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13-1. Carbon Bonds 13-2. Alkanes 13-3. Petroleum Products 13-4. Structural Formulas 13-5. Isomers 13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 13-7. Benzene 13-8. Hydrocarbon Groups 13-9. Functional Groups 13-10. Polymers
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds; inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of all elements other than carbon.
The general properties of carbon compounds are: 1. Most carbon compounds are non-electrolytes. 2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are usually slow. 3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air but rapidly if heated. 4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high temperatures.
13-5. Isomers
Optical Isomers
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/ch m19104/isomers/stereoisomers/index.htm
Structural Isomers
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educm at/chm19104/isomers/intro.htm
13.7 Benzene
Aromatic compounds
Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that do not contain benzene rings.
Octane
8 carbons
Table 13.1
Alkynes
Acetylene 2 carbons Propyne 3 carbons Butyne 4 carbons
Octene
8 carbons
Octanol 8 carbons
Aldehydes
Double bond O with H on end
Carboxylic Acids
Double bond O with OH
Esters
Double bond O with O both in middle
Table 13.2
13-10 Polymers
A polymer is a long chain of simple molecules (monomers) linked together. Polymers that contain the vinyl group are classed as vinyls. Some examples of polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon, and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can be shaped when heated but becomes rigid again on cooling..
Table 13.3
13-10 Polymers
A copolymer is a polymer that consists of two different monomers. Dynel and Saran Wrap are examples. Certain monomers that contain two double bonds in each molecule form flexible, elastic polymers called elastomers; rubber and neoprene are examples. Polyamides and polyesters are polymers produced by chemical reactions rather than by the polymerization of monomers.
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13-10 Polymers
Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a nostick surface in cookware.
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13-14. Proteins
13-15 Soil Nitrogen 13-16. Nucleic Acids 13-17. Origin of Life
13-11. Carbohydrates
-Allose
-Altrose
-Glucose
-Mannose
-Gulose
-Idose
-Galactose
-Talose
-D-Glucose
-D-Glucose
13.11 Polysaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Amylopectin
13.11 Polysaccharides
Cellulose in wood is extracted and converted to paper at this plant in Maine. Microorganisms in the stomachs of cows help them digest cellulose in plants.
13.12 Photosynthesis
13.12 Photosynthesis
13-13. Lipids
13-13. Lipids
13-14. Proteins
The polypeptide chain forms a backbone structure in proteins: On first inspection, this structure appears to be connected entirely by single C-C or C-N bonds. It should therefore be as flexible as a simple hydrocarbon chain. Note that flexing in a covalent structure does not occur by bending bonds, and the normal tetrahedral or trigonal planar bond angles are maintained. Instead, different shapes are obtained by torsional rotation about the axis of the bonds: