Capitolul 2

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ul pentru boabe, floarea-soarelui, sfecla, cartoful

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cu gunoi de grajd.
&HD PDL U VSkQGLW  SUHPHUJ WRDUH HVWH SRUXPEXO SHQWUX ERDEH GDWRULW  SRQGHULL PDUL
FDUH R DX FHOH GRX  FXOWXUL vQ VWUXFWXUD FXOWXULORU GLQ

DUD QRDVWU

pe
'DU URWD LD JUkX-porumb nu

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vPEXUXLHQ ULL FX XQHOH VSHFLL GH EXUXLHQL/D DOHJHUHD SRUXPEXOXL FD SUHPHUJ WRDUH SHQWUX JUkX
WUHEXLHV DYHPvQYHGHUHFDSRUXPEXOV QXILHHUELFLGDWFXHUELFLGHUHPDQHQWHSHED] GHDWUD]LQ

dect cu doze de maximum 0,5-1,6 kg s.a./ha,suportate de gru.

1X VXQW LQGLFDWH FD SUHPHUJ WRDUH SHQWUX JUkXO GH WRDPQ  RU]XO VRUJXO  LDUED GH 6XGDQ
PHLXOGHRDUHFHDXEROLFRPXQHFD]XORU]XOXLVDXVHUHFROWHD] WRDPQDWkU]LXLODV VROXOV UDFvQ
DS UH]XOWkQGRDU WXU QHFRUHVSXQ] WRDUH
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ar numai grul de

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0RQRFXOWXUD GH JUkX QX WUHEXLH SUDFWLFDW  vQWUXFkW GXFH OD H[WLQGHUHD XQRU EROL DSDUL LD
G XQ WRULORU  OD vPEXUXLHQDUH FX EXUXLHQL VSHFLILFH JUkXOXL FHHD FH GXFH OD GLPLQXDUHD WUHSWDW  D
SURGXF LLORURE LQXWH
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DOWHFXOWXULLQWHUYLQHLROHJXPLQRDV 

2.2. Fertilizarea
)RORVLUHDvQJU PLQWHORUODJUkXDVLJXU RE LQHUHDGHSURGXF LLULGLFDWHLFRQVWDQWHGHODDQ

la an.

'HL JUkXO DUH XQ FRQVXP PRGHVW GH vQJU PLQWH WRWXL DUH FHULQ H GHRVHELWH ID

IHUWLOL]DUHGDWRULW XUP WRDUHORUSDUWLFXODULW

L

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consumul

maxim de elemente nutritive are loc ntr-un timp scurt,

FkQG SODQWD WUHEXLH V 

J VHDVF vQVRODFHVWHvQJU PLQWHvQIRUPHXRUDVLPLODELOH

'LQWUHHOHPHQWHOHQXWULWLYHLQIOXHQ DFHDPDLPDUHDVXSUDSURGXF LHLRDXD]RWXOIRVIRUXOL

potasiul.

QJU

PLQWHOH FX D]RW VH DSOLF  vQ FDQWLW

L GH   NJ VDKD vQ IXQF LH GH PDL PXO L

IDFWRULUHFROWDSODQLILFDW FRQVXPXOVSHFLILFGHD]RWSHQWUXIRUPDUHDUHFROWHLFRHILFLHQWXOGH
FRUHF LHVROXOSHFDUHVHFXOWLY 
'R]DGHD]RWVHFDOFXOHD] DVWIHO

D = Rp CS CIN,
n care:
D = doza de azot, kg azot/ha;
5S

UHFROWDSODQLILFDW WKD

CS = comsumul specific de azot pentru formarea recoltei, kg s.a./t produs;

CIN FRHILFLHQWXOGHFRUHF LHvQIXQF LHGHFRQ LQXWXOVROXOXLvQD]RWSHVROXULERJDWHvQ
D]RWLSkQ ODSHVROXULV UDFHvQD]RW
'R]DFDOFXODW VHFRUHFWHD] vQIXQF LHGHRVHULHGHIDFWRULGHLQIOXHQ

GR]DGHD]RWVHPDMRUHD]

DVWIHO

FX

15-NJD]RWKDGXS
10-NJD]RWKDGXS

SU LWRD

re trzii;

DQSORLRV

NJSHQWUXILHFDUHPPSUHFLSLWD LLvQSOXVvQSHULRDGDRFW PDUWLHID

GHQRUPDO 

20-30kg azot/ha pentru soiuri intensive de gru;

GR]DGHD]RWVHPLFRUHD]

FX

20-NJD]RWKDGXS OHJXPLQRDVHSHQWUXERDEH;
1-NJD]RWKDSHQWUXILHFDUHWRQ GHJXQRLGHJUDMGDSOLFDW
NJ D]RWKD SHQWUX ILHFDUH PP SUHFLSLWD LL vQ SHULRDGD RFW PDUWLH PDL SX LQ

dect normala.
'XS DFHDVW FRUHF LHUH]XOW FHHDFHVHQXPHWHGR]DRSWLP HFRQRPLFWDEHO

Tabelul 2.1.
'R]HPHGLLGHD]RWvQIXQF LHGHSURGXF LDVFRQWDW

5LDSURYL]LRQDUHD

cu azot a solului (IN)

Recolta
VFRQWDW

0,5

1,0

Doze de azot,kg/ha cnd IN* este de:

1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5

143
161
176
189
199

133
151
166
178
189

124
142
156
169
180

4,0

4,5

96
114
128
141
151

94
112
126
149
149

kg/ha

4000
5000
6000
7000
8000

*IN - indice de azot

116
134
148
161
171

109
127
142
154
165

103
121
136
148
189

99
117
132
144
155

Epoca

de aplicare D vQJU

PLQWHORU FX D]RW DUH vQ YHGHUH PDUHD PRELOLWDWH vQ VRO D

DFHVWRUD'LQDFHDVW FDX] D]RWXOVHDSOLF vQPDLPXOWHHWDSH

WRDPQD OD SUHJ WLUHD SDWXOXL JHUPLQDWLY VH IRORVHWH FDQWLWDWHD GH 

-40kg azot/ha sub

IRUP VROLG VDXOLFKLG 

SULP YDUDGHYUHPH VDXOD VIkULWXOLHUQLLVHIRORVHWH FDQWLWDWHDGH

-60 kg azot/ha sub

IRUP VROLG 

SULP YDUDODSRUQLUHDvQYHJHWD LHVHIRORVHWHFDQWLWDWHDGH NJD]RWKDVXEIRUP 

VROLG 

SULP YDUD RGDW  FX HUELFLGDUHD VH IRORVHWH FDQWLWDWHD GH

12-18 kg azot/ha, ca

vQJU PkQWIROLDUVDXXUHHGL]ROYDW 

RGDW  FX FRPEDWHUHD EROLORU L G XQ WRULORU vQDLQWH GH ID]D GH EXUGXI VH IRORVHWH

cantitatea de 8-NJD]RWKDVXEIRUP

QJU

PLQWHOH FX IRVIRU VH DSOLF  vQ FDQWLW

GHvQJU PkQWIROLDU

i de 60-120 kg P2O5KD vQ IXQF LH GH FRQ LQXWXO

VROXOXLvQIRVIRUXRUDVLPLODELOLGHP ULPHDSURGXF LHLSODQLILFDWHWDEHOXO

7UHEXLHV VHS VWUH]HUDSRUWXOGH ID

Epoca de aplicareDvQJU

GHGR]DGHD]RWFDUHVHIRORVHWH

PLQWHORUFXIRVIRUHVWHvQDLQWHGHHIHFWXDUHDDU WXULLVDXFHOPDL

WkU]LXOD SUHJ WLUHD SDWXOXL JHUPLQDWLYFkQG VH YRU DSOLFD QXPDL vQJU PLQWHFX IRVIRU VXE IRUP 
GHvQJU PLQWHFRPSOH[H

Tabelul 2.2.
'R]HOHGHvQJU

Fertilitatea fosfaWLF

PLQWHFXIRVIRUODJUkX

QDWXUDO 32

3HVROXULFXIHUWLOLWDWHIRVIDWLF
3HVROXULFXIHUWLOLWDWHIRVIDWLF

O5,mg/100 g sol)
ULGLFDW -8 mg/100 g sol)
PHGLH-6 mg/100 g sol)

3HVROXULFXIHUWLOLWDWHIRVIDWLF UHGXV VXEPJJVRO

QJU

PLQWHOH FX SRWDVLX

Doza P2O5,kg/ha
60-80
80-100
100-200

se folosesc n doze de 60-100 kg/ha, ndeosebi pe solurile cu un

FRQ LQXW VXE PJ .22J VRO QJU PLQWHOH FX SRWDVLX VH DSOLF  vQDLQWH GH HIHFWXDUHD
DU WXULLVDXvQDLQWHGHSUHJ WLUHDS

atului germinativ.

$GPLQLVWUDUHDvQJU PLQWHORUFKLPLFHVHIDFHFXDJUHJDWHWHUHVWUHVDXFXDYLD LD$JUHJDWHOH

terestre folosite sunt fomate din tractorul U- L 0$- SODQD QU VDX 0$-6, pentru
vQJU PLQWH VROLGH VDX GLQ WUDFWRUXO 8- L R PDLQ  GH VWURSLW FXOWXUL$YLRDQHOH VDX
HOLFRSWHUHOH IRORVLWH OD IHUWLOL]DUHWUHEXLHV ILHHFKLSDWHFX GLVSR]LWLYXOSHQWUXvQJU PLQWHVROLGH
VDXUDPS GHVWURSLW

Gunoiul de grajd VH SRDWH DGPLQLVWUD GLUHFW FXOWXULL JUkXOXL GXS

 R SHPHUJ WRDUH WLPSXULHSH

VROXULOH DFLGH L FX SHUPHDELOLWDWH UHGXV  VDX SH VROXULOH vQ SDQW  VDX QLVLSRDVHVDX SODQWHL
SUHPHUJ WRDUH ,QIOXHQ D IDYRUDELO  D JXQRLXOXL GH JUDMG HVWH UHVLP LW  L FkQG VH DSOLF  SODQWHL
SUHPHUJ WRDUHDFHDVW YDULDQW G UH]XOWDWHPDLEXQHvQWUXFkWVHHYLW F GHUHDSODQWHORU(IHFWXO
JXQRLXOXL GH JUDMG HVWH PDL PDUH DWXQFL FkQG VH IRORVHVF L vQJU PLQWH FKLPLFH FX D]RW L

fosfor.

