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=
R
O
=R
S
=600O (Assuming R
S
of ASG as 600O)
N = Attenuation factor = Vi / Vo = 2,
Therefore R
1
= 200O, R
2
= 800O,
R
1
= 200O, R
2
= 800O, R
L
= 600O
t- Type
1) - (N
1) (N R
R
2N
1) (N R
R
O
2
2
O
1
+
=
=
R
O
=R
S
=600O (Assuming Rs. of ASG as 600O)
N = attenuation factor Vi / Vo = 2,
Therefore R
1
= 450O, R
2
= 1.8 KO.
R
1
= 450O, R
2
= 1.8 KO, R
L
= 600O
Type V
i
volts V
O
volts N = V
i
/V
O
T-Type
t-Type
9
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Experiment No: DATE: __/__/____
Attenuators T, t, Lattice and O-Pad Types
AIM: - Design the attenuation circuits using T, t, O-Pad and Lattice type
networks to attenuate a given signal of amplitude _______volts and frequency
______Hz to be reduced to 50% of the amplitude. Test the circuit and record the
results.
PROCEDURE: -
1. Find the source resistance R
S
of ASG.
2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Adjust the amplitude of the input signal at 5V
P-P
at 1KHz.
4. Measure the amplitude of the output signal.
5. Find the attenuation factor N.
Design:-
1. T-Type attenuators:-
For N=2 and R
S
= R
O
= 600, then
800
1) (N
N
2R R
200
1) (N
1) - (N
R R
2 O 2
O 1
=
=
=
+
=
2. t-Type attenuators:-
For N=2 and R
S
= R
O
= 600, then
1.8K
1) (N
1) (N
R R
450
2N
1) - (N
R R
O 2
2
O 1
=
+
=
= =
10
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Lattice-Type Attenuator O-Pad Type Attenuator
Design:-
Specification: Vi = 5v, Vo = 2.5v, f = 1KHz
Lattice- Type
1) - (N
2N R
R
1) (N
1) (N R
R
2
O
2
O
1
=
+
=
R
O
=R
S
=600O (Assuming R
S
of ASG as 600O)
N = Attenuation factor = Vi / Vo = 2,
Therefore R
1
= 200O, R
2
= 800O,
R
1
= 200O, R
2
= 800O, R
L
= 600O
O-Pad Type
1) - (N
1) (N R
R
2N
1) (N R
R
O
2
2
O
1
+
=
=
R
O
=R
S
=600O (Assuming Rs. of ASG as 600O)
N = attenuation factor Vi / Vo = 2,
Therefore R
1
= 450O, R
2
= 1.8 KO.
R
1
= 450O, R
2
= 1.8 KO, R
L
= 600O
Type V
i
volts V
O
volts N = V
i
/V
O
Lattice-Type
O-Pad Type
11
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Design:-
3. Lattice-Type attenuators:-
For N=2 and R
S
= R
O
= 600, then
800
1) (N
N
2R R
200
1) (N
1) - (N
R R
2 O 2
O 1
=
=
=
+
=
4. O-Pad Type attenuators:-
For N=2 and R
S
= R
O
= 600, then
1.8K
1) (N
1) (N
R R
450
2N
1) - (N
R R
O 2
2
O 1
=
+
=
= =
Conclusion:-
Staff-in-charge:-
12
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -
Collector AM and Demodulation using Envelop Detector
Design:-
Specifications: -
Tuned frequency = f
IFT
, Assume f
IFT
= 455 KHz, t = 2.19 sec
RC >> t, i.e., RC = 100 t = 0.219 msec
Choose C = 0.01 f, then R = 21.97 K, Select R = 22K (Std. value)
Envelope detector: -
fc
1
C R
fm
1
1 1
> >
Let R
1
C
1
= 100 / fc ~ 0.219 msec
Choose C
1
= 1 f, then R
1
= 219O, Select R
1
= 220 O (std. value)
R
1
= 220 O, C
1
= 1 f, R = 22KO, C = 0.01f
Check point: -
- Ensure that AFT is not loading the ASG.
- Check the transistor (See self checking)
- Adjust the carrier frequency exactly equal to f
IFT
.
- Observe the clamped signal at the base of the transistor.
