Burmese descent. The Queen
Grandmother is sympathetic toward Christianity. Through the introduction of my wife you
can approach the Queen Grandmother for advice on this matter."
The Queen Grandmother is the daughter of the last Burmese King of Toungoo Dynasty Nandabay in who was defeated in East Pegu 35 years ago (in 1599) by King Minyazagyi
grandfather of Thirithudhamma. Along with a white elephant she was brought back to Arakan
to lead a solitary life as one of the queens of King Minyazagyi. She has known the disposition of Thirithudhamma since his childhood.
Conducted into the palace by Leon Donno's wife Manrike was able to see the Queen
Grandmother. She was glad to receive Manrike but repeatedly recalling her unfortunate
past she broke down weeping. However three days later through Leon Donno's wife she
sent Manrike the following advice. "Appeal to His Majesty is Bound to grant your request.
Then in the list of shared slaves enter the name of the desired Christian servants since the
King is not likely to scrutnize that far. That way you will be able to collect the men you
want."
Manrike at once sought the audience of the king and made an appeal in the manner
suggestd by the Queen Grandmother. His request was granted in full. Thus Manrike was
able to assemble the men in one place to lead an orderly communal life. Needless to say,
Manrike was extermely grateful to Leon Donno for his cooperation and recorded During
the next journey I often recalled the friendship of Leon Donno.
Who is this Japanese called Leon Donno? Again how did the group of Japanese he
led get to the distant land of Arakan? Manrike's travelogue sheds no light on their character
or origin.

- 126 "Leon" is obviously a Roman Gatholic First name and "Donno" may be the Japanese
honorific Mr. or "dono". No Japanese element whatsoever in the name. But judging by the
smart dress, the emphasis on honour in character and the position of commander of the
King's bodyguard requiring martial qualities he must have been undoubtedly a sammurai.
Since as a Christian samurai he had said on meeting Manrike in 1630, " For the past seven
years because of disturbed conditions there has not been any visit by a religious dignitary."
he must have been in Arakan for a longer period than seven years. On the other hand in
Japan after the 1600 Battle of Sekigahara the Tokugawa regime's control of Christians had
become invceasingly strict occasionally handing down death penalty or exile. Probaby
Leon Donno and co. might have secreatly left the country to escape such punishment or
they might have been exiled like Takayama Migichi. In eiter case they must have left Japan
on Portugues ships. Their arrival in Arakan considering it is a Buddhist kingdom must have
been accidental. For example they could have been shipwrecked off the Arakan coast and
sent as aliens to the capital Mrohaung where they might eventually have won the confidence of the monarch despite the difference in religion to be given the responsibility of
protecting him as bodyguards. Manrike has stated that the monarch has complete confidence in these Japanese.
My conjecture is that since Leon Donno could converse in ease with Manrike on
meeting him he must have acquired Portuguese some time back. He prohably came from a
Christian Samurai family from Western Honshu or the environs of Kyshu and had learnt
the language from a Portuguese priest since childhood.
According to Manrike's travelogue there were at that time three foreigh quarters in
Mrohaung, namely the Japanese the Portuguese and the English French-Dutch communities. With regard to the number of Japan, Manrike spoke of "many Japanesee including
their families" and did not specify the exact number. However it is evident from the request of Leon Donno for permission to build a church that the Japanese population in
Mrohaung must have been considerable.
In Passing it should be mentioned that the construction of the church permission
for which Manrike received from the King was completed by the Japanese in October
1630 and its completion ceremony was held on the 20th instant. It was decorated both
inside and outside with Japanese silk woven in flowery patterns. This drew from Manrike
admiration that " the Japanese excel in aesthetic sense and its expression in beautiful things."

- 127 News of Leon Donno and Co. appeared 5 years later 1635 at the belated coronation
of Thiritudhamma. In the first publication in 1925 by the English author G..D.E Harvey of
"History of Burma" it was said that At this grand coronation ceremony there were a number
of Japanese in attendance probably referring to Leon Donno and his followers. According
to the same record, Manrike revisited the capital Mrohaung and attended this ceremony.
However King thirithudhamma suddenly passed away 3 years later in 1638 a victim
of sorcery by his sorcerer prime minister a lover of his queen. The prime minister ascended the throune as King Narapategyi and according to Harvey's account took the opportunity to carry out a policy of extermunation of the old King's relations. It is therefore
interesting to speculated what was the reaction of Leon Donno and Co. Having received
the royal favour despite the difference in religion and having sworn allegiance to king
Thirithudhamma they were bound to have resisted by arms the new King's policy of
exterminaton. Outnumbered in combat it is likely that they would have perished. At the
same time the Japanese quarter including the church would have been put to the torch. It
would have been the same fate as that which befell Yamada Nagamasa and his hollowers in
Siam.
Father Manrike was a native of Oporto in Portugal. For his successful missionary
work in Southteast Asia he won the confidence of the Pope in Rome. In 1669 whilst living
in London at old age, he was assassinated by a follower of a Portuguese bearing a grudge
against him. Judging by the style of writing of his travelogue or by the manner of his dealings with Leon Donno, he was not of a disposition to earn the hatred of men. Perhaps it
was just fate.
The above account of Leon Donno and Co. was not known even to the Burmese
history specialist Assistant Professor On of Osaka U.F.L I wrote up the account in the
culture section of 30-5-74 issue of Nihon Keizai Shimbun.