Dozele folosite sunt de 20-W JXQRL GH JUDMGKD FDUH VH DSOLF  R GDW  OD - DQL vQIXQF LH
de fertilitatea solului, coQGL LLOHFOLPDWLFHLURWD LDIRORVLW 
Amendamentele UHSUH]LQW  XQ DOW PLMORF GH FUHWHUH D SURGXF LHL GH JUkX SH VROXULOH FX UHDF LD
VROX LHL VROXOXL DFLG  S+  VDX ED]LF  S+ SHVWH VH DGPLQLVWUHD]  R GDW  OD -10 ani,n
cantitate de aproximativ 4-WKDVXEDU WXU 
/XFU

ULOHVROXOXL

3ULQOXFU ULOHVROXOXLVHDVLJXU SODQHOHQUL

afnarea solului n adncime, pentru a favoriza infiltrarea apei;

FRPEDWHUHDEXUXLHQLORUG XQ WRULORULDJHQ LORUSDWRJHQL
vPEXQ W

LUHDvQVXLULORU

fizice ale solului;

vQFRUSRUDUHDvQVRODvQJU PLQWHORULDUHVWXULORUYHJHWDOH
SUHJ WLUHD SDWXOXL JHUPLQDWLY vQ FDUH V PkQ D vQFRUSRUDW  V  J VHDVF  FRQGL LL EXQH GH
JHUPLQDUHLU V ULUH
/XFU ULOHVROXOXLVHUHDOL]HD] GLIHUHQ LDWvQIXQF LHGHSODQWDSUHPHUJ WRDUHLGHXPLGLWDWHD

H[LVWHQW vQVROvQPRPHQWXOHIHFWX ULLORU'LQDFHVWSXQFWGHYHGHUHVHGHRVHEHVFGRX VLWXD LL

'XS

SUHPHUJ

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WHUHQXOWLPSXULX

(luna iunie sau iulie):

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HIHFWXHD] LPHGLDWGXS HOLEHUDUHDWHUHQXOXL

FkQG VROXO QX DUH XQ FRQ LQXW GH XPLGLWDWH FRUHVSXQ] WRU SHQWUX D VH RE LQH DU WXUD GH FDOLWDWH
VDXQXVHSRDWHHIHFWXDSHWRDW VXSUDID DvQWLPSRSWLPVHIDF

e o lucrare cu grapa cu discuri, iar

GXS    V SW PkQL VH DU /XFUDUHD VH QXPHWH GH]PLULWLW L DUH FD VFRS UHDOL]DUHD XQXL VWUDW

DIkQDW OD VXSUDID D VROXOXL FDUH vPSLHGLF  HYDSRUDUHD DSHL'H DVHPHQHD VH GLVWUXJ EXUXLHQLOH
VHvPSLHGLF vQPXO LUHDG XQ WRULORULDDJHQ LORUSDWRJHQL
QDPEHOHVLWXD LLDU WXUDVHHIHFWXHD] FXDJUHJDWXOIRUPDWGLQWUDFWRUSOXJLJUDSDVWHODW 

la adncimea de 20-25 cm.

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agregaWHFXJUDSHFXGLVFXULLJUDSHFXFRO LGDF

DU WXUDSUH]LQW ERORYDQLVDXQXPDLFXDJUHJDWH

FXJUDSDFXFRO LGDF DU WXUDHVWHELQHQLYHODW LVROXOP UXQ LWLDIkQDW

'XS

 SUHPHUJ

WRDUH FDUH HOLEHUHD]

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(floarea soarelui, porumb, cartof,

VIHFO GH]DK UVRLDHWF

FkQG VROXO DUH XQ FRQ LQXW GH DS  FRUHVSXQ] WRU LPHGLDW GXS  UHFROWDUH VH IDFH R OXFUDUH FX
JUDSD FXGLVFXULSHQWUXP UXQ LUHDUHVWXULORUYHJHWDOHXUPDW GHRDU WXU ODDGkQFLPHD GH

25 cm.

(VWH IRDUWH LPSRUWDQW V  VH DOHDJ  DFHD DGkQFLPH D DU WXULL OD FDUH V  QX UH]XOWH

ERORYDQL0RPHQWXO HIHFWX ULL DU WXULL QX WUHEXLH V  vQWkU]LH vQWUXFkW vQWUH WHUPLQDUHD DU WXULL L
VHP QDWHVWHQHFHVDUXQLQWHUYDOGHWLPSGH ]LOHvQFDUHV VHSURGXF DH]DUHDVROXOXL

FkQG VROXO HVWH SUHD XVFDW L UH]XOW  EXOJ UL VH UHQXQ

 OD DU WXU 3UHJ WLUHD WHUHQXOXL VH IDFH

prin 2-3 treceri cu grapa cu discuri grea, GDG-0 vQ DJUHJDW FX JUDSD VWHODW

 Q DFHDVW 

VLWXD LHHVWHQHFHVDUFDVROXOV QXSUH]LQWHUHVWXULYHJHWDOH

PUHJ WLUHD SDWXOXL JHUPLQDWLY se face cu 1- ]LOH vQDLQWH GH VHP QDW SH VROXO PRELOL]DW
anterior; FRQVW  vQ DIkQDUHD VROXOXL L P UXQ LUHD EXOJ ULORU SH DGkQFLPHD GH -8 cm, n care se
LQWURGXFVHPLQ HOHGHJUkX /XFUDUHDVHHIHFWXHD] FXDJUHJDWHIRUPDWHGin tractor, grapa cu discuri

L JUDSH FX FRO L GDF  WHUHQXO HVWH PDL WDVDW 'DF  WHUHQXO HVWH PDL DIkQDW FXUDW GH EXUXLHQL L
P UXQ LWVHSRDWHIDFHQXPDLROXFUDUHFXDJUHJDWXOIRUPDWGLQWUDFWRULFRPELQDWRU

