The following

information

is required

(1)

'JOB SCOPE' DOCUMENT,

WHICH DEFINES
PROCEDURES
TO BE USED IN PREPARING
DESIGN SKETCHES AND DIAGRAMS

(2)

PIPING
&
(P&ID-SEE

(3)

LIST OF MAJOR EQUIPMENT

(EQUIPMENT
INDEX),
SPECIAL
EQUIPMENT
AND MATERIALS
OF FABRICATION

(4)

LINE DESIGNATION
SHEETS OR TABLES,
INCLUDING
ASSIGNATION
OF LINE NUM.
BERS-SEE
4.2.3 AND 5.2.5

FROM THE
PROJECT

GROUP

by the piping group:-

INSTRUMENTATION
5.2.4)

These sheets contain tabulated data showing nominal pipe size, material
specification, design and operating conditions. Line numbers are assigned in
sequence 'of flow, and a separate sheet is prepared for each conveyed fluid
-see 5.2.5.

DIAGRAM

(5)

SPECIFICATIONS
FOR MATERIALS
IN PIPING SYSTEMS-SEE
4.2.'

(6)

SCHEDULE
DATED
ON

(7)

CONTROLS
(METHODS
TO BE ADOPTED
FOR
JOB

OF COMPLETION
DATES
FED-BACK
INFORMATION)

USED
(UP.

OF WORKING,ETC.)
EXPEDITING
THE

A drawing number relates the drawing to the project, and may be coded
to show such information as project (or 'job') number, area of plant, and
originating group (which may be indicated 'M' for mechanical, etc.). Figure
5.15 shows a number identifying part of a piping system.
The drawing control shows the drawing number, title, and progress toward
completion. The status of revision and issues is shown-see 5.4.3. The drawing
control is kept up-to-date by the group leader.

Example 2

Example 1

CHARTS

These consist of separate specifications for plant layout, piping materials,

supporting, fabrication, insulation, welding, erection, painting and testing.
The piping designer is mostly concerned with plant layout and materiel
specifications, which detail the design requirements and materials for pipe,
flanges, fittings, valves, etc., to be used for the particular project.

4.1 & 4.2

PROCEDURES.
STAFFING,
ADMINISTRATION

The piping materials specification usually has an index to the various services
or processes. The part of the specification dealing with a particular service
can be identified from the piping drawing line number or P&I 0 line numbersee 5.2.4 under 'Flow lines'. AI! piping specifications must be strictly adhered
to as they are compiled from information supplied by the project group.
Although the fittings, etc., described in the Guide are those most frequently
used, they will not necessarily be seen in every piping specification.
On some projects (such as 'revamp' work) where there is no specification,
the designer may be responsible for selecting materials and hardware, and it is
important to give sufficient information to specify the hardware in all essential
details. Non-standard items are often listed by the item number and/or model
specification for ordering taken from the catalog of the particular manufacturer.

This shows, for each item of equipment, the equipment number, equipment
title, and status-that
is whether the item has been approved, ordered, and
whether certified vendor's prints have been received.

PLANNING,
SUPERVISION,
DESIGN
COORDINATION

LEAD

DESIGNER

IS}

or
SENIOR

DESIGNER

IS}

EQUIPMENT
LAYOUTS

& PIPING
&

CALCULATIONS
FROM

P&IDS

PRODUCE
DESIGN
DESIGNE

DETAILED
TO
RS'

INSTRUCTIONS

There are two types of drawings to file-those produced by the group and
those received by the group. The former are filed in numerical order under
plant or unit number in the drawing office on a 'stick file' or in a drawersee 4.4.1 D. The filing of the latter, 'foreign', prints is often poorly done, causing time to be wasted and information to be lost. These prints are commonly
filed by equipment index number, placing all information
connected with
that item of equipment in the one file.
A suggested method for filing these incoming prints is illustrated in chart 4.3,
which cross-references process, function, or area with the group originating
the drawing, and with associated vessels, equipment. etc. All correspondence
between the project and design groups, client, vendors, and field would be
filed under 'zero', as shown.

SOLVENTS
6

STEAM

SYSTEM

Vellum paper and mylar film are used for drawings. Drawing sheets must be
translucent to the light used in copying machines. Mylar with a coated drawing
surface is more expensive than vellum, but is preferable where durabilityand

Paperwork classified according to a system of this type may be located in a filing

cabinet fitted with numbered dividers as shown:-

dimensional stability are important. Sheets can be supplied printed with border
and title block and with a 'fade-out' ruled grid on the reverse side. 'Isometric'
sheets with fade-out 3D-degree grid are available for drawing isos.
ANSI 14.1 defines the foil owing flat drawing-sheet sizes (in inches): (A) 8Yzx 11,
(B) l1x17,

(C) 17x22, (0) 22x34, (E) 34x44.

International drawing sheet sizes of approximately the same dimensions are

defined (in inches) as: (A4) 8.27x11.69, (A3) 11.69x16.54, (A2) 16.54x23.39,
(Al) 23.39x33.11, (AD) 33. 11x46.81.
PAPERS FOR COPYING MACHINES
Photosensitive paper is used for
making prints for checking, issuing and filing purposes. 'Sepia' photocopying
paper (Ozalid Company, etc.) gives brown positive prints which may be
amended with pencil or ink, and the revision used as an original for photocopying in a diazo machine. Sepias may also be used to give a faint background print for drawing other work over, such as ducting or pipe supports.
The quality of sepia prints is not good. Positive photocopies of superior
quality are made on clear plastic film, which may have either continuous
emulsion to give heavy copies, or screened emulsion to yield faint background
prints (emulsion should preferably be water-removable).

Pencil leads used in the drawing office are available in the following
beginning with the softest: B (used for shading), HB (usually used for
only), F (usually softest grade used for drafting), H (grade most often
drafting), 2H (used for drawing thinner lines such as dimension lines),
4H (used for faint lines for layout or background). Softer penciling

grades,
writing
used for
3H and
is prone

to smearing on handling, Grades harder than 3H tend to cut paper making

lines difficult to erase. Conventional
leads are 2 mm in diameter and require
frequent repointing. 0.5 mm and 0.3 mm leads speed work, as they need no
repointing. Conventional leads are not suitable for use on plastic films as they
smear and are difficult to erase. 'Film' leads and pencils are available in the
same sizes as conventional leads, and in different grades of hardness.
Clutch pencils (lead holders) suitable for use with either type of the smaller
diameter leads have a push-button advance.

The architect's scale is used for piping drawings, and is divided into fractions
of an inch to one foot-for
example, 3/8 inch per foot. The engineer's scale
is used to draw site plans, etc., and is divided into one inch per stated number
of feet, such as 1 inch per 30 feet.

Several types of eraser and erasing methods are available-use of each is given
in table 4.1: Rubber in various hardnesses from pure gum rubber (artgum)
for soft pencilling and cleaning lead smears, to hard rubber for hard penceiling
and in k; 'plastic' is cleaner to use, as it has less tendency to absorb graphite;
'magic rub' for erasing pencil from plastic films. Most types of eraser are
available for use with electric'erasing machines.
An erasing shield is a thin metal plate with holes of various shapes and sizes so
that parts of the drawing not to be erased may be protected.

~M
MATERIAL

TRACING
PAPER.
or
LINEN

HARD
PENCIL

INDIAN
INK

PHOTOGRAPHIC
BACKGROUND

SRE, or

HRE. or
SRE

IHRE

--

artgum

SEPIA
IOZALlD),
or PHOTOCOPY
PAPER
(PHOTOSTAT)
PLASTIC
FILM

KEY:

SOFT
PENCIL

SRE

Wet

eraser.
Chemical

SR

HRE, or
SRE

PE

Wet

Blade,

Wet PE, or
Blade

PE

soft rubber.
HR
bleach
for
removing

Bleach

or

IHRE

hard
black

Wet PE, or
Bleach

rubber,
I
photographic

ink,

P
silver

are limited in application, but are useful for making drawings for photographic
reproduction, such as panel boards, charts, and special reports-see 4.4.13,
under 'Photographic layouts'.

Templates having circular and rectangular openings are common. Orthogonal

and isometric drafting templates are available for making process piping
drawings and flow diagrams. These piping templates give the outlines for
ANSI valves, flanges, fittings and pipe diameters to 3/8 inch per foot, or
1/4-inch per foot.

The first two machines are usually used in drawing offices in place of the
slower teesquare:
DRAFTING MACHINE allows parallel movement of a pair of rules set
at right angles. The rules are set on a protractor, and their angle on the
board may be altered. The protractor usually has 15-degree clickstops and
vernier scale.
RULE, or SLIDER, permits drawing of long horizontal
only, and is used with a fixed or adjustable triangle.

PARALLEL
plastic.
deposit

lines

PLANIMETER A portable machine for measuring areas. When set to the

scale of the drawing, the planimeter will measure areas of any shape.

Fine rubber granules are supplied in 'salt-shaker' drums. Sprinkled on a

drawing, these granules reduce smearing of pencil lines during working. The
use of cleaning powder is especially helpful when using a teesquare. The
powder is b rushed off after use.

Title blocks, notes, and subtitles on drawings or sections should be in capitals.

Capitals, either upright or sloped, are preferred. Pencilled lettering is normally
used. Where ink work is required on drawings for photography, charts, reports, etc., ink stylus pens (Technos, Rapidograph, etc.) are available for
stencil lettering (and for line drawing in place of ruling pens). The Leroy
equipment is also used for inked lettering. Skeleton lettering templates are
used for lettering section keys. The parallel line spacer is a small, inexpensive
tool useful for ruling guide lines for lettering.

As alternatives to hand-inked lettering, machines such as Kroy which print

onto adhesive-backed transparent film which is later positioned on the
drawing. Adhesive or transferable letters and numbers are available in sheets,
and special patterns and panels can be supplied to order for title blocks or
detailing, symbolism, abbreviations, special notes, etc. Printed adhesive tapes

System of articulated rods permitting

ment of a drawing by hand. Application is limited.

PANTOGRAPH

reduction

'CHART
: 4.3

or enlarge-

A light box has a translucent glass or plastic working surface fitted underneath with electric lights. The drawing to be traced is placed on the illuminated su rface.

Original drawings are best filed flat in shallow drawers. Prints filed in the
drawing office are usually retained on a 'stick', which is a clamp for holding
several sheets. Sticks are housed in a special rack or cabinet.
Original drawings will eventually create a storage problem, as it is inadvisable
to scrap them. If these drawings are not sent to an archive, after a period of
about three years they are photographed to a reduced scale for filing, and only
the film is retained. Equipment is available for reading such films, or large
photographic prints can be made.

TABLE

: 4.1
\

'Diazo' or 'dyeline' processes reproduce to thr: ';;Jme scale as the original

drawing as a positive copy or print. Bruning and rjralid machines are often
employed. The drawing that is to be copied mlJ'.t he on tracing paper, linen
or film, and the copy is made on light-sensitivr, [J'Jpers or films. The older
reversed-tone 'blue-print' is no longer in use.

Plant models are often used in designing large irt:;tallations involving much
piping. When design of the plant is completed. the model is sent to the
site as the basis of construction
in the place I)f orthographic drawings.
Some engineering companies strongly advocate tl'11lr use, which necessitates
maintaining a model shop and retaining trained personnel. Scaled model
piping components are available in a wide ran!)!! of sizes. The following
color coding may be used on models:PIPING

...

YELLOW, RED or BLUE

EQUIPMENT

INSTRUMENTS

GREY

ORANGE

ELECTRICAL

GREEN

The negative is projected through a contact screen and a print made on

'reproducible'
film. Dimensions, notes, etc., are added to the reproducible
film which can be printed by a diazo process-see 4.4.11. These prints are
used as working drawings, and distributed to those needing information.

A Polaroid (or video) camera can be used to supply views of the plant and
unrecorded changes. Filed drawings of a plant do not always include alterations, or deviation from original design.

Photographs of sections of a plant can be combined with drawings to facilitate

installation of new equipment, or to make further changes to the existing
plant. To do this, photographs are taker, of the required views, using a
camera fitted with a wide-angle lens (to obtain a wider view).
The negatives obtained are printed onto screened positive films which are
attached to the back of a clear plastic drawing sheet. Alterations to the piping system are then drawn on the front face of this sheet, linking the photographs as desired. Reproductions of the composite drawing are made in the
usual way by diazo process.

ADVANTAGES

Alternately,
positives may be marked directly
tions to the field.

Available routes for piping are easily seen

Interferences are easily avoided

Piping plan and elevation drawings can be elirninated; only the model,
plot plan, P&I D's, and piping fabrication drawings (isos) are required

The model can be photographed

Provides a superior visual aid for conference:;, for construction

and for training plant personnel

- see 4.4.13.
crews

DISADVANTAGES

Duplication

The model is not easily portable and is liabll! to damage during transportation

of the model is expensive

Changes are not recorded in the model itself

The lack of portability of a scaled plant model can be partially overcome by

photographing it. To do this it must be designed so that it can be taken apart
easily. Photographs can be made to correspond closely to the regular plan,
elevation and isometric projections by photographing the model from 40 ft
or more away with long focal length lenses-'vanishing
points' (converging
lines) in the picture are effectively eliminated.

for minor changes or instruc-

The following
technique produces equipment layout 'drawings',
especially useful for areas where method study or investigational
are required.

and is
reports

First, equipment outlines are produced to scale on photographic film, either in

the regular way or by xerography. Next, a drawing-sized sheet of Glear film is
laid on a white backing sheet having a correctly-scaled grid marked on it.
The building outline and other features can be put onto the film using the
variety of printed transparent tapes and decals available. The pieces of film
with equipment outlines may then be positioned with clear tape, and any
other parts of the 'drawing' completed. Alterations to the layout may be
rapidly made with this technique, which photographs well for reports, and
allows prints to be made in the usual ways for marking and comment. The
film layout should be covered with an acetate or other protective sheet
before insertion in a copying machine.

It is frequently required to include reproductions of diagrams and drawings

in reports, etc. Photographic reduction to less than half-size (on lengths) is
not recommended because normal-sized printing and details may not be legible.
A graphic scale should be included on drawings to be reduced -see chart 5.8.

~5r1
l:Ji

DRAFTlN6: PROCESSAND PIPIN6 DRAWIN6S

inClUding Drawing Symbols, ShOwing Dimensions,
ShOwing Instrumentation, and Bills 01 Materiel
Hand-drawn piping layouts depict pipe by single lines for clarity and economy.
Pipe and flanges are sometimes drawn partially 'double line' to display clearances. Computer drawn layouts can show piping in plan, elevational and isometric views in single line, or (without additional effort or expense) in double
line. Double line representation is best reserved for three-dimensional views,
such as isos.

If there is a piping specification, it is not necessary to indicate welded or

screwed joints, except to remove ambiguities-for
example, to differentiate
between a tee and a stub-in. In most current practice, the symbols for screwed
joints and socket welds are normally omitted, although butt welds are often
shown.
The ways of showing joints set out in the standard ANSI Y32.2.3 are not
typical of current industrial practice. The standard's symbol for a butt-weld
as shown in table 5.1 is commonly used to indicate a butt-weld to be made 'in
the field' (field weld).

In double-line drawing, valves are shown by the symbols in chart 5.6 (refer
to the panel 'Drafting valves'). Double-line representation is not used for
entire piping arrangements, as it is very time-consuming,
difficult to read,
and not justified technically.

BUTT

SIMPLI FI ED
PRACTICE'

I
CONVENTIONAL
PRACTICE

In presenting piping 'single line' on piping drawings, only the centerline of

the pipe is drawn, using a solid line (see chart 5.1), and the line size is
written. Flanges are shown as thick lines drawn to the scaled outside diameter
of the flange. Valves are shown by special symbols drawn to scale. Pumps
are shown by drawing the pads on which they rest, and their nozzles: figure
6.21 illustrates this simplified presentation. Equipment and vessels are shown
by drawing their nozzles, outlines, and supporting pads.

.1.1

ANSI Y32.2.3
(Not current
practice)

WELD

SOCKET

WELD

SCREWED

JOINT

r I: 1
r r1r
f r+

The joint symbol may be omitted if the type of joint is determined by a piping specification. It is usually
preferred
10 use the dot weld symbol
to make the type of construction
clear'
for example.
to distinguish
between
a tee and a stub-in.

TABLE
1

5.1

Chart 5.1 shows commonly accepted ways of drawing various

other line symbols have been devised but most of these are not
nized, and it is better to state in words the function of special
ularly on process flow diagrams and P&IO's. The designer
should use his current employer's symbols,

PIPING

DRAWINGS

(PLANS,

ELEVATIONS,

150S

AND

sPOOL

OF

BUILDINGS,

UNITS,

ETC.

CENT~RLINE

PIPING

UNDERGROUND,

OR

BY

OBSCURED

-----:::z...

EQUIPMENT

WAll. Ere
FUTURE

PIPING

EXISTiNG

PIPING

EQUiPMENT
FUTURE

OUTLINES,

DIMENSION

LINES,

DOUBLE-LINE

PIPING

EQUIPMENT

eXISTING

__

EQUIPMENT

PRIMARY

PROCESS.

SERVICE

OR

UTILITY

pRiMARY

PROCESS,

SERVice

OR

VTIUTY.

U TlJ R E

=EX75T7NG=z.. =

___

~E=.z....
.E~I~.

_
_

UNDERGROUND

SECONDARY PROCESS, SERViCE OR UTILITY

SECONDARY PROCESS, SERViCE OR UTILITY,

SIGNAL

UNDERGROUND

lINES

IlNSTRUMENTI

INSTRUMENT

AIR

{PNEUMATIC

INSTRUMENT

LIQUID

(HYDRAULIC

SIGNALI
SIGNAl)

El,ECTA1C
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INSTRuMENT

CAP!LLARY

OR

SONIC
TUSING

VALVE & EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS

FOR P&ID's &

Practice in showing equipment is not uniform. Chart 5.2 is based on ANSI

Y32.11, and applies to P&IO's and process flow diagrams.

Charts 5.3-6 show symbols used in butt-welded, screwed and socket-welded

systems. The various aspects of the fitting, valve, etc., are given. These symbols are based on conventional
practice rather than the ANSI standard
Z32.2.3, titled 'Graphic symbols for pipe fittings, valves and piping'.

Chart
other
types
to be

Symbols that are shown in a similar way in all systems are collected in chart
5.7.

Chart 5.8 gives some symbols, signs, etc., which are used generally and are
likely to be found or needed on piping drawings.

DRAWINGS I

MATCHLINE
OUTLINES

lines. Many
readily recoglines, particor draftsman

5.6 shows ways of denoting valves, including stems, handwheels and

operators.
The symbols are based on ANSI Z32.2.3, but more valve
are covered and the presentation is up-dated. Valve handwheels should
drawn to scale with valve stem shown fully extended.

CHART 5.2A

PROCESS EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS

VESSELS

COLUMNS

----

[2;],
/

,,

'C;HARTSI

\5.1 & 5.2A

"0/

I)
)

liquid from
solid + liquid

,:~
'.".
:!f;

?l
~I

II)

T:AY

~I

'"
II
iIi..

)
1 ADDiTIVE
)

~.I
"ii..

MAIN STREAM

',;:
:ij;

.....

m}

Q:=

JET MIXER, INJECTOR, EDUCTOR

,.,f )

r:=:l~:~~~~T
mmrrn
~::;~~~
~--I
~
......
LQ..
~

y;
Of

EJECTOR

LJ0

r
)

I
,

ODD
o

P5'I

,.

DRYER {BAT~H)

ROTARYDRYER~ROTARYKILN

FEEO',

.....+?<t:>

LIQUOR

_;)ii~

FEEO.

CAKE

'('i)"

RIED
PRODUCT

.. ~AKE

mm

k,

..

FlLTRATE/L1QUQR

Solid from
solid + gas

\I
---v

FEED

ii.i
THICKENED
OUTFLOW

~r

'WC",

PROCESS EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS

VALVES

J><J ~

THESE SYMBOLS
CAN BE USED FOR HYDRAULIC
PNEUMATIC
ACCUMULATORS,
USED TO SMOOTH
PULSATING
OR

()

()
'.

TO

ACT

OUTFLOW

FROM

AS RESERVOiRS

OR
THE

PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS,

FOR

VARIABLE

DEMAND.

I~

GHART 5.3 )

SYMBOLS FOR BUTT-WELDED SYSTEMS

(.
BEND (State Radiusl

BLIND FLANGE

LAP JOINT FLANGE

& STUB

I END VIEW'

I~

0-

'\,-,:

~I

(I)

+ ,+ +

LATROLET

MITER

~
ELBOW, 90, SR

~
PIPE

REDUCER,

G)
SR~

SR

CONCENTRIC

EXPANDER FLANGE

FIELD WELD

STATE WHETHER TOP

OR BOTTOM IS 'FLAT'

<;

r-

~11- @

~
I

~
TOP VIEW

HOSE

RETURN

SEE 'COUPLING'

1--"

SOCKOLET

SLlP-0N FLANGE

SWAGE,
CONCENTRIC

-0-0-D-I

1\ 1\ ~

ECCENTRIC
STATE WHETHER TOP
OR BOTTOM IS 'FLAT'

I~LG

Ii

THIS CHART

@)

THREDOLET

TEE

@
CW

~-

-0I

~
SHOW AS 'WELDOLET'-

WELDINGNECK

WELDOLET

REINFORCEMEN~
FOR LATERAL

--l~

1
@

I
I

-:j

MITER
M~

3-PIECE

THIS CHART

---i

RED FLG

..JIL L

IL

-{:::>-

TOP VIEW

I@

ON~7

....J

Q)

(I)
HI
H

2-PIECE

WRAPAROUND
SADDLE

(j)

1-1~t

-{:::>-

REDUCING ELBOW

SADDLE

@)

SWEEPOLET

FLANGE

REINFORCEMENTS

SHOW AS 'WELDOLET'-

STUBIN

TOP VIEW

r END VIEW

SIDE VIEW

I J:

I
THIS CHART

END VIEW

(j)ED.FLGi
REDUCING FLANGE

FULL-COUPLING
HALF-COUPLING

JL

NIPOLET

ECCENTRIC

ELBOLET

NAME OF ITEM

SEE END OF THIS CHART

LR

~I

ELBOW,900,

END VIEW

SIDE VIEW

LATERAL

FULL or HALF-

LINES SHOW CONNECTED PIPE, AND ARE NOT A PART OF THE SYMBOL.

.'1

IN CHARTS 5.3 THRU 5.5, THE SYMBOL IS SHOWN IN HEAVY LlN~. LIGHTER

NAME OF ITEM

EN~

'
~
~

MITER

Mep

M~

M~
I

'CHARTS

5.28 & 5.3

SYMBOLS FOR
SOCKET-WELDED SYSTEMS

SYMBOLS FOR
SCREWED SYSTEMS

DRAfTING VALVES
CHART 5.6 GIVES THE BASiC SYMBOLS FOR VALVES.
THESE BASIC SYMBOLS ARE USED OR ADAPTED AS
FOLLOWS,

USE THE RELEVANT VALVE SYMBOL TO SHOW THE

TYPE OF VALVE. DRAW MOST SYMBOLS 1/4io. LONG.
MANUAL OPERATORS ARE NOT SHOWN.