13
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Experiment No: DATE: __/__/____
Collector AM & Demodulation using Envelop Detector
AIM:- Conduct an experiment to generate an AM signal using collector
modulation for an f
C
= _______KHz and f
m
= _______Hz. Plot the variations of
modulating signal amplitude v/s modulation index.
PROCEDURE: -
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.
2. By switching off the modulating signal, find the tuned frequency of IFT by
varying the carrier signal frequency.
3. Keeping the carrier frequency the tuned frequency of IFT switch on the
modulating signal and observe the AM signal at the output of IFT.
4. Find the modulation index m, the amplitude of the carrier signal Vc and
the amplitude of the message signal Vm from the AM output by
measuring Vmax and Vmin.
Measure Vmax & Vmin
(i) from the AM o/p
(ii) from the Trapezoidal w/f
5. By varying amplitude of the modulating signal note down m, Vm, Vc
from Vmax and Vmin. Make sure that Vc is remaining constant.
6. Plot graph of V
m
v/s % m.
7. Connect the envelope detector ckt to the IFT o/p and observe the
demodulated signal.
Note: To obtain the trapezoidal wave from, feed the modulating signal to
Channel A and the modulated signal to channel B of CRO and time / Div knob
in X via A position.
14
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Tabulation:-
Modulation
Tuned frequency of IFT, f
IFT
= ____________KHz
Sl.No V
max
(V) V
min
(V) m =
min max
min max
V V
V - V
+
Vm =
2
V - V
min max
Vc =
2
V V
min max
+
Demodulation
Sl.No Vo (V) fo (Hz)
2
Vmin) (Vmax
Vc ,
2
Vmin) (Vmax
Vm ,
Vmin) (Vmax
Vmin) (Vmax
m
+
=
=
+
=
( )
( )
2 1
2 1
L L
L L
m
+
=
15
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
WAVE FORMS: -
(a) Carrier wave, (b) Sinusoidal wave, (c) Amplitude modulated signal.
Conclusion:-
Staff-in-charge:-
16
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -
Balanced Modulator (Using Diodes)
D1, D2, D3, D4 OA79
Waveforms-
17
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Experiment No: DATE: __/__/____
Balanced Modulator (Using Diodes)
Aim:- Rig up a balanced modulator (Ring modulator) circuit. Test its operation
and record the waveforms.
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the modulating signal (Sine wave) with frequency fm and the
carrier signal (square wave) with frequency f
C
(f
C
= 10 f
m
).
3. Observe the phase reversal of 180
0
at each Zero crossing of modulating
signal in the output DSBSC signal.
Tabulation:-
Sl.No. V
C
Volts f
C
Hz Vm Volts fm Hz
Conclusion:-
Staff-in-charge:-
18
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -
Class-C Tuned Amplifier
f Hz V
O
volts V
DC
volts I
C
mA R
L
ohms
mW
8R
V
P
L
2
O
AC
=
mW
I V P
C DC DC
=
DC
AC
P
P
=
Design:-
Specification:
Frequency f = 150 KHz, t = 6.66 usec
R
1
C
1
>> t, i.e, R
1
C
1
= 100 t
Choose C
1
= 0.01f, the R
1
= 66.6 KO.Select R
1
= 68 KO (std value)
Tank ckt:
=
t
= f
150KHz
If C = 0.001f, then L = 1.125 mH ~1mH. Then F
actual
= 159 KHz.
R1 = 68KO, C1 = 0.01f, C= 0.001f, L = 1mH
Check points: -
- Check the transistor (See self checking)
- Adjust i/p frequency exactly equal to tuned frequency.
- Observe the clamped signal at the base of the transistor.
19
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Experiment No: DATE: __/__/____
Class-C Tuned Amplifier
Aim:- Design and test a Class-C Tuned amplifier to work at f
O
= ______KHz
(Center frequency). Find its maximum efficiency at optimum load.
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the input frequency of the signal to get maximum output at the
load.
3. For the applied DC voltage adjust the amplitude of input sine wave signal
so that the output signal peak to peak amplitude is twice of the DC voltage
(without any distortion).
4. Vary the load resistance R
L
around 10 KW.