6

PkQ DLVHP

Pentru nfiin DUHD FXOWXULL GH JUkX WUHEXLH V

QDWXO

 VH IRORVHDVF  QXPDL V PkQ

 FX YDORDUH

ELRORJLF  L FXOWXUDO  ULGLFDW  Q DFHVW VHQV V PkQ D GH JUkX WUHEXLH V  vQGHSOLQHDVF  XUP WRDUHOH
FRQGL LL  V  DSDU LQ  VRLXOXL ]RQDW V  SURYLQ  GLQ FXOWXUL VHPLQFHUH V  SUH]LQW

e puritatea de peste

 L FDSDFLWDWHD JHUPLQDWLY  GH SHVWH  V  ILH V Q WRDV  V  DLE  JUHXWDWHD D  ERDEH FkW

mai mare.
3UHJ

WLUHDVHPLQ HL vQDLQWHGH VHP

QDWFRQVW  vQFRQGL LRQDUHDLWUDWDUHDSUHYHQWLY FRQWUD

G XQ WRULORULDJHQ LORUSDWRJHQL

3H VXSUDID D VHPLQ HORU VH SRW vQWkOQL VSRUL GH GLIHULWH VSHFLL GLQ &ODVD 3KXQJL 7LOOHWLD
)XVDULXP SRW IL LQIHFWDWH FRQ LQkQG PLFHOLXOFLXSHUFLL vQ ERE 8VWLODJR WULWLFL  W FLXQHOH ]EXU WRU

VDX VH SRW LQIHFWD vQ WLPSXO JHUPLQ ULL FX UH]HUYD GH VSRUL GLQ VRO VSHFLL GH P OXU  FRPXQ 
IX]DULR]H VDX P OXU  SLWLF

-7LOOHWLD FRQWURYHUVD3URWHMDUHD VHPLQ HL FRQWUD vPEROQ

EROLVHIDFHSULQWUDWDUHDFXIXQJLFLGH&ULSWRGLQvQGR] GHNJWGHV PkQ

PTS(PEI 273),PEI 274, PEI 279, PEI 310 n doze de 2-NJWGH V

PkQ

YLULL FX DFHVWH

VDXFX&KLQRGLQ

n plus, produsele PEI

 L 3(,  DXHIHFWL DVXSUD W FLXQHOXL ]EXU WRU LD P OXUHL SLWLFH 3HQWUX SURWHMDUHD VHPLQ HL
vPSRWULYD G XQ WRULORU GLQ VRO JkQGDFXO JKHERV
(ODWHULGDHV PkQ DVHWUDWHD] FX)% vQGR]

-Zabrus Tenebrioides, viermi skUP -familia

GHNJWV PkQ  Se mai pot folosi : Chinodintox

376VDX$QWUDFKLQRGLQWR[376vQGR] GHNJWV PkQ

7UDWDUHD VHPLQ HL VH IDFH FX   ]LOH vQDLQWH GH VHP QDW IRORVLQG PDLQD 07

S-4 sau

porzolatorul.
(SRFD GH VHP

ridicate.

QDW SHQWUX JUkXO GH WRDPQ

 HVWH KRW UkWRDUH SHQWUX D RE LQH SURGXF LL

'HODvQV PkQ DUHSkQ ODLQWUDUHDvQ LDUQ JUkXOWUHEXLHV IRUPH]H  IUXQ]H L IUD L

L V  VH DVLJXUH LQWHUYDOXO GH WLPS SHQWUX F OL

re. n aceaVW

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HOHPHQWHGHSURGXFWLYLWDWHQXP UXOGHVSLFHSHPHWUXS WUDW QXP UXOGHERDEHvQVSLF

Pentru a

VH UHDOL]D SURGXF LL PD[LPH JUkXO GH WRDPQ  WUHEXLH V  VH vQV PkQ H]H vQ HSRFD RSWLP  FDUH VH

difereQ LD] SH]RQH DVWIHOvQ]RQDGHFkPSLHGLQVXGYHVWL&kPSLD7UDQVLOYDQLHLHSRFDRSWLP 

este n intervalul 20 septembrie-10 octombrie. QWRDPQHOH PDL SORLRDVH L U FRURDVH VHP QDWXO VH
face n prima parte a epocii optime.
'HQVLWDWHD OD VHP QDW se H[SULP  vQ QXP UXO GH ERDEH JHUPLQDELOH OD  PHWUX S WUDW Se
VWDELOHWH vQ IXQF LH GH  vQVXLULOH VRLXOXL FXOWLYDW FDSDFLWDWHD GH vQIU

LUH UH]LVWHQ D OD F GHUH

XPLGLWDWHD VROXOXL OD VHP QDW HSRFD GH vQV PkQ DUH FDOLWDWHD SDWXOXL JHUPLQDWLY6H vQV PkQ HD] 

500-EJPHWUXS

WUDWDVWIHOvQFkW ODUHFROWDW V VHUHDOL]H]H VSLFHPHWUXS WUDW

LQIHULRDU  VH LD SHQWUX VRLXULOH FDUH vQIU

Limita

HVF FkQG VROXO HVWH ELQH SUHJ WLW DUH XPLGLWDWHD QHFHVDU 

JHUPLQ ULL L U V ULULL L FkQG VH VHDP Q  vQ HSRFD RSWLP /LPLWD VXSHULRDU  VH IRORVHWH FkQG VH
VHDP Q  VRLXUL FX FDSDFLWDWH UHGXV  GH vQIU

LUH FkQG VH GHS HWH HSRFD RSWLP  GH VHP QDW FkQG

SDWXOJHUPLQDWLYHVWHGHFDOLWDWHLQIHULRDU LI U XPLGLWDWH

DQWLWDWHDGHV

(Q,kg/ha) cDUHVHYDIRORVLODKDVHGHWHUPLQ

PkQ

Q=

n care:
D
MMB

=GHQVLWDWHDODVHP

FXIRUPXOD

D MMB
P G

QDWEJPHWUXS WUDW

= masa a 1000 boabe, grame;