(11 SCREWED VALVES

USE THE BASIC VALVE SYMBOL. DRAW THE LENGTH
OF THE VALVE TO SCALE.
(21 SOCKETENDED VALVeS
IF THE PROJECT HAS A PIPING SPECIFICATION, USE
THE BASIC VALVE SYMBOL. IF NOT, SHOW SOCKET
ENDS TO THE VALVES,
\

VALVE

WITH:

Sockets both 9nds

DRAW THE LENGTH OF THE BASIC VALVE

TO SCALE OVER SOCKET ENDS.

SYMBOL

(31 FLANGED VALVES

USE THE BASIC VALVE SYMBOL, WITH OPERATOR,
AND SHOW MATING FLANGES AS DETAILED BELOW,

SINGLEL1NE

1. Drawing the symbol

0)
0)

~iXJ~
~

~ >-r

&,
r-' I ::::!.lII
@l
Only malleable.-iran and cast
iron returns are available.

Far
NO SOCKETWELDING

forged-steel systems, combine

forged-steel elbows.

IS AVAILABLE.
REQUIRED.
WELDING

FORGED-STEEL

IF A lBD-DEGREE

IT MAY
RETURN,

BE MADE

ECCENTRIC
STATE WHETHER TOP
OR BOTTOM IS 'FLA f

-t>+-

{:::::>+

--t=-->.,

IS

A BUTT

OR TWO SOCKET-WELDING

ELBOWS WITH NIPPLE BETWEEN.

TOP VIEW

USING

~
~

FiniNG

ReTURN

(A)

Show

the

basic

(B)

Draw

flange

re)

Draw

these lengths
scaled to the flange-face-toflange-face
or center-to
flange-face
dimensions
for
the valve.

(D)

Draw this length

without
gaskets)

00

valve
to

symbol

between

flanges.

scafe.

ECCENTRIC
STATE WHETHER TOP
OR BOTTOM IS 'FLAT'

to scale (overall length

but place
arrowheads

of valve
on the

drawing as shown. This convention ensures that:

(11 The line will be made to the correct length.
[2J The fabricator will be reminded to allow for
gaskets.

""I -.,

CHART 5.7

- MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOLS FOR PIPING DRAWINGS

NAME OF ITEM
BLEW

SYMBOL

NAME OF ITEM
JACKETED
PIPE
WITH INSULATION

I~

)
)
SEE

(in Plan View)

DRAIN or HUB (in floorl

DRAIN

DWG ________
DTl _________

ORIFICE

C-L

-L8
I

EJECTOR

PERSONNEL
PROTECTION
use

of insulation)

(PersonnelProtection)--...I

,--T
,-~

EDUCTOR

X"

I
~'"
...

>
>

(1) Whhou'
Check,
Disconnected

~
z

Connected

0
u

{2l With Checks

'"u
3

Disconnected

Connected

REMOVABLE

RUPTURE

SPOOL

VENT

(for line)

VENT

FOR TANK

12
~

11<
1<

PIPE SUPPORT SYMBOLS

-Q>--1t-<Q-

SYMBOL

SUPPORT

----D)--t-0--

-11

u-

_G

GUIDE

.:"5~ ...51,

SCREEN

ELECTRIC

Conical.

TRACING

Moumed

(REMOVEO
WATER. ETC.',,?

EXHAUST

HEAD

(for steam)

EXPANSION

FLAME

JOINT

Flanges

Mounted

between

Flanges

STEAM

TRACING

SCREEN
Flat.

(EXHAUST
,....--STEAMf

(Flow

ARRESTOR

~
FLEXIBLE

HOSE

COUPLl

NG

-1-

-,-

J;

II if[
z

J;

HANGER

SOCKET-WELDING

FLANGED

SPRING

HANGER

L. to R.)

>
>
;::

---.rv"V"\..r-

from

1---j-

0-

;;:

---1~
X ..

~~

~~or~~~

"Y'

BUTT-WELDING

X"
INSULATION

SHOE

between

1"Y1

[60]

!
!I

1
(

FLOOR

SUPPORT

SPRING

SUPPORT

I--.H

I
jL

1--11 S
1 ___

II

1______.

~~::j~~ i

SCREWED

I
j

ANCHOR

---1?1

DISC

i-~~-r
~o~

[!]

-f:~

FLANGE

ASSEMBLY

(protective

{for line)

SYMBOL

TRAP

~
ST AT10N

NAME OF ITEM

x"

RING

CONTROL

SYMBOL

SH

88

GENERAL SYMBOLS FOR ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

~~~~C;~TF~~N~
OFSHEET~

H0 L 0
STATE REASONlFOR
FOR 'HOLD' --..,

GRAPHIC SCALE REQUIRED QN DRAWINGS

LIKELY TQ BE CHANGED IN SIZE PHQTQGRAPHICALLY
FOR REPORTS, etc.

@
-&

PLACE TRIANGLE
ADJACENT TO
REVISED AREA
ON FRONT OF SHEET

ENel RCLE AREA IN

QUESTION AND THE
'HOLD' MARKING ON
REAR

OF SHEET

ENCIRCLE AREA
OF CHANGE INCLUDING
REVISION TRlANGLE
ON REAR OF SHEET

I
SYMBOL LOCATING AXES OF REFERENCE,
INTERSECTION
OF ORDINATES
ICOORDINATE POINT}

---~---

(2)0 0

(l)~
TYPICAL SECTION INDICATQRS. LETTERS T
AND '0' SHOULD NOT BE USED TO AVQID
CONFUSION WITH NUMERALS T AND '0',
IF MORE THAN 24 SECTIONS ARE NEEDED,
USE COMBINATIONS OF LETTERS AND NUMERALS. SHOW NUMBER QF THE DRAWING
QN WHICH SECTION WILL APPEAR

L-.J
or

or

(J)J

(2) ]

(3)

'CONSTRUCTION
HQLD' MARKING_ IF SUFFICIENT INFORMATION
IS NOT AVAILA8LE
TO FINALIZE
PART OF THE DESIGN THE
'HOLD' MARKING IS USED TO INSTRUCT THE
CONTRACTOR TO AWAIT A LATER REVISION
QF THE DRAWING BEFORE STARTING THE
WORK IN QUESTION

REVISION TRIANGLE_THE LATEST REVISION

NUMBER OF THE DRAWING IS SHOWN WITH
IN THE TRIANGLE WHICH IS ENCIRCLED ON
THE REAR OF THE SHEET_ ALL REVISION
TRIANGLES REMAIN ON THE DRAWING, BUT
ENCIRCLING OF THE PREVIQUS TRIANGLE
IS ERASED

OPENINGS.
(1l OPENING

STRUCTURAL
111 ANGLE_

'FIniNG

MAKEUP' SYMBOL

INOT PREFERRED
ING MAKEUP'}

- SEE 5,3.3, UNDER 'FITT-

OF

INSTRUMENT

'LOOP'

~~G/

NUMBER

SHADINGS

Upp" 1m,.
FUNCTiONAL

COVERED.

(ARCH.

STEEL SECTIONS,
12} CHANNEL.

(3)=1

DISCONTINUED

(3) I-BEAM

WENT/FleAT/Oft-

~t;;~;I;;~fo.'TfFICATIDN

INSTRUMENT
BALLOQN, USUALLY DRAWN
7116-INCH DIAMETER ON P&ID's AND PIPING
DRAWINGS ITQ 3/8 IN. PER FT SCALE}

[\\X\\\,

VIEWS,

11} PIPE, ROUND SHAFT, etc_

121 SLAB, SQUARE BAR, etc.
(3) VESSEL, EQUIPMENT, etc.
(Also

VARIABLE

BE

5.7 & 5.8

(l)-.=J

PROCESS

MAY

CHARTS-

---Et-TYPE

V\lHICH

AND H&V DRAWINGS)

12} HOLE. lARCH.}

u~d

to terminate

drawing)

WELDING SYMBOLS (American Welding Society)

CHART 5.9
Typical Welding Symbols
Chain Intermittanl

Location
Signilicance

Pitch

rlength
Weld

Arrow Side

size

I/

::[> :

01

Other Side

No Arrow Side
or Other Side
Signiflcance

Include
angle of
COunterslrH(
-.......

31ze (diameter
?fClOleat-...........
NOI

DOl)

",00

""
~

Pitch (diSTance
between
sentecsi

8OCk"
weld ~

-~-

Oeot/'10Ifililngin\nC;.,~
'omiSSion

Indicates

filling

\,.J

1st operation
Location
Significance

-_./

-2ncoperation--;';'-

-v--

"~8ockmg

-1- - /-

01

----l"'-"weld
-;':'-l;toperation

1"'\0

2nd operallo;,

I'"

Arrow Side

Increm'3r1t

S,zeor

lengtt>_\

strength

fdistance

of Increments

Leo9lh

is Gomp1etei

Pitch

between centers)

Backing Welding Symbol

--........'~I~

Fillet Welding Symbol

:rY~:"'L
,no,m""

\."C9lh 01mo,m,c"
Back Welding Symbol

of welds

lnlermittanl

m;~~m6':: /

Plug Welding Symbol

Both SideS

Staggered

Fillel Welding Symbol

(distance

b~tween centers7

Other Side

--""""":>e

rP'tcn

\\~I/

:= <RSEW
Pco""

DOUble-Sevel-Groove
No Arrow Side
or Other Side
Significance

weldSIZ'2;~",

-~/
Iii

w"c,,"~

ArrQwp;::-s tOwa~d' /

W8i

size

ROQt

'j

Welding Symbol

~ember(o

opening

,,,~<8'"

Dn~para1l0n\

gouge

bepr"oared

rWe1fJ.Slze

-~/
7C

Ie

\'Nelds,ze
Complete

Penetration

Indicates

complete

regardless
or 10lnt

of type
preparation

/~~(JP

penetration

of weld

processreleren7

'-tH

Wnere process aobre'llalions

H'. tt". tail of lhe

be included
symbol,

reference

Designation
Processes

is made

of 'Nelding
':Jy ~etters,

are to
welding

R" ,ndicatesbacking
remol/ed aflerwelding
Convex Contour

Symbol

to Table',
and

of AWS

Allied
A24~86

Reproduced
from AWS A2.4-86: SymbQls for Welding, Brazing and Nondestructive Examination, by
permission
of the American Welding Society. A comPlete COpy of A2.4-86 may be obtained from the
American Welding Society, 550 N.W. Lejeune Road, Miami Florida 33126. Telephone (305) 443-9353.

EXAMPLE USE OF THE FILLET WELD SYMBOL

Standard welding symbols are published by the American Welding Society.

These symbols should be used as necessary on details of attachments, vessels,
piping supports, etc. The practice of writing on drawings instructions such
as 'TO BE WELDED THROUGHOUT',
or 'TO BE COMPLETEL Y WELDED'
transfers the design responsibility for all attachments and connections from
the designer to the welder, which the Society considers to be a dangerous
and uneconomic practice.

If a continuous fillet weld is needed, like this:

the fillet weld symbol is placed
on the 'arrow side' of the
reference line, thus:
If the weld is required on the far side from the arrow, thus:
the weld Symbol is shown on
the 'other side' of the reference line:

The 'welding symbol' devised by the American Welding Society has eight
elements. Not all of these elements are necessarily needed by piping designers.
The assembled welding symbol which gives the welder all the necessary instruction, and locations of its elements, is shown in chart 5.9. The elements
are:

REFERENCE

ARROW

BASIC WELD SYMBOLS

DIMENSIONS

SUPPLEMENTARY

& OTHER

FINISH SYMBOLS

TAIL
SPECIFICATIONS,

the fillet weld symbol is

placed on both sides of the
reference line:

LINE

'.

DATA

EXAMPLE USE OF THE BEVEL GROOVE SYMBOL

SYMBOLS

If a bevel groove is required, like this:

The
PROCESS or OTHER REFERENCE

The following is a quick guide to the scheme. Full details will be found in
the current revision of 'Standard Welding Symbols' available from the
American Welding Society.

l
~

'groove'

symbol

Reference line and arrow: The symbol begins with a reference line and arrow
pointing to the joint where the weld is to be made. The reference line has two
'sides': 'other side' (above the line) and 'arrow side' (below the line)-refer
to the following examples and to chart 5.9.

for

~~:'
~~~;,o;~~t:t:,ee;:'~:
'" ~
l:7

made in the arrow toward the

DIMENSIONING

CHART

require a break in the arrow -see

Arrow

side

"

"

or

or

OtherSi~
-----Arrow side

Other

5.9

THE WELD CROSS SECTION

Suppose the weld is required to be 1/4 inch in size, and the bevel is to be
3/16 inch deep:
These dimensions are shown
to the left of the weld symbol:

Y----J

member to be beveled, thus:

Only the bevel and 'J' groove symbols
chart 5.9.

Other side

side

16
1

i
~

or
ArroWSi~

FIGURE
I

15.1
BASIC WELDING SYMBOLS
(0)

The weld symbol

FILLET

T
SQUARE

--TF

BACK
SACKING

\.J

'y

"lUG

. SLOT

SPOT,"
'ROJECTION

lEVEl

.".

/\ I"

i .1.8

?'\

SEAM

:e
'r

EDGE
FLANGE

1(
FlARE'V

CORNER
flANGE

and be indicated thus on the

symbol:

II
FLARE-BEVEl

)\ Ie

~~

;~

Going back to the fillet weld joint without a bevel, if the weld needs to
be 1/4-inch in size and 6 inches long, like this:

Going back to the example of a simple fillet weld, if the weld is required
all around a member,

the weld symbol

may be drawn

If a series of 6-inch long welds is required with 6-inch gaps between them
(that is, the pitch of the welds is 12 inches), thus:

IV;

'/4

V6-12

The method of finishing

notation letter, thus,

These symbols give instructions

countour:
FIELD

WELD

CONTOUR

MEl TTHRU

is indicated

by adding a finish

for making the weld and define the required

WELD ALL
AROUND

the weld contour

FLUSH

CONVEX

-----..
~

CONCAVE

'--../

Occasionally it is necessary to give other instructions in the welding symbol.

The symbol can be elaborated for this as shown in 'Location of elements of a
welding symbol' in chart 5.9.
Chart 5.9, reproduced by permission of the American Welding Society,
summarizes and amplifies the explanations of this section.

.1.8

.2.3
All information
for constructing piPing systems is contained in drawings,
apart from the specifications, and the possible use of a model and photographs.

THE MAIN PURPOSE OF A DRAWING is TO COMMUNiCATE

INFORMATION
iN A SIMPLE AND EXPLICiT WAY.

PROCESS & PIPING DRAWINGS

THE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

GROW FROM

5.2.1

Commonly referred to as a 'schematic', this diagram shows paths of flow by

single lines, and operations or process equipment are represented by simple
figures such as rectangles and circles. Notes on the process will often be
included.
The diagram is not to scale, but relationships between equipment and piping
with regard to the process are shown. The desired spatial arrangement of
equipment and piping may be broadly indicated. Usually, the schematic is
not used after the initial planning stage, but serves to develop the process flow
diagram which then becomes the primary reference.

To design process piping, three types of drawing are developed in sequence

from the schematic diagram (or 'schematic') prepared by the process engineer.
This is an unsealed drawing describing the process.
a 'flow sheet'.

It is also referred to as

It should state the materials to be conveyed by the piping, conveyors, etc.,

and specify their rates of flow and other information
such as temperature
and pressure, where of interest. This information may be 'flagged' (on lines)
within the diagram or be tabulated on a separate panel-such
a panel is
shown at the bottom left of figure 5.3.

Figure 5.2 shows a simple example

of a 'schematic'.

A solvent

recovery

system is used as an example. Based on the schematic diagram of figure 5.2,

a developed process flow diagram is shown in figure 5.3. From this flow
diagram, the P&ID (figure 5.4) is evolved.
As far as practicable, the flow of material(s) should be from left to right.
Incoming flows should be arrowed and described down the left-hand edge
of the drawing, and exitting flows arrowed and described at the right of
the drawing, without intruding into the space over the title block.
Information normally included on the process drawings is detailed in sections
5.2.2 thru 5.2.4. Flow diagrams and P&ID's each have their own functions
and should show only that information
relevant to their functions, as set
out in 5.2.3 and 5.2.4. Extraneous information such as piping, structural
and mechanical notes should not be included, unless essential to the process.

A real or supposed need for industrial or national security may restrict information appearing on drawings. Instead of naming chemicals, indeterminate
or traditional terms such as 'sweet water', 'brine', 'leach acid', 'chemical B',
may be used. Data important to the reactions such as temperatures, pressures
and flow rates may be withheld.
Sometimes certain key drawings are locked
away when not in use.

Whether a flow diagram is to be in elevation or plan view should depend

on how the P&lo is to be presented. To easily relate the two drawings, both
should be presented in the same view. Elevations are suitable for simple
systems arranged vertically. Installations covering large horizontal areas are
best shown in plan view.
Normally, a separate flow diagram is prepared for each plant process. If a
single sheet would be too crowded, two or more sheets may be used. For
simple processes, more than one may be shown on a sheet. Process lines
should have the rate and direction of flow, and other required data, noted.
Main process flows should preferably be shown going from the left of the
sheet to the right. Line sizes are normally not shown on a flow diagram.
Critical internal parts of vessels and other items essential to the process
should be indicated.
it is advisable to write equipment titles either near the
top or near the bottom of the sheet, either directly above or below the

All factors considered,

equipment symbol. Sometimes it may be directed that all pumps be drawn at

a common level near the bottom of the sheet, although this practice may lead
to a complex-looking
drawing. Particularly with flow diagrams, simplicity in
presentation is of prime importance.

FIGURE 5.2

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

CONDENSATE
SLUDGE

COOLING

WATER RETURN

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

RECLAIMED SOLVENT

i WATER

SEPARATOR

W_A_T_ER

THIS DIAGRAM SHOWS THE MANNER OF PRESENTATION

ONLY-A WORKING DRAWING WOULO BE DEVELOPED TO
INCLUDE MORE INFORMATION

LB/HR
PSIG

STEAM
DWG

STORAGE TANK
DRAIN

NO

SG

DEG F

LB/HR I
SG
DEG Fi

RECLAIMED
DWG

SOLVENT
NO

WATER
DWG

NO

SLUDGE
<DWG

NO (
CONDENSATE
DWG NO
SEPARATOR
SIZE, DUTY
EQUIP NO __

SOLVENT VAPORIZOR
SIZE, DUTY
EQUIP NO
_
SOLVENT PREHEATER
SIZE, DUTY
EQUIP NO
_

STREAM NO
1
2

LB/HR

PSIG

SG

DEG F

SOLVENT COOLER
SIZE, DUTY
EQUIP NO
_

WATER SEPARATOR
SIZE, DUTY
EQUIP NO
_

SOLVENT RETURN PUMP

SIZE, DUTY
EQUIP NO __ '_

--,
)
)
)
)

)
)

Directions of flow within the diagram are shown by solid arrowheads. The
use of arrowheads at all junctions and corners aids the rapid reading of the
diagram. The number of crossings can be minimized by good arrangement.
Suitable line thicknesses are shown at full size in chart 5.1. For photographic
reduction, lines should be spaced not closer than 3/8 inch.
Process and service streams entering or leavin~ the flow diagram are shown
by large hollow arrowheads, with the conveyed fluid written over and the
continuation
sheet number within the arrowhead, as in figure 5.3.

It is advisable to draw equipment that is operated cyclically. For example,

with filter presses operated in parallel, one may be shown on-stream, and
the second press for alternate operation.

.2.3

The basic process information

required for designing and operating major
items of equipment should be shown. This information is best placed immediately below the title of the equipment.

)
)

-t__

"'_f

Instrument-controlled
and manual valves which are necessary to the proces~
are shown. The following valves are shown if required by a governing code or
regulation, or if they are essential to the process: isolating, bypassing, venting,
draining, sampling, and valves used for purging, steamout, etc., for relieving
excess pressure of gases or liquids (including rupture discs), breather valves
and vacuum breakers.

Piping fittings, strainers, and flame arrestors should not be shown unless of
special importance to the process.

Only instrumentation
essential to process control should be shown. Simplified
representation
is suitable. For example, only instruments such as controllers
and indicators need be shown: items not essential to the drawing (transmitters, for example) may be omitted.

Different types of equipment may be referred to by a classification letter

(or letters). There is no generally accepted coding - each company has its
own scheme if any standardization
is made at all. Equipment classed under a
certain letter is numbered in sequence from '1' upward. if a new installation
is made in an existing plant, the method of numbering may follow previous
practice for the plant.
Also, it is useful to divide the plant and open part of the site as necessary
into areas, giving each a code number. An area number can be made the first
part of an equipment number. For example, if a heat exchanger is the 53rd
item of equipment listed under the classification letter 'E', located in area '1',
(see 'Key plan' in 5.2.7) the exchanger's equipment number can be 1-E-53.
Each item of equipment should bear the same number on
grams and listings. Standby or identical equipment, if in
may be identified by adding the letters, A. B, C, and so
equipment identification
letter and number. For example,
and its standby may be designated 1-E-53A, and 1-E-53B.

Systems for providing services should not be shown. However, the type of
service, flow rates, temperatures
and pressures should be noted at consumption rates corresponding
to the material balance-usually
shown by a 'flag'
to the line-see

)
)
)

Capacities of equipment should be shown.

Equipment should be drawn
schematically, using equipment symbols, and where feasible should be drawn
in proportion to the actual sizes of the items. Equipment symbols should
neither dominate the drawing, nor be too small for clear understanding.

)
)
)

)
.

lb

Standby equipment is not normally drawn. If identical units of equipment

are provided for paralleled operation (that is, all units on stream), only one
unit need normally be drawn. Paralleled or standby units should be indicated
by noting the equipment number and the service function ('STANDBY' or
'PARALLEL OP').

all drawings, diathe same service,

on, to the same
a heat exchanger

DISPOSAL

figure 5.3.

OF WASTES

'ta ('IGORES'

.::f(an1LO~CA_~CU.LAR5.2 & 5.3

BlBlJ

The routes of disposal for all waste streams should be indicated. For example,
arrows or drain symbols may be labelled with destination, such as 'chemical
sewer' or 'drips recovery system'.
in some instances the disposal or waste.
treatment system may be detailed on one or more separate sheets. See 6.13
where 'effluent' is discussed.

The process material balance can be tabulated on separate 8;12 x 11-inch sheets,
or along the bottom of the process flow diagram.

'__ ~_~.-

__
,

This drawing is commonly referred to as the 'P&ID'. Its object is to indicate

all process and service lines, instruments and controls, equipment, and data
necessary for the design groups. The process flow diagram is the primary
source of information for developing the P&I D. Symbols suitable for P&I D's
are given in charts 5.1 thru 5.7.