5. Note Vo, V
DC
, I
C
and R
L
to find P
AC
and P
DC
hence the efficiency.
(Note: While measuring V
o
, short the Ammeter connection)
Ideal graph:-
Conclusion :-
Staff-in-charge:-
20
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Circuit Diagram: -
Frequency Modulation Circuit: -
Frequency Demodulation Circuit: -
Sl.No fc Hz fm Hz Vm volts fcmax Hz fcmin Hz o1 Hz o2 Hz o Hz
m
f
=
T
2 B =
2 1 cmin c 2 c cmax 1
or of Max , f - f , f - f = = =
21
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Experiment No: DATE: __/__/____
Frequency Modulation & Demodulation
Aim:- Design and conduct a suitable experiment to generate an FM wave using
IC8038. Find the modulation index | and the bandwidth of operation B
T
. Display
the various waveforms.
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. By switching off the modulating signal m(t), note down the carrier sine
wave of frequency of f
C
at pin 2 of IC 8038.
3. Apply the modulating signal m(t) with suitable amplitude to get
undistorted FM signal.
4. Note down maximum and minimum frequency of the carrier in FM signal
(i.e., f
C max
and f
Cmin
)
5. Find the frequency deviation, modulation index & operation band width.
6. Test the demodulator circuit by giving FM output from IC8038 as an input
for the demodulator circuit.
22
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Design-1: -
1. FM modulator circuit.
Let carrier frequency f
C
= 3 KHz, f
C
= 0.3/R C
t
.
Choose R = 10K = R
a
= R
b
, then Ct = 0.01f.
Take R
L
= 10K, C
C
= 0.01f.
2. Demodulator using PLL.
Let f
O
= f
C
= 3 KHz, f
O
= 1.2/4R
1
C
1
.
Choose C
1
= 0.001f, then R
1
= 100K.
Filter design: Let f
m
= 1 KHz = 1/2tRC
Choose C = 0.1f, then R = 1.59 K ~ 1.5 K
Design - 2: -
1. FM modulator circuit.
Let carrier frequency f
C
= 5 KHz, f
C
= 0.3/R C
t
.
Choose R = 10K = R
a
= R
b
, then Ct = 0.001f.
Take R
L
= 10K, C
C
= 0.01f.
2. Demodulator using PLL.
Let f
O
= f
C
= 3 KHz, f
O
= 1.2/4R
1
C
1
.
Choose C
1
= 0.001f, then R
1
= 100K.
Filter design: Let f
m
= 1 KHz = 1/2tRC
Choose C = 0.1f, then R = 1.59 K ~ 1.5 K
Wave Form: -
23
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Design:-
Specification:
Carrier frequency f
C
= 3 kHz,
t
c
RC
0.3
f =
Choose R= 10 K, R
a
= R
b
, then C
t
= 0.01f (use DCB)
R
a
= R
b
= 10 K, R
L
= 10 K, C
t
= 0.01f (use DCB). R = 82 K, C
C
= 0.01f.
Note: -
Usually the carrier frequency of the FM signal is in the range of 100s of
KHz, but is chosen in terms of 1s of KHz to enable proper measurement of
frequency deviating o.
Check Points: -
Ensure that a square wave and a triangular wave at pin 9 and 3 of IC 8038
respective.
Conclusion :-
Staff-in-charge:-
24
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Circuit Diagram: -
Radio Receiver: -
R = 10KO, C = 0.1f, R
L
= 100O
Selectivity: -
fm = _____Hz, %m = ______
Sl.No f
C
Hz Vo volts
Fidility: -
fm = _____Hz, %m = ______
Sl.No f
C
Hz Vo volts
Sensitivity: -
fm = _____Hz, %m = ______
f
C
Hz V
i
volts Vo volts
25
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Experiment No: DATE: __/__/____
Radio Receiver Characteristics
Aim:- Plot the sensitivity/selectivity/fidelity graphs of a given AM Broadcast receiver in
MW band by conducting suitable experiment.
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure the Radio Receiver is in MW band.
3. Adjust the modulation index of AM signal at 30 % & fm = 400 Hz.
4. Let the receiver be tuned to 800 KHz. (can be anywhere between 540 KHz 1450
KHz).
