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Acta Stomatol Croat. 2006; 40: 56-64.

IZVORNI ZNANSTVENI RAD ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER Ketij Mehuli1, Ivana vrljak-Tomi2, Zdravko Schauperl3, Dragutin Komar1

Triboloka svojstva estetskih protetskih materijala Wear Characteristics of Esthetic Prosthetic Materials
1

Zavod za stomatoloku protetiku, Stomatolokog fakulteta, Sveuilita u Zagrebu Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia 2 Privatna stomatoloka ordinacija, I. Mri, Zagreb Private dental office I. Mri, Zagreb, Croatia  Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje, Sveuilita u Zagrebu School of Engineering, University of Zagreb, Croatia Saetak Poznavanje tribolokih svojstava estetskih protetskih materijala nuno je u svakodnevnoj stomatolokoj praksi. Usavriti novu, originalnu, metodu i konstruirati ureaj za ispitivanje tribolokih svojstava gradivnih protetskih materijala, ispitati triboloka svojstva razliitih estetskih protetskih materijala te ispitati meusobno ponaanje materijala tribolokog para: prirodan zub - protetski materijal. Istraivanje je raeno na modificiranom ureaju Taber abraser, na uzorcima est razliitih estetskih protetskih materijala. Troenje je najmanje za uzorke glinine keramike (Creation i d.Sign), a najvee za polimer (Chromasit) te ceromer (Targis). Najmanji faktori troenja odreeni su, takoer, za glinine keramike. Istraivanje je rezultiralo razvojem nove metode i ureaja za ispitivanje tribolokih svojstava protetskih materijala. Zaprimljen: 1. listopada 2005. Prihvaen: 16. veljae 2006. Adresa za dopisivanje Prof.dr.sc. Ketij Mehuli Zavod za stomatoloku protetiku, Stomatolokog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu Gundulieva 5, Zagreb Tel. 85 (0) 1 4802112 mehulic@ sfzg.hr Kljune rijei Triboloka svojstva, dentalni materijali, keramike.

Uvod Trenje i troenje zbivaju se na dodiru realnih povrina koje su vie ili manje hrapave. Pod troenjem zuba podrazumijeva se postupni nestanak zubnog tkiva u: meusobnim dodirima zuba tijekom funkcijskih i parafunkcijskih kretnji eljusti, abrazivnim djelovanjem raznih estica, tvrdih predmeta neovisno o funkciji, te kemijskim uinkom kisele hrane, pia i regurgitiranog eluanog sadraja. U ustima se tijekom troenja tvrdih zubnih tkiva dogaaju procesi abrazije, atricije, erozije, adhezije, korozije i umora materijala (1). Fizioloka abrazija

Introduction Abrasion and wear are constant in the relationship between real surfaces that are more or less rough. Tooth wear implies that tooth substance is lost due to: contact between teeth in functional and parafunctional movements of the jaw abrasive wear of different hard object particles in no relation to function, and chemical effect of acid food, drinks and gastric reflux. As teeth wear out, there are different processes in the mouth: abrasion, attrition, erosion, adhesion, corrosion, and material wear (1). Physiologi-