All flow lines and interconnections

should be shown on P&ID's. Every line
should show direction of flow, and be labeled to show the area of project,
conveyed fluid, line size, piping material or specification code number
(company code), and number of the line. This information is shown in the
'line number'.

The P&ID should define piping, equipment and instrumentation

well enough
for cost estimation and for subsequent design, construction, operation and
modification of the process. Material balance data, flow rates, temperatures,
pressures, etc., and piping fitting details are not shown, and purely mechanical
piping details such as elbows, joints and unions are inappropriate to P&I D's.

EXAMPLE LINE NUMBER:

(7418zI61412123)
may denote the 23rd
line in area 74, a 6-inch pipe to company specification 412. 'BZ' identifies
the conveyed fl u id.

This type of full designation

identification
is adequate.

for a flow

line need not be used, provided

Piping drawings use the line numbering of the P&ID,

points apply to piping drawings as well as P&ID's.
This drawing shows process and service
etc., and serves to link the P&ID's for
buildings. Like any P&ID, the drawing is
of the site plan, which enables line sizes
to be established, and assists in planning

lines between buildings and units,

the individual processes, units or
not to scale. It resembles the layout
and branching points from headers
pipeways.

The layout of the P&ID should resemble as far as practicable that of the
process flow diagram. The process relationship of equipment should correspond exactly. Often it is useful to draw equipment in proportion vertically, but to reduce horizontal dimensions to save space and allow room for
flow lines between equipment.
Crowding information is a common drafting
fault - it is desirable to space generously, as, more often than not, revisions
add information.
On an elevational P&ID, a base line indicating grade or
first-floor level can be shown. Critical elevations are noted.
For revision purposes, a P&ID is best made on a drawing sheet having a grid
system-this is a sheet having letters along one border and numbers along the
adjacent border. Thus, references such as 'A6', 'B5', etc., can be given to an
area where a change has been made. (A grid system is applicable to P&ID's
more complicated than the simple example of figure 5.4.)

For a system of lines conveying the same fluid, aliocate sequential

numbers to lines, beginning with '1' for each system

For a continuous line, retain the same number of line (such as 23 in

the example) as the line goes thru valves, strainers, smail filters, traps,
venturis, orifice flanges and small equipment generally -unless the line
changes in size

Terminate the number of a line at a major item of equipment such as a

tank, pressure vessel, mixer, or any equipment carrying an individual
equipment number

Allocate

only.

new numbers to branches

As with the process flow diagram, directions of flow within the drawing are
shown by solid arrows placed at every junction, and all corners except where
changes of direction occur closely together. Corners should be square. The
number of crossings should be kept minimal by good arrangement.
Process and service streams entering or leaving the process are noted by" hollow
arrows with the name of the conveyed fluid written over the arrowhead and
the continuation sheet number within it. No process flow data will normally
be shown on a P&I D.

Suitable line thicknesses are shown at full size in chart 5.1

Crossing lines must not touch-break
lines going in one direction
Break instrument lines crossing process and service lines

and the following

-+=__

._f

Keep parallel lines at least 3/8 inch apart

Preferably draw all valves the same size-1/4-inch
long is su itable-as
this retains legibility for photographic reduction. Instrument isolating
valves and drain valves can be drawn smaller, if desired
Draw instrument

identification

Draw trap symbols 3/8th-inch

balloons 7/16th-inch
square

diameter-see

5.5

Special points for design and operating procedu res are noted-such as lines
which need to be sloped for gravity flow, lines which need careful cleaning
before startup, etc.

SEPARATORS,

SCREENS & STRAINERS

These items should be shown upstream

protection, and are discussed in 2.10,

of equipment

and processes needing

The P&I D should show all major equipment and information that is relevant
to the process, such as equipment names, equipment numbers, the sizes,
ratings, capacities, and/or duties of equipment, and instrumentation.

STEAM TRAPS ON THE P&ID

Standby and paralleled equipment is shown, including all connected lines.

Equipment numbers and service functions ('STANDBY' or 'PARALLEL OP')
are noted.

If the locations of traps are known they are indicated. For example, the trap
required upstream of a pressure-reducing
station feeding a steam turbine
should be shown.

'Future' equipment, together with the equipment that will service it, is shown
in broken outline, and labeled. Blind-flange terminations to accommodate
future piping should be indicated on headers and branches. 'Future' additions
are usually notanticipated
beyond a 5-year period.

Steam traps on steam piping are not otherwise indicated, as these trap positions are determined when making the piping drawings. They can be added
later to the P&I D if desired, after the piping drawings have been completed.

Pressure ratings for equipment are noted if the rating is different from the
piping system. A 'typical' note may be used to describe multiple pieces of
identical equipment
in the same service, but all equipment numbers are
written.

DRIPLEGS

SHOW INSTRUMENT NUMBERS

ON ALL INSTRUMENTATION
SYMBOLS (REFER TO 5.5.3)

DIAGRAM

.2.4

Driplegs are not shown.

Vents and drains on high and low points of lines respectively,

hydrostatic testing, are not shown, as they are established
arrangement drawings. Process vents and drains are shown.

PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION

to be used for
on the piping

THIS DIAGRAM SHDWSTHE MANNER DF PRESENTATION

DNLY-A WORKING DRAWING WOULD BE DEVELOPEDTD
INCLUDE MORE INFDRMATION.

SHOW SIZE AND PRESSURE RATING

OF COIIITROL VALVES, AND SIZE OF
ALL OTHER VALVES

SLOPE x ..
PER FOOT'

FIGURE
COOLING
)DWG

5.4

WATER
NO )~-----------------

STEAM
)DWG

NO )-----------------COOLING

74/B2/2"/412/20

CONDENSATE
DWG

SEPARATOR
EQUIP NO

WATER

DWG NO

NO

Show and tag process and service valves with size and identifying number if applicable. Give pressure rating if different from line specification
Indicate any valves that have to be locked open or locked closed
Indicate powered operators

Signal-lead
ISA scheme
instrument
installation

drafting symbols shown in chart 5.1 may be used, and the

for designating instrumentation
is described in 5.5. Details of
piping and conduit are usually shown on separate instrument
drawings.

Show all instrumentation

on the P&ID, for and including these items:
element or sensor, signal lead, orifice flange assembly, transmitter, controller, vacuum breaker, flame arrestor, level gage, sight glass, flow indicator, relief valve, rupture disc, safety valve. The last three items may be
tagged with set pressure(s) also

Indicate local- or board-mounting

to the label ing scheme in 5.5.4

of instruments

by the symbol-refer

These sheets are tabulated lists of lines and information about them. The
numbers of the lines are usually listed at the right of the sheet. Other
columns list line size, material of construction (using company's specification
code, if there is one), conveyed fluid, pressure, temperature, flow rate, test
pressure, insulation or jacketing (if required), and connected lines (which
will usually be branches).
The sheets are compiled and kept up-to-date by the project group, taking all
the information from the P&IO. Copies are supplied to the piping group for
reference.
On small projects involving only a few lines line designation sheets may not be
used. It is useful to add a note on the P&IO stating the numbers of the last
line and last valve used.

(1)

ORTHOGRAPHIC

(2)

PICTORIAL

- PLANS AND ELEVATIONS

- ISOMETRIC VIEW AND OBLIQUE PRESENTATION

Insulation on piping and equipment is shown, together with the thickness

required. Tracing requirements are indicated. Refer to 6.8.

Control stations are discussed in 6.1.4. Control valves are indicated by pressure rating, instrument identifying number and size-see figure 5.15, for example.

Drains, funnels, relief valves and other equipment handling wastes are shown
on the P&ID. If an extensive system or waste-treatment
facility is involved,
it should be shown on a separate P&ID. Wastes and effluents are discussed
in 6.13.

Process equipment may be provided with various services, such as steam for
heating, water or refrigerant for cooling, or air for oxidizing. Plant or equipment providing these services is usually described on separate 'service P&I D's'.
A service line such as a steam line entering a process P&ID is given a 'hollow
arrow' line designation taken from the service P&ID. Returning service lines
are designated in the same way. Refer to figure 5.4.

Stations
6.1.5.

providing

steam,

compressed

air, and water, are shown.

Refer to

_10
Plan views are more common than elevational views. Piping layout is developed
in plan view, and elevational views and section details are added for clarity
whe re necessa ry.
PICTORIAL

VIEWS

In complex piping systems, where orthographic views may not easily illustrate the design, pictorial presentation
can be used for clarity. Ineither
isometric or oblique presentations, lines not horizontal or vertical on the
drawing are usually drawn at 30 degrees to the horizontal.

Oblique presentation has the advantage that it can be distorted or expanded to

show areas of a plant, etc. more clearly than an isometric view. It is not
commonly used, but can be useful for diagramatic work.

PLAN, ELEVATION, ISOMETRIC & OBLIQUE

PRESENTATIONS OF A PIPING SYSTEM

Figure 5.6 illustrates how circular shapes viewed at different angles are approximated by means of a 35-degree ellipse template. Isometric templates
for valves, etc., are available and neat drawings can be rapidly produced with
them. 0 rthographic and isometric templates can be used to produce an
oblique presentation.

Figure 5.7 is used to show the presentations used in drafting. Isometric

and oblique drawings both clearly show the piping arrangement, but the
plan view fails to show the bypass loop and valve, and the supplementary
elevation is needed.

The purpose of piping drawings is to supply detailed information

a plant to be built. Prior to making piping drawings, the site
equipment arrangement drawings are prepared, and from these two
the plot plan is derived. These three drawings are used as the
developing the piping drawings.

.2.4
.2.7

to enable
plan and
drawings
basis for

The piping group produces a 'site plan' to a small scale (1 inch to 30 or 100ft
for example). It shows the whole site including the boundaries, roads,
railroad spurs, pavement, buildings, process plant areas, large structures, storage areas, effluent ponds, waste disposal, shipping and loading areas. 'True'
(geographic) and 'assumed' or 'plant' north are marked and their angular
separation shown-see figure 5.11.

PLAN

)'

6v

c1F~
,----, I

51f-

----

..

Iv I

Iv

:FIGURES

~-5_.7 ____ "

I 0
f
1/

.....

ELEVATION

ISOMETRIC

[ll]

/'

OBLIQUE

KEY PLAN

A 'key plan' is produced by adapting the site plan, dividing the area of the
site into smaller areas identified by key letters or numbers. A small simplified
inset of the key plan is added to plot plans, and may be added to piping and
other drawings for reference purposes. The subject area of the particular
drawing is hatched or shaded, as shown in figure 5.8.

"~-

V
3

~
KEY PLAN
NOTES

Equipment coordinates are usually given to the centerlines. Coordinates for

pumps are given to the centerline of the pump shaft and either to the face
of the pump foundation, or to the centerline of the discharge port.
Up-dated copies of the above drawings are sent to the civil, structural and
electrical or other groups involved in the design, to inform them of requirements as the design develops.

When the equipment arrangement has been approved and the piping arrangement determined,
small dimensioned drawings of process vessels are made
(on sheets 8Y2 x 11 or 11 x 17 inches) in order to fix nozzles and their
orientations,
manholes, ladders, etc. These drawings are then sent to the
vendor who makes the shop detail drawings, which are examined by the
project engineer and sent to the piping group for checking and approval.
Vessel drawings need not be to scale. (Figure 5.14 is an example vessel
drawing.)

~
<l:
UJ

a:

<l:
UJ

-'
:I:
f<l:

MATCHLINE

;:

::E

AREA '3'

Piping drawings should be correlated with the following drawings from other
design groups and from vendors. Points to be checked are listed:

Z
t:J

E.'\Gl.VEERI,'\G
CO.HP.4..VY

_111_111_111_,11_111_,11+111

=
i

DWG No. ............

EQUIPMENT

ARRANGEMENT

PIPING PLAN,
AREA ','

DRAWING

Under project group supervision,

the piping group usually makes several
viable arrangements
of equipment, seeking an optimal design that satisfies
process requirements.
Often, preliminary piping studies are necessary in order
to establish equipment coordinates.
A design aid for positioning equipment is to cut out scaled outlines of
equipment from stiff paper, which can be moved about on a plan view of
the area involved. (If multiple units of the same type are to be used, xeroxing
the equipment outlines is faster.) Another method which is useful for areas
where method study or investigational
reports are needed is described in
4.4.13 under 'Photographic
layouts'.
PLOT PLAN

When the equipment arrangement drawings are approved, they are developed
into 'plot plans' by the addition of dimensions and coordinates to locate
all major items of equipment and structures.
North and east coordinates of the extremities of buildings, and centerlines of
steelwork or other architectural
constructions should be shown on the plot
plan, preferably at the west and south ends of the installation. Both 'plant
north' and true north should be shown -see figure 5.11.

Architectural drawings:

Outlines of walls or sidings, indicating thickness

Floor penetrations for stairways, lifts, elevators, ducts, drains, etc.

Positions of doors and windows

Civil engineering drawings:

Foundations, underground piping, drains, etc.

Structural-steel drawings:

Positions of steel columns supporting next higher floor level

Supporting structures such as overhead cranes, monorails, platforms

or beams

Wall bracing, where pipes may be taken thru walls

Heating, ventIlating & air-conditioning (HVAC) drawings:

Paths of ducting and rising ducts, fan room, plenums, space heaters, etc.
Electrical drawings:

Positions of motor control centers, switchgear, junction

control panels

Major conduit or wiring runs (including buried runs)

Positions of lights

boxes and

Instrumentation drawings:

Instrument panel and console locations

Vendors' drawings:

Dimensions of equipment

Positions of nozzles, flange type and pressure rating, instruments,

Mechanical drawings:

Positions and dimensions of mechanical equipment

chutes, etc.

Piped services needed for mechanical equipment.

etc.

such as conveyors,


Process equipment and piping systems have priority. Drawings listed on the
preceding page must be reviewed for compatibility with the developing piping
design.
Pertinent background details (drawn faintly) from these drawings help to
avoid interferences.
Omission of such detail from the piping drawing often
leads to the subsequent discovery that pipe has been routed thru a brace,
stairway, doorway, foundation, duct, mechanical equipment,
motor control
center, fire-fighting equipment, etc.
Completed
piping drawings will also show spool numbers, if this part
of the job is not subcontracted
- see 5.2.9.
Electrical and instrument
cables are not shown on piping drawings, but trays to hold the cables are
indicated-for
example, see figure 6.3, point (8).
It is not always possible for the piping drawing to follow exactly the logical
arrangement of thi;l P&I D. Sometimes lines must be routed with different
junction sequence, and line numbers may be changed. During the preliminary
piping studies, economies and practicable improvements may be found, and the
P&ID may be modified to take these into account.
However, it is not the
piping designer's job to seek ways to change the P&I D.

Obtain the drawing number

right corner of the sheet

and fill in the title block at the bottom

On non-standard sheets, leave a 1%- to 2-inch margin at the left edge of

the sheet, to allow filing on a 'stick'. Standard drawing sheets usually
have this margin

On drawings showing a plan view, place a north arrow at the top left
corner of the sh~et to indicate plant north-see figure 5.11

Do not draw in the area above the title block, as this space is allocated
to the bill of materiel, or to general notes, brief descriptions of changes,
and the titles and numbers of reference drawings

If plans and elevations are small enough to go on the same sheet, draw
the plan at the upper left side of the sheet and elevations to the right
and bottom of it, as shown in figure 5.9

Show background detail as discussed in 5.2.8 under 'Piping drawings'.

It is sometimes convenient to draw outlines on the reverse side of the
drawing sheet

After background details have been determined, it is best to make a

print on which nozzles on vessels, pumps, etc., to be piped can be
marked in red pencil. Utility stations can also be established. This will
indicate areas of major usage and the most convenient locations for the
headers. Obviously, at times there will be a number of alternate routes
offering comparable advantages

.2.7

.2.8

Take line numbers from the P&ID. Refer to 5.2.4 under 'Flow lines on
P&ID's' for information on numbering lines. Include line numbers on
all views, and arrowheads showing direction of flow
Draw all pipe 'single line' unless special instructions have been given
for drawing 'double line'. Chart 5.1 gives line thicknesses (full size)

,------"-------

Line numbers are shown against lines, thus:

I
I

I
1

w'

..J'

u:'

G:
E

r--~---------I

r--------l
I I
I I
I IL __ ~
I

I
1

"'

~:

u. I

~I
~I

1
~

<t 1

II

~i
~I
01

~:

r--I

I
L

I
I

I
I

FIGURES

Reserve space above title block

: fo.,
able),

h"

of m"'.;el I,f ,pplk

and for general notes,

notes 01' revisions, and numbers

of reference

drawings.

Take lines continued on another sheet to a match line, and there code
with line numbers only. Show the continuation
sheet numbers on
matchlines-see
figure 5.8

~
PLAN

::1'1

ELEVATION

I
I
I
I

--------1
I

Show where changes in line material specification occur. The change is

usually indicated immediately downstream of a flange of a valve or
equipment
~SPEC'A'-~":~.I"'''J-SPEC'B' ~

..J

VALVE,

etc. /

Show a definite break in a line crossing behind another line-see

ell', under 'Plan view piping drawings', this section

'Rolled

5.8 & 5.9

Indicate insulation, and show whether

traced-see
chart 5.7

FITTINGS,

PLAN VIEW

If pipe sleeves are required thru floors, Indicate where they are needed
and inform the group leader for transmitting this information to the
group(s) concerned

FLANGES,

VALVES

lines are electrically

The following items should be labeled in one view only: tees and ells
rolled at 45 degrees (see example, this page), short-radius ell, reducing
ell, eccentric reducer and eccentric swage (note on plan views whether
'top flat' or 'bottom flat'), concentric
reducer, concentric
swage,
non-standard
or companion
flange, reducing tee, special items of
unusual material, of pressure rating different from that of the system,
etc. Refer to charts 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5 for symbol usage

Draw the outside diameters of flanges to scale

Show valve identification number from P&ID

Label control valves to show: size, pressure rating, dimension over flanges, and valve instrument number, from the P&ID-see figure 5.15

Draw valve handwheels

If a valve is chain-operated,
note distance of chain from operating
floor, which for safety should be approximately
3 ft

For pumps,

DRIPLEGS

Draw plan views for each floor of the plant. These views should show
what the layout will look like between adjacent floors, viewed from
above, or at the elevation thru which the plan view is cut

If the plan view will not fit on one sheet, present it on two or more
sheets, using matchlines to link the drawings. See figure 5.8

Note the elevation below which a plan view is shown-for

example,
'PLAN BELOW ELEVATION
15'-0" '. For clarity, both elevations
can be stated: 'PLAN BETWEEN ELEVATIONS 30'-0" & 15'-0" ,

If a tee or elbow is 'rolled' at 45 degrees, note as shown in the view

where the fitting is rolled out of the plane of the drawing sheet

(~{~r.J

(T11\~/~}
T~'J-

i:;-i
~

to scale with valve stem fully extended

show outline of foundation

DRAWINGS

or steam

& PUMPS ON PIPING DRAWINGS

PIPING

ROLL ELL.....--/

ROLLTEE~

AT 45

AT 45

and nozzles

& STEAM TRAPS

Driplegs are indicated on relevant piping drawing plan views. Unless identical,
a separate detail is drawn for each dripleg. The trap is indicated on the dripleg piping by a symbol, and referred to a separate trap detail or data sheet.
The trap detail drawing should show all necessary valves, strainers, unions,
etc., required at the trap-se.e figures 6.43 and 6.44.
The piping shown on the dripleg details should indicate whether condensate
is to be taken to a header for re-use, or run to waste. The design notes in
6.10.5 discuss dripleg details for steam lines in which condensate forms
continuously.
Refer to 6.10.9 also.

Show location for each instrument connection with encircled instrument

number taken from the P&I D. Refer to 5.5.3 and chart 6.2

Show similar isolating valve arrangements on instrument connections

'typical' detail, unless covered by standard company detail sheet

VENTS & DRAINS

Figure 5.10 shows how lines can be broken to give sufficient

without drawing other views

Indicate required field welds

ELEVATIONS

& DETAILS

Draw elevations and details to clarify complex piping or piping hidden

in the plan view

Do not draw detail that can be described by a note

Show only as many sections as necessary.

a complete cross section of the plan

Draw to a large scale any part needing fuller detail. Enlarged details
are preferably drawn in available space on elevational drawings, and
should be cross-referenced
by the applicable detail and drawing numbeds)

Identify sections indicated on plan views by letters (see chart 5.8) and
details by numbers. Letters I and 0 are not used as this can lead to confusion with numerals. If more than twentyfour sections are needed
the letter identification
can be broken down thus: A 1-A 1, A2-A2,
B4-84,
and so on

Do not section plan views looking toward the bottom of the drawing sheet

as

Refer to 6.11 and figure 6.47.

PIPE SUPPORTS

Refer to 6.2.2, and chart 5.7. for symbols.

(SECTIONS)

informati on

A section does not have to be

Figure 5.10 shows how to break lines to give sufficient

whilst avoiding drawing another view or section

information
FABRICATION

FROM

DRAWINGS'

ORTHOGRAPHIC

.2.8
.2.9
PIPING

DRAWINGS

/::

)
)
)
)

)
)
~

~\-~\-\--\--\~

IDENn'" BYLINE NUM""

IDENTIFY

BY lIt~E

NUMBER

-_\~~~~~_\_-~~.~-

An iso usually shows a complete line from

another-see figure 5.15. It gives all information
erection of piping.

one piece of equipment to

necessary for fabrication and

Isos are usually drawn freehand, but the various runs of pipe, fittings and
valves should be roughly in proportion
for easy understanding. Anyone
line (that is, all the piping with the same line number) should be drawn
on the minimum number of iso sheets. If continuation
sheets are needed,
break the line at natural breakpoints such as flanges (except orifice flanges),
welds at fittings, or field welds required for installation.
Items and information
The two most common methods for producing piping designs for a plant
are by making either plan and elevation drawings, or by constructing a scaled
model. For fabricating welded piping, plans and elevations are sent directly
to a subcontractor,
usually referred to as a 'shop fabricator' -if a model is
used, isometric drawings (referred to as 'isos') are sent instead.
Isometric views are commonly used in prefabricating parts of butt-welded
piping systems. Isos showing the piping to be prefabricated are sent to the
shop fabricator. Figure 5.15 is an example of such an iso.

The prefabricated parts of the piping system are termed 'spools', described
under 'Spools', this section. The piping group either produces isos showing
the required spools, or marks the piping to be spooled on plans and elevations,
depending on whether or not a model is used (as shown in chart 5.10).
F rom these drawings, the subcontractor
makes detail drawings termed
'spool sheets'. Figure 5.17 is an example spool sheet.