5. Keeping the carrier frequency of the AM signal at 800 KHz, observe the
demodulated signal and note down its amplitude.
Selectivity: -
1. Repeat the step 5 by changing the carrier frequency at 805, 810, 815 and 795,
790, 785 KHz.
2. Plot a graph of carrier frequency of AM signal Vs the amplitude of the output
signal (Vo Vs fc).
Sensitivity: -
1. Repeat the steps 1 to 5.
2. Vary the amplitude of the AM signal to get a standard value of output voltage
(Volts). All the other parameters are kept constant (i.e., fc, fm, m). Note the
change in the amplitude of the output signal.
3. Repeat step 9 for different values of fc.
4. Plot a graph of amplitude of input signal v/s carrier frequency of AM signal (Vi
v/s fc).
Fidelity: -
1. Repeat the steps 1 to 5.
2. Vary the frequency of the modulating signal keeping all other parameters
constant (i.e., fc, V
AM
, m). Note the change in the amplitude of the output signal.
3. Plot a graph of amplitude of output signal Vs frequency of the modulating signal
(Vo Vs fm).
Conclusion:-
Staff-in-charge:-
26
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Circuit Diagram: -
Pre-emphasis De-emphasis
TABULATION: - Pre-Emphasis N/W
f Hz Vo volts
Gain
Vi
Vo
Normalized gain
Gain/Go
Normalized Gain
In db
De-Emphasis N/W
f Hz Vo volts
Gain
Vi
Vo
Normalized gain
Gain/Go
Normalized Gain
In db
27
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Experiment No: DATE: __/__/____
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Networks
Aim:- Design and conduct an experiment to test a pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
circuit for 75s between 2.1KHz to 15KHz and record the results..
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply a sine wave of 5Vpp amplitude, vary the frequency and note down
the gain of the circuit.
3. Plot a graph of normalized gain Vs frequency.
Design: -
1. Pre-emphasis circuit.
Given f
1
= 2.1 KHz, f
2
= 15KHz.
f
1
= 1/2trC, f
2
= 1/2tRC
Choose C = 0.1f then r = 820 and R = 100.
Also r/R = R
f
/R
1
, then R
1
= 2.2K and R
f
= 15K.
2. De-emphasis circuit.
f
C
= 1/2tR
d
C
d
.
Choose C
d
= 0.1f and f
C
= f
1
= 2.1KHz
Then R
d
= 820.
Conclusion :-
Staff-in-charge:-
28
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Circuit Diagram: - AM Modulator using MC1496
AM Demodulator using MC1496
Sl.No Vmax (V) Vmin (V) m =
min max
min max
V V
V - V
+
Vm =
2
V - V
min max
Vc =
2
V V
min max
+
Tabulation:-
29
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Experiment No: DATE: __/__/____
AM IC Circuit (Modulation & Demodulation)
Aim:- Using IC1496, rig up an AM modulation and Demodulation circuit. Test its
operation and record the waveforms.
Procedure: -
a) AM Modulation
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Give the modulating signal of 2V
PP
(1KHz).
3. Give the carrier signal of 1V
PP
(600KHz).
4. Note down the AM modulated signal at pin 6 and also at the emitter of the
buffer (emitter follower).
5. Change the amplitude levels of the modulating signal, keeping f
C
and f
m
as
constant and find the depth of modulation.
b) AM Demodulation
1. Give the AM wave to pin1 of MC1496.
2. Also give the AM wave from the buffer o/p.
3. Note the demodulated signal at pin 12 of MC1496.
Design: -
Select V
dc
= +12V, I
C
= 3mA. R
L
= + V
dc
/ I
C
= 4K~3.9K.
V
be
= 700mV, I = 160mA, Voltage at pin 5 = 1.7V.
V
bias
= (-8+1.7) = -6.3V
R
S
= V
bias
/I = 6.3/160mA = 7K~6.8K
Conclusion :-
Staff-in-charge:-
30
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Circuit Diagram: -
Pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation
Design: -
Specifications: -
IC = 1ma, hFE = 100, VCEsat = 0.3 V, VBEsat = 0.7v (assume), fm = 100hz.