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kao prirodna pojava nastaje kao rezultat meusobnog usklaivanja genetski determiniranog oblika pojedinih dijelova stomatognatog sustava njegovoj funkcijskoj dinamici. Troenje protetskih materijala uvjetovano je: fizikalnim faktorima (mikrotvrdoa, koeficijent trenja, umor materijala, otpornost na lom); mikrostrukturalnim faktorima (poroznost, kristali, matrica); kemijskim faktorima (kiselost i alkalnost sredine); zavrnom obradom povrine (neglaziranost, glaziranost, poliranje). Adhezijsko troenje javlja se npr. u ispitivanjima na uzorcima zlatne legure tip III kada estice zlata adheriraju na povrinu cakline. Umor povrine javlja se kod krhkih materijala kao to je keramika tijekom ponavljanih kliznih kontakata ili zbog optereenja. Tribokorozija ili tribokemijsko troenje iako se ubraja u osnovne mehanizme troenja, ipak je kombinacija kemijskih reakcija na povrini triboelementa i jednog od navedenih mehanizama troenja (1). Najvanija preventivna triboloka mjera je pravilan izbor materijala, odnosno zatite od troenja. Izbor materijala mora se provesti uzimajui u obzir predvieni stupanj opasnosti od pojedinih mehanizama troenja u projektiranom tribosustavu, a izbor postupaka oplemenjivanja povrine u svrhu smanjenja troenja. Pritom, osnovni materijal ispunjava zahtjeve u pogledu tehnologinosti i cjelovitosti triboelemenata, a oplemenjena povrina ispunjava triboloke zahtjeve. Velik broj u literaturi opisanih, vrlo razliitih, metoda za ispitivanje troenja materijala, od vrlo jednostavnih, nefiziolokih, Wig-L-Bug metode (2) do mnogo sloenijih koli-disk sistema koji oponaaju sile i kretnje koje se javljaju tijekom vanog ciklusa (3, 4) i ukljuuju mogunost promjene temperature (5), izraz su stalne tenje (6, 7) za razvitkom jedinstvene metode za ispitivanje tribolokih svojstava materijala. Klinika, in vivo, ispitivanja troenja protetskih materijala su dugotrajna, ukljuuju velik broj pacijenata, to predstavlja problem kako s ekonomskog, tako i s praktinog i etikog stajalita. In vitro ispitivanja omoguuju bre dobivanje podataka jer se radi na principu ubrzanog troenja sa simulacijom uvjeta usne upljine ili bez nje (8). Meyer (9) tvrdi da se kod abrazije ukljuuje i neko tree brusno tijelo, to su osim korpuskularnih sastojaka hrane i otkinuti fragmenti cakline, ime su zapravo vlastiti zubi proizvoa brusnog tijela. Abrazija se javlja i kod prehrane mekom i preraenom hranom. Veina se autora slae da vanu ulogu u nastanku abrazije imaju vane sile (10). Pregledom relevantne literature, keramika je najee opisivana kao materijal s odlinim estetskim mogunostima, ali krhak i abrazivan

cal abrasion as a naturally occurring phenomenon is a result of fine-tuning of genetically determined shapes of different parts in the oral cavity system to its functional dynamics. Prosthetic material wear is determined by physical factors (microhardness, friction coefficient, material endurance, fracture resistance), microstructural factors (porosity, crystals, matrix); chemical factors (acidity and alkality of the environment) and surface finishing (polishing, final layering glazing). Adhesional wear is present in experiments on gold alloys type III samples, when gold particles adhere to enamel surface. Surface wear is present in brittle materials, such as ceramic materials, due to repeated contacts or due to loading. Corrosional wear, or chemical wear, although a basic wear mechanism, is a combination of chemical reactions at the surface of the element and one of the stated wear mechanisms (1). The most important preventive measure is proper selection of a material, or protection from wear. Material selection must be performed with regard to the degree of danger of some wear mechanisms in the projected wear system. The choice of the procedures for enriching the surface must be performed with the aim of reducing the wear. The basic material must fulfill the requirements regarding technologicality and wholeness of the system, and the enriched surface must fulfill the wear requirements. A number of different methods for wear assessment in the literature is a result of a constant wish for developing a unique method. They span from simple, non-physiological, Wig-L-Bug method (2), to sophisticated pin-on-disc systems that imitate forces and movements of masticatory cycle (3, 4), and can even include temperature changes (5-7). Clinical, in vivo, wear studies of prosthetic materials are of long duration and include great number of patients, which represents a problem from an economical point, as well as from practical and ethical points. In vitro studies can give the results faster, since they use sped-up processes with or without simulation of oral cavity conditions (8). Meyer (9) claims that abrasion includes a third object, this being fractured enamel particles; natural teeth being, therefore, the sources of wearing objects. Abrasion can be seen in situation where softer and prefabricated food is used. Majority of authors concur that masticatory forces have a great role in abrasion occurrence (10). A review of relevant literature has shown that ceramic materials are usually described as materials with excellent esthetic possibilities, but they are brittle and abrasive (11). Most ceramic