CHART
5.10

to be shown on an iso include:

North arrow (plant north)

Dimensions

and angles

Reference number of plan drawing from which iso is made (unless

model is used), line number, direction of flow, insulation and tracing
Equipment

numbers and locations of equipment

Identify all items by use of an understood

a description, as necessary

(by centerlines)
symbol, and amplify

by

Give details of any flanged nozzles on equipment to which piping has

to be connected, if the flange is different from the specification for
the connected pip ing
Size and type of every valve
Size, pressure rating and instrument
Number,

location

and orientation

number of control
for each instrument

valves
connection

FIGDR~

5.10

Shop and field welds. Indicate limits of shop and field fabrication

Each spool sheet shows only one type of spool, and:-

Iso sheet continuation

(1)

Instructs the welder for fabricating

Unions required for installation and maintenance purposes

(2)

On screwed and socket-welded

need not be shown

Lists the cut lengths of pipe, fittings and flanges, etc. needed to make
the spool

(3)

Materials of construction

Gives materials
finished piping

Locations of vents, drains, and traps

(4)

Indicates how many spools of the same type are required

Locations of supports, identified

The following information

numbers

assemblies, valve handwheel

by pipesupport

positions

number

may also be given:

Requirements for stress relieving, seal welding, pickling, lining, coating,

or other special treatment of the line

Orawing style to be followed is shown in the example iso, figure 5.15,

which displays some of the above points, and gives others as shaded
notes. An iso may show more than one spool.

A spool is an assembly of fittings, flanges and pipe that may be prefabricated.

It does not include bolts, gaskets, valves or instruments. Straight mill-run
lengths of pipe over 20 ft are usually not included in a spool, as such lengths
may be welded in the system on erection (on the iso, this is indicated by
noting the length, and stating 'BY FIELO').
The size of a spool is limited by the fabricator's available means of transportation, and a spool is usually contained within a space of dimensions
40 ft x 10 ft x 8 ft. The maximum permissible dimensions may be obtained
from the fabricator.

Some States in the USA have a trades agreement that 2-inch and smaller
carbon-steel piping must be fabricated at the site. This rule is sometimes
extended to piping larger than 2-inch.

NUMBERING

Large-diameter piping, being more difficult to handle, often necessitates the

use of jigs and templates, and is more economically produced in a workshop.
SPOOL SHEETS

A spool sheet is an orthographic drawing of a spool made by the piping

contractor either from plans and elevations, or from an iso-see chart 5.10.

ISOS, SPOOL SHEETS,

and any special treatment

of the

& SPOOLS

Spool numbers are allocated by the piping group, and appear on all
piping drawings. Various methods of numbering can be used as long as
identification
is easily made; A suggested method follows:Iso sheets can be identified by the line number of the section of line that is
shown, followed by a sequential number. For example, the fourth iso sheet
showing a spool to be part of a line numbered 74/BZ/6/412/23
could be
identified: 74/BZ/6/412/23--4.

Both the spool and the spool sheet can be identified by number or letter
using the iso sheet number as a prefix. For example, the numbering of
spool sheets relating to iso sheet 74/BZ/6/412/23-4
could be
74/BZ/6/412/23-4-1,

74/BZ/6/412/23-4-2,

etc.,

74/BZ/6/412/23-4-A,

74/BZ/6/412/23-4-B,

etc.

The full line number need not be used if a shorter form would suffice for
identification.
Spool numbers are also referred to as 'mark numbers'. They are shown on
isos and on the following:(1)

Spool sheets-as the sheet number

(2)
(3)

The fabricated spool-so it can be related to drawings or isos

Piping drawings-plans and elevations

DIMENSIONING

All alloyspools, and spools with 3 or more welds made from 3-inch (occasionally 4-inch) and larger carbon-steel pipe are normally 'shop-fabricated'.
This
is, fabricated in the shop fabricator's workshop, either at his plant or at
the site. Spools with fewer welds are usually made in the field.

of construction,

the spool

HORIZONTAL

FROM REFERENCE

POINTS

REFERENCE

When a proposed plant site is surveyed, a geographic reference point is

utilized from which measurements to boundaries, roads, buildings, tanks,
etc., can be made. The geographic reference point chosen is usually an
officially-established
one.
The lines of latitude and longitude which define the geographic reference
point are not used, as a 'plant north' (see figure 5.11) is established, parallel
to structural steelwork. The direction closest to true north is chosen for
the 'plant north'.

The coordinates of the southwest corner of the plant in figure 5.11, as

referred to 'plant north', are N 110.00 and E 200.00.
Sometimes coordinates such as those above may be written N 1+10 and
E 2+00. The first coordinate is read as "one hundred plus 10 ft north" and
the second as "two hundred plus zero ft east". This is a system used for
traverse survey, and is more correctly applied to highways, railroads, etc.
Coordinates are used to locate- tanks, vessels, major equipment and structural
steel. In the open, these items are located directly with respect to a geographic reference point, but in buildings and structures; can be dimensioned
from the building steel.

VERTICAL

S.:

II.

REFERENCE

Before any building or erecting begins, the site is leveled ('graded') with
earth-moving equipment.
The ground is made as flat as practicable, and after
leveling is termed 'finished grade'.

.2.9

.3.2

The high8st graded point is termed the 'high point of finished grade',
(HPFG), and the horizontal plane passi.ng thru it is made the vertical reference
plane or 'datum' from which plant elevations are given. Figure 5.12 shows
that this horizontal plane is given a 'false' or nominal elevation, usually 100 ft,
and is not referred to mean sea level.
The 100 ft nominal elevation ensures that foundations, basements, buried
pipes and tanks, etc., will have positive elevations. 'Minus' elevations, which
would be a nuisance, are thus avoided.

Coordinates are usually

given to the S-W corner
of plant, bulldings and

Large plants may have several areas, each having its own high point
finished grade. Nominal grade elevation is measured from a benchmark,
illustrated in figu re 5.12.

structures

of
as

SOUTHWEST CORNER
OF PLANT: COORDINATES
N 110, E 200

HIGH POINT OF FINISHED GRADE

ELEVATiON SET AT 100' NOMINAL
IEQUALS Bll'-7"
TRUE DATUMI

\
\--\-

-\

-T-.J-------------------

,I

ELEVATION 722' ABOVE SEA LEVEL

~!

'Ii

ELEVATION OF EQUIPMENT
CENTERLINE STATED AS
10S'-4" OR 5'-4" ABOVE HPFG

\
_.i

.;;c-o..-L_1, _-L_---'-_~_:_C~_~_A-_R_~MONUMENT

The US Department of Commerce's Coast and Geodetic Survey has estabI',shed a large number of references for latitude and longitude, and for
elevations above sea level. These are termed 'geodetic control stations'.
Control stations for horizontal
to as 'triangulation
stations' or
vertical reference are referred
have not been established for

reference (latitude and longitude) are referred

'traverse stations', etc. Control stations for
to as 'benchmarks'.
Latitude and longitude
all benchmarks.

A geodetic control station is marked with a metal disc showing identity

and date of establishment.
To provide stable locations for the discs, they
are set into tops of 'monuments',
mounted in holes drilled in bedrock or
large firmly-imbedded
boulders, or affixed to a solid structure, such as a
building, bridge, etc.
The geographic positions of these stations can be obtained from the Director,
US Coast and Geodetic Survey, Rockville, Maryland 20852.

DRAWING DIMENSIONS-&
TOLERANCES
MAINTAINED
IN ERECTED PIPING

On plot: Dimensions on piping drawings are normally maintained within

the limits of plus or minus 1/16th inch. How this tolerance is met does not
concern the designer. Any necessary allowances to ensure that dimensions
are maintained are made by the fabricator and erector (contractor).

Sufficient dimensions should be given for positioning equipment. for fabricating spools and for erecting piping. Duplication of dimensions in different
views should be avoided, as this may easily lead to error if alterations are
made.

'Fi"GUR-ES ----.
5.11 & 5.12

VESSELS
PUMPS
EQUiPMENT
LINES
LINES
STANDARD

VALVES

SHOWING ElEVATIONS

\ VESSELS
) PUMPS
I EQUIPMENT

NON-STANDARD)

REFERENCE

LINE

OR LONGITUDE)

CAN BE EITHER
OR A CENTERLINE

t IT IS NECESSARY
STANDARD

TO SHOW THESE

DIMENSIONS

IDEFINED

AN ORDINATE
OF BUILDING
DIMENSIONS
BY ANY

ILiNE

PIPE-GENERAL

VALVES

EQUIPMENT
METERS
INSTRUMENTS

+-----3'tlo.

OF LATITUDE

STEEL
FOR

ITEMS

RECOGNIZED

LACKING

STANDARD)
SINGLE PIPE TO NOZZLE:
CENTERLINE ELEVATION
PIPE AT NOZZLE

SHOW
OF

FOR MINIMUM COVER, REFER TOP OF

PIPE TO GRADE ELEVATION:

EL

~
DRAINS A,~D SEWERS:
SHOW 'INVERT ELEVATION'

Plan views convey most of the dimensional information, and may also show
dimensions for elevations in the absence of an elevational view or section.

234

tl"

~'

1--f---t:~RENCE-Ll-t--------l

--l----'--

II "

,I
I

~I

~I

liS

t-1--0--G
I!
I
I

'I

!
I

IE

SEVERAL PIPES ON A PIPE RACK:

SHOW 'TOP OF SUPPORT" ELEVATION
TOS EL

-~

@ f0:l7

T~
i
I
I
j

IIEI

'Y//.l:Y///Y //2V' ///";')//7'

O----J
j

'

~,

SEVERAL PIPES SHARING A COMMON

SUPPORT: SHOW ELEVATION OF
BOTTOMS OF PIPES

'

------i!

I
I

I
I

FINISHED FLOOR:
SHOW ELEVATION
OF FLOOR

OF HIGH POINT

FIN FLR EL

7777;)77;7

r-

INSTRUMENT POINT: SHOW ELEVATION

OF
CONNECTION CENTERLINE, or DIMENSION
FROM NEAREST RELEVANT ELEVATION

Show all key dimensions, including elevations and coordinates

Show dimensions outside of the drawn view unless unavoidable
clutter the picture

Draw dimension lines unbroken with a fine line. Write the dimension
just above a horizontal line. Write the dimension of a vertical line
sideways, preferably at the left. It is usual to terminate the line with
arrowheads, and these are preferable for isos. The oblique dashes shown
are quicker and are suitable for plans and elevations, especially if the
dimensions are cramped

Most piping under 2-inch is screwed or socket-welded and assembled at

the site (field run). Therefore, give only those dimensions necessary to
route such piping clear of equipment, other obstructions,
and thru
walls, and to locate only those items whose safe positioning or access
ability'is important to the process

- do not

.3.2
.3.3

Most lengths Will be stated to the nearest sixteenth of an inch. Dimensions which cannot or need not be stated to this precision are shown
with a plus-or-minus sign: 8' -7", 15' -3", etc.
Dimensions under two feet are usually marked in inches, and those
over two feet in feet and inches. Some companies prefer to mark all
dimensions over one foot in feet and inches
Attempt to round off non-critical dimensions to whole feet and inches.
Reserve fractions of inches for dimensions requiring this precision

-EB
J

Reserve horizontal

Underline all out-of-scale

If a certain piping arrangement is repeated on the same drawing, it is sufficient to dimension the piping in one instance and note the other
appearances as 'TYP' (typical).
This situation occurs where simiiar
pumps are connected to a common header. For another example, see
the pump base in figure 6.17

00 not duplicate dimensions.

If a series of dimensions is to be shown, string them together as shown

in the sketch. (Do not dimension from a common reference line as in
machine drawing,) Show the overall dimension of the string of dimensions if this dimension will be of repeated interest

DIMENSIONS

ON MACHINE

Do not terminate

DIM

DIM

I
I

DIM

I"

\"
DIMENSIONS

"""

-i-

I
I

'--'
DIM

.I-

01M

or show as in chart 5.8

00 not repeat them in different views

dimensions at a welded or screwedjoint

or any
of the

Where flanges meet it is usual to show a small gap between dimension

lines to indicate the gasket. Gaskets should be covered in the piping
specification, with gasket type and thickness stated. Refer to the panel
'Drafting valves', preceding chart 5.6.

~[;<JI
J.

"""

'--'
DIM

DIM

ON PIPING DRAWINGS

"""

'--'
DIM

I"

dimensions,

Unless necessary, do not dimension to unions, in-line couplings

other items that are not critical to construction
or operation
piping

DRAWINGS

dimensions for the plan view

00 not omit a significant dimension other than 'fitting makeup', even

though it may be easily calculated - see 'fitting makeup', this section

.11.

As nearly all flanged joints have gaskets, a time-saving procedure is to

note flanged joints without gaskets (for example, see 3.1.6 under
'Butterfly valve'). The fabricator and erector can be alerted to the
need for gaskets elsewhere by a general note on all piping drawings:

TABLE

5.2

FITTING MAKEUP

If a number of items of standard dimensions are grouped together it is unnecessary to dimension each item, as the fabricator knows the sizes of standard fittings and equipment.
It is necessary, however, to indicate that the
overall dimension is 'fitting
makeup' by the special cross symbol, or
preferably by writing the overall dimension. Any non-standard item inserted
between standard items should be dimensioned.

CENTERLINE ELEVATIONS
MAY B GIVEI< FOR OESlGI<
OFFICE REFERENCE

,{

}"[
TANGENT

L1NE

1
-~~

,0

~i

\'-./

--------+---

Locate flanged and welding-end valves with ANSI standard dimensions

by dimensioning to their centers. Most gate and globe valves are stan
dard-see table Vl

3 LEGS, EQUALLY
SPACED.

Dimension non-standard flanged valves as shown in the panel opposite

chart 5.6. Although a standard exists for control valves, face-to-face
dimensions are usually given, as it is possible to obtain them in nonstandard sizes
Standard flanged check valves need not be dimensioned,
is important, dimension to the flange face(s)
Non-flanged valves are dimensioned
DIMENSIONING

TO NOZZLES

FROM

SCH 40 PIPE

A
CE5,

but if location

to their centers or stems

In plan view, a nozzle is dimensioned

the equipment it is on

In elevation, a nozzle's centerline is either given its own elevation or is

dimensioned from another reference. in the absence of an elevational
view, nozzle elevations can be shown on the plan view

to its face from the centerline of

FACES

OF

PROJECT

In order to clearly show all dimensions, the best aspect of the piping must
be determined. Freedom to extend lines and spread the piping without regard
to scale is a great help in showing isometric dimensions. The basic dimensions
set out in 5.3.2, 5.3.3, and the guidelines in 5.2.9 apply.
Figure 5.15 illustrates the main requirements of an isometric drawing, and inincludes a dimensioned offset. Figure 5.16 shows how 6ther offsets are dimensioned.
Dimension in the same way as plans and elevations
Give sufficient dimensions for the fabricator to make the spool drawings
-see figu re 5.17

-----8

&--

ON VESSELS & EQUIPMENT

N3

FROM
UNLESS
NOZZLE

FLANGED
THE

SURFACE

OTHERWiSE
SIZE:

PROJECTION.

NOZZLES

FOLLOWING

INTERNAL

VESSEL,

SPECIFIED:-

3" & less 4" thru 12"

6"

SHALL

DISTANCES
OF

8"

14" & larger

10"

THIS TYPE OF DRAWING IS USUALLY MADE

ON A sPECIAL SHEET WHICH HAS PRINTED
QUERIES TO SE ANSWERED SY.THE DESIGNER
IN ORDER TO PROVIDE OTHER INFORMATION
NECESSARY FOR DESIGN AND FASRICATION
OF THE VESSEl"

E~"GINEEBING
CO.UPANl'

.3.3

'ISO'

EXAMPLE

FIGURE 5.15

.3.4

SPOOL NUMBERS
74/BZ!6.1412/23-'A
74,'82/6/412/23-1-8
74:'BZi6/412/231-C
74/BZi6/411J23-1-D

74iSZ:6 411/23'E
1

0~
\,,-~~

Os

'~<

I CENT,'RLINES

OF STEEL

, ~

:;'R~~:~~~~~O~Y~~MBERING
ITTERING IN THE
OTHER OIR,'CTION

'. ,

I
I '" /

./'

I e'....ABOVE GRADE

I OR FINISHED flOOR
ELEVA nON PLUS
, HANOWHEEL RADIUS

FIGURES

5.14 & 5.15

I ABBR EVIATE

I AS REQUIRED

Isometric Drawing Number

'I

l\~

74 !BZ/6!412 /23-1
PLANT/AREA

~
FLUID

NOMINAL

/',
~

PIPE SIZE

I.

"-

ISO NUMBER

'-.......NUMBER

MATERIAL

OF LINE

SPECIFICATION

Allowance for weld spacing (root gap) is c; shop set-up problem and should
not be considered in making assembly drawings or detailed sketches, The
Pipe Fabrication Institute recommends that an overall dimension is shown
which is the sum of the nominal dimensions of the component parts.

A spool sheet deals with only one design of spool, and shows complete
dimensional detail, lists material for making the spool, and specifies how
many spools of that type are required Figure 5.17 shows how a spool from
figure 5.15 would be dimensioned.

EXAMPLE
FROM

SPOOL No. 231E

FIGURE

5.15
PIPE
1

2
THIS
HERE
AND

ISOMETRIC

VIEW

FOR EXPLANATION
IS

SPOOL

NOT

DRAWING

PART
AT

IS SHOWN

~jPS

1
I

~'P':3 6

,"JPS

, 3' -10

5/8"

SCH 40

x 01-11

5/8"

SC~

A-S38

A-538

,,

]'-0

40

3/16l! SCH 1.:0

A-538

ONLY,
OF

THE

RIGHT

LR SLL

NPS 5 SiD

8W

FLANGES
5

NPS 4 CL 3GG

so FlF

A-l0S

NP5 6 CL 150

50 RF

A-10S

THREDCLET

NPS 6

NPS

I
I

~
in!

~i
!

(PLAN

G;

DRAWN:

a:

ISSUED FOR CoNSTRN.

4_1_1
__

NUMBER REQUIRED:_1

REFERENCE DRAWINGS

z 3

SPECIFICATION: __

. -----0
DRAWING

NO. SHOWING

SPOOL)

CHECKED: IAPPROVED:

__

OTHER
NPS

3/~

CL 3000

A-105

CHECKING PIPING DRAWINGS

(PLANS, ELEVATIONS,
& 1505)

r=:5!I .3.4

.4.4
P&I D's, process flow diagrams and line designation
engineers in the project group.

sheets are checked by

Title of drawing
Number of issue, and revision number

Except for spool drawings, all piping drawings are checked by the piping group.

Orientation:

Orthographic spool drawings produced by the piping fabricator are not usually
checked by the piping group, except for 'critical' spools, such as spools for
overseas shipment and intricate spools.

Inclusion of graphic scale (if drawing is to be photographically

Usually an experienced designer within the piping group is given the task
of checking. Some companies employ persons specifically as design checkers.
The checker's responsibilities

are set out in 4.1.2.

North arrow against plot plan

Equipment

reduced)

numbers and their appearance on piping drawings

That correct identification

appears on all lines in all views

Line material specification

changes

Agreement with specifications

and agreement with other drawings

That the drawing includes reference number(s) and title(s) to any other
relevant drawings
That all dimensions are correct
Agreement
orientation,

with certified vendors'

manholes and ladders

drawings for dimensions,

nozzle

Prints of drawings are checked and corrected by marking with colored pencils.
Areas to be corrected on the drawing are usually marked in red on the print.
Correct areas and dimensions are usually marked in yellow.

That faceto-face dimensions

non-standard flanged items

Checked drawings to be changed should be returned to their originator whenever possible, for amendment. A new print is supplied to the checker with
the original 'marked up' print for 'backchecking'.

Provision of line vents, drains, traps, and tracing. Check that vents are
at all high points and drains at all low points of lines for hydrostatic
test. Driplegs should be indicated and detailed. Traps should be identified, and piping detailed

Areas of a drawing awaiting further information or decision are ringed clearly

on the reverse side and labeled 'HO LD'-refer
to chart 5.8. (A black, red, or
yellow china marker is suitable for film with a slick finish on the reverse
side.)
Changes or revisions are indicated on the fronts of the sheets by a small
triangle in the area of the revision. The revision number is marked inside the
triangle, noted above the title block (or in an allocated panel) with a description of the revision, required initials, and date. The revision number may be
part of the drawing number, or it may follow the drawing number (preferred
method-see figure 5.17). The drawing as first issued is numbered the 'zero'
revision.
A drawing is issued in three stages. The first issue is 'FOR APPROVAL',
by
management or client. The second issue is 'FOR CONSTRUCTION
BID', when
vendors are invited to bid for equipment and work contracts. The third
issue is 'FOR CONSTRUCTION'
following awarding of all purchase orders
and contracts. 0 rawings may be reissued at each stage if significant changes
are made. Minor changes may be made after the third stage (by agreement
on cost and extent of work) but major changes may involve all three stages of
issue.

Location

and identification

and pressure ratings are shown for all

of instrument

connections

The following items should be labeled in one view only: tees and ells
rolled at 45 degrees (see example In 5.2.8), short-radius ell, reducing
ell, eccentric reducer and eccentric swage (note on plan views whether
'top flat' or 'bottom flat'), concentric reducer, concentric swage,
non-standard
or companion flange, reducing tee, special items of
unusual material, of pressure rating different from that of the system,
etc. Refer to charts 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5 for symbol usage
That insulation

has been shown as required by the P&ID

Pipe support locations with support numbers

That all anchors, dummy legs and welded supports are shown
That the stress group's requirements

have been met

That all field welds are shown

Correctness of scale
Coordinates

of equipment

Piping arrangement

against plot plan

against P&I 0 requirements

Possible interferences
Adequacy of clearances of piping from steelwork, doors, windows and
braces, ductwork,
equipment and major electric apparatus, including
control consoles, cables from motor control centers (MCC's), and firefighting equipment. Check accessibility for operation and maintenance

'FIGURES

~5.16&5.17 ,-

That floor and wall penetrations

Accessibility
for operation and maintenance, and that adequate manholes, hatches, covers, dropout and handling areas, etc. have been
provided

are shown correctly

Although instruments
few in number:

Foundation

(1)

List of materiel, if any. Listed items should be identified

on the plan or the elevation drawings

That section letters agree with the section markings on the plan view

To sense a 'condition' of the process material, most commonly its

pressure, temperature, flow rate or level. These 'conditions' are termed
process variables.
The piece of equipment that does the sensing is
termed a 'primary element', 'sensor', or 'detector'.

That drawings include necessary matchline

Appearance of necessary continuation

(2)
(3)

To transmit a measure of the process variable from a primary element.

To indicate a measure of a process variable to the plant operator, by

That spool numbers appear correctly

Presence of all required signatures

drawings with vendors' equipment

requirements
once, either

information

sheet number(s)

Agreement with model

These further points should be checked on spool sheets:

That materiel is completely

listed and described

That the required number of spools of identical type is noted

This section briefly describes the purposes of instruments and explains how
instrumentation
may be read from P&ID's. Piping drawings will also show
the connection (coupling, etc.) to line or vessel. However, piping drawings
should show only instruments connected to (or located in) piping and vessels.
The only purpose in adding instrumentation
to a piping drawing is to identify
the connection, orifice plate or equipment to be installed on or in the piping,
and to correlate the piping drawing to the P&ID.