SXULWDWHDVHPLQ HL

P
G

= FDSDFLWDWHDGHJHUPLQDUHDVHPLQ HL

&DQWLWDWHDGHV PkQ

'LVWDQ DGHVHP

IRORVLW ODKDYDULD] vQWUHLNJ

QDWvQWUHUkQGXULFHDPDLPXOWIRORVLW HVWHGHFPvQXOWLPDYUHPHV

-a

SUDFWLFDWVHP QDWXOvQEHQ]LFHHDFHDXXUDWOXFU ULOHGHvQWUH LQHUHDFXOWXULL

$GkQFLPHD GH VHP

QDW

este de 3-4 cm pe terenurile luto-argiloase sau argiloase, cnd se

VHDP Q  vQ HSRFD RSWLP  vQ ]RQH FX LHUQL FX ] SDG  3H VROXULOH XRDUH QLVLSRDVH
VHFHWRDVHvQ]RQHOHJHURDVHLOLSVLWHGH] SDG VHVHDP Q 

n toamnele

la adncimea de 5-6cm.

$JUHJDWHOH IRORVLWH OD vQV PkQ DUHD JUkXOXL VXQW IRUPDWH GLQ WUDFWRU L VHP Q WRDUHD
XQLYHUVDO  683 0 FDUH WUHEXLH V  DVLJXUH R GLVWULEXLUH FkW PDL XQLIRUP  D VHPLQ HORU vQ WHUHQ

SODQDQU

/XFU

ULOHGHvQJULMLUH

n timpXO YHJHWD LHL VH YRU DSOLFD R VHULH GH OXFU

UL FDUH V  DVLJXUH PHQ LQHUHD GHQVLW

LL

V Q WDWHDLKUDQDQHFHVDUHSODQWHORUDVWIHOvQFkWV VHRE LQ SURGXF LLPD[LPH

Combaterea buruienilor. %XUXLHQLOH WDEHOXO  SRW GLPLQXD SURGXF LLOH FX -20% sau
pot duce chiar la compromiterea culturii.Succesul n lupta contra buruienilor poate fi asigurat numai
prin FRPEDWHUHD LQWHJUDW  folosind att mijloacele preventive, FkW L FHOH curative, prin aplicarea
P VXULORUDJURILWRWHKQLFHGHFRPEDWHUHFkWLDFHORr chimice.

Tabelul 2.3
3ULQFLSDOHOHEXUXLHQLGLQFXOWXULOHGHFHUHDOHGHWRDPQ

Buruieni monocotiledonate

Apera spica venti

Avena fatua
Agrostis gigantea
Agrophyron repens
Sorghum halepense
Anthemis arvensis
Cirsium arvense
Capsella brusa pastoris
Gallium aparine
Galeopsis tetrahit
Lamium purpureum
Matricaria inodora
Matricaria chamomilla
Papaver rhoeas
Polygonum convolvulus
Polygonum aviculare
Polygonum lapathifolium
Ranunculus arvensis
Raphanus raphanistrum
Sinapis aravensis
Stellaria media
Thlaspi aravense
Veronica sp.

Buruieni dicotiledonate

&RPEDWHUHD FKLPLF  D EXUXLHQLORU GLQ FXOWXUD GH JUkX VH IDFH IRORVLQG HUELFLGHOH vQ WLPSXO
YHJHWD LHL

combaterea buruienilor dicotiledonate se poate face cu SDMA, n doz  GH -2,5 kg/ha,
'LFRWH[ vQ GR]  GH - OKD%XUXLHQLOH UH]LVWHQWH OD DFHVWH HUELFLGH WXUL D PXH HOXO HWF.) se
FRPEDWFX,FHGLQ)RUWHDPHVWHFGH6'0$LGLFDPEDvQGR] GH-2 l/ha. (SRFDRSWLP GH
aplicare a acestor erbicide este n faza de nIU LUH D JUkXOXL SkQ  OD DSDUL LD SULPXOXL LQWHUQRG
FkQG EXUXLHQLOH VXQW vQ ID]D GH UR]HW  RULFH vQWkU]LHUH GXFH OD GLPLQXDUHD SURGXF LHL GH JUkX L
OD FUHWHUHD UH]LVWHQ HL EXUXLHQLORU 7RWXL

(pn

erbicidul Glean are un interval mai lung de aplicare

vQID]DGHEXUGXI

FRPEDWHUHD EXUXLHQLORU PRQRFRWLOHGRQDWH LDUED YkQWXOXL RGRVXO VH UHDOL]HD]  FX *UDQDUJ

Igran , Dosanex, folosind 3- NJKD  SHQWUX LDUED Y QWXOXL VDX FX $YDGH[  OKD ,OOR[DQ -3
l/ha, Suffix 20-57l/ha (pentru odos); erbicidele*UDQDUJ,JUDQ'RVDQH[VHDSOLF SRVWHPHUJHQW
FKLDUGLQWRDPQ ,OOR[DQ$YHGH[L6XIIL[VHDSOLF SULP YDUDvQDLQWHVDXRGDW FX,FHGLQXO
&RPEDWHUHD EROLORU L G

XQ

WRULORU

$WDFXO GH EROL L G XQ WRUL SRDWH GXFH SkQ  OD

compromiterea culturii.
Cele mai frecvente boli ale grului sunt prezentate n tabelul 2.4.

Tabelul 2.4.
Principalele boli ale grului

Denumirea
Bolii

Agentul
patogen

0 OXUD

Tillentia sp.