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(11). Veina keramika ima vee vrijednosti mikrotvrdoe u usporedbi s protetskim legurama ili caklinom. Do nedavno se smatralo da je vea vrijednost mikrotvrdoe povezana s veom abrazivnou keramike u kontaktu s legurama i caklinom (12, 13). Rezultati razliitih ispitivanja (14) pokazuju da sama vrijednost mikrotvrdoe protetskog materijala nije dovoljna kao pouzdan pokazatelj kojim se predvia ponaanje materijala u pogledu troenja cakline nasuprotnih zubi. Seghi (15), Magne (16), Clelland (6) u laboratorijskim ispitivanjima su utvrdili da keramike manje tvrdoe dovode do veeg abrazijskog troenja cakline nego keramiki materijali koji imaju vee vrijednosti tvrdoe. Iznos troenja i tvrdoe nije proporcionalno povezan kod materijala koji su krhki po prirodi. Kada keramika klie po keramici ili caklini, ne dolazi do troenja mehanizmom plastine deformacije kao kod legura, ve pojavom loma. Razlog zbog kojeg se ne moe na osnovi same vrijednosti mikrotvrdoe predvidjeti troenje materijala je i nehomogenost grae kristala u staklenom matriksu. Kod keramike bez kristalne faze pod optereenjem prvo dolazi do plastine deformacije i posljedinog loma slabijeg dijela matriksa, dok kod keramika s kristalima dolazi do dislokacije kristala u staklenom matriksu. Ova injenica donekle objanjava slabu povezanost vrijednosti mikrotvrdoe i troenja kod keramikih materijala s kristalnom fazom, jer mikrotvrdoa tih keramikih materijala varira ovisno o orijentaciji tijela koje prodire u materijal u odnosu na kristale (15). Meudjelovanje okoline, medija usne upljine, i keramike takoer utjee na mehanike karakteristike i ponaanje keramike. Staklo postaje tvre kada je vrijednost zeta potencijala (elektrini potencijal izmjeren na povrini) priblino nula, a meke kada je vrijednost pozitivnija. Vlanost medija usne upljine moe poveati pozitivan naboj stakla ili povrine keramike, dolazi do ionske izmjene, gubitka iona, npr. natrija, i smanjenja tvrdoe povrine. Dakle, keramiki materijali se mogu ponaati razliito, ovisno o meudjelovanju njihovih mikrostrukturnih komponenti i okoline (17). Hrapava povrina, veliko optereenje i velika kontaktna brzina djeluju tako da poveavaju koeficijent trenja, to dovodi do veeg troenja (18). Nadalje, kada povrine dvaju materijala imaju ionske ili polarne karakteristike meusobno sline, kao staklo i keramika, prisutnost vode ili druge polarne tekuine takoer poveava koeficijent trenja. Kada je jedan od materijala nepolaran, kao polimer, voda nema utjecaja ili se ponaa kao lubrikacijsko sredstvo. In vitro ispitivanje troenja pokazalo je da je troenje keramike i

materials have higher microhardness values when compared to prosthetic alloys and enamel. Until recently, these values were thought to be in correlation to higher abrasiveness of ceramic materials in contact with alloys and enamel (12, 13). The results of different studies (14) have shown that the microhardness value itself is not a reliable marker for predictions of material wear in contact with enamel of opposing teeth. Seghi (15), Magne (16) and Clelland (6) have confirmed in laboratory tests that ceramic materials with lower toughness values cause more enamel abrasion than ceramic materials with higher toughness values. Result of wear and toughness is not proportionally correlated in brittle materials. When ceramics slide on ceramics or enamel, the mechanism of wear is not plastic deformation (as in alloys), but fracture. The reason why it is not possible to determine the wear based on the microhardness is also the non-homogeneity of crystalline structure in the glass matrix. When ceramic materials without crystalline phase are loaded, there is first plastic deformation and subsequent fracture of the weaker part of the matrix, while ceramic materials with crystals exhibit crystal dislocation inside the glass matrix. This partly explains the weak correlation between microhardness value and wear of ceramic materials with crystalline phase, since microhardness of these materials varies depending on the orientation of the object that penetrates into the material, in relation to crystals (15). The relationship of oral cavity and ceramic materials also influences the mechanical characteristics and properties of the ceramic material. Glass becomes harder when zeta potential (electrical potential on the surface) is close to zero, and softer when the potential is more positive. Humidity of the oral cavity can increase the positive potential of the glass or ceramic surface; there is ion exchange, loss of, for example, sodium ions, and decrease of surface hardness. Therefore, ceramic materials can have different properties, depending on the conditions of the environment and the relationship of their microstructural components (17). Rough surface, great load and great contact surface increase the friction coefficient, thus leading to greater wear (18). Furthermore, when surfaces of two materials have similar ionic or polar characteristics, like glass and ceramics, presence of water or some other polar liquid increases the friction coefficient as well. When one of the materials is non-polar, like polymer, water has no influence, or represents a lubricating agent. In vitro wear study has shown that ceramics and

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cakline mnogo vee u jako kiseloj sredini (pH 2,28 do 2,37) nego u manje kiseloj (19). Zanimljivim se pokazalo da vie poroznosti ima keramika koja se pee na niim temperaturama, keramika malih estica nego glinina keramika (16). Ako doe do izlaganja subpovrinske poroznosti tijekom procesa troenja (okrugla fraktura), otar rub defekta uzrokuje porast troenja zuba antagonista. Magne (16) upozorava da manji abrazijski potencijal staklokeramike moe biti djelomino povezan s vrstom (tetrasilicij fluorovi kristali, kristali tinjca; K2Mg5Si8O20F4), rasporedom, i malom veliinom kristala (5 do 7 m). Brojne studije su raene kako bi se pronala optimalna tehnika zavrne obrade nadomjestka (20-23); od Campbella (21), Klausnera (22), Pattersona (23) koji istiu glaziranost do Scurria (24) koji tvrdi da poliranje povrine daje istu ili glau povrinu nego glaziranje. Ward (25) i Kawai (26) pokazali su da je polirana povrina glaa te da je manja adhezija plaka na takvu povrinu nego na glaziranu do konano Monaskya i Taylora (5) koji tvrde da je utjecaj povrinske hrapavosti na troenje ograniavajui. Rezultati nedavnih ispitivanja pokazali su jae izraeno troenje zubi suprotne eljusti u kontaktu s glaziranom povrinom nego onom koja je polirana (27). Ovakvi rezultati mogu se povezati s veom lomnom ilavosti glazirane povrine. Svrha ovog istraivanja bila je: 1. usavriti metodu za ispitivanje tribolokih svojstava gradivnih protetskih materijala - konstruirati ureaj koji podrava razvijenu metodu 2. ispitati triboloka svojstva razliitih estetskih protetskih materijala 3. ispitati meusobno ponaanje materijala tribolokog para: prirodan zub estetski protetski materijal. Materijali i postupci Ovo istraivanje provedeno je na uzorcima est razliitih estetskih protetskih materijala (po 3 uzorka za svaki ispitivani materijal), oblika ploice, dimenzija 20 x 25 x 0,5 mm: uzorci I, glinina keramika, d.Sign (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) - izmodelirane ploice u vosku izljevene u Co-Cr leguri, na njih su napeena tri osnovna keramika sloja te glazura po uputama prizvoaa. uzorci II, polimer, SR Chromasit (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) - uzorci su izraeni po preporuci proizvoaa, polirani gumenim polirerom, etkom od prirodne dlake i zatim kolutom od vune.

enamel wears are greater in acid environment (pH 2.28-2.37) than in less acid (19). Interestingly, it has been shown that ceramic material that needs lower temperatures is more porous, as well as that smallparticle ceramics is more porous than alumina ceramics (16). If there is subsurface porosity during wear (round fracture), sharp border of the defect increases the wear of the opposing tooth. Magne (16) implies that lower abrasive potential of glass ceramic material can partially be in correlation to the type of ceramics (tetrasilicium fluoride crystals; K2Mg5Si8O20F4), structure, and small crystal size (5 to 7 m). Numerous studies that were performed in order to discover the optimal finishing technique for bridges and crowns (20-23); from Campbell (21), Klausner (22) and Patterson (23) that stress the glazing, to Scurria (24) who claims that polishing yields smoother surface than glazing. Ward (25) and Kawai (26) showed that polished surface is smoother, and that plaque adhesion to such surface is smaller when compared to glazed surface. Monasky and Taylor (5) claim that the influence of the surface roughness on wear is limited. The results of recent studies have indicated greater wear of opposing teeth in contact with glazed than polished ceramic surface (27). Such data can be correlated to greater fracture resistance of the glazed surface. The aim of the study was to: 1. Perfect a method for examining wear characteristics of prosthetic materials and to construct a device that can support the developed method 2. Assess wear characteristic of esthetic prosthetic materials 3. Examine the relationship in a wear pair: natural tooth prosthetic material Material and methods This study was performed on samples of six different esthetic prosthetic materials (3 samples for each tested material) in plate design 20250.5 mm: Samples I: alumina ceramic material, d.Sign (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) plates modeled in wax, cast in Co-Cr alloy with three basic ceramic layers and glazed, according to the manufacturers instructions. Samples II: polymer, SR Chromasit (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) samples manufactured according to manufacturers instructions, polished with pumice, natural hair and cotton.