(4)

To record the measure of a process variable. Most recorders are

electrically-operated
pen-and-paper-roll types which record either the
instantaneous value or the average over a time period.

(5)

To control the process variable. An instrument initiating this function

is termed a 'controller'.
A controller sustains or changes the value of
the process variable by actuating a 'final control element' (this element
is usually a valve, in process piping).

Many instruments combine two or more of these five functions, and may also
have mechanical parts integrated - the commonest example of this is the
self-contained control valve (see 3.1.1 0, under 'Pressure regulator', and
chart 3.1).

The most-used instruments are pressure and temperature gages ('indicators')

and are shown as in figure 5.18 (a) and (b). An example 'instrument
identification
number' (or 'tag number') is shown in figure 5.18 (c). The
balloon around the number is usually drawn 7/16-inch diameter.

Instrumentation
is shown on process diagrams and piping drawings by symbols.
The functions of intruments are shown, not the instruments. Only the primary connection to a vessel or line, or devices installed in a line (such as
orifice plates and control valves) are indicated.
There is some uniformity,
among the larger companies at least, in the way in
which instrumentation
is shown. There is a willingness to adopt the recommendations of the I nstrument Society of America, but adherence is not always
complete. The ISA standard is S5.1, titled 'Instrumentation
symbols and identification' .
Compliance with the ISA scheme is to some extent international.
This is beneficial when drawings go from one country to another, as there is then no difficulty in understanding the instrumentation.

are

showing the measured value by a dial and pointer, pen and paper roll or
digital display. Anotherform
of indicator is an alarm which gives audible
or visual warning when a process variable such as temperature approaches
an unsafe or undesired value.

This further point should be checked on isos:

are used for many purposes, their basic functions

TYPE

OF

INSTRUMENT~

PROCESS
VARIABLE--r
'LOOP'

NUMBER

~~G 1:
8
'

Upped,",
FUNCTiONAL

IDENTiFICATiON

~t;;~:'7~~rJTIFICA
TlON

In figure 5.18, 'P', '1', and 'F' denote process variables pressure, temperature,
and flow respectively. 'I' and 'G' show the type of instrument; indicator
and gage respectively. Table 5.3 gives other letters denoting process variable,
type of instrument, etc. The number '8', labeled 'loop number', is an example
sequential number (allocated by an instrumentation
engineer).

INSTRUMENT MOUNTING,
& MUL TIPLE-FUNCTION INSTRUMENTS

A horizontal line in the ISA balloon shows that the instrument performing
the function is to be 'board mounted' in a console, etc. Absence of this line
shows '[ocal mounting', in or near the piping, vessel, etc.

Elements, transmitters, recorders, indicators and controllers communicate with

each otrer by means at signal leads - which are represented by lines on the
.drawing. The signal can be a voltage, the pressure of a fluid, etC.-these are the
most common signals.
Symbols

M
~

for instrument

signal leads are given in chart 5.1.

(TI\

\W

The ISA scheme shows instrument functions, not instruments. However, a

multiple-function
instrument can be indicated by drawing the balloons showing the separate functions so that the circles touch.
Sometimes, a multiple-function
instrument will be indicated by a single
balloon symbol, with a function identification,
such as 'TRC' for a temperature recorder-controller.
This practice is not preferred-it
is better to
draw (in this example) separate 'TR' and 'TC' balloons, touching.

The ISA standard uses the term 'loop' to describe an interconnected group
of instruments, which is not necessari!v a closed-loop arrangement: that is,
instrumentation
used in a feedback (or feedforward) arrangement.
If severa! instruments are interconnected, they may be all allocated the same
number for 'loop' identification.
Figure 5.19 shows a process line served bV
one group of instruments (loop number 731 to sense, transmit and indicate
temperature, and a second group (loop number 74) to sense, transmit, indicate, record and control tlow rate.

ANALySiS
BURNER (Flame)
COMBUSTION
USER'S CHOICE
USER'S CHOICE
VOLTAGE
FLOW RATE
USER'S CHOICE
CURRENT
(Electric)
POWER
TIME (Time Control/Clock)
LEVEL
USER'S CHOICE .. "
USER'S CHOICE
USER'S CHOICE
PRESSUREIVACUUM
RADIATION
SPEED (or Frequency)
TEMPERATURE
MULTIVARIABLE
VIBRATION
WEIGHT (or Force)
UNCLASSiFIED
EVENT (Response to)
POSITION, DIMENSION

A
B
B
C
0
E
F
G
I
J
K
L
M
N
0
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

ALARM
" . A
USER'S CHOICE
B
CONTROLLER
C
CONTROL VALVE
CV
TRAP
"
CV
SENSOR (Primary Element)
E
RUPTURE DISC
E
SIGHT orGAGE
GLASS
G
TELEVISION
MONITOR
G
INDiCATOR
I
CONTROL STATION
K
LlG HT (Pilot/Operation)
L
USER'S CHOICE
'"
N
FLOW RESTRICTION
ORIFICE
0
TEST POINT {Sample Pointl
P
RECORDER
R
SWITCH
S
TRANSMITTER
T
MULTIFUNCTION
U
VALVE/DAMPER
V
WELL
W
UNCLASSIFIED
X
RELAY
y
DRIVER
Z
ACTUATOR
Z

THE QUALIFYiNG

/Tj\

tj]}

When the difference between two values of

the process variable is involved

TOTAL

When the process variable is to be summed

over a period of time. For example, flow
rate can be surnmed to give total volume

RATIO

When the ratio of two values of the process

variable is involved

I
I

SAFETY

'HAND'

u--~

LETTER is USED:-

01 FFERENTIAL.

ITEM

To denote an item such as a relief

rupture disc

To denote a hand-operated
item

FIGURES

. 5.18 & 5.19

valve or

or hand-started

To denote instrument
action
value of the process variable

on 'high'

set

To denote instrument action on 'intermediate' set value of the process variable

To denote instrument
action
value of the process variable

on 'low'

set

TABLE

5.3

In the engineering construction

industry, it is usual for piping components
to be given a code number which appears in the piping specification.
In
companies not primarily engaged in plant construction, materiel is frequently
listed on drawings.

This list is usually titled 'list of material', or preferably, 'list of materiel', as

items of hardware are referred to. 'Parts list' and 'Bill of materiel' are alternate
headings.
Either a separate list can be made for materiel on several drawings, or each
drawing sheet can include a list for items on the particular dravving. Lists on
drawings are written in the space above the title block. Column headings
normally used for the list are:

LIST

ITEM NUMBER

OF

Ii QUANTITY

DESCRIPTION

II

To provide a path

(AI
Non-powered
(B)

or pressure

Powered

ofjl/.{id

SEPARATION:
by mechuYlical

IV

HEATING
OR COOLING:
To
change the temperature
of the fluid
by adding or removing heat

To remove
means from

MEASUREMENT:

VI

RATING:

Specify wall thickness as either a

manufacturers' weigh t, etc. See tables
STD= standard, XS= extra-strong,
strong, API= American Petroleum

FEATURE:

Specify design feature(s) unless covered

specification
for the project.

HARDWARE

ordinary

flanges. bolt

To

measure

Ancillary

hardware

valve,

orifice

plate,

by a pipe

MATERIAL:

Carbon-steel pipe is often ordered to ASTM A53 or

A106, Grade A or B. Other specifications are given in
tables 7.5 and 2.1.

See that all items in the list have been given a sequential item number

Label the items appearing on the piping drawings with the

from the list. Write the item number in a circle with a fine
pointing to the item on the drawing. Each item in the list
indicated in this way once on the plan or elevational piping

Verify that all data on the list agree with:

(1) Requirements set out in piping drawings
(2) Available hardware in the manufacturers'

venturi

Pump, ejector

Steam trap, discharge valve, safety

or relief valve, screen, strainer

material
tire fluid

of the fluid, such as fla!"

t'ariable
rate, temperahue,
pressure,
derlSity,
viscosity,
turbidity,
color

In-line

schedule number, a
P-1. SCH = schedu Ie,
XXS= double-extraInstitute.

Pipe is available seamless or with a welded seamexamples of designations are: SMLS = seamless, FBW =
fu rnace-butt-welded,
ERW = el ectric-resistance-welded
GAL V = galvanized. Specify ends: T&C = th reade'd and
coupled, BE = beveled end, PE = p lain end.

and gasket sets

FLOW CONTROL:
Top roduce a lurge
change in flow rate

NONE:

EXAMPLE

I
Pipe, fittings.

for fluid f70w

III

Descriptions are best headed by the NAME of the item, followed by the SIZE,
RATING, FEATURE(S), and MATERIAL.
As material listings are commonly
handled by data-processing equipment, beginning the description of an item
by name is of assistance in handling the data. The description for 'pipe' is
detailed.

REMARK. REQUISITION NUMBER,

OR COMPANY CODE

INTENDED
DUTY OF HARDWARE
WITH
RESPECT
TO
FLUID
CONVEYANCE:

Under the heading DESCRIPTION,

often on drawings the size of the item is
stated first. A typical order is: SIZE (NPS), RATING (class, schedule number,
etc), NAME (of item), MATERIAL
(ASTM or other material specification),
and FEATURE (design feature).

MATERIEL

Vessels, pumps, machinery and instruments are normally Iisted separately

from piping hardware. However, it is not uncommon, on small projects or
revamp work, to list all materiel on a drawing.

CLASS

Haphazard listing cf items makes reference troublesome.

The scheme suggested in chart 5.11 is based on the duty of the hardware and can be extended
to listing equipment if desired. Items of higher pressure rating and larger size
can be listed first within each class.

Jacketed

pipe,

tracer

Gages (all types), thermometers

(all
types), flow
meter. densitometer,
sensor housing (such as a thermo~
well) and other special fittings
for
Instruments
! nsulation,
support

reinforcement,

hanger,

catalogs

item number
line or arrow
of materiel is
drawings

DESIGN OFPIPING SYSTEMS:

InCluding Arrangement, Supporling, Insula lion,
Healing, Venling and Draining oJ Piping,
Vessels and EqUipment
Avoid burying steam lines that pocket, due to the difficulty of collecting condensate. Steam lines may be run below grade in trenches
provided with covers or (for short runs) in sleeves
Lines that are usually buried include drains and lines bringing in water
or gas. Where long cold winters freeze the soil, burying lines below
the frost line may avoid the freezing of water and solutions, saving
the expense of tracing long horizontal parts of the lines

Simple arrangements and short lines minimize pressure drops and lower
pumping costs.
Designing piping so that the arrangement
to mechanical or thermal movement-refer
piping', this section.

is 'flexible' reduces stresses due

to figure 6.1 and 'Stresses on

Inside buildings, piping is usually arranged parallel to building steelwork

simplify supporting and improve appearance.

Include removable flanged spools to aid maintenance, especially at

pumps, turbines, and other equipment that will have to be removed
for overhaul

to

Take gas and vapor branch lines from tops of headers where it is
necessary to reduce the chance of drawing off condensate (if present)
or sediment which may damage rotating equipment

Outside buildings, piping can be arranged: (1) On piperacks. (2) Near grade
on sleepers. (3) In trenches. (4) Vertically against steelwork or large items
of equipment.

Use standard available items wherever

00 not use miters unless directed

Avoid pocketing lines-arrange piping so that lines drain back into

equipment or into lines that can be drained
Vent all high points and drain all low points on lines - see figure 6.47.
Indicate vents and drains using symbols in chart 5.7. Carefully-placed
drains and valved vents permit lines to be easily drained or purged
during shutdo'Nn periods: this is especially important in freezing climates
and can reduce winterizing costs

possible

to do so

00 not run piping under foundations.

beams)

(Pipes may be run under grade

Piping may have to go thru concrete floors or walls. Establish these

points of penetration as early as possible and inform the group concerned (architectural or civil) to avoid cutting existing reinforcing bars
Preferably lay piping such as lines to outside storage, loading and
receiving facilities, at grade on pipe sleepers (see figure 6.3) if there
is no possibility of future roads or site development

ARRANGE

FOR SUPPORTING

Group lines in pipeways, where practicable

Support piping from overhead, in preference to underneath

Run piping beneath platforms, rather than over them

REMOVING

EQUIPMENT

& CLEANING

LINES

Provide union- and flanged joints as necessary, and in addition use

crosses instead of elbows, to permit removing material that may solidify

CLEARANCES

& ACCESS

Stagger flanges, with

Keep field welds and other joints at least 3 inches from supporting
steel, building siding or other obstruction.
Allow room for the joint
to be made
Allow room for loops and other pipe arrangements to cope with expansion by early consultation
with staff concerned with pi pe stressing.
Notify the structural group of any additional steel required to support
such loops

Route piping to obtain adequate clearance for maintaining

ing equipment

and remov-

Locate within reach, or make accessible, all equipment subject to periodic operation or inspection ~ with special reference to check valves,
pressure relief valves, traps, strainers and instruments

Take care to not obstruct access ways - doorways, escape panels, truckways, walkways, lifting wells, etc.

Position equipment with adequate clearance for operation and maintenance. Clearances often adopted are given in table 6.1. In some
circumstances, these clearances may be inadequate-for
example, with
shell-and-tube
heat exchangers, space must be provided to permit
withdrawal
of the tubes from the shell

TABLE 6.1

THERMAL

12-inch minimum

clearance from supporting

steel

MOVEMENT

Maximum and minimum lengths of a pipe run will correspond to the temperature extremes to which it is subjected. The amount of expansion or shrinkage
in steel per degree change in temperature ('coefficient
of expansion') is approximately the same - that is, the expansion from 40F to 41 F is about the
same as from 132 F to 133 F, or from 1/9 F to 180 F, etc. Chart 6.1 gives
changes in line length for changes in temperature.

MINIMUM CLEARANCES
HORIZONTAL
CLEARANCES:

VERTICAL
CLEARANCES:

Operating space around equipment t

Centerline of railroad to nearest
obstruction:
(1) Straight track
(2) Curved track
Manhole to railing or obstruction
Over walkway, platform, or operating
Over stairway
Over high point of plant roadway:
(1) Minor roadway
(2) Major roadway
Over railroad from top of rail

MINIMUM HORIZONTAL
Width
Width
Width
Width

of
of
of
of

area

6in.

8ft
9ft
3ft

6in.
6in.
Din.

6ft
7ft

6in.
Din.

17ft
20ft
22ft

3ft
2ft
8ft

Din.
6in.
16in.
Din.

1ft
3ft
3ft

9in.
6in.
Din.

tEquipment such as heat exchangers, compressors and turbines will require additional clearance.
Check manufacturers' drawings to determine particular space requirements. Refer to figure 6.33
and table 6.5 for spacing heat exchangers.

Ensure very hot lines are not run adjacent to lines carrying temperature
sensitive fluids, or elsewhere, where heat might be undesirable
Establish sufficient
headroom for ductwork, essential electrical runs,
and at least two elevations for pipe run north-south
and east-west
(based on clearance of largest lines, steelwork, ductwork,
etc.-see
figure 6.49)
Elevations of lines are usually changed w.hen changing horizontal
direction where lines are grouped together or are in a congested area,
so as not to block space where future lines may have to be routed

400

-- -- --

--

1/

~ 300
Q.

1/

200

/'

I/

<.:J
w
0

>-

..
x

Expansion

!
i

!
!

I
,

I
I

!
!

w
0

a:

I
I

i
i

::
z

i
i

0
;;;

:;;
0

>-

0
0
N

"

a:

065

~
~
w

--V

-20-

:I:

I
!

"

a:

70-

z
w

w
:I:

!
V

~
u..

100

pEGREES ~AHRENHEIT

I
i

500

:2

~SELECT'TEMPERATURE

Manhole centerline to floor

Valves:
See table 6.2 and chart P2.

I /

I
600

(1) Lower rail

(2) Upper rail

I I I

700

Din.
Din.
6in.

or stair, to:

DIMENSIONS

Railing. Top of floor, platform,

800

DIMENSIONS

walkway at floor level

elevated walkway or stairway
rung of fixed ladder See chart P2.
way for forklift truck

VERTICAL

2ft

"

( inches per 100

ft)

FOR AN APPROXIMATe ANSWER, FrND TEMPERATURE DIFfEFlENCE AT leFT AND READ

INCHES EXI'ANSION PER' 100 FT OF PIPE AT BOTTOM.
FOR EXAMPLE. A 300 F RISE
IN TEMPERATURE WOULD Give EXl'ANSION PER 100 FT /J.S ~5INCIiES.
IAN ACCURATE
READING .fROM 70 F TO 370 F IS 3.15 - 0.65 2.40 rNeliES.J

\"

...

In current practice, loops are made from straight

pipe and elbows in nearly aU circumstances.
The
legs perpendicular to the run give flexibility.

STRAINS
Foundations of large tanks and heavy equipment
may settle or tilt slightly in the course of time. Connected piping and equip-

support

SETTLEMENT
On piperacks, arrange lines subject to thermal
movement to one side with larger lines outermost
so that larger loops can be provided for them, and
so that all loops can be made over the piperack to

save space.

UH
I,

!
,

THERMAL
STRESSES
Changes in temperature of piping, due either to
change in temperature of the environment or of the conveyed fluid, cause
changes in length of the piping. This expansion or contraction in turn causes
strains in :pip;-ng, supports and attached equipment.

ment not on a common foundation will be stressed by the displacement unless

the piping is arranged in a configuration flexible enough to accommodate
multiple-plane movement. This problem should not arise in new construction
but could occur in a modification to a plant unit or process.

I'

To reduce strains in piping caused by substantial thermal movement, flexible

and expansion joints may be used, However, the use of these joints may be
minimized by arranging piping in a flexible manner, as illustrated in figure 6.1.
Pipe can flex in a direction perpendicular to its length: thus, the longer
an offset, or the deeper a loop, the more flexibility
is gained.

COLD SPRING

Rigid connections
between tanks and vessels or
other connected equipment
are to be avoided if:
(1) There is likely to be large changes in
temperature
due to the process or to climate
(2) The tanks or equipment aTe placed in the
open on separate foundations which are liable

Cold springing of lines should be avoided if an alternate method can be used.

A line may be cold sprung to reduce the amplitude of movement from
thermal expansion or contraction in order: (a) To reduce stress on connections. (b) To avoid an interference.

to settle

Figure 6,2 schematically illustrates the use of cold springing for both purposes, Cold springing in example (a) consists of making the branch in the
indicated cold position, which divides thermal movement between the cold
and hot positions. In example (b) the cold spring is made equal to the
thermal movement.

CHART
6.1.

I n both arrangements, the Dump is used to circulate

liquid in the tal'1ks or vessels. The flexible arrange-

ment reduces stresses on nozzles and also permits

access between

the units.

-----~--

/I
In turning corners, an offset limb gives a limited
flexibility
to the piping. The longer the offset, the
greater the flexibility.

FIGURES

HOT POSITION~
I

I
.

6.1-6.2
'------------

The extra limb in the more flexible arrangement

allows greater thermal movement between branch
and run.

HOT POSITION--lil
These are twO arrangements
using a
corner. Greater flexibility
is gained by
of the runs form one limb of the
arrangement
also saves an elbow and

loop at a
making one
loop-this
two welds.

Il

COLD L1NE__

---------(!)+--EXPANSION

I Ii
I

.---

COLD POSITION
COLD LINE

- ----------HOT LINE

-----------l')-l')-----------

---I ~

COLD SPRING

TASCE-6.1

In the following

example, cold springing is emplo'!ed solei,! to reduce a stress

A long pice connected b,! a gO-cegree elbow and fange to a nozzle ma'!
on heating expand so that it imposes a load on the nozzle in excess of that
recommended. Assume that pipi,ng to the nozzle has been installed at ambient
temperature, and that the pipe expands 0.75 inch when hot material flows
thru it, putting a lateral (sidewa'!s) load of 600 !b on the nozzle.

The smallest size of pipe run on a piperack without additional su~oort is

usually 2 inch. It may be more economic to change proposad sm2" "nes to
2-inch pipe, or to suspend them from 4-inch or larger lines, instead of
pcoviding additional support.
Table S-l and charts S-2 give stress and support
pipe.

data for spans of horizontal

If the pipe had 0.375 inch of its length removed before connection, the roomtemperature lateral load on the nozzlewouid be about 300 Ib (instead of zero),
and the hot load would be reduced to about 300 lb.
The fraction of the expansion taken up can be varied. A cold spring of 50%
of the expansion between the temperature extremes gives the most benefit in
reducing stress. Cold springing is not recommended if an alternate solution
call be used. Refer to the Code for Pressure
A!\ISI 831 and to table 72

ill

WHEN USING A DOUBLE DECK, IT IS CONVENTIONAL TO PLACE UTILITY

AND SERVICE PIPI,\JG ON THE UPPER LEVEL OF THE PIPERACK

i21

DO NOT RU\J PIPING OVER STANCHIONS

ANOTHER DECK

AS THIS WILL PREVE,\JT ADDING

131 PLACE LARGE LIQUID-FILLED PIPES NEAR STANCHIONS TO REDUCE STRESS

ON HORIZONTAL MEMBERS OF BENTS. HEAVY LIQUID-FILLED PIPES i12;n
AND LARGERI ARE MORE ECONOMICALLY RUN AT GRADE-SEE NOTE i121

Ail
has resistance to flolN. The smaller the frow cross section and
the more abrupt the change in direction of flow, the greater is the
resistance alld loss of pressure. For a particular line size the resistance is
piOportional to the length of pipe, and the resistance of fittings, valves, etc.
ma'! be expressed as a length of pipe having the same resistance to flolN.
Table F-10 gives such equivalent lengths of pipe for fittings, valves, etc.
Table F-11
pressure drops for water flowing thru SCH 40 pipe at
various rates. Charts to determine the economic size (!\IPS) of piping are
given in the Chemical Engineer's Handbook and other sources,
SLJDEHULE

FOR FLOW PROBLEMS

Problems of resistance to flow can be quickly solved with the aid of the
slide-rule calcuiator obtainable from Tube Turns Division of Chemetron
Corporation, PO Box 32160, Louisville, KY 40232.

i41

PROVIDE DISTRIBUTED SPACE FOR FUTURE PIPES-APPROXIMATELY

AN
ADDITIONAL
25 PERCENT ITHAT IS, 20 PERcE~n OF FINAL WIDTH-SEE
TABLES A-l1

i51
i61

HOT PIPES ARE USUALLY INSULATED AND MOUNTED ON SHOES

WARM PIPES MAY HAVE INSULATION LOCALLY REMOVED AT SUPPORTS

171 THE HEIGHT OF A RELIEF HEADER IS FIXED BY ITS POINT OF ORIGIN

AND THE SLOPE REQUIRED TO DRAIN THE LINE TO A TANK, Etc.
181 ELECTRICAL AND INSTRUMENT TRAYS (FOR CONDUIT AND CABLES! ARE
BEST PLACED ON OUTRIGGERS OR BRACKETS AS SHOWN, TO PRESENT THE
LEAST PROBLEM WITH PIPES LEAVING THE PIPEWAY. ALTERNATELY.
TRAYS MAY BE ATTACHED TO THE STANCHIONS
(gl

(101 SOMETIMES INTERFACES ARE ESTABLISHED TO DEFINE BRE.4KPOINTS FOR

CONTRACTED WORK (WHERE ONE CONTRACTOR'S PIPING HAS TO JOIN
WITH ANOTHERSI. AN INTERFACE IS AN IMAGINARY PLANE WHICH ,\olAY BE
ESTABLISHED FAR ENOUGH FROM A WALL, SIDING, PROCESS UNIT, OR
STORAGE UNIT TO ENABLE CONNECTIONS TO BE MADE
1111 PIPES SHOULD BE RACKED ON A SINGLE DECK IF SPACE PERMITS
(121 PIPING SHOULD BE SUPPORTED ON SLEEPERS AT GRADE IF ROADS:W.ALKWAYS, Etc., WILL NOT BE REQUIRED OVER THE PIPEWAY AT A LATER OATE.
PIPING 'AT GRADE' SHOULD BE 12 INCHES OR MORE ABOVE GRADE
liJl

A 'pipeway' is the space allocated for routing several parallel adjacent lines. A
'piperack' is a structure in the pipeway for carrying pipes and is usually fabricated from steel, or concrete and steel, consisting of connected n-shaped
frames termed 'bents' on top of which the pipes rest. The vertical members of
the bents are termed 'stanchions'.
Figure 6.3 sholNS two piperacks using
this form of construction,
one of which is 'double-deckeD'. Piperacks for
only two or three pipes are made from T-shaped
members, termed
'tee-head supports'.
Piperacks are expensive, but are necessary for arranging the main process and
service lines around the plant site. They are made use of in secondary ways,
principally to provide a protected location for ancillary equipment.
Pumps, utility stations, manifolds, fire-fighting and first-aid stations can be
located under the piperack. Lighting and other fixtures can be fitted to stanchions. Air-cooled heat exchangers can be supported above the piperack.

