kfnmrwdidafl l (~dvcrb d~use)

-..

."

Adverb clause HU ~ 54 U Dependent clause #41/~u'7d ld~l8(1? filJ47 Adverb

Go

muniu.1

qtvdivrl

~iioniuiitclwd

k
Type of Sentence
Simple sentence Complex sentence Simple sentence Complex sentence

Examples

Notes
"late" t f h Adverb
n?fl7 " d v e d n lt17W

a. Karen arrived late.

b.

Karen arrived bef~fe! the

Ubefore....began" 1%~ clause

~1~17un3~17 "anived"
I

show began.

r
d.

c. The,concert was exceptionaHy bbcxceptiondly" L ~ Adverb U good. The concert was so'good
2 1 L 1 7 L I Adjective "good"

"so good that applause" 1%~

...

that the audience gave a big clause 21Vlll Adjective applause.

"good"

--t

Simple sentence

e. She spoke very softly.

"veryn W'IU Adverb P I L 1 7 U Adverb "softly"

'

I Complex sentence

f.

She spoke so sofily that no

"so softly that hear9"L ~ U

...

one could hear.

( clause

,
I

21LIIfl Adverb "softly"

I
1
1

Adverb clause 9 d J n ~ ~ & ~ td l lD k ~(subordinator) dl%nil subordinate

~:~UlU~7~ihd~l? subordinate i ~ f l ~ l clause
b:

I
I

onj junction

Subordinate conjunction ' 1U~7111~j~[)~~Hfl7nHfl7LIdUD79llu'Ut~~~~U 7

I1

pnucmu~u~uli 7 ntju ttn'arntju9aolnu~in7u$uoi~ldd

.*!
I

To what degree? Under what condition? With 'what concession?

ou 9 d s d a ~ u e n r ~(when?) m Adverb clause fl$~ijd3~08

hnfu subordinate conjunction duonnmd

Main clause L~~"UULUEI~R

di a i ~ u ~ u ~ 6 ~ ~ u n ~ u m i u m

%Jlh6n'~Main clause

G N U

d '

Examples
l

Notes

a. When I anived in Paris, I went to

1

the Lourn. b. I go to visit Jane whenever I go to

c. When I finish my paper, 1'11 call you.

Gaa"9ancn
/

1.

lpn75la' whenlwhenever

~DU~'I:IUA
dd
4

&9:"4:97U

a: tense UD4W4

R D clause ~ lu2d~Guaircdss~~nnd~akbcl~msawbnn%uws'aa~ 7 t % ~ cl~aln8~iitl.r

cY

2.

'Luu74~5.t o79n5:~flfl%I7au Main clause b

a:

. ,

when clause n5:97fl

b f h present simple bdil

d h future simple U N : ~ d w r - c Y l b R n 4 ~ i ~ 6 ~ m 5 a " 1 ~ ~ ~ 7 A bnn2Iu 01n~4\U

2 . 6 ~ 6 d a ~ r r i u r n ~ n 7 5 & i 6 7 6 (As ~~a /~ While) ~7~ d s cY

ni7

tclqm~d2 ~ w q n ~ ~ ~ r n m 2 1 u w ds ~' ~ a~rn~d~d.jd7~iiuodu7u

cY
d
1 .

oz'la"si7-h as / while uudiu clause nni7a& bclqn7sd$7iuraa~u7uni7

Examples
a. As I was walking in the park, I met the Smiths.

Notes
I

f l 7 ' 1 b f t ~ l i ? R 7 ~ 7 ~ f l j m5wufh~an l

&a
'lud~:1tl~$bw~n7ssu'n".~a0.jd7b~umaud

b. While John was reading the paper, his wife was ironing. c. As Sue grows older, she becomes more talkative.

6~ld
dd I U ~ ~ : I U O ~ ndn~48flla:tlm0d~n~

~?~~a"olw"u&n"u .
I

! .>

Ga&ancn
1.
U7u

InadnR As/ while - clause O:nd7?&bwqnlsdid7bfiu6~ubai7 t

66R:U'nornsL.pluTense9:5:97 Tense
2.

LOU

continuous (be + Ving) &bJLd~~aad14-a

U

6:

w7nnii7ii.rtnqn7zd~diriiur~unn7u7u~aufh~d8n79~~rl
clause (Aodn -b)
ct:
f

continuous
I"

161kan4
3.