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uzorci III, glinina keramika niske temperature peenja, Creation LF (Klema Dentalprodukte, Meiningen, Austria) podloge u Co-Cr leguri izraene su i obraene na isti nain kao uzorci I na njih je napeen sloj glinine keramike niske temperature peenja prema uputama proizvoaa. Zavrna obrada uzoraka sastojala se od mehanikog poliranja gumicama. uzorci IV, vlaknima ojaan kompozit, Targis (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) izraene su ploice od dvije nemetalne komponente. Podloga je izraena iz Vectris Single materijala koji se koristi pri izradi stranjih krunica, a estetska obloga izraena je iz Targis materijala. Potivane su sve preporuke proizvoaa za laboratorijsku izradu nadomjestka u stranjem podruju zubnog niza. uzorci V, staklokeramika, IPS Empress 1, materijal za tehniku bojenja (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) uzorci su izraeni po naputcima proizvoaa; te na kraju glazirani. uzorci VI, glinina keramika, Creation CC (Klema Dentalprodukte, Meiningen, Austria) ploice izljevene u Co-Cr leguri napravljene su standardnim postupkom, obraene i pjeskarene (te premazane U-bondom koji se pee u keramikoj pei na 990C-za Co-Cr). Slijedilo je napeenje triju osnovnih keramikih slojeva po tvorniki zadanim uputama. Zavrna obrada sastojala se od mehanikog poliranja gumicama. Istraivanje je provedeno na Zavodu za materijale, Fakulteta strojarstva i brodogradnje u Zagrebu, a koriten je modificirani ureaj Taber abraser, tvrtke Taber, SAD (po standardu ASTM D-1044). Ureaj radi na principu pin on disc metode, koja je uobiajena za triboloka ispitivanja u strojarstvu, ali za ispitivanje biomaterijala modificiran je na taj nain da se na mjestu pina nalazi zub, a umjesto diska ispitivani materijal. Uzorci zuba koriteni u ispitivanju su ljudski, intaktni, trei kutnjaci izvaeni iz ortodontskih razloga; nakon vaenja bili su pohranjeni u fizioloku otopinu. Rezani su u aksijalnoj, sagitalnoj i horizontalnoj ravnini kako bi se dobile izolirane pojedine kvrice. Izolirana kvrica zuba bila je privrena na pokretni dio, koji je klizao iznad dijela koji rotira, na kojem su se nalazili uzorci estetskih protetskih materijala. Uzorci su bili nepomini, privreni na dio koji rotira akrilnim ljepilom. Rotiranjem privrenih uzoraka dolazi do kontakta zuba i uzorka, i klizanjem preko povine uzorka zub ostavlja trag troenja. Mogue je bilo primijeniti razliit iznos