WHEN CHANGE IN DIRECTION OF A HORIZONTAL LINE IS MADE, IT IS BEST

ALSO TO MAKE A CHANGE OF ELEVATION (EITHER UP OR DOWNI. THIS
AVOIDS BLOCKING SPACE FOR FUTURE LINES. gO-DEGREE CHANGES IN
DIRECTION
OF THE WHOLE PIPEWAY OFFER THE OPPORTUNITY
TO
CHANGE THE ORDER OF LINES. A SINGLE DECK IS SHOWN AT AN INTERMEDIATE ELEVATION

CURRENT PRACTICE IS TO SPACE BENTS 20-25 FEET APART. THIS SPACING

IS A COMPROMISE BETWEEN THE ACCEPTABLE DEFLECTIONS OF THE
SMALLER PIPES ANO THE MOST ECONOMIC BEAM SECTION DESIRED FOR
THE PIPERACK. PIPE RACKS ARE USUALLY NOT OVER 25 FEET IN WIDTH.
IF MORE ROOM IS NEEDED, THE PIPE RACK IS DOUBLE-OR TRIPLE-DECKED

114) MINIMUM CLEARANCE UNDERNEATH THE PIPERACK IS DETERMINED BY

AVAILABLE MOBILE LIFTING EQUIPMENT REQUIRING ACCESS UNDER THE
PIPERACK. VERTICAL CLEARANCES SHOULD BE AS SET OUT IN TABLE 6.1.
BUT CANNOT NECESSARILY BE ADHERED TO AS ELEVATIONS OF PIPES
AT INTERFACES ARE SOMETIMES FIXED BY PLANT SUBCONTRACTORS.
IF THIS SITUATION ARISES, THE PIPING GROUP SHOULD ESTABLISH MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM ELEVATIONS WHICH THE PIPING SUBCONTRACTORS
MUST WORK TO-THIS
HELPS TO AVOID PROBLEMS AT A LATER DATE.
CHECK THE MINIMUM HEIGHT REQUIRED FOR ACCESS WHERE THE PIPERACK RUNS PAST A UNIT OR PLANT ENTRANCE
(151 WHEN SETTING ELEVATIONS FOR THE PIPE RACK, TRY TO AVOID POCKETS
IN THE PIPING. LINES SHOULD BE ABLE TO DRAIN INTO EQUIPMENT OR
LINES THAT CAN BE DRAINED
1161 GROUP HOT LINES REQUIRING EXPANSION LOOPS AT ONE SIDE OF THE
PIPERACK FOR EASE OF SUPPORT-SEE FIGURE 6.1
1171 LOCATE UTILITY STATIONS, CONTROL (VALVEI STATIONS, AND FIREHOSE
POINTS ADJACENT TO STANCHIONS FOR SUPPORTING
I1BI LEAVE SPACE FOR DOWNCOMERS TO PUMPS, Etc., BETWEEN PIPERACK AND
ADJACENT BUILDING OR STRUCTURE

PI PE RAG KS : REFERTO

FIGURE 6.3

KEY ON FACING PAGE

REFER TO 6.2.6.
UNDER 'SLOPED ...
LINES ON PIPERACKS'

PIPING IS SHOWN
"DOUBLE LINE" FOR
CLARITY ONLY

I
J~

ALTERNATE POSITION
IF CLEARANCES ARE
ADEQUATE, & THERE
IS NO INTERFERENCE

FIGURE

.6.3

KEEP SPACE UNDER THE PIPERACK

CLEAR FOR ACCESS, OR UTILIZE FOR
PUMPS AND/OR ANCillAIlY EQUIPMENT

* THESE DIMENSIONS
-SUITABLE

ARE FOR GUIDANCE ONLY

FOR MOST PRELIMINARY DESIGNS

..,

VALVES

IN PIPING DESIGN

Valves are used for these purposes:

HANOWHEEL
ELEVATION FOR
VERTICAL VALVES

ORDER OF

(1)

Process control during operation

(2)

Controlling

(3)

Isolating equipment

(4)

Discharging gas, vapor or liquid

PREFERENCE
FOR VALVE

services and utilities-steam,

or instruments,

(5)

Draining piping and equipment

(6)

Emergency

shutdown

water, air, gas and oil

MINIMUM ELEVATION OF
HANOWHEEL RIM
FOR TILTED VALVES
(handwheel

O\Ierheadl

LOCATION

for maintenance

on shutdown
4' -6"

in the event of plant mishap or fire

to

6'~6"+

handwheeJ
diameter

)
)
)

)
)
)

WHICH SIZE VALVE

TO USE?

Nearly all valves will be line size - one exception is control valves, which are
usually one or two sizes smaller than line size; never larger.
At control stations and pumps it has been almost traditional to use line-size
isolating valves. However, some companies are now using isolating valves at
control stations the same size as the control valve, and at pumps are using
'pump size' isolating valves at suction and discharge. The choice is usually
an economic one made by a project engineer.

)
)
)
)
)

The sizes of bypass valves for control

'Control (valve) stations'.

stations

are given in 6.1.4,

under

See 6.3.1 for valving pumps, under 'Pump emplacement & connections'.
Preferably, place valves in lines from headers (on piperacks) in horizontal rather than vertical runs, so that lines can drain when the valves are
closed. (In cold climates, water held in lines may freeze and rupture the
piping: such lines should be traced - see 6.8.2)
I
To avoid spooling unnecessary lengths of pipe, mount valves directly
onto flanged equipment, if the flange is correctly pressure-rated. See
6.5.1 under 'Nozzle loading'
I
A relief valve that discharges into a header should be placed higher than
the header in order to drain into it
I
Locate heavy valves near suitable support points. Flanges should be
not closer than 12 inches to the nearest support. so that installation is
not hampered

For appearance, if practicable, keep centerlines

height above floor, and in-line on plan view

OPERATING
I

I
I

WHERE TO PLACE VALVES

of valves at the same

AEFERTQCHART

TO MINIMIZE
HAZARD TO PERSONNEL IF VALVES ARE TO SE LOCATED AT HEIGHTS
WITHIN 2nd AND 3rd CHOICES, AVOID POINTING STEMS INTO WALKWAYS AND WORKING
AREAS. TRY TO PLACE VALVES CLOSE TO WALLS OR LARGE ITEMS WHICH ARE CLEAAL Y
SEEN.

P-2

INPARTII

Infrequently-used
valves can be reached by a ladder-but
natives
00 not locate valves on piperacks, unless unavoidable

consider alter-

Group valves which would be out of reach so that all can be operated
by providing a platform, if automatic operators are not used
If a chain is used on a horizontally-mounted
valve, take the bottom of
the loop to within 3 ft of floor level for safety, and provide a hook nearby to hold the chain out of the way -see 3.1.2, under 'Chain'
00 not use chain operators on screwed valves, or on any valve 1Yz-inches
and smaller,
With lines handling dangerous materials it is better to place valves at a
suitably low level above grade, floor, platform, etc., so that the operator
does not have to reach above head height

ACCESS TO VALVES

IN HAZARDOUS

AREAS

Locate main isolating valves where they can be reached in an emergency

such as an outbreak of fire or a plant mishap. Make sure that personnel
will be able to reach valves easily by walkway or automobile

Locate manually-operated
valves at the plant perimeter, or outside the
hazardous area
Ensure that automatic operators and their control lines will be protected from the effects of fi re

Make use of brick or concrete

stations

Inside a plant. place isolating valves in accessible positions

feed lines for equipment and processes having a fire risk

Consider the
water, foam
links, smoke
-advice may

ACCESS TO VALVES

Consider frequency
of operation when locating manually-operated
valves
Locate frequently-operated
valves so they are accessible to a-n operator
from grade or platform. Above this height and up to 20 ft, use chain operators or extension stem. Over 20 ft, consider a platform or remote
operation

walls as possible fire shields for valve

to shut

use of automatic valves in fire-fighting systems to release

and other fire-fighting agents, responding to heat-fusible
detectors, etc., triggered by fire or undue rise in temperature
be obtained from the insurer and the local fire department

~
)

)
)

Provide access for mobile lifting equipment

Consider providing lifting davits for heavy valves difficult

other means, if access is restricted

If possible, arrange valves so that supports will not be on removable

spools:

)
)

to handle heavy valves

Consider valve-closing
time in shutting down or throttling large lines. Rapid
closure of the valve requires rapid dissipation of the liquid's kinetic energy,
with a risk of rupturing the line. Long-distance pipelines present an example
of this problem.

to move by

A liquid line fitted with a fast-closing valve should be provided with a standpipe upstream and close to the valve to absorb the kinetic energy of the
liquid. A standpipe is a closed vertical branch on a line: air or other gas is
trapped in this branch to form a pneumatic cushion.

)
)

A plug valve requiring lubrication must be easily accessible, even though

it may not be frequently operated

.1.3

Provide valves at headers, pumps, equipment, etc., to ensure that the

system will be pressure-tight for hydrostatic testing, and to allow equipment to be removed for maintenance without shutting down the system

Provide isolating valves in all small lines branching from headers-for

example, see figure 6.12
Provide isolating valves at all instrument
instruments under operating conditions

pressure points for removal of

Provide valved drains on all tanks, vessels, etc., and other equipment
which may contain or collect liquids

Use line-blind valves, spectacle plates or the 'double block and bleed'
where positive shutoff is required either for maintenance or process
needs - see 2.7

Protect sensitive equipment by using a fast-closing check valve to stop

backflow before it can gather momentum
Consider butt-welding or ring-joint flanged valves for lines containing
hazardous or 'searching' fluids. Hydrogen is especially liable to leak
Consider seal welding screwed valves if used in hydrocarbon
-see chart 2.3 (inset sketch)

Unless necessary, do not arrange gate and globe valves with their stems
pointing downward (at any angle below the horizontal), as:(1) Sediment

may collect in the gland packing and score the stem.

(2) A projecting
If an inverted

stem may be a hazard to personnel.

position

is necessary, consider employing

Provide sufficient

valves to control flows

Consider providing a concrete pit (usually

valve which is to be located below grade
Consider use of temporary

a dripshield:

service

about 4 ft x 4 ft) for a

closures for positive shutoff-see

2.7

Provide a bypass if necessary for equipment which may be taken out of

service
Provide a bypass valve around control stations if continuous flow is
required. See 6.1.4 and figure 6.6. The bypass should be at least as
large as the control valve, and is usually globe type, unless 6-inch or
larger, when a gate valve is normally used (see 3.1.4, under 'Gate valve')
Provide an upstream isolating valve with a small valved bypass to equipment which may be subject to fracture if heat is too rapidly applied on
opening the isolating valve. Typical use is in steam systems to lessen the
risk of fracture of such things as castings, vitreous-lined vessels, etc.
Consider providing
pressure on either
the valve

large gate valves with a valved bypass to equalize

side of the disc to reduce effort needed to open

TABLE
6.2

Extend safety-valve discharge risers

least 10 ft above the roof line or
vent pipe so as not to strain the
Pointing the discharge line upward
when the valve discharges than does

10 FT MIN. ABOVE
PERSONNEL AREA

that discharge to atmosphere at

platform for safety. Support the
valve or the piping to the valve.
(see figure 6.4) imposes less stress
the horizontal arrangement

The downstream side of a safety valve should be unobstructed

and
involve the minimum of piping. The downstream side of a relief or
safety-relief valve is piped to a relief header or knockout drum-see
6.11.3, under 'Venting gases', and 6.12, under 'Relieving pressureliquids'

DISCHARGE
FDR SAFETY

VALVE~

(21

\\

Pipe exhausting to atmosphere is cut square, not at a slant as formerly

done, as no real advantage is gained for the cost involved
Normally,
do not instal a valve upstream of a pressure-relief valve
protecting a vessel or system from excessive pressure. However, if an
isolating valve is used to facilitate maintenance of a pressure-relief
valve, the isolating valve is 'locked open' -sometimes termed 'car sealed
open' (CSO)
In critical applications,
valves can be used

two pressure-relief

valves provided

VALVE

RELIEF VALVE,
SAFETY VALVE,
or SAFETY-RELI EF

ISOLATING

VALVEDISCHARGE

H"'''';
V ~ ...

FOR SAFETY

~J,~~~;t
IJ

d /.

with isolating

VAPOR TO ATM:SPHERE

DISCHARGE
RELIEF

FOR

VALVE

OR

SAFETY-RELIEF
VALVE

The instailation
lines
ANSI

to

and

B31

of pressure-relieving devices and the use of isolating vaives in

such devices
is governed
by the Code for Pressure Piping,

from

and

the

ASME

Boiler

and

Pressure

Vessel

VAPOR AND/OR 1I0UID

TO RELIEF LINE ----

Code.

Ensure that the disc has room to rotate when the valve is installed,
as the disc enters the piping in the open position
Place butterfly valves with integral gaskets between welding-neck
or
socket-welding
flanges-see 3.1.5, under 'Butterfly
valve'. The usual
method of welding a slip-on flange (see figure 2.7) will not give an
adequate seal, unless the pipe is finished smooth with the face of the
flange

(11

REFER TO 6.1.3 UNDER 'PIPING SAFETY AND

OF AN ISOLATING
VALVE
IN THIS POSITION

(21

IF AN ISOLATING
VALVE
IS PROVIDED,
IT IS ALSO NECESSARY
A BLEED VALVE
TO RELIEVE
PRESSURE BETWEEN THE ISOLATING
THE PRESSURE RELIEF
VALVE
(FOR MAINTENANCE
PURPOSES)

(3)

IF A SPOOL BETWEEN THE TWO VALVES

IS NOT USED, THE BLEED
BE PLACED AS SHOWN IF THE VALVE'S
BODY CAN BE TAPPED

RELIEF

VALVES'

REGARDING

liSE

TO PROVIDE
VALVE
AND
VALVE

MAY

A control station is an arrangement of piping in which a control valve is

used to reduce and regulate the pressure or rate of flow of steam, gas, or
liquid.

A utility station usually comprises three service lines carrying steam, compressed air and water. The steam line is normally 3j,inch minimum, and the
other two services are usually carried in 1-inch lines. These services are for
cleaning local equipment and hosing floors. (Firewater is taken from points
fed from an independent water supply.)

Control stations should be designed so that the control valve can be isolated
and removed for s'ervicing: To facilitate this, the piping of the stations should
be as flexible as circumstances permit. Figure 6.5 shows ways of permitting
control valve removal in welded or screwed systems. Figure 6.6 shows the
basic arrangement for control station piping.

The steam line is fitted with a globe valve and the air and water lines with gate
valves. All are terminated with hose connections about 3% ft above floor or
grade. A utility station should be located at some convenient steel column for
supporting, and all areas it is to serve should be reachable with a 50-ft hose.

The two isolating valves permit servicing of the control valve. The emergency
bypass valve is used for manual regulation if the control valve is out of action.
The bypass valve is usually a globe valve of the same size and pressure rating
as the control valve. For manual requlation in lines 6-inch and larger, a gate
valve is, often the more economic choice for the bypass line-refer to 3.1.4,
under 'Gate valve'.
Figures 6.7-11 show other ways of arranging control stations-many
more
designs than these are possible. These illustrations are all schematic and can
be adapted to both welded and screwed systems.

DESIGN POINTS

For best control, place the control station close to the equipment
serves, and locate it at grade or operating platform level

Provide a pressuregage connection downstream of the station's valves.

Depending on the operation of the plant, this connection may either be
fitted with a permanent pressure indicating gage, or be used to attach
a gage temporarily (for checking purposes)

Preferably, do not 'sandwich' valves. Place at least one of the isolating

valves in a vertical line so that a spool can be taken out allowing the control valve to be removed

If the equipment and piping downstream of the station is of lower

pressure rating than piping upstream, it may be necessary to protect
the downstream system with a pressure relief valve

it

Provide a valved drain near to and upstream of the control valve. To save
space, the drain is placed on the reducer. The drain valve allows pressure
between the isolating valve(s) and control valve to be released. One
drain is used if the control valve fails open, and two drains (one each side
of the control valve) if the control valve fails closed
locate stations
easy supporting

DRAFTING

Most companies have a standard design for a utility station.

Figure 6.12
shows a design for a standard station which can be copied onto one of the
design drawings for reference, or otherwise supplied with the drawings to the
erecting contractor who usually runs the necessary lines. A notation used
on plan views to indicate the station and services required is:
SERVICES:
STATION
SYMBOL:

STEAM,AIR, WATER AIR,WATER

SAW

AW

STEAM, WATER

STEAM.AIR

SW

SA

VAlVE$MAY
BE REOUIREO
OVERHEAD
FOR MAINTENANce
OF LOWER VALVES.
IF PLANT
1$ IN CONTINUOUS
OPE RATION
LOCAH
OVERHEAD
VALVES
FOR ACCESSIBILITY
(NOT
OVER THE PIPE-RACKI

FIGURES

(1) GATEVALVENPS1
(2) GLOBE VALVE

NPS 1

(3) GLOBE VAL VE NPS 3/4

(4) HOSE COUPLING

NPS 3/4

(5) HOSE COUPLING

NPS 1

(6) PIPE NPS 1 SCH 80

(7) PIPE N PS 3/4 SCH 80
(8) TRAP (optional)

in rack piping at grade, next to a bent or column for

THE STATION

In plan view, instead of drawing the valves, etc., the station is shown as a
rectangle labeled 'SEE DETAil
"X" , or 'DWG "Y"-DETAll
"X" " if
the elevational detail appears on another sheet. See chart 5.7.

If subject to freezing conditions, utility station steam lines are usually trapped
(otherwise, the trap can be omitted). Water is sometimes run underground in
cold climates using an additional underground cock or plug valve with an extended key for operating, and a selfdraining valve at the base of the riser.
Another method to prevent freezing, is to run the water and steam lines
in a common insulation.

6.4&6.12

FIGURES 6.5 - 6.11

SCHEMATIC CONTROL STATION ARRANGEMENTS

PIPING FITTINGS ALLOWING CONTROL VALVE REMOVAL

FL.,"GE
REDUCER,\

'

I
..

-+6-1:

REF'ER,TO F1GUIlE 8.44

FOR ~TEMS COVEREO BY
THE TRAP SYMBOL
5WA~E
UNION

--HI'

I~--

gYP'55 VALVE
NC

IH--

ALTERNATE
OUTLETS

)......,. CONTROL

\E)

OOWNs-REAM
IF CONTROL

ISOLATING

vALVE

FOR ANGLE C V's

1 __

(DRAIN)

ORIFICE-TO
SUPPLY
WARMING STEAM TO
EQUIPMENT AT ALL
T\MES

ARRANGEMENTS

BASIC ARRANGEMENT

....-

DRMN
" REQU'~
VALV,,FAilS
CLOSED

VALVES

CAN

*THESE ARRANGEMENTS
ARE SUITABLE
FOR SEDIMENTFREE. FLUIDS. IN LINES
CARRYING
SEDIMENT, PLACE THE BY
PASS VALVE AT A HIGHER lEVEL THAN
THE CONTROL VALVE TO REDUCE THE
RISK OF THE BYPASS LINE BECOMING
PLUGGED.

Be THE SAME SIZE AS THE

CONTROL

VALVE

SEe 6.1.3 UNDER 'WHICH

SIZE VALVE TO USE'

STATIONS FOR LIQUIDS HARMFUL TO PERSONNEL

Pipe is held either from above by hangers or by supports of various types on

which it rests. Hangers are also referred to as supports. Refer to 2.12 for
typical hardware.

---e:>----In the open, single pipes are usually routed so that they may be supported by
fixtures to buildings or structures. A group of parallei pipes in the open is
normally supported on a piperack-see 6.1.2.

Supports for lines smaller than 2-inch and non-critical lines are often left to
the 'field' to arrange, by noting 'FIELD SUPPORT' on the piping drawings.

Refer to tables P-1, which list the weights per foot of pipe and contained
water (see 6.11.2). Weights of fittings, flanges, valves, bolts and insulation are
given in tab les W-1 , comp iled from supp Iiers' data.

Pipe supports should be arranged bearing in mind all five points in 6.2.1.
Inside buildings, it is usually necessary to arrange supports relative to existing
structural steelwork, and this restricts choice of support points.

The mechanical requirements

The method of support set out in 6.2.4 is ideal: I n practice, some compromize may be necessary. The use of dummy legs and the addition of pieces of
structural steel may be needed to obtain optimal support arrangements.