7 FLXQH

Organele
atacate

Modul de
tratare cu
fungicide

2EVHUYD LL

ODV PkQ

Ustilago tritici

mai ales
spicele
(boabele)
spicele

ODV PkQ

Fusarium sp.

toate organele

ODV PkQ

VL

]EXU WRU

Fusarioza

FXOWXU
) LQDUHD

Erysiphe graminis

Septorioza
Ruginile

Septoria sp.
Puccinia sp.

ngenuncherea
plantelor

Ophiobolus graminis

3 WDUHDvQRFKL

Cercosporella
herpotrichoides

la baza tulpinii

frunzele,
tulpinile
frunzele
toate organele
aeriene

ODFXOWXU

ODFXOWXU

ODFXOWXU

EROLIROLDUHLDOH

U G FLQX HOHL

ODFXOWXU

spicului
-

baza tulpinii
baza tulpinii

ODFXOWXU

/XSWDvPSRWULYDDFHVWRUEROLWUHEXLHV FXSULQG vQSULPXOUkQGP VXULSUHYHQWLYHIRORVLUHD

VRLXULORU UH]LVWHQWH GLVWUXJHUHD VDPXODVWUHL GH SH PLULWL HYLWDUHD PRQRFXOWXULL IHUWLOL]DUHD

echiliEUDW

HOLPLQDUHDDSHLvQH[FHVHWF0

VXULOHFKLPLFHGHFRPEDWHUHSHOkQJ WUDWDUHDVHPLQ HL

PDL FRQVWDX vQ WUDWDPHQWH vQ WLPSXO YHJHWD LHL vPSRWULYD EROLORU IROLDUH IRORVLQG IXQJLFLGH 

Metoben-0,6l/ha, Tillt-0,5l/ha, Benlate 50MP-0,6l/ha,Fademorf-2l/ha, Impact-1l/ha.Se mai pot

IRORVL XUP WRDUHOH FRPELQD LL 0HWREHQ +Mancozeb (1+2,5kg/ha), sulf muiabil+Mancozeb (3+2,5
kg/ha).
6HIDFFHOSX LQWUDWDPHQWHSULPXOvQID]DGHIRUPDUHDOFHOXLGH-al doilea internod, iar al
doilea tratament n faza de nsSLFDUHSODQDQU
&RPEDWHUHDG XQ WRULORUFHLPDLU VSkQGL LVHIDFHFRQIRUPVFKHPHLSUH]HQWDWHvQWDEHOXO

Tabelul 2.5.
3ULQFLSDOLLG

' XQ WRUXO

XQ

WRULDLJUkXOXL

0 VXULLQWHJUDWHGHSUHYHQLUHLFRPEDWHUH

3ORQL HOHFHUHDO

VWURSLUHDVHPLQ HLFXLQVHFWLFLGH

elor

Dimevur (1,2 l/ha),Onefon 30 (3,3

l/ha),Decis (0,4 l/ha),Sinoratox R 35 (3,5 l/ha) VHDOLF GRX WUDWDPHQWH
SHQWUXDGXO LLSHQWUXODUYH URWD LDFXOWXULORU OXFU ULOHVROXOXLHWF

Gndacul ghebos

WUDWDUHDVHPLQ HL WUDWDUHDFXOWXULORUODDSDUL LDDWDFXOXLFX/LQGDWR[

9LHUPLLVkUP

NJKDURWD LDFXOWXULORU OXFU ULOHVROXOXLHWF

0XWHOHFHUHDOHORU

WUDWDUHDVHPLQ HORU URWD LDFXOWXULORU DU WXUDDGkQF  HYLWDUHDU V ULULL

nainte de 1 oct. etc.

VWURSLUHDFXOWXULORUODDSDUL LDDILGHORU

Afidele cerealelor

cu Sinoratox R 35 (1,5 l/ha),

distrugerea samulastrei etc.

Viespea grului

VRLXULUH]LVWHQWHURWD LDDU WXU DGkQF HWF

9LHUPHOHURX

stropiri cu Sinoratox R 35 (3,5 l/ha),Fastac (0,3 l/ha) la avertizare

OXJLUHD GXS

 VHP

QDW HVWH QHFHVDU  PDL DOHV FkQG VH VHDP Q  vQ ]RQH VHFHWRDVH vQ

DU WXU SURDVS W LVROXVFDW

(OLPLQDUHD H[FHVXOXL GH DS

 SURYHQLW GLQ SORL VDX SULQ WRSLUHD ] SH]LL HVWH REOLJDWRULX SH

WHUHQXULOHH[SXVHE OWLULLVHIDFHSULQWUDVDUHDGHDQ XULVDXSX XULDEVRUEDQWH

ULLGHYHJHWD LHVHIDFHLPHGLDWGXS U V ULUHLVHUHSHW GXS ILHFDUHvQJKH vQ

&RQWUROXOVW

WLPSXO LHUQLL$F LXQHD DUH FD VFRS GH D VH VWDELOL RSRUWXQLWDWHD PHQ LQHULL FXOWXULL vQ VLWXD LD FkQG

cultXUDDDYXWGHVXIHULWGLQFDX]DvQJKH XOXLVHIDFHSULQPHWRGDPRQROL LORU

5H LQHUHD]

SH]LL SH FXOWXUL HVWH QHFHVDU  vQ ]RQHOH GH VWHS L VLOYRVWHS  XQGH ] SDGD HVWH

DGHVHD YLVFROLW Q DFHVW VFRS VH IRORVHVF SDUD] SH]L SHUGHOH GH SURWHF LH VDX FKLDU VH ODV  WHUHQXO
FXERORYDQLGHP ULPHVXEPHGLH
7DVDUHD ]