Samples III: low temperature alumina ceramics, Creation LF (Klema Dentalprodukte, Meiningen, Austria) base in Co-Cr alloy, prepared and finished in the same way as samples I; alumina ceramic was layered on the alloy, according to manufacturers instructions. Final polishing was performed with pumice. Samples IV: fiber reinforced composite, Targis (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) two plates of components were fabricated. The base was manufactured from Vectris Single, used for lateral crowns, and esthetic component was manufactured from Targis. All instructions for laboratory manufacturing were observed. Samples V: glass ceramic material, IPS Empress 1, material for colouring technique (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan Liechtenstein) samples were fabricated according to manufacturers instructions and glazed at the finish. Samples VI: alumina ceramic material, Creation CC (Klema Dentalprodukte, Meiningen, Austria) plates cast in Co-Cr alloy and fabricated by standard procedure, and sandblasted (layered with U-bond for ceramic oven at 990C for Co-Cr), followed by three basic ceramic layers, according to manufacturers instructions. Finally, the samples were polished with pumice. The study was performed at The Department of Materials, School of Engineering, University of Zagreb, Croatia, by the device named Taber abraser (Taber, USA; according to standards ASTM D1044). The device uses the pin-on-disc method that is accustomed for wear testing in engineering; it was modified for testing biomaterials so that instead of a pin we used a tooth, and instead of a disc we used the tested ceramic material. Tooth samples used in a study were intact human third molars extracted due to orthodontic reasons, stored in saline after extraction. The teeth were cut in axial, sagittal and horizontal plane in order to obtain isolated tuberculum. Each isolated tuberculum was connected to the movable part that was sliding above the rotating part, which harbored samples of esthetic prosthetic materials. The samples were static, bonded to the rotating part by means of acrylic bond. Rotation of the bonded samples leads to establishing a contact between the samples and the tooth, and sliding over sample surface leaves a wear mark. It was possible to use different loading values to the samples, by directly changing the mass. The tuberculum slid over the sample surface in a circle with 10 mm diameter, at 60 revolutions per minute.

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optereenja na uzorke, direktnim mijenjanjem postavljene mase. Kvrica zuba klizala je preko povrine ispitivanog materijala opisujui krunicu promjera 10 mm, s uestalou od 60 ciklusa u minuti. Ispitivanje je obavljeno bez prisutnosti treeg medija lubrikanta, uz optereenje od 10N, tijekom 500 ciklusa. Mjeren je gubitak mase nakon 100, 200, 300, 400, te 500 ciklusa. U ovom istraivanju je izraunat faktor K konstanta materijala koja opisuje intenzitet troenja za pojedini materijal. Ako se ta konstanta K podijeli s tvrdoom materijala H, dobiva se izraz za izraunavanje faktora troenja, K (izraunati su faktori troenja uzoraka nakon 100 okretaja): pri emu je: K faktor troenja, 10-6 mm3/Nm, V istroeni volumen; K konstanta materijala; FN normalna komponenta optereenja; s prijeeni put; H tvrdoa materijala. K= V FN s

The test was performed without lubricant, with 10 N load, during 500 cycles. Loss of mass was measured after 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 cycles. A factor K was computed constant of the material that describes wear intensity for each material. If the constant K was divided by the material hardness (H), we can obtain a formula for computing the wear factor, K (computed wear factors after 100 revolutions), where K is the wear factor (10-6 mm3/Nm), V is lost volume, K is materials constant, FN normal wear component, s trip, and H material hardness: K= V FN s

Results The study resulted in a novel method and device for assessing wear characteristics of prosthetic materials. The method and the device were tested with six different wear systems that consist of a wear pair tooth and esthetic prosthetic material. A significant difference in mass loss, depth and width of wear trace in tested materials was found (Fig. 1). This fact represents the base for qualitative and quantitative comparison of wear resistance of different materials. Sample VI (alumina ceramic Creation) presented least wear, and it was followed by samples I and IV, while the greatest wear was seen in sample II (polymer Chromasit). The fracture of sample III (alumina ceramic Creation LF) and V (IPS Empress) occurred during testing (after 100 cycles), so it was not possible to determine all of their wear parameters. The used device can test samples with low fracture tendency. It is very easy to change the load and speed of disc rotation, so the parameters can be adapted to different material samples. The obtained results enable qualitative comparison of abrasive wear resistance. Mathematical formula in the study enables quantification of abrasive wear resistance by means of wear factor that was transferred from engineering. Samples of all tested materials and teeth were photographed, but in this article only mean values for samples I, II, IV and V were depicted (Fig. 2), as well as wear factors for all samples (Fig. 3). Discussion The wear of hard, non-shedding tooth tissue is a natural and unavoidable process. Enamel wear in contact with enamel amounts to 20 to 40 m per