~ ) n n d l ? ~ ~ ~ f i 7 ? ~ ~ ~ d ~ d 7 4 d b8oi~ns:wu d ~ 3 w " u n tense " u 'lun4ai14

clause tau Present simple L M ~ D U ~(Pi?0d74 U -c)

:tc:

'.

4.

YSince" V D ~ ~ G ~ U $ ~ Y U Umain D ~ clause ~ Y ~&~d~ l l~ hJ Sl~ ~ l~u W d

d

It:

Jn'flPu~Pgih %hinn5%Plflkfh past tense ~uYUUN~M main clause n'ir91fll8u present

perfect
5.

"As soon as" l L ~ ~ 9 ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ l 5 ~ M l n G d J b d D ' T ~P nI'E oJd Zw ~ 'C~~w ~" ~L?;I Adverb clause 1 ~ 5 r m ~ ~efiuuihsiud.rr~un d II%~%I& main
dd'

dd

pi?qlau
6.
d

clause nlsl udSq5eEinil clause ~ ~ u . i r d s r GI T~ clause ~ d u ' n ~ ~ u h g ~nln ~au

6aqn~s~Gunm~ ~~YUUFJ.~~LM~~~~~~PI~~~M'~~UO~Z~'U'I~M~'.J
Exercise 1 Read the following sentences carefully and fill in the blank with a suitable subordinator of time. Also put in punctuation where necessary. Examples Please call me when it is time to go.

1.
2.
3.

-------the gate was open the crowd rushed in.

The children 'enjoy going to the sea There was an earthquake Karen has moved to Bangkok Only ten people survived the school is close. John arrived in Japan yesterday. she was a child. the temble bus accident occurred. John was reading a newspaper. his mother came to

4.
5.
6.

Mary was watching TV

pick him up.

7.

The little boy had to wait at the school

8.

The children are told to wash their hands meal.

they have their

9.

------ Timrny has a free time he listens to music or goes swimming.

you were talking to him.
bcl

10. He ate three sandyviches

74

EN 205

Exercise 2

Put the verb in the follo

Examples

to the correct form.

He lost his

was going on a city tow.

1.
2.

3.

I (speak) to her sev he (read), but she (not hear) me. He(teach) English for tw6 mbnths when he (live) in Bangkok as a journalist. 1 (open) the door just as my friend (ring) the bell. We (walk) to the library when it (begin) to rain. The maid (drop) two cups while she (wash up) last night. Whed the teacher (come) in, the boys (play). When I (see) him, he (sing) and (read), I (look) for a penny when I (find) an earring. The dog (bite) her on the ankle while she (catch) it. While he (get) off the train, he (fall) and (cut) his face.
7 ,

wd~rll~~wsuen 9 nnwd (Adverb clause of Plan)

Adverb clause ~ G D U A ~ P 4 ~U 4< ~ ~~ O l ~ 1 ~ d dd1ldDU 8 ~ ~ ~ 2~dl ~ ~ f h ~ 7 y
i6

where llfi:

wherever
I

1
*

. *

Examples

Notes

a. She cannot go where her family will

where - elause U~lnl$$l

~ftlll"

spend the summer. b. I'll find him wherever he has gone. "whmver" ~ $ ~ ~ ~ u H u I "bbj(l~ u~-I

iimlufl

clause dnoufilnlu where? ~ l ~ l 5 n ~ ~ u n U h l l ) l ( i J n * 7 ~ t l 5 z ~ ~ " ~ ~ 0 ~ n " 4 i i 7

ru ld ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u a n o 1 (Adverb n7.r
d

clause of Manner)

Adverb clause nmauAln~u4l ' L M ~ ~ ~ ~ C ~ U U L ~ S~I U BR UYOU~A~~~UJ~I ~ ~~~

ldau 2 d l do as if

M ~ E I as though

ij~~~uwu7 "~~ 46 1~31"

Examples

Notes

a. Jane speaks as if she owned the place.

,

wln Main clause LQUpresent simple

ftidu Adverb clause n 5 ~ 1 f l ~ past fi~

simple
-~

b. He ate as if he had not eaten for a

l Main n clause L

~ .past U simple n 3 ~ 1

week.
c. He spoke as if he were not sure

IU Adverb clause W t f i ~ past perfect

U f l h "verb tg beyy fl~nflrfh "wereyy

fiaihrnn
1.
nz7ud~rfJu~"sw3du'

$afl?lZJIIJ as if I as though clause UR(IJ&~~~~RIRLSI~ %l?O&fid

2.