SH]LL HVWH QHFHVDU  FkQG VWUDWXO HVWH JURV L D I FXW FUXVW  OD VXSUDID

$F LXQHD

DUH FD VFRS HYLWDUHD HSXL] ULL SODQWHORU FD XUPDUH D GH]HFKLOLEUXOXL vQWUH DVLPLOD LH VODE  L
GH]DVLPLOD LHIRDUWHLQWHQV 
7

OXJLUHD

FXOWXULL

(GHVF O DWH6H IRORVHWH W

zvntat.
&RPEDWHUHD F

GHULL

OD

GHVSULP Y

UDUH

se face cnd

SODQWHOH

VXQW

GH]U G FLQDWH

Y OXJXO QHWHGLPHGLDW FH VH SRDWH LQWUD SH WHUHQ GDUFkQG WHUHQXOHVWH

(anexa 3) JUkXOXL VH UHDOL]HD]

 SULQ VWURSLUH FX SURGXVH SH ED]  GH

CCC-Cycocel.
(YDOXDUHDSURGXF LHL

3HQWUX HYDOXDUHD SURGXF LHL VH VWDELOHVFvQ ILHFDUH VRO  SXQFWH GH FRQWURO DYkQG vQ YHGHUH
P ULPHDLXQLIRUPLWDWHDODQXOXLLRPRJHQLWDWHDGHVLPLLFXOWXUL

i.
2

/DFHUHDOHOHS LRDVHSXQFWXOGHFRQWURODUHVXSUDID DGHP

&RQFUHW HYDOXDUHD SURGXF LHL PHGLL OD JUkX VH IDFH SULQ GHWHUPLQDUHD QXP UXOXL GH
VSLFHPHWUX S WUDW 1VS D QXP UXOXL PHGLX GH ERDEH GLQ VSLF

(Nb-VH IDFH PDL vQWkL SURSRU LD

spicelor mari PLMORFLL L PLFL GXS

 FDUH VH VWDELOHWH 1E GLQ  VSLFH DOHVH FRQIRUP SURSRU LHL

DPLQWLWHLFkQW ULQGGHERDEH00%

Astfel, SURGXF LDPHGLH4PNJKDVHFDOFXOHD] GXS IRUPXOD

Nsp Nb MMB
Qm =
1000
Masa a o mie GH ERDEHYDULD]  FXVSHFLD VRLXO GDU LvQIXQF LH GHFRQGL LLOH GH FXOWXU
FOLPDWLFHGLQSHULRDGDGHYHJHWD LHWDEHOXO

 L

.
Tabelul 2.6.

MMB la cultura grului

Soiul
Fundulea 4
Transilvania
Lovrin 41

MMB,g
34-47
38-48
35-44

Evaluarea produF LHLVHIDFHvQDLQWHGHUHFROWDUHGHFLDQWLFLS

5HFROWDUHDFRQGL LRQDUHDLS

PSURGXF LDFHVHSRDWHRE LQH

VWUDUHDSURGXF LHL

5HFROWDUHD JUkXOXL VH IDFH OD FRDFHUHD GHSOLQ  FkQG ERDEHOH DX 
FRQVXPVDXSHQWUXV PkQ

-17% umiditate pentru

'DF DSDUHQHFHVLWDWHDUHFROW ULLODRXPLGLWDWHPDLPDUHFkQGV DvQWkU]LDWUHFROWDUHDLHVWH

RSHULRDG SORLRDV DWXQFLVHLDXP VXULSHQWUXXVFDUH

Recoltarea se face cu combina C-14U, direct din lan.

'DF ORWXULOHVXQWSXWHUQLF vPEXULHQDWHVHUHFROWHD]  vQID]H vQ ID]D,VHFRVHVFSODQWHOH

n faza a II-D VH WUHLHU

 GLQ EUD]G  FX FRPELQD & 8 HFKLSDW  FX ULGLF WRU GH EUD]GH vQ ORFXO

DSDUDWXOXLGHW LHUH
'XS  UHFROWDUH ERDEHOH VH FRQGL LRQHD]  L VH GHSR]LWHD]  vQ VSD LL FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH

destiQD LHLORU
3URGXF LD RE LQXW

 vQ XOWLPLL DQL D IRVW SkQ  OD NJ ERDEHKDQ XQHOH XQLW

SURGXF LH VDX SH VROH PDL PLFL OD XQHOH VRLXUL V DX SXWXW RE LQH L SURGXF LL GH 

L GH

-8000 kg

boabe/ha.
&XOWXUDLULJDW DJUkXOXL

Irigarea culturii estHQHFHVDU

vQ]RQHOHGHVWHS LVLOYRVWHS SHQWUXDDVLJXUDSURGXF LLPDUL

LVWDELOH2GDW FXDSOLFDUHDDFHVWHLP VXULWUHEXLHV VHDSOLFHRWHKQRORJLHDGDSWDW UHJLPXOXLGH

XPLGLWDWHULGLFDWSHQWUXDYDORULILFDODPD[LPXPIDFWRUXODS DIODWODRSW

Se folosesc soiurile intensive,FDSDELOH V

imum.