1. Biasing: - Vm(t) = IC *RC + VCEsat ----- 1
Let Vm(t) = 2.5 v w.f peak + 3v DC shift = 5.5 V peak signal
Then Rc = 5.2 k, select Rc = 4.7 k (std. Value).
Vc (t) = IB*RB + VBEsat --------2
Let Vc(t) = 2 Vpp ( 1 V peak ) , Since IB = Ic / hFE = 10uA
Then RB = 30 k
Select RB = 22 k (Std. Value).
2. Filter: - Cut off frequency of the filter fo >> fm
Choose fo = 500 Hz = 1 / 2 t RC
Choose C = 0.1 f, then R = 3.3 k
Rc = 4.7 K RB = 22k , R = 3.3k , C = 0.1f
Check Points: -
1. Ensure that square wave signal at the base of the transistor should have
amplitude > V.
2. Ensure that m (t) is having sufficient dc shift.
Tabulation: -
Reconstructed output VC(pp) volts fC (Hz) Vm(pp) volts fm (Hz)
VO volts fO (Hz)
31
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Experiment No: DATE: __/__/____
Pulse Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation
Aim:- Conduct an experiment to generate PAM signal and also design a circuit to
demodulate the obtained PAM signal and verify sampling theorem. Plot the
relevant waveforms.
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the square wave carrier signal of 2V peak to peak amplitude
with frequency f
c
= 5 kHz.
3. Apply sine wave modulating signal with frequency fm = 100 Hz
with 5 Vpp amplitude and 3 V DC shift (use function generator).
4. Observe the PAM output.
5. Observe the demodulated signal at the output of the low pass filter.
6. Repeat the steps 2 to 5 for f
c
= 2 f
m
& fc < 2 f
m
.
Waveforms:
Conclusion :-
Staff-in-charge:-
32
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Circuit Diagram: -
Pulse Width modulation and demodulation
Pulse Width Demodulation
33
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Experiment No: DATE: __/__/____
Pulse Width Modulation & Demodulation
Aim:- Conduct an experiment to generate PAM signal and also design a circuit to
demodulate the obtained PAM signal and verify sampling theorem. Plot the
relevant waveforms.
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the modulating signal with minimum amplitude, observe the
output of astable multivibrator with 50 % duty cycle at frequency f
c
.
3. Apply the modulating signal with frequency f
m
and the amplitude less
than the critical amplitude observe the PWM signal.
4. Verify the variation of width of the pulses with respect to clamped
modulating signal (at point A).
To find the critical amplitude: -
As the amplitude of the modulating signal is increase the width of the
pulses during the negative half of the modulating signal keeps on reducing and
that at the positive half of the modulating signal is increased the width of the
pulses during the negative half of the modulating signal keeps on reducing and
that at the positive half of the modulating signal keeps on increasing.
34
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Design: -
Specifications: -
Frequency fc = 1 KHz, duty cycle: 50 %
T = 1 ms, Ton = Tb= 0.5 ms
I) Astable multivibrator: - Where RcH = charging resistance,
RDCH = Discharging Resistance,
Rf = Diode forward resistance
Ct = timing capacitor
TON = 0.69 (RCH + Rf ) Ct
Toff = 0.69 (RDCH + Rf) Ct
Ton = Toff = 0.5 ms
Choose Ct = 0.1 f, then (RCH + Rf) = (RDCH + Rf) = 7.246 kO
Assuming Rf of diode = 100O,
Then RCH = RDCH = 7.146 kO (use 6.8 kO + 330O std value)
II) Clamping ckt
Negative peak of the modulating signal clamped to zero
Rc >>1 /fm, fm = 100Hz
RC = 100 /fm, choose C= 10 f, then R = 100K.
RCH = RDCH = (6.8K + 330 ), R = 100K , Ct = 0.1 f, C = 10 f.
Check points: -
With modulating signal zero, the voltage at pin 5 of 555 timer should be 2/3 VCC.
Ensure that modulating signal is clamped.