(1)

(2)

To carry the weight of the piping filled with water (or other liquid
invblved) and insulation if used, with an ample safety margin - use a
factor of 3 (= ratio of load just causing failure of support or hanger
to actual load) or the safety factor specified for the project. External
loading factors to be considered are the wind loads, the probable weight
of ice buildup in cold climates, and seismic shock in some areas
To ensure that thematerial from which the pipe is made is not stressed
beyond a safe limit. In continuous runs of pipe, maximum tensile stress
occu rs in the pipe cross sections at the supports. Table S-l gives span s for
water-filled steel and aluminum pipe at the respective stress limits 4000
and 2000 psi. Charts S-2 give the max imum overhangs if a 3-ft riser is
included in the span. The system of supports should minimize the
introduction
of twisting forces in the piping due to offset loads on
the supports; the method of cantilevered sections set out in 6.2.4
substantially eliminates torsional lorces

(3)

To allow for draining. Holdup of liquid can occur due to pipes sagging
between supports. Complete draining is ensured by making adjacent
supports adequately tilt the pipe-see 6.2.6

(4)

To permit thermal expansion and contraction

under 'Stresses on piping'

(5)

To withstand and dampen vibrational

compressors, pumps, etc.

of the piping-see

6.1.1,

.2
..2.4

LOADS ON SUPPORTS

Within a building, piping is routed primarily with regard to its process duty
and secondarily with regard to existing structural steelwork, or to structural
steel which may be conveniently added. Separate pipe-holding structures inside buildings are rare.

of the piping support system are:

Ideally, each point of support would be at the center of gravity of an

associated length of piping. Carrying this scheme thru the entire piping
system would substantially
relieve the system from twisting forces, and
supports would be only stressed vertically. A method of balancing sections
of pipe at single support points is illustrated for a straight run of pipe in
figure 6.13.

uurJ/////r

//J/Jr//L/~r
A

61

cl

D1

11

forces applied to the piping by

A large company will usually have a specialist piping support group responsible for designing and arranging supports. This group will note all required
supports on the piping drawings (terminal job) and will add drawings of
any special details.

Consider hanger B associated with a length of pipe b. This length of pipe

is supported by B, located at its center of gravity, which is at the midway
point for a straight length of uniform pipe. Hangers A, C, D and E are
likewise placed at the respective centers of gravity 01 lengths of pipe a, c,
d and e. If any length of pipe is removed, the balance of the rest of the line
would be unaffected. Each of the hangers must be designed to adequately
support the load of the associated piping-see 6.2.1, point (1).

The piping support group works in cooperation with a stress analysis groupor the two may be combined as one group-which
investigates areas of stress
due to thermal movement, vibration, etc., and makes recommendations to
the piping group.The stress group should be supplied with preliminary layouts
for this purpose by the piping group, as early as possible.

The presence of heavy flanges, valves, etc., in the piping will set the center
of gravity away from the midpoint of the associated length. Calculation
of support points and loadings is more quickly done using simple algebra.
Answers may be found by making trial-and-error
calculations, but this is
much more tedious.

FIGTTRES-- 6.5-6.11 &6.13

Correct location of piping supports can be determined by the use of 'moments

of force'. Multiplying a force by the distance of its line of action from a point
gives the 'moment' of the force about that point. A moment of force can
be expressed in Ib-ft (pounds weight times feet distance). The forces involved
in support calculations either arethe reactions at supports and nozzles, or are
the downward-acting forces due to the weight of pipe, fittings, valves, etc.
In figure 6.14(a), the moment about the support of the two flanges is
(30 + 20)(16) = 800 Ib-ft, counter-clockwise.
The moment of the 100-lb
valve about the support is (100)(8) = 800 Ib-ft, clockwise. As the lengths of
pipe each side of the support are about the same, they may be omitted
from the moment equation. The problem is simplified to balancing the valve
and flanges.
FIGURE 6.14
(a)

aft

1
SUPPOR:ti7

30lb 8L1ND
20lb so
FLANGE
II_F_LA_N_GE

aft

f,OO-lb VALVE

laoo Ib!t

(b)
30 Ib aLiND
FLANGE

xft

1
SUPPOR:!7

20 Ib SO

II ..F_LA_N_GE

1aDOIbh

800 Ib-ft

116 -

xl ft

-_

l20.,b

VALVE

~
j!120IlXIIb-ft

"',,""""""",DENOTES ENDS OF BALANCED

SECTIONS OF PIPING
(ASSOCIATED LENGTHS)

Suppose it was required to balance this length of piping with a 120 Ib valve
on the right-where should the 120 Ib valve be placed?
Referring to figure 6.14(b), if x represents the unknown distance of the
120 Ib valve from the support, the piping section would be in balance if:
(50)(16)
x

(15)(20

= (120)(x).

(50)(16)/(120)

-x)2/(2)
x

(800)/(120)

= 6 ft

8 in.

Figure 6.15 shows a length of 4-inch piping held by the hangers F, G,

and H, and support J. The lengths of associated piping are shown by dashed
separation lines. The weights of pipe and fittings are shown on the drawing.
The 4-inch pipe is assumed to weigh 15 Ib per foot of length. Welded
elbows and tees are assumed to weigh the same as line pipe.
First consider the section associated with hanger F. The weight of pipe to
the left of F is (15)(20 -xl Ib, and as its center of gravity is at (20 -x )/(2) ft,
its moment on the hanger is (15)(20 - x)2/(2) Ib-ft. The heavy valve and
flanges are assumed to have their mass center 5 ft from the end, and their
moment is (x - 5)(360) Ib-ft.
Ignoring the pipe 'replaced' by the valve,
the weight of pipe to the right of F is (15)( x) Ib and its moment about F
is (15)(x)(x)/(2)
Ib-ft. As the associated length is in balance:

= (360)(x= (80)/(11),

5) + (15)(x2)/(2)
or about 7 ft 3 in.

The x terms canceled-this

must be so, as there can physically be only one
value for x. The load on hanger F is (20)(15) + (360) or 660 lb.
2

The support J should be at the center of the associated length of pipe, as

already shown in figure 6.15, and the load on the support is (30)( 15), or
450 lb.
The hanger G is easily seen to be suitably placed, as there is 5 ft of 4-inch
pipe overhanging each side. Only the load on the hanger need be calculated,
which is (5 + 5 + 24 + 2)(15) + (10), or 550 lb.
The location of hanger H has to be found by a calculation like that for
hanger F, except that the heavy terminal flange has also to be taken into
account. The moment equation in Ib-ft is:
(300)(y

- 0.5) + (15)(y2)/(2)

= (15)( 10 - )F/(2)

+ (40)( 10 - y)

which gives y as nearly 2 ft 8 in.

The load on hanger H is about (220)+(3)(40)+(

15)( 10), or 490 lb.

PROBLEM

OF THE END

The supported length at one end of a run of piping may be cantilevered in

the same way as the other lengths, and this has the advantage that if the
piping terminates at a nozzle the load on the nozzle is minimal. However,
it may be necessary to use or arrange a support at or near the end of a
piping run. If the end of the run is vertical, the end support should be
designed to carry the vertical run. The problem is usually more complex
when the end of the run" is horizontal.
The locations of fittings and support points will usually be already defined,
and the problem is to calculate the reaction on the terminal support,
and to see that the support is designed to withstand the load on it In
calculating the load on the terminal support, it should be made certain that
the load is downward-with
some arrangements, the piping would tend
to raise itself off the terminal support (negative load) and if this type of
arrangement is not changed, the terminal support will have to anchor the
piping.
The sketch shows a horizontal
about the support A:

end arrangement

k2

which

100 Ib VALVE

"-.....

MOMENTS

0
~

\
\

"'-

"-

MIDPOINT

\
"-

Q
"-

"-

"'-"

"-,
PIPE & FLUID

'" 18 [bitt

"'-

",A

'B
i.'.

~=Reactlon

(15)(18 + 2)(Y2)(18 + 2) + (100)(18)

(15)(10+18+2)

AXISFOR
TAKING

'\ WEIG,:!~F

- (R)(18 + 2)

R = 202% lb.

'''-...

The reaction, F, on the support A can be calculated by taking moments about

the support B or another axis, or more simply by equating vertical forces:
F + 202Y2

-""'-',-

LOAD

[>~

At

gives

ft.

F =' Reac~jon

"

M2

Lr

(15}(10}(%){10)

F~?

"'-",-

Taking moments in Ib-ft

SUPPORT

r
B

+ 100

550, which gives F

[1]

Draw the plan view to any convenient scale (as above)

(2)

Add the axis I"meA8 (this must pass thru

13J

Divide the run of piping into parts. Piping between the support points A and B is
considered in three parts: (1) The valve. (2) The length of pipe Be. (3) The length
of pipe AC-the

for the valve is ignored, and the effect

(4]

Drop perpendiculars
the axis line.

[5J

Take moments about the axis line, measuring the lengths of perpendiculars M2P, ES,
DO and M, R directly from the plan view (these lengths are noted on the sketch);

[1 J

The axis line must pass thru points of support. If the axis line is not horizontal,
the lengths of the perpendiculars are still measured directly from the plan view.

!2]

This method does not take into account additional moments due to bending and
torsion of pipe. However, it is legitimate to calculate loads on supports as jf the pipe
is rigid.

PROBLEM OF THE RISER

Supports for lines changing in direction can be calculated by the cantilever

method. Sketch (a) below shows that the weight of the vertical part of the
piping can be divided between two cantilevered sections in any proportion
suited to the available support points. Sketches (b) and (c) show the vertical
piping associated wholly with the left- or right-hand cantilevered sections.
The piping may be supported by means of a dummy leg, if direct support
is not practicable.

ENDS OF

short piece of line omitted

of support)

of the elbow neglected.

347% lb.

DENOTES

po'ints

from midpoints

M 1 and M2, the valve and support point E to

CANTILEVERED
SECTIONS
PIPING.

OF

.2.4

This problem often occurs when running pipes from one piperack to another,
with a change in elevation, as in figure 6.15. Too much overhang will stress
the material of the pipe beyond a safe limit near one of the supports adjacent
to the bend, and the designer needs to know the aJlowable overhang.
The stresses set up in the material of the pipe set practical limits on the
overhangs allowed at corners. The problem is like that for spans of straight
pipe allowable between supports. Overhangs permitted by stated limits for
stress are given in charts S-2.

Piping subject to large temperature changes should be routed so as to flex

under the changes in length-see figure 6.1. However, hangers and supports
must permit these changes in length. Figures 2.72 A & B show a selection
of hangers and supports able to accommodate movement. For single pipes
hung from rod or bar hangers, the hanger shou Id be sufficiently
long to
limit total movement to 10 degrees of arc.
SPRING SUPPORTS

There are two basic types of spring support:

(1) Variable load. (2) Constant
load-refer
to 2.12.2. Apart from cost, the choice between the two types
depends on how critical the circumstances are. For example, if a vertical line
supported on a rigid support at floor level is subject to thermal movement,
a variable-spring hanger or support at the top of the line is suitable-see
figure 6.16 (a) and (b).
If a hot line comes down to a nozzle connected to a vessel or machine, and
it is necessary to keep the nozzle substantially free from vertical loading,
a constant-load hanger can be used-see figure 6.16(c). Cheaper alternate
methods of supporting the load are by a cable-held weight working over a
pulley, as illustrated in figure 6.16(dL or by a cantilevered weight.

The nature of the conveyed material, the process, and flow requirements
determine how much sagging can be accepted. Sagging is reduced by bringing
adjacent points of support closer. Pocketing of liquid due to sagging can be
eliminated by sloping the line so that the difference in height between
adjacent supports is at least equal to triple the deflection (sag) at the midpoint. Lines which require sloping include blowdown headers, pressure-relief
lines, and some process, condensate and air lines. (Air lines are discussed in
6.3.2, and draining of compressed-air lines in 6.11.4.)
Complete draining may be required for lines used in batch processing to
avoid contamination,
or where a product held in a line may degenerate or
polymerize, or where solids may settle and become a problem.
In freezing conditions, lines conveying condensate from traps to drains are
sloped; condensate headers may be sloped (as an alternative to steam tracing),
depending on the rate of flow.
In the past, steam lines were sloped to assist in clearing condensate, but the
imp roved draining is now not considered to be worth the difficulty
and
expense involved.
SLOPED LINES ON PIPERACKS

Sloped lines can be carried on brackets attached to the piperack stanchions

(see figure 6.3). To obtain the required change in elevation at each bent.
the brackets may be attached at the required elevations; alternately, a series
of brackets can be arranged at the same elevation and the slope obtained
by using shoes of different sizes-this method leads to fewer construction
problems.
Shoes of graded sizes are also the best method for sloping smaller lines on the
piperack. It is not usual or desirable to hang lines from the piperack unless
necessary vertical clearances can be maintained.
SLOPED LINES IN BUILDINGS

(b) VARIABLE

(a)

(e)

Inside a building, both large and small sloped lines can rest on steel brackets,
or be held with hangers. Rods with turnbuckles are used for hangers on lines
required to be sloped. Otherwise, drilled flat bar can be used. (Adjustable
brackets are available from the Unistrut and Kindorf ranges of support
hardware.)

CONSTANT

SPRING

LOAD

HANGER

HANGER

VARIABLE
SPRiNG
SUPPORT

1
/ vss

,~

, I~GUIDE

II

II

Pipe made either from flexible or rigid plastics cannot sustain the same
loads as metal pipe, and requires a greater number of support points.
way of providing support is to lay the pipe upon lengths of steel channel
tions or half sections of pipe, or by suspending it from other steel pipes.
choice of steel section would depend on the span loads and the size and
of plastic pipe.

~~'1

CENTERLINE

NDZ7

Jr----

SLOPED LINES AVOID

AND AID DRAINING

II, !

OF?IPE OR

I ,

CENTERLINE

~_~~P7 ~~:~Z7

I,
I

II
II

e,ENTERLINE

POCKETING

6.2.6

As pipe is not completely rigid, sagging between points of support must occur.
1n many instances, sagging is acceptable, but in others it must be restricted.

span
One
sec
The
tyDe

For glass process and drain lines, hangers for steel pipe are used, provided that
they hold the pipe without causing local strains and are padded so as not to
crack the pipe. Rubber and asbestos paddings are suitable.
Uninsulated
horizontal lines from 1 to 6 inch in size containing gas or liquid of specific
gravity less than 1.3 should be supported at 8 to 10ft intervals. Couplings
and fittings should be about 1 ft from a point of support.


Terms such as 'dummy leg', 'ar,enor', 'shoe', etc., used in detailing supporting
hardware are explained in 2.12.2. Refer to chart 5.7 for symbols.
GENERAL

Design hangers for 2Yz-inch and larger pipe to permit adjustment

installation

If piping is to be connected to equipment, a valve, etc., or piping

assembly that will requ ire removal for maintenance, support the piping
so that temporary supports are not needed

i.-

./~

SHOE~

Base load calculations for variable-spring and constant-load supports

on the operating conditions of the piping (do not include the weight
of hydrostatic test fluid)

'--<.

.....

INSULATION

GUIDE
;STEEL

,,~~~,

Large valves and equipment such as meters located at grade will usually
require a concrete foundation for support

10

12

NPS of Pipe forming Leg (in.)

10

Size of W-Flange (in.)

10

Provide anchors as necessary to prevent thermal or mechanical movement overloading nozzles on vessels or machinery, branch connections,
cast-iron valves, etc.

Provide anchors to control direction of expansion; for example, at

battery limits and on piping leaving units, so that movement is not
transmitted
to piping on a piperack

SHOES, GUIDES, & SADDLES

'

14

Do not use shoes on uninsulated pipes, unless required for sloping

purposes. For reduced friction where lines are long and subject to
movement, slide plates are an alternative-see
2.12.2.

Use of \'I'ye-type shoes enables pipes to be placed on the shoe before

welding and makes construction easier - see figure 2.72A

Welding the pipe directly to shoes is not always acceptable; for example
with rubber-lined pipe. Bolted or strapped shoes are more suitable

.2.4

.2.8

NPS of Piping (inches)

't--INSULATION

Provide support as close as possible to heavy valves, or try to get valves

moved close to a suitable point where support can be provided

~~c.b

PIPE SADDLES

I
)

Provide guides for long straight pipes subject to thermal movement,

either by guiding the shoe or by guiding pipe support saddles attached
to the pipe, as shown:

Table 6.3 suggests sizes for dummy legs. The allowable stress on the wall
of the elbow or line pipe to which the dummy leg is attached sets a maximum
length for the leg. The advice of the stress group should be sought.

or wires used to hold

For better stress distribution in the pipe wall, pipe support saddles are
usually used on large lines. They can also be used for lines that may
twist over when moving

the straps

)
I
)
I

Provide slots in shoes to accept

insulation to pip,e

If necessary, suspend pipes smaller than 2-inch nominal size from 4-inch
and larger pipes

)
)

after

Anchors are required as stated in the following two points. However, advice
from the stress and/or piping support groups should be obtained:
)

Check the code pertinent to the project, as it may prohibit 'partial'

welds for supports-that
is, welds that do not encircle the pipe

WELDING PIPE-SUPPORT &

PLATFORM BRACKETS TO VESSELS, Etc.

Instruct the vendor to add brackets required on pressure vessels prior

to stress-relieving and testing-otherwise,
retesting and recertification
may be obligatory

It is permissible to specify brackets to be welded to non-pressure

provided that the strength of the vessel is not degraded

vessels

Ensure that nozzles on machinery, compressors, pumps, turbines, etc., are

substantially free from loads transmitted by the piping, which may be due to
the weight of the piping, or to movement in the piping resulting from contraction, expansion, twisting, vibration or surging. Equipment suppliers will
sometimes state maximum loadings permissible at nozzles. Excessive loads
applied to nozzles on machinery can force it from alignment and may cause
damage.
Piping to pumps, turbines, etc., should be supported adequately, but should
allow the equipment
to be removed. Supports for this piping are best
made integral with the concrete foundations, especially if thermal movement
occurs and should be on the same level as the base of the equipment, so that
on heating or cooling, vertical differential expansion and contraction between
supports and equipment will be minimized.

F-IGURE
6.16

TABLE

6.3

Most centrifugal pumps have baseplates that collect any leakage from the
pump. The baseplqte will have a threaded connection which is piped to the
drain hub. Waste seal water is also piped to the drain hub-see figure 6.19.

---0---Most pumps used in industry are of the centrifugal type. Figures 6.17 and
6.18 show typical piping and fittings required at a centrifugal pump together
with the valves necessary to isolate the pump from the system.
The check valve is required to prevent possible flow reversal in the discharge
line. A permanent inline strainer is normally used for screwed suction piping
and a temporary strainer for butt-welded/flanged
piping. The temporary
strainer is installed between flanges-see figure 2.69. A spool is usually requi
red to facilitate removal.
Although centrifugal pumps are provided with suction and discharge ports of
crosssectional area large enough to cope with the full rated capacity of the
pump, it is often necessary with thick fluids or with long suction lines to use
an inlet pipe of larger size than the inlet port, to avoid cavitation. Cavitation
is the pulling by the pump of vapor spaces in the pumped liquid, causing
reduction of pumping efficiency, noisy running, and possible impellor and
bearing damage. Refer to 6.1.3, under 'Which size valve to use?'.
Most pumps have end suction and top discharge. Limitations on space may
require another configuration,
such as top suction with top discharge, side
suction with side discharge, etc. Determination
of nozzle orientation takes
place when equipment layout and piping studies are made.

AUXILIARY,

TRIM,

In outside installations
the pump's casing

Provide a short spool for a 3/4-inch drain between the on/off valve and
the check valve, to drain the discharge line.
If the valve is large
enough, the drain can be made by drilling and tapping a boss on the
check valve, as shown in figure 6.17, note (3), in which instance no
spool is required.

00 not route piping over the pump, as this interferes with maintenance.
It is better to bring the piping forward of the pump as shown in figure
6.17

Leave vertical clearance over pumps to permit removal for servicing

-sufficient
headroom must be left for a mobile crane for all but the
smaller pumps, unless other handling is planned

If pumps positioned close to supply tanks are on separate foundations,

avoid rigid piping arrangements, as the tanks will 'settle' in the course
of time

Locate the pump as closely as practicable to the source of liquid to be

pumped from storage tanks, sumps, etc., with due consideration for
flexibility
of the piping

Position valves for ease of operation placing them so they are unlikely
to be damaged by traffic and will not be a hazard to personnel-see
table 6.2 and chart P-2

The foundation may be of any material that has rigidity sufficient to

support the pump baseplate and withstand vibration. A concrete foun
dation built on solid ground or a concrete slab floor is usual. The pump
is positioned, the height fixed (using packing), and the grout is then
poured.
Grout thickness is not usually less than one inch-see figure
6.17

A pit in which a pump is installed should

sump that can be drained or pumped out

Make the concrete foundation at least as large as the baseplate, and

ensure that concrete extends at least 3 inches from each bolt

or HARNESS PIPING

Pumps, compressors and turbines may require water for cooling bearings, for
mechanical seals, or for quenching vapors to prevent their escape to
atmosphere. Piping for cooling water or seal fluid is usually referred to as
auxiliary, trim, or harness piping, and the requirement for this piping is
normally shown on the P&ID. This piping is usually shown in isometric
view on one of the piping drawings.
In order to cool the gland or seal of a centrifugal pump and ensure proper
sealing, it is usually supplied with liquid from the discharge of the pump,
by a built-in arrangement, or piped from a connection on the pump's casing.
The gland may be provided with a cooling chamber, requiring piped water.
If a pump handles hot or volatile liquid, seal liquid may be piped from an
external source.

DRAINING

Each pump is usually provided with a drain hub 4 to 6 inches in dia

meter, positioned about 9 inches in front of the pump foundation on the
centerline of the pump.
The drain hub is piped to the correct sewer or
effluent line-see 6.13. If two small pumps have a common foundation, they
can share the same drain hub.

in freezing climates, provide a valved drain from

Valves are 'line size' unless shown otherwise

under 'Which size valve to use?'

have a drain, or have a

on the P&I D. See 6.1.3

Use tilting disc or swing check valves for preference

00 not use globe valves for isolating pumps. Suction and discharge line
isolating valves are usually gate valves, but may be other valves offering
low resistance to flow

SUCTION

LINE

To avoid cavitation, the pump must be at the correct elevation, related to

the level or head of the liquid being pumped. If the location of the pump
has not previously been established on an equipment arrangement drawing,
refer to the engineer involved.
Concentric reducers are used in lines 2-inch and smaller. Eccentric reducers
are used in lines 2%-incll and larger, and are arranged to avoid: (1) Creating
a vapor space. (2) Creating a pocket which would need to be drained.
These conditions set the configurat'lon
of the reducer-that
is, whether it
is to be installed 'top flat' or 'bottom flat'.
If a centrifugal pump has the suction nozzle at the end (in line with the
drive shaft), an elbow may be connected directly to the nozzle at any
orientation.
If a pump has the suction nozzle at the side with split flow to the impel lor
provide a straight run of pipe equal to 3 to 5 pipe diameters of the suction
line to connect to the nozzle. Alternately, an elbow may be connected to
the suction nozzle, but it must be arranged in a plane at 90 degrees to the
driving shaft, to promote equal flow to both sides of the impellor.
If an
elbow must be in the same plane as the driving shaft of the pump, consider
the use of turning (or splitter) vanes to induce more even flow. Uneven flow
causes damage to the impellor and bearings.