Pir'n5z~lf.1 tense 'lUd5Z~Ufl Adverb clause L ~ U E ~ & tense ~ I(

1~

Main clause SI4U

L

wad'

Main clause '

Present Past

Adverb clause
Past Past perfect

luns4 verb to b n ~6aunsz~iurff past u perfect ~d .'a IM?#~I "were77 ZJi7ds-mu~-rfluronvrounsow yw~d (tiaadi~-c) 4. as if / as though ~17~7~~i)u~u0ii~~nd~b~u31ud~::Tfim~0 v fi~dszk~m ~i'~iinl'sui
3.

ayd ~ ~ T t ~ ~~H u ~W a% nw I a (Adverb clause of Reason or Result: why?) Adverb clause nijud O I P U ~ Q ~ 2 ~nijudau ~ ~ U ~nu~~inriirdo uaz u
m3lUMUlU @UM

1. 61t ~ a u u a m c waw~onitwcq q (&/Since/Because)

L ~ Adverb U

clause d ~ ? ' ~ i f ~ & f f i M l? M OL ~~

U~IIS~~L~~~I~JR

Examples

Notes

a. We have to stay e night because the weather is too bad to go on.

Because - clause O ? V ~ U L M ~ W R ~ I ~ M ~ ~ R

k " h ~ $ n h ~ luds:Tfimdm~isn %~ tdeuurgu "as / sincen U

I

b. &/Since you are here, you may join our party.

as/since - clause ~ ~ 3 i U ~ U l ~ ~ i
tUOQQ7fl (seeing

that)
I
. . ?

1.
2.

415 "as / since / because n?ldir~ufi~flunisrrffn~r~",wa

Adverb clause

~ M d' ~ I U E ~ ~ UA' ~ S ~ ~ ~ U Fl M M?EI UU QIIU ~w U ~~ ~main J% T ~ ~

clause ~ i w i n c ~ u u ~ u d i u d s " v ~ u m i i r ~ u o lcomma '~~~d (~ ~m O~ ~~I l -b) J ~~~iu

2.
I

d d m t m f l h q d &A' ~~ (In order that / ~ & that)

~I.J Adverb clause dn'imupna/wu-iu vPsauankqJsm~4

Examples

Notes

a. She studies hard so that she can get a scholarship.

Adverb clause

i&~iu?md~m~46f/

"b~ob<u~vlld"n'~.

b. The children behave nicely in order that they may have ice-cream

Adverb clause ~5uiuR $71~ 44dn 1& I

fliiYaGiW

1.
2.

so that / in order that ~ R ~ I U H U I U ~ w W { W~ O bbam~#bbnwh*b6 Adverb clause

donuniii~~i)nud' cR'oddn'suidau (dodal) 6 i ~ a n will / would, shall / should, can / could di)may / might ( g & ~ ( / 1 4-a 6 b a m b)
3.
Adverbclause ~ ~ ~ W ~ ~ ~ M ~ a ~ i nU cla ~ us I ek Uh~ H~&
I

Exercise 3 Read the following sentences carefully and fill in the blank with a suitable subordinator of reason or result.

Examples You should study hard so that you may get a good grade,

1.
2.

Keep well-buttoned She went to the market

you will not get a cold. she wanted to buy some fruit.
,

3.

The children should go to bed early You should start working Tom won the race

they will get up early.

4. 5.
78

you may finish it before lunch. he practiced very hard.

EN 205

6.
7.

The library is clos Peter is my best fnwd good advices.

Sunday. he always helps me and gives me

8. 9. 10.

Bring an umbrell Give me your eIwenttoseeadoc

ou will not get wet. s ------ we can get in touch. I was sick.

eudss~mlsuenrrdiu 9 (Adverb clause of Degree)

Adverb clause A ~ U U P
kfifl~dfl~ (comparison) RPU
W e Y

d'

I. r i ~ ~ d a ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~ r(AS 6 u i ~/u~~on w so t' (as)

....

.....AS)

Statement Negative

as not so not as

adj/adv adj / adv

as as

Clause clause

Examples

Notes

a. He works as hard as the boss expects. u ~ i d i ~ 7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ b. It was not so expensive as I thought

"&~IJuwP~~GR\?' ~~tliI~)lk~um~~in~oi~~ud~.s

b. He did not pay as much tax as we did.