Tabulation: -
Unmodulated carrier PWM Output Demodulator
Ton
ms
Toff
ms
fc Hz
Max.width
ms
Min.width
ms
Dynamic
range
volts
Modulating
frequency
fm Hz
VO(V) fO(Hz)
35
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Waveforms:-
Conclusion :-
Staff-in-charge:-
36
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Circuit Diagram: -
Pulse Position modulation and demodulation
Pulse Position Demodulator
Design:
m(t) = 1KHz, T = 1ms
T = RC, Let C = 0.01uf
Then R = 1
Design: -
Specifications: -
1. Monostable Multivibrator: -
PW = 1.1 Rch Ct
Choose Ct = 0.01 f, then Rch = 18.18 k O (std. Value)
2. Differentiator : -
Rs * Cs <<1 / fc
Choose Rs * Cs = 0.01 ms, Choose Cs = 0.001f, then Rs = 10k O
Rch = 18 kO. Ct = 0.01f, Rs = 10 kO, Cs = 0.001f
CHECK POINTS: -
- With modulating signal zero, the voltage at pin 5 of 555 timer should be 2 /3 Vcc.
- Ensure that wave form at pin 2 of 555 timer should have a trailing edge going below 1
/3 Vcc.
37
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Experiment No: DATE: __/__/____
Pulse Position Modulation & Demodulation
Aim:- Conduct an experiment to generate PAM signal and also design a circuit to
demodulate the obtained PAM signal and verify sampling theorem. Plot the
relevant waveforms.
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Check the working of 555 timer as a monostable multivibrator by giving an
unmodulated PWM signal. Verify the pulse width of output signal for the
designed value.
3. By applying the PWM signal note the change in the position of the pulses i.e.
PPM signal.
4. Critical amplitude of the modulating signal is that value of m(t) at which the
pulse in PPM just disappears.
Waveforms:-
Conclusion:-
Staff-in-charge:-
38
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Circuit Diagram: -
Transistor Mixer
Design: -
Specifications: -
V
CC
= 6V, V
CE
= 5V, assume I
C
= 1ma, h
FE
= 100, V
BEsat
= 0.6v.
V
CC
= V
CE
+ I
E
* R
E
Since I
E
~ I
C
, then R
E
= 1 KO
V
b
= I
B
* R
B
+ V
BEsat
+ I
E
* R
E
------ (1)
Where V
b
= V
CC
* R
2
/R
1
+ R
2
, R
B
= R
1
+ R
2
, R
B
= R
1
* R
2
/R
1
+ R
2
From eq (1) it can be found that R
1
~ 2.5 R
2
, Choose R
2
= 18 KO, then R
1
45 KO
R
1
= 47 KO, R
2
= 18 KO, R
E
= 1KO, C
C
= 0.1Of, C
E
= 10f
Check points: -
During the mixer operation under on circumstance the frequency of local oscillator or
frequency of the carrier should be kept at tuned frequency of IFT. (i.e., f
LO
= f
IFT
= f
S
)
Tabulation: -
fIFT = __________, Vmax = ___________, Vmin = _________, %m = __________
Operation fS Hz fLO Hz fO Hz fLO + fS Hz
Up Conversion
Down Conversion
39
Communication Lab Manual SSIT, Tumkur
Experiment No: DATE: __/__/____
Transistor Mixer
Aim:- Conduct an experiment to generate PAM signal and also design a circuit to
demodulate the obtained PAM signal and verify sampling theorem. Plot the
relevant waveforms.
Procedure: -
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the amplitude of the local oscillator in minimum position, find the
tuned frequency of IFT (f
IFT
) by varying the carrier frequency (fs) of the
input AM signal.
Down conversion: -
3. Adjust the carrier frequency of the AM signal more than the tuned
frequency of IFT, now adjusting the local oscillator frequency (f
LO
= fs +
f
IFT
)
(Note: local oscillator amplitude = 0). Observe the output AM signal with
carrier frequency at f
IFT
.
4. Repeat the step 3 for different carrier frequencies.
Up conversion: -
5.
Adjust the carrier frequency of the AM signal less than the frequency of
IFT, now adjusting the local oscillator frequency (f
LO
= f
S
+ f
IFT
) (Note :
local oscillator amplitude = 0). Observe the output AM signal with carrier
frequency at f
IFT.
6. Repeat the step 5 for different carrier frequencies.
Formulas: Zo = Vo rms/Io, gc = Vo rms/ (Vi rms.Zo)
Conclusion:-
Staff-in-charge:-
40