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rif;crf;rif;em;usif;yum &ckdifrif;om;udk ]'Gefrmwif} Dom Martin trnfjzifhvnf;aumif;?

- 130 &ckdifrif;orD;udk yxdkeDvm Petronila trnfjzifhvnf;aumif; bmomxyfoGif;ay;NyD; ay:wl*D

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onfah emuf 'Gerf mwifukd *dt
k m; Goa NrKd UawmfoYdk ydNYk y;D tkrd w
G f Ormuz yifv,fa&vufMum;&Sd
ay:wl*Dpcef;udk uGyfuJ&aom ppfAkdvfBuD; z&,f&D'Dtif'&m'g (Captain Freire de Andrada)\
a&wyfwGifwyfom;tjzpf trIxrf;apum ppfynmrsm; oif,laponf/ yg&Srfyifv,fauGU&Sd
ay:wl*Dbk&ifh a&wyfrawmfwGif av;ESpfMum trIxrf;&mwGif ol&owdESihf wkdufckdufa&;wGif
tvGefw&m xl;cRefajymifajrmufvSaomaMumihf ay:wl*DppfAkdvfrSL; avmuwGif 'Gefrmwifonf
ol&aJ umif;vli,fwpfO;D [k owif;arT;vsuf &So
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d cf u
dk jf cif;cH&aomaMumihf umuG,af &;twGuf tiftm;
tacsqv
l wefrif; Sulatan of Acheli \ wku
jznfah eMu&m touf 21-ESpt
f &G,o
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aMumihf wku
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- 131 odkY urmhtajctaeESihf &ckdifjynfwGif;a&; tajctae wkdYudk qufpyfoHk;oyfrdaom

&ckdifeef;vsm 'Gefrmwifonf ay:wl*D rif;tultnDjzihf jynfawmfjyef &ckdifxD;eef;&&ef
BupH nfavonf/ c&pfEpS f 1642 ckEpS w
f iG f touf 36-ESpt
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of Goodhope rS ywfaom yifv,fa&aMumif; c&D;jzihf ay:wl*ND rKd Uawmf vpbeG ;f Lisbon odYk
a&mufvmonf/ c&pf,mefbkef;awmfBuD; zmomuGefwDEkd Father Coutino tygt0if
omoemjyKrdwfaqGa[mif;? rdwfaqGopfwkdY tultnDjzihf ay:wl*,fbk&if*RefESihf eD;pyfaom
olaumif;rsKd;MoZm&Sif rif;nD rif;om;rsm;ESihf 'GefrmwifqufoG,frdavonf/ bk&if\ aqGawmf
rsK;d awmfxrJ S MoZm&Sd rif;om;Bu;D t,fvifuyfpMwm John of Alencastre onf &ckid rf if;om;
'Gefrmwif\ta&;wGif rdrdygBuD;yGm; Ekdifrnfhvrf;jrifaomaMumihf aiGtmjzihfaxmufyHhulnDonf/
'Gerf mwiftm; *Reb
f &k ifa&SUarSmufoYkd oGi;f cpm;&m vkt
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&ckid jf ynfEiS w
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vuf0g;BuD;tkyf&ef BudK;yrf;cJhaom ay:wl*,fbk&ifESihf omoemjyK wkdY\ BuD;rm;aom
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'Gerf mwif\ ESrawmf ay:wl*rD if;orD; yufxked v
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D al umif;rsK;d wpfO;D ESifh
vufqufNy;D rlv&ckid Zf mwdaysmuf um ZmwfjrK yo
f mG ;avawmhonf/
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- 132 -

The ruined Dutch Trade Centre

The old jetty was at Baungdwet, three miles south of the present
wharf. This locality, at that time, flourished with trading centres both of
local and froeign origin, and the jetty was always lively with foreign merchants men. Large ponds near by bear testimony to the fact that diplomatic
quarters and trade centres once flourished here.

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1-8

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37 - 43

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29 - 36

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21 - 28

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65 - 83

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tcef;(14)
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116 - 118

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ukvm;jynfopYkd pfcsaD wmfrjl cif;taMumif;

119 - 120

- rif;&mZmBu;D \ wefaqmifrzd &k m;

oQifaESmif;\ tzJGUtEJGU

120 - 121

- Samurai ADC to the king of

Arakan (Rakhine)

- &ckid rf if;om;'Gerf mwif

- The ruined Dutch Trade Centre

122 - 127
128 - 131
132