; a olin~3aGaufij~n'u

comparative
more / less + adj.
/

than
adv. than

clause
clause
I

Examples

Notes

a. It is getting dark faster than we expect.

~Guuduvl, uu'~i5?n$lnd~lnli"

b. He cooked more delicious than the chef did.

bd~ubfi~ "~lai0~nj7~8ms'au"~~ ~ji

ndq"
~d~uub~uuji "%~a0~16aunj7~

c. He seemed to be less distracted than I did at his age.

1.
2.

hdh$&$d

mmparativeI~?$;d
d
V P

comparative N I . h u than '

ninldi2d comparative

O~MLWN more I less

'l5~1.h Adjective

Adverb b b i h g l l ~ $ ~ F l than

3. ~ ~ L ~ B Y ~ ~ ( I S ) J W ~

...that)

1. so

adj. / adv. adj. + n. (sing) adj + n. (pl.)

that

- cl.

2. such a such

that - cl.

Examples

Notes

a. The dog was so fierce that no one dared go near it.

"~~?lqYlfll~f152$J...."

b. They have such a lovely daughter

that everyone envies them.

"Z$la???l~qW?tl 6?lli?in~~3noobn9~$~

..."

c. They have ,such lovely daughters

that everyone envies them.

h~nl~611%3~d'i~hJ -b F l4 l q h 1 4 4 'a

daughter" <U "daughters" H I ~ ~ ~ U ~ U ~ U

~ ~ ~ i r d h article b d d

Exercise 4

Fill in the blank with suitable word or words.

Examples

She is so nice that no one hates her.

1.

Apasara is her twice.

beautiful

everyone can't help looking at the boy dares not go near that house.

2.

Itis ------ fierce dog

3.

The box' was not My wife can cook better That painting is Her children are

heavy

I expected.

4.
5.

The movie was more exciting ugly lovely kids

I thought.
the chef can. no one wants it. everyone envies her. all the wonderful match most of the students cried. the tears ran down her

6.
7.

8.
9.

Pete Sarnpras performed spectators could hardly believe it. She told She was cheeks. sad Story ----

10.

moved by the movie

Bw 9 d~t:'6erm UETIQ

d~W

(Adverb clause of Condition)

Adverb clause nduu ~ ~ f l 4 W J l S J M ~ l t l ~ l h R Main ? l u clause ~~

DIQLR~

fululi mnc~~nisni1,6uldmiudoultl IGI~~$~I~PZI$+~IL 2 n'? ~ E if I n' u unless

Examples
a. If it rains, there won't be a party.

Notes
~ E I u I ~ P ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ f~Zldn'UdU G I ~ I u "fi

duoln flu'3s1u~~
b. There wil1,be a party unless it rains.
~ I R ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ ? ~ -a' u uidduu ~ ~ z I "if" E J R