 VXSRUWH GR]H PDUL GH vQJU PLQWH L UH]LVWHQWH OD

EROL L F GHUH'LQWUH DFHVWHD FHOH PDL YDORURDVH VXQW )ODPXUD  )ODPXUD  )XQGXOHD 

Fundulea 4.
5RWD LD HVWH IRDUH LPSRUWDQW  vQ FRQGL LL GH LULJDUH SHQWUX D SUHYHQL vPEXUXLHQDUHD L
DSDUL LDXQRUEROLFDUHJ VHVFFRQGL LLGHRVHELWGHIDYRUDELOHvQDFHVW VLWXD LH3HVXSUDIH HOHLULJDWH
JUkXOXUPHD] GXS FXOWXULGHWRDPQ VDXFDUHVHUHFROWHD] YDUDPDLWkU]LXVIkULWXOOXQLLLXOLHVDX

n luna

DXJXVW vQWUXFkW GXS  FXOWXULOH FDUH VH UHFROWHD]  GHYUHPH VH vQV PkQ HD]  FXOWXUL

VXFFHVLYH$VWIHO GH FXOWXUL VXQW VRLD L DOWH OHJXPLQRDVH IORDUHD

soarelui, porumbul, sfecla de

]DK UFDUWRIXO

Fertilizarea WUHEXLH V  DVLJXUH vQ RSWLPXPDO WXUL GH FHLODO L IDFWRUL GH YHJHWD LH
hran 'R]HOH GH vQJU PLQWH IRORVLWH VXQW PDL PDUL GHFkW vQ FRQGL LL GH QHLULJDUHLDU VWDELOLUHD
P ULPLLORUVHIDFHGXS DFHOHDLFULWHULL'R]HOHIRORVLWHVXQW-NJD]RWKDGXS SUHPHUJ WRDUH
fertilizate cu gunoi de grDMGGXS OHJXPLQRDVH-NJD]RWKDGXS SUHPHUJ WRDUHUHFROWDWHPDL
timpuriu; 140-NJD]RWKDGXS SUHPHUJ WRDUHWkU]LL/DDFHVWHDVHDGDXJ -120kg P2O5/ha, n
IXQF LHGHUH]HUYDGHIRVIRUPRELOGLQVRO
QFRQGL LLGHLULJDUHvQJU PLQWHOHFXD]RWVHIUDF LRQHD] vQPRGREOLJDWRULXvQ

-4 etape,

DVLJXUvQGRIUDF LHvQID]DGHIRUPDUHDSDLXOXL
/XFU

ULOH VROXOXL WUHEXLHV DVLJXUH R EXQ  DIkQDUH L QLYHODUH1LYHODUHD VH H[HFXW WRDPQD

GXS  HIHFWXDUHD DU WXULL L GLVFXLULL1LYHODUHD VH H[HFXW  FX DJUHJDWXO IRUPDW GLQ WUDFWRU L

nivelatorul NT-Q FRQGL LL GH LULJDUH DSDUH QHFHVDU  HIHFWXDUHD DIkQ ULL SURIXQGH D VROXOXL VH
face cu agregate formate din tractoare cu MAS-VDXFXVFDULILFDWRUXORGDW OD-4 ani.
Regimul de irigare (tabelul  WUHEXLH V  DVLJXUH DSD QHFHVDU  GH OD U V ULUH SkQ  OD
fructificare (fig.2.4.).
Tabelul 2.7
Regimul de irigare la gru
Elementele regimului de irigare
Adncimea de umezire, m
Plafonul minim de umiditate, %
IUA
Norma de udare, m3 / ha
-vQWRDPQ
-vQSULP YDU

Caracteristicile solului
SHUPHDELOLWDWHEXQ SHQWUXDS

SHUPHDELOLWDWHPRGHUDW

0,5 0,8
50

0,5
70

perioada de irigare
perioada de irigare
15-30 VIII
1-20 IX
GXS ,;
15-30 VIII 1-20 IX
600 - 800 400 - 500
300
400 - 500
300
600   vQ VWHS vQ VLOYRVWHS 
400 - 500

GXS ,;

200 - 300

L]RQDS GXULORUGHFkPSLH

n toamnele secetoase, FkQG VROXO QX VH SRDWH SUHJ WL FRUHVSXQ] WRUVH DSOLF  R XGDUH GH
aprovizionare de 500-600 m3 KD'DF  VH SRDWH SUHJ WL SHQWUX VHP QDW GDU QX DUH DS  SHQWUX
3
U V ULUH VHDSOLF RXGDUHGHU V ULUHFX-400 m KDGXS FHV-DI FXWvQV PkQ DUHD
3HQWUX LULJDUHD GLQ SHULRDGD GH SULP YDU  SkQ  OD UHDOL]DUHD SURGXF LHL VHFDOFXOHD]  QRUPH
GHLULJDUHFDUHV DVLJXUHVDWXUDUHDVROXOXLFXDS SHDGkQFLPHDGH

-80 cm.

1RUPDGHLULJDUHVHDGPLQLVWUHD] DVWIHO

-400 m3KDSHQWUXDVWLPXODvQU G FLQDUHD

3
ULL SDLXOXL FX -800 m KDGDF  XPLGLWDWHD VROXOXL VFDGH VXE 

RXGDUHODGHVSULP Y UDUHFX
R XGDUH OD vQFHSXWXO IRUP

din intervaOXOXPLGLW LLDFWLYHDVROXOXL

o udare n faza de burduf cu 500-800 m3KDGDF
LQWHUYDOXOXPLGLW

 XPLGLWDWHD VROXOXL VFDGH VXE  GLQ

LLDFWLYHDVROXOXL

&RPEDWHUHD EXUXLHQLORU L D EROLORU HVWH IRDUWH QHFHVDU  vQWUXFkW vQ FRQGL LL GH LULJDUH

acestea

J VHVF FRQGL LL IRDUWH IDYRUDELOH GH GH]YROWDUH L VH H[WLQG IRDUWH UHSHGH 7UDWDPHQWHOH

FRQWUDEROLORUVHIDFFXDFHOHDLVXEVWDQ HGDUQXP UXODFHVWRUDDMXQJHOD

-3 tratamente.