Rezultati Provedeno istraivanje rezultiralo je razvojem nove metode i ureaja za ispitivanje tribolokih svojstava gradivnih protetskih materijala. Metoda i ureaj ispitani su na est razliitih tribosustava koji se sastoje od tribopara, zub estetski protetski materijal. Utvrena je znaajna razlika u gubitku mase te u dubini i irini traga troenja ispitivanih uzoraka (Slika 1), to predstavlja osnovu za kvalitativnu i kvantitativnu usporedbu otpornosti na troenje razliitih materijala. Uzorak VI glinina keramika (Creation) pokazuje najmanje troenje, slijede Uzorci I i IV, dok je najvee troenje primijeeno kod uzorka II polimera (Chromasit). Prilikom ispitivanja (nakon 100 ciklusa) dolo je do loma uzoraka III glinine keramike niske temperature peenja (Creation LF) i V staklokeramike (IPS Empress), te nije bilo mogue odrediti sve njihove parametre troenja. Koritenim ureajem mogue je ispitivanje uzoraka materijala s niskom udarnom radnjom loma. Vrlo je jednostavno mijenjati optereenje i brzinu okretanja diska, ime se parametri mogu prilagoditi razliitim uzorcima materijala. Dobiveni rezultati omoguuju i kvantitativnu usporedbu otpornosti na abrazijsko troenje. Matematiki izrazi uvedeni u radu omoguuju kvantificiranje otpornosti materijala na abrazijsko troenje putem faktora troenja preuzetog iz strojarske prakse. Tijekom ispitivanja fotografirani su uzorci svih ispitivanih materijala i zuba kao tribopara, rezultati su prikazani pojedinano, tablino i

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grafiki, ali u ovom radu (zbog opsega) prikazani su samo rezultati srednjih vrijednosti gubitka mase za uzorke I, II, IV, VI (Slika 2) te faktori troenja svih uzoraka (Slika 3). Rasprava Troenje tvrdih zubnih tkiva prirodan je i neizbjean proces. Troenje cakline u kontaktu s caklinom iznosi 20 do 40 m na godinu u podruju pretkutnjaka i kutnjaka (Lambrechts) (28). Koliina troenja idealnog protetskog gradivnog materijala trebala bi biti slina onoj kod cakline (15). Monasky i Taylor (5), upozoravaju da nema statistiki znaajne razlike u troenju cakline i zlatne legure tip III, to objanjavaju dvojako, apsorpcijom okluzijskih sila zbog klizanja atoma zlata, ili pak adhezijom tankog sloja tip III zlatnih estica na povrinu cakline. Mogue je da taj sloj slui kao lubrikant ili zatitni sloj za caklinske uzorke. U klinikim ispitivanjima ova se pojava nije promatrala, hrana i etkanje odstranili bi estice prije nego to bi se stigla nakupiti vidljiva koliina sloja (7). U mnogim ispitivanjima troenja, zbog jednostavnosti mjerenja, primjene rezultata u klinikoj praksi te lake usporedbe s vertikalnom dimenzijom meueljusnih odnosa, troenje se odreuje kao smanjenje visine uzoraka. Meutim, mjerenje gubitka volumena mnogo je preciznija mjera jer se mijenja linearno s vremenom (29). Najvea razlika u odreivanju troenja mjerenjem volumena ili visine javlja se kada su nasuprotne plohe morfoloki u obliku kvrica. Ta je razlika smanjena kada se odstrani sam vrh kvrice i nasuprotna ploha izgleda ravna (16). Creation keramika (Klema Dentalprodukte, Meiningen, Austria), pokazuje i mogue dobro kliniko ponaanje s obzirom na troenje i kroz gubitak volumena i dubinu traga troenja (30). Na isto upuuju i rezultati dobiveni u ovom ispitivanju, najmanji gubitak mase, a time i najmanje troenje izmjereno je za glini-

year in premolars and molars (28). The amount of wear of the ideal prosthetic material should be similar to that of the enamel (15). Monasky and Taylor (5) point that there is no statistically significant difference in enamel wear and gold alloy type III wear, which is explained in two ways, by absorption of occlusal forces due to gold atom sliding, or by adhesion of a thin layer of gold particles on the enamel. It is plausible that this layer serves as a lubricant, or a protective layer for the enamel. In clinical studies this was not observed; food and toothbrush would remove gold particles before they could amount to a significant thickness (7). Many wear studies, due to the simplicity of measurement, result application and easier comparison to the vertical dimension of the intermaxillary relations, use the decrease of the height of samples as wear. However, volume loss is more precise method, since it changes with time in a linear fashion (29). The greatest difference in wear determination by volume or height can be
0,035 Gubitak mase (g) Mass loss (g) 0,03 0,025 0,02 0,015 0,01 0,005 0 100 200 300 400 500 Broj ciklusa troenja Number of wear cyclus I II IV VI

Slika 2. Prikaz srednje vrijednosti gubitka mase uzoraka I, II, IV i VI Figure 2. Mean values of mass loss of samples I, II, IV and VI
400 350 300 10-6 mm3/Nm 250 200 150 100 50

Slika 1. Uzorak I, glinina keramika, i kvrica zuba nakon 500 ciklusa troenja Figure 1. Sample I, alumina ceramic material, and tuberculum after 500 cycles.