LOU

"unless" ~ ~ ~ R X U H U I ~ if. ~ ..not JI

hniunisciiiu if-clause
~~~LUUWUIU(Basic

~ R I ~ M R I ~ ~ ~ U UU ~~ UU U ~ U P B ~ ~ I ~ & ~ Q W I ~ :

a '

type)

tlMfll5flSZ5llU

tense
\

LLRZAnUVlUlUtl~4if-clause

3 UUU fluu

W c Y

82

EN 205

conditional tense

perfect conditional

Examples

Notes

a. If he runs, he will be in time for the exam.

"LYTI:~~%JHEIIJ

.wln~d; m!n~sdif ~

l~uld16

ciuPrGusaJanw uun IOU b. I ~ were I a bird, I would fly around U ~ ~ n ~ u ~ 9 d o q i ~ af ~ t f i u ! ~II qmsddi.s the world.
L~~G$UIZI~I
U ~~~E ~ IIJ u c. If I had known before I would have M I ~ ~ %

~ ~ ~ ' K ~1 ~ 1 du I M ~ I ~ ? J

helped him.

Wu4on1d&dai ~ ~ r l r r q n ~ s d d ~ u ~ d
1 1 a ;

aaautnm
lM~"5dhd4?lh

Y O ,

2.
"75&

if

a: clause UUU~BD.I L Q U ~ D U I U ~ I U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U Q LW571Q~UULYly ~'J

Main clause ~ ~ J D ~ P L R R $ U I R I
3.

if - clause uuudmu ~ i l u n n n i 7 ~ i n k ~ ~ ~ n n f W~WW'O u"~ua~~1d if clause

m ~ i 5 ~ o ~ ~ u h ~ n G ~ d i r I d R5 U~~~~u L n~ ~ I U ~ U
d

U&

~ ~ ~ u n ~ i k J d7 a3 uJ1 D~ ~O 1L~ ~ ~ R ~ ~ I ~1 O"S.I

4.
v
I

comma n30L?~uI~'H~'J main clause tllfl

Exercise 5
Put the verb in the following 'sentences into the correct form.

Examples
He will come if you call him.

1. You (spoil) it if ybu (not be) careful.

2.

If I (know) that, I (not make) a mistake It (be) better if you (wait) If I (be) you, I (go) home immediately. He (tell) you if you (ask) him. lf'it (be) five, I (go) for a swim.

3.
4. 5.
6.

7.
8.

I (help) you if I (can).

The glass (break) if you (not catch) it.

9.

If water (be heated), it (boil).

i

10. If I (win) a lottery, I (go) around the world.

-- - -

sud~~~~~urms (A ~ a 7 ~ d wof Concession)

O

Subordinate conjunction

even though UR: though

igttlbl~mu

a. I always treat him nicely, although I hate him.

&dtfiafuIu although - clause U R ~ U ~%uma~ijTaudnfi C t j ~6'tdavi~gfi

rhs:u~rnilii~nu~nn~~an"u~~
dd
r

b. Though I got up early, I was late for the morning lecture.

&C(tfid~l~ though - clause ~"~YUWJTU 4 4 n a ~ ~ m u d nd f ii ~ uuramu~aitt6q 6

rilcl5I~ll~ ua~ nv U

I.

clause aiim~rnu~5ne:duui?'oi'~d5:1~1~ ( & a h -b)

da6'~u

d5:Iu~ (hati19 -a) 2. oio~ldtdawu~u comma ttunno Main clause ~ ~ ~ I ~ Y ~ ~ u 6va&I" t1w51dm~u &&J%?~'uMain clause L % J ~ L ~ ~ ~ IU ( ttidjldq~~afi ~DI b: u'oyrt$u~8uti~uu

nq'an 2 : Whereas, where, ,while . [ # L L R ~ ~ R ~ I U ( I ~ I k Un ~~ n m a u u u u ?

pm~$m(I~a#a~aC/amn674n"u

'dam

d'cr

Examples

Notes

a. While some countries rely on $EJRTIu.[u wain clause LLR' while -clause
f l? 6 I1U q$ k~~LL~ water conservation, others find L L ~ F ~ ~ ~ . J L L M ? F ~
d

ways to increase the water supply.

!

b. There were heavy rains in the $~IR+IU~M Main clause LLR:: whereas northeast, whereas people in the clause L L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ P U O ) ? R ~ L L ( ~ ~ ~ I . J ~ " U South shortage. ~uffered from water
I

r r u

Adverb clause ~ ~ ~ ' U U U ? ~ ~ ~ R ~ D U H comma UIU ~i~%f~I'm.lehi~lldqLl~~

l#fl?c~ Adverb clause

dbP

nq'U A C/O~Ulfl~?lLri?

Exercise 6 Combine each pair of the following sentences into a complex sentence by one of the subordinating conjunctions given below. Be sure to use them only once and put punctuation where necessary.

although since
I

as soon as so...that

because so that

if unless

now that when

--

86

EN 205

/I

I
'1

1.
2.

John jumped ou

ploded.

Everyone was quite stunned by the news. No one could utter a word. Michael had taken a taxi. He would have arrived in time. Sanan was very glad to see his friends. He has never met them for 10 years. The boy will miss the train. He gets up very early. Sapha has moved to Bairigkok. The war broke out in her country. Sue studied hard. She could get a scholarship. It is getting dark. The children are hunying home. Bangkokians usually feel w~rried. There are big floods. Preecha prepared himself very well. He failed in the entrance exam.

3.
4.

5.
6.

7.

8.
9.

10.

Exercise 7
Fill in the blank with suitable dause. necessary. Also put in punctuation where

Example
She will not pass the salt unless you ask. You have+to clean the window since He decided to stap smoking after I will come to see you unless She sold her car because _ ,, Do not disturb me while I was so surprised that
, ,

.
.

. .

.
.

My teacher would give me a calendar if In the concert, Emily sang as if He promised her to go Chere
.

. .

He always gives her presents although

. I