Sean Li Math 7370 Notes Spring 2013 Algebraic Number Theory Lecture 23 3/13/13 First Uniqueness Theorem.

m. Let A be a commutative ring and I and ideal, and let q1 qn be a minimal primary decomposition of I . By minimal, we mean that i = R(qi ) are distinct and it is irredundant. Then the radicals i depend only on I . In fact the i s are (a) prime and (b) of the form R(I : x) for some x A. Proof. Suppose satises (a) and (b), we want to show is one of the i s. = R(I : x) = R( qi : x) = R( (qi : x)) = R(qi : x) =
i |x / qi

i .

This implies equals one of the i , as follows. Claim 1. If contains an intersection of ideals Ii , then contains at least one of the Ii . Let xi / Ii , then xi Ii . Contradicts being prime. Claim 2. If = Ii then = Ii for some i. Proved by Claim 1.

This proves that a given satisfying (a) and (b) is one of the i . Conversely, (a) is trivial. Then note that i = ,
x / qi

so we need to nd an x not in qi but in qj for all j = i. From the minimality of the decomposition, we know this xi exists, otherwise qi would include the intersection j =i qj . Hence each i satises (a) and (b). Second Uniqueness Theorem. The qi s themselves are unique if the corresponding i s are minimal in the set of radicals. The set of radicals for a given I is called the primes associated with I , Ass(I ). E.g. I = (X 2 , XY ), Ass(I ) = {(X ), (X, Y )}. If A is a domain of dimension 1, then all the elements of Ass(I ) are minimal if I = 0. In addition, all the primary components are unique. Use localization. Let S be a multiplicative set in A, and : A S 1 A, and let IS = 1 (S 1 I ). If q is a primary ideal and S = where = R(q ), then S 1 q is primary with radical S 1 , and qS = q . Can show x qS implies x q , thus qS = q .