II

III

VI

Slika 3. Prikaz faktora troenja uzoraka Figure 3. Wear factors of samples

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nu keramiku (Creation). Rezultati ispitivanja Imai i sur. (31) pokazali su najmanje troenje za uzorke IPS Empress 1 keramike u usporedbi s drugim keramikama u testu troenja s dva i tri tijela. Prema rezultatima ovog ispitivanja, faktor troenja za IPS Empress 1 keramiku u kontaktu s caklinom bio je nizak kao i za glinine keramike. Zakljuci 1. Provedeno istraivanje rezultiralo je razvojem nove metode i ureaja za ispitivanje tribolokih svojstava estetskih protetskih materijala. 2. Utvrena je znaajna razlika u gubitku mase te u dubini i irini traga troenja na razliitim estetskim protetskim materijalima. 3. Uzorci estetskih protetskih materijala pokazali su razlike u ponaanju pri istim uvjetima abrazivnog troenja: uzorak VI glinina keramika (Creation) pokazuje najmanje troenje, slino kao i uzorak I glinine keramike (d.Sign). Najvee troenje odreeno je za uzorak II polimer (Chromasit) te ceromer (Targis). 4. Faktori troenja, odreeni matematikim izrazom preuzetim iz strojarske prakse, predstavljaju brojani pokazatelj na temelju kojeg je mogue usporediti razliite vrste materijala koji se koriste u klinikoj praksi.

observed when the opposing surfaces are tuberculi. This difference decreases when the peak of a tuberculum is removed, and the opposing surface appears flat (16). Creation ceramic material (Klema Dentalprodukte, Meiningen, Austria) presents possibly excellent clinical properties with regards to wear, volume loss, and depth of the wear trace (30). It is implied by the results from this study least mass loss and least wear was measured for the alumina ceramic material Creation. The results of Imai et al. (31) have shown least wear for IPS Empress 1 samples when compared to other ceramic materials in wear test with two and three parts. According to the results of this study, wear factor for IPS Empress 1 in contact with enamel was low, as was for alumina ceramic materials. Conclusions 1. The study resulted in a novel method and device for testing wear properties of esthetic prosthetic materials. 2. Statistical difference in mass loss, depth and width of wear trace in tested materials was found. 3. Samples of esthetic prosthetic materials have shown differences in the same conditions of abrasive wear: sample VI alumina ceramic Creation showed least wear, similarly to sample I alumina ceramic d.Sign. Most wear was observed for sample II polymer Chromasit and ceromere Targis. 4. Wear factors, determined by a mathematical formula transferred from engineering, represent a numerical indicator that can be used as the base for comparison of different materials that are used in clinical practice.

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Triboloka svojstva protetskih materijala Received: October 1, 2005 Accepted: February 16, 2006 Address for correspondence Assoc. Prof. Ketij Mehuli, DDS, PhD Department of Prosthodontics School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb Gundulieva 5 HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia Tel. +8514802112 Fax +8514802159 mehulic@sfzg.hr Key words Denture Wear, Dental Materials, Polymers, Ceramics.

Abstract Knowledge of wear characteristics of esthetic prosthetic materials is essential in everyday dental practice. To establish a new, original, method and produce a device for examining wear characteristics of constructive prosthetic materials, to assess the wear characteristics of different esthetic prosthetic materials and to examine the relationship in a wear pair: natural tooth - prosthetic material. The study was performed on a modified device Taber abraser on samples of six different esthetic prosthetic materials. The wear is smallest for samples of alumina ceramics (Creation and d.Sign), and greatest for polymer (Chromasit) and ceromer material (Targis). The smallest wear factors were established for alumina ceramics as well. The study has resulted in the development of a new method and new device for examining the wear characteristics of prosthetic materials.

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