Provide a pressure connection in the discharge line, close to the pump

outlet - see figures 6.17 th ru 6.21. It may be necessary to provide a
short spool for this purpose if there is no pressure point tapping on the
pump discharge nozzle
For locations
thru 6.21

of drain connections

A pump with screwed connections requires unions in the suction

charge lines to permit removal of the pump.

. Route suction lines as directly as possible so as not to starve the pump

and incur the risk of cavitation

If the pump draws liquid from a sump at a lower elevation, provide a

combined foot valve and strainer. A centrifugal pump working in this
situation requires priming initially-provide
for this by a valved braner,
near the inlet port, or by other means

Provide a strainer in the suction line-see figures 6.17 thru 6.21. 00

not place a temporary startup screen immediately downstream of a
valve, as debris may back up and prevent the valve from being closed

The outlet pipe for centrifugal and other non-positive displacement pumps is
in most cases chosen to be of larger bore than the discharge port, in order to
reduce velocity and consequent
pressure drop in the line. A concentric
reducer or reducing elbow is used in the discharge line to increase the diameter. There is no restriction on the placement of elbows in discharge lines
as there is in suction lines.

and dis-

Reciprocating and rotary pumps of this type must be protected against overloading due to restriction in the discharge line. If a positive-displacement
pump is not equipped with a relief valve by the manufacturer,
provide a
relief valve between the pump discharge nozzle and the first valve in the
discharge line_ The discharge from the relief valve is usually connected to
the suction line between the isolating valve and the pump.
As positive displacement pumping does not greatly change the flow velocity,
reducers and increasers are not usually required in suction and discharge
lines. See figures 6.20 and 6.21. A positive-displacement
pump having a
pulsating discharge may set the piping into vibration, and to reduce this
an air chamber (pneumatic reservoir) such as a standpipe can be provided
downstream of the discharge valve.
KEEPING MATERIAL

in the discharge line, see figures 6.17

FROM SOLIDIFYING

IN THE PUMP

It may be necessary to trace a pump (see 6.8.2) in order to keep the conveyed
material in a fluid state, especially after shutdown. This problem arises either
with process material having a high melting point, or in freezing conditions.
Alternately,
jacketed pumps can be employed
(such as Foster jacketed
pumps available from Parks-Cramer).

FIGURES

6.17

THE

FOllOWING

THE

KEY

ON

THE

FOR
THIRD

THRU

6.21

THREE
THESE

ARE

ON

PAGES, &

FIGURES

OF THESE

IS

PAGES

11
.3.1

'-----6

I,

,.-..:J~

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PIPING IN ELEVATION

SCREWED PIPING FIGURE 6.18

flANGED BUTT-WELDED PIPING

8
ALTERNATE PIPING
AR RANGEMENT

DRAIN FOR CHECK VALVE

MAY OPTIONALl Y BE P'lACED
ONVALVECOVER\

~[.3.1

PIPING TO CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS-ALTERNATIVES

SCREWED PIPING

DISCHARGE MANIFOLD

1
\~

J,

,I

''""'~'
-"", """
SINGLE

CHECK VALVE

'V

---'

IFIGURt::S

i 6.17-6.19

FOR

SOCKETWElDED

COMPARABLE
SIMilAR

SHOWN

PIPING

FITTINGS

ARRANGEMENTS

HERE

SYSTEMS,

ARE
TO

USED

IN

THOSE

PIPING fOR POSITIVE-DISPlACEMENT PUMPS

FLANGED BUTT-WELDED PIPING FIGURE 6.20

SCREWED PIPING

DRAIN~

I
I

FOR SOCKET-MLDEO
PIPING, COMPARABLE
FITIINGS
ARE USED

;--@::J7B
ALTERNATE
DRAINS

IN
ARRANGEMENTS
SIMILAR
TO
THOSE

FOR SCREWED

PIPING

~~

(11

ALTERNATE

HORIZONTAL

DISCHARGES,

WITH

LINE OFFSET

LAID OVER AND OFFSET AS NECESSARY-THIS

VERTICAL
POSITION
PLACES HANDWHEEL
OUT
NEEDS

TO TURN

AND WITH VALVES

MAY BE NECESSARY
IF THE
OF REACH OR If DISCHARGE

DOWN

(11)
(3)

PROVIDE

1/2 TO 3/4-INCH

DRAIN

ON CHECK

VALVE

ABOVE

DISC

fA OAAINPOINT

PIPE BASEPLATE OF PUMP TO DRAIN HUB. PROVIDE HUB AT EACH PUMP.

PIPE HUB TO APPROPRIATE DRAIN OR SEWER. IF TWO PUMPS ARE ON A COMMON
BASE, THEY

OR BOSS IS USUALLY
PROVlDED
ON 2INCH AND LARGER VALVES)
AND RUN
LINE TO DRAIN. OTHERWISE,
PLACE DRAIN
ON SPOOL BETWEEN
CHECK AND
ISOLATING
VALVES.
ON SCREWED
AND SOCKET-WELDED
PIPING, PROVIDE
A
TEE FOR THE DRAIN CONNECTION

(16)

CAN SHARE

THE

SAME

HUB

IF A PUMP HAS SIDE SUCTION

WITH SPLIT FLOW TO IMPElLOR,
PROVIDE
3 OR
MORE DIAMETERS
OF STRAIGHT
PIPE AS SHOWN, OR CONNECT AN ELBOW IN
A PLANE AT 90 DEGREES TO THE IMPELLOR
SHAFT

~r---

1
1

Refer to 3.2.2 for a description of compressors and associated equipment.

A
compressor supplies compressed air or a gas to process or other equipment.
A compressor is usually purchased as a 'package unit', which includes coolers,
and the designer is left with the problem of installing it and piping auxiliaries
to it. These various auxiliaries are shown in figure 6.23.
Compressors may be -installed in the open, or within a plant or separate
compressor house. An arrangement
of compressor, ancillary equipment and
distribution
lines is shown in figure 6.22 (derived from an illustration by
Atlas Copeo).
COMPRESSOR

HOUSE

If the compressor is handling a gas heavier than air, eliminate pits or

trenches in the compressor house to avoid a suffocation or explosion
risk

Provide air entry louvers if a compressor takes air from within a compressor house or other building
Provide maintenance
facilities, including a lifting rail or access for
mobile lifting equipment. Allow adequate floor space for use during
maintenance. Additional access may be required for installation

Prevent transmission
of vibration by providing a foundation for the
compressor, separate from the compressor-house
foundation
Consider the use of noise-absorbing
materials and construction
for a
compressor house

The vendor's drawings should be examined to determine what auxiliary

piping, valves and equipment covered in the following design points are to
be supplied with the compressor by the vendor:

Install the compressor on a concrete pad or elevated structure.

is often a necessary part of the foundation

Large reciprocating
compressors
are often installed on an elevated
structure to allow access to valves and provide space for piping. Provide
a platform for operation and maintenance of such an installation
Keep piping clear of cylinders ot reciprocating compressors and provide
withdrawal space at cylinder heads

Piling

3.1

...3.2

Use long-radius elbows or bends, not short-radius elbows or miters

If the compressor and the pressurized gas are cooled with water, route
cooling water first to the aftercooler, then to the intercooler (for a
two-stage machine), and lastly to the cylinder jackets (or casing jacket,
if present, in other types of compressor)
Arrange an air compressor, associated equipment and piping so that
water is able to drain continuously from the system

Pipe a separate trapped drain for each pressure stage. Ensure that the
pressure into which any trap discharges will be lower than that of the
system being drained-less
the pressu re drop over the trap and its
associated piping. Do not pipe different pressure stages thru separate
check valves to a common trap

If a toxic or otherwise hazardous gas is to be compressed, vent possible

shaft seal leakage to the suction line to avoid a dangerous atmosphere
forming around the compressor

Do not overlook substantial space required

control consoles for compressors

Discuss piping arrangement

for lube oil and seal oil

with the stress group

(11
121
131
141
151
161
171
(8)
191
110)

COMPRESSOR
AFTERCOOLER
DAMPENER
RECEIVER
DRAIN
RING MAIN
BRANCH CONNECTiON
OUTLET VALVE
DISTRIBUTION HEADER
WALL VENT

FIGURES

6.20-6.22

Provide a pressure gage connection between filter and compressor to

allow the pressure drop across the filter to be measured in order to
check when cleaning or replacement is needed

SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENTS
OF COMPRESSEDAI R EQUIPMENT

Use a temporary

screen at the compressor

inlet at startup-see

2.10.4

Avoid low points in suction lines where moisture and dirt can collect.
If low points cannot be avoided, provide a clean-out -see figure 6.24
If the suction line is taken from a header, take it from the top of the
header to reduce the chance of drawing off moisture or sediment
A line-size isolating valve is required for the suction line if the suction
line draws from a header shared with other compressors
Consider pickling or painting the inside of the suction piping to inhibit
rust formation and lessen the risk of drawing rust into the compressor

To reduce damage to a compressor by

supply needs to be free from solids and
does not affect operation of liquid-ring
are best located where the atmosphere
gases, industrial operations, or bv traffic

abrasion or corrosion, the air

water (water in the air intake
air compressors).
Air intakes
is uncontam inated by exhaust

For efficiency the air supply should be taken from the coolest source
such as the shaded side of a building, keeping to building clearances
shown in figure 6.24
If the air supply is from outside the building, locate the suction point
above the roofline, and away from walls to avoid excessive noise
Keep suction piping as short as possible. If a line is unavoidably long
and condensate likely to form, provide a separator at the compressor
intake
Provide a rain cover and screen as shown in figure 6.24
Small (and sometimes medium-sized)
air compressors usually take air
from inside a building. Large air compressors take air from outside a
compressor house (figure 6.24): this minimizes effects on the building
of pulsations radiated from the air inlet. In both instances, a filter is
needed to remove dust, which is always present to some extent
Filters must have capacity to retain large quantities of impurities with
low pressure drop, and must be rugged enough to withstand pulsations
from reciprocating compressors

Discharge piping should be

draining. Anchors and braces
outflow from the aftercooler
in suction air) and this water

arranged to allow for thermal movement and

should be provided to suppress vibration. The
will usually be wet (from the excess moisture
must be continually removed.
"

An isolating valve in the discharge line is line-size

Provide discharge piping with connections

gages

for temperature

ISOLATING

Provide an unloading valve and bypass circuit connected upstream of

the discharge isolating valve, and downstream of the suction isolating
valve, so as to ensure circulation thru the compressor during unloading,
and to permit equalizing pressure in the compressor-see 3.2.2, under
'Unloading'
-

Normally locate a receiver close to the compressor. (Auxiliary

may be located near points of heavy use.)

For draining compressed-air

FOR COMPRESSOR

Compressors operating in parallel should be provided with isolating valves

arranged so that any compressor in the group may be shut down or removed.
An isolating valve at the discharge should be placed downstream of the
pressure-relief valve and any bypass valve connection. The isolating valve at
the suction should be upstream of the bypass valve connection. Isolating
valves are not required for a single compressor installation.

receivers

discharge lines, refer to 6.11.4

The use of dampeners and volume bottles

3.2.2, under 'Equipment for compressors'.

VALVES

and pressure

in the discharge is discussed in

Pressure-relief valves should be installed on interstage piping and on a discharge line from a compressor to the first downstream isolating valve. A
pressure-relief valve may be vented to the suction line-see figure 6.23. Each
pressure-relief valve should be able to discharge the full capacity of the
compressor.
CHECK VALVE

LOADS'& VIBRATION

The design of supports for piping to large compressors (especially for reciprocating machines) requires special knowledge. Usually, collaboration
is
necessary with the piping support group, the stress group, and the compressor
manufacturer's representative. A major problem is that the compressor may
be forced from alignment with its driver if the piping and supports are not
properly arranged.
If a diesel or gasoline engine is used as driver, a flexible joint on the engine's
exhaust pipe will reduce transmission of vibration, and protect the exhaust
nozzle. Flexible connections are sometimes needed on discharge and suction
piping. Pulsation in discharge and-to a lesser extent-suction
lines, tends to
vibrate piping. This effect is reduced by using bellows, large bends and
laterals, instead of elbows and tees.

INSTRUMENTATION

& INSTRUMENT

CONNECTIONS

Figure 6.23 shows the more useful locations for pressure and temperature
gages, but does not show instrumentation
for starting, stopping and unloading
the compressors. Simple compressor control arrangements using pressure
switches have long been used, but result in frequent starting and stopping of
the compressor, causing unnecessary wear to equipment.
Automatic control using an unloading valve is superior: table 3.6 gives the
working principles-see 3.2.2, under 'Unloading'. Further information can be
found in the 'Compressor installation
manual' (Atlas-Copco).
Unloading
valves are allocated instrument numbers.
The air-pressure signals for unloading, starting, loading and stopping a compressor should be free from pulsations. It is best to take these signals from
a connection on the receiver or a little downstream of it.
Details of construction of instrument connections are given in 6.7. Instrument
branches should be braced to withstand transmission of line vibration.

Unless supplied with (or integral with) a compressor, a check valve must be
provided to prevent back flow of stored compressed air or other gas.

Headers larger than 2-inch are often butt welded. Distribution

lines are
screwed and usually incorporate malleable-iron fittings, as explained in 2.5.1.
Equipment used in distribution piping is described in 3.2.2.
A more efficient layout for compressed air lines is the ring main with auxiliary
receivers placed as near as possible to points of heavy intermittent
demand.
The loop provides two-way air flow to any user.

The compressed air provided for use in plants is designated 'instrument

air', 'plant air' or 'process air'. Instrument air is cleaned and dried compressed
air, used to prevent corrosion in some instruments. Plant air is compressed air
but is usually neither cleaned nor dried, although most of the moisture and
oil, etc., can be collected by a separator close to the compressor, especially
if adequate cooling can take place. Plant air is used for cleaning, power tools,
blowing out vessels, etc: if used for air-powered tools exclusively, some
suspended oil is advantageous for lubrication, although filter/lube
units are
usually installed in the air line to the tool.
Process air is compressed air, cleaned and dried, which may be used in the
process stream for oxidizing or agitation. The trend is to supply cleaned and
dried air for both general process and instrument purposes. This avoids running separate lines for process and instrument air.
Process and instrument air for some applications requires to have an oil
content less than 10 parts per million. As almost all oily contaminants are
present .as extremely small droplets (less than 1 micron in diameter) mechanical filtration
may be ineffective;
adsorption equipment can efficiently
remove the oil.

.3.2

A turbine is a machine for deriving mechanical power (rotating shaft) from

the expansion of a gas or vapor (usually air or steam, in industrial plants).

.. k

',-<

/'

ATM6~?H:;;-'Jb1

Steam turbines are used where there is a readily-available

source of steam,
and are also used to drive standby process pumps in critical service in the
event of an electrical power failure, and emergency standby equipment such
as firewater pumps and electric generators.

~l

TO
ATMOSPHERE

LOW
"AESSUA

Figure 6.9 shows a schematic arrangement of piping for automatic operation.

There are similarities between steam-turbine
and pump and compressor
piping. Their common requirements
are:(1)
(2)
(3)

mAM

{II

(2)

(l)

To limit loads on nozzles from weight of piping or from thermal

movement
To provide access and overhead clearance
To prevent harmful material trom entering the machine
(l)
(2)

In order to guard against damage to a steam turbine, protective

arrangements
such as those mentioned
in table 6.4 are needed
steam feed.

piping
in the

PROTECTIVE PIPING FOR FEEDING

STEAM TO TURBINE

_'0

, ATMOSPHEF<E

HAZARD

TO TURBINE

PROTECTIVE

PIPING

FOREIGN MATTER & WATER

IN THE STEAM FEED

DRIPLEG & STRAINER, or

SEPARATOR, IN THE FEED
LINE (See figure 6.9)

EXCESSIVE PRESSURE IN
STEAM FEED CAUSING
OVER-FAST RUNNING OR
CASING RUPTURE

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

&/OR CONTROL VALVE
IN THE FEED LINE

THERMALSHOCK,DUETO
TOO RAPID HEATING ON
STARTUP

ORIFICE BYPASS TO
FEED SMALL AMOUNT
OF STEAM TO TURBINE
AT ALL TIMES

(3)

Figure 6.25 shows three methods for dealing with the turbine's exhaust.
Steam from an intermittently
operated turbine may be run to waste and all
that is required is a simple run of pipe to the nearest outside wall or up thru
the roof. Exhausts should be well clear of the building and arranged so as not
to be hazardous to personnel.
The turbine discharge will include drops of
water and oil from the turbine, which are best collected and run to drain. A
device suitable for this purpose is a Swartwout 'exhaust head' shown in figure
6.26. Alternately, steam discharged from a continuously running turbine may
be utilized elsewhere, in a lower-pressure system.

Exhaust
is discharged
intermittent
use.
Exhaust
is taken
to
continuously~operatjng
Exhaust
is condensed

directly

to

atmosphere.

Suitable

a low-pressure
header
for
turbine,
to avoid wasting
to increase
pressure
drop

for

small

turbine

use elsewhere.
Suitable
steam.
across the turbine.

An orifice plate is used as a 'bleed' bypass to ensure

passes thru the turbine. An orifice plate is used rather
a changeable constriction is needed. Alternately, the
needed to keep the turbine warm can be admitted by
a bypass-a wasteful and uncertain practice.

In
for

that steam constantly

than a straight pipe, as
small amount of steam
a cracked-open valve in

A trap is fitted to the casing of the turbine to remove condensate. Piping

is provided to supply seal liquid to the turbine's bearings-refer
to 6.3.1,
under 'Auxiliary, trim, or harness piping'.

6 ft minimum
clearance
for
exhaust from
building

wall

Vessel connections are often made with couplings (for smaller lines), flanged
or welding nozzles, and pads fitted with studs, designed to mate with flanged
piping. Nozzle outlets are also made by extrusion, to give a shape like
that of the branch of a welding tee-this gives a good flow pattern, but is
an expensive method usually reserved for such items as manifolds and dished
heads. Weldolets, sockolets and thredolets are suitable for vessel connections
and are available flat-based for dished heads, tanks, and large vessels.
Almost any type of connection may be made to open vessels or vessels
vented to atmosphere, but for pressure vessels, the applicable design code
will dictate requirements for connections (and possible reinforcement-see

2.11).
PRESSURE

Provide additional flexibility in lines to a vessel from pumps and other

equipment mounted on a separate foundation (if liable to settle)

Be cautious in making rigid straight connections between nozzles. Such

connections may be acceptable if both items of equipment are on the
same foundation, and are not subject to more than normal atmospheric
temperature changes (see figure 6.1)

Ensure that a nozzle can take the load imposed on it by connected

piping-see
6.2.8, under 'Supporting pipe at nozzles'. Manufacturers
often can provide nozzleloading data for their standard equipment

Check all connections to ensure that stresses due to thermal movement,

and shock pressures ('kicks') from opening pressure relief valves, etc.,
are safely handled

FRACTIONATION
COLUMN
(OR TOWER PIPING)

VESSELS

With exceptions and limitations stated in section 8 of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, vessels subject to internal or external operating
pressures not exceeding 15 PSI need not be considered to be pressure vessels.
A vessel operating under full or partial vacuum and not subject to an external
pressure greater than 15 PSI would not require Code certification.

Preliminary piping layouts are made to determine a suitable nozzles arrangement. A sketch of the vessel showing all pertinent information is sent to the
vessel fabricator, who then makes a detail drawing. The preliminary studies
for pressure vessel piping layouts should indicate where pipe supports and
platforms (if required) are to be located. In the event that the vessel has to
be stress-relieved, the fabricator can provide clips or brackets-see 6.2.8,
under 'Welding pipe-support and platform brackets to vessels, etc.'

.4
.5.2

PIPING

As columns and their associated equipment take different forms, according

to process needs, the following text gives a simplified explanation of column
operation, and outlines basic design considerations.

A fractionation
column is a type of still. A simple still starts with mixed
liquids, such as alcohol and water produced by fermenting a grain, etc.,
and by boiling produces a distillate in which the concentration of alcohol is
many times higher than in the feed. In the petroleum industry in particular,
mixtures not of two but a great many components are dealt with. Crude oil
is a typical feed for a fractionation column, and from it the column can form
simultaneously several distillates such as wax distillate, gas oil, heating oil,
naphtha and fuel gases. These fractions are termed 'cuts'.

Figure 5.14 shows the type of drawing or sketch sent to a vessel fabricator.

Nozzles needed on non-pressure vessels include: inlet, outlet, vent (gas

or air), manhole, drain, overflow, agitator, temperature element, level
instrument, and a 'steam out' connection, sometimes arranged tangentially, for cleaning the vessel
Nozzles needed on pressure vessels include: inlet, outlet, manhole, drain,
pressure relief, agitator, level gage, pressure gage, temperature element,
vent, and for 'steamout', as above
Check whether nozzles are required for an electric heater, coils for
heating or cooling, or vessel jacket. A jacket requires a drain and vent
Check special nozzle needs, such as for flush-bottom

3.1.9)

tank valves (see

The feed is heated (in a 'furnace' or exchanger) before it enters the column.
As the feed enters the column, quantities of vapor are given off by 'flashing',
due to the release of pressure on the feed.
As the vapors rise up the column, they come into intimate contact with
downflowing liquid-see figure 6.29. During this contact, some of the heavier
components of the vapor are condensed, and some of the lighter components
of the downflowing
liquid are vaporized. This process is termed 'refluxing'.
If the composition
of the feed remains the same and the column is kept in
steady operation, a temperature distribution establishes in the column. The
temperature at any tray is the boiling point of the liquid on the tray. 'Cuts'
are not taken from every tray. The P&I D shows cuts that are to be made, including alternatives-nozzles
on selected trays are piped, and nozzles for
alternate operation are prQ.vided with line blinds or valves.

TAB[E-~
6.4

-r"1
.---------DAVIT
:::=====::::~;:;:o
VENT

trays, valves,

c:::i:)

(for handling

c:::

etc.)

_SAFETY-RELIEF

VALVE

"D

INSTRUMENT SPACE
(gages for temperatlJre
and pressure)

()
C

I~GUIDE

HEAVY CUT
(HEAVIER FRACTIONS)
FEED FROM HEATER

'----

TO ADJACENT

CONDENSER

RELIEF HEADER

,I
"

I
'--- -,1-,-\1 ~.(--

'BOTTOMS'

i
ACCESS DOOR
VENT
BASE RING

DRIVER

rJ;ISL;Li_ -i-- ---- - ---

::z:
c:::J

c:::::r':)
r"'o:)
<:::lC

CUT
(LIGHTER FRACTIONS)
'CUTS' ARE TAKEN
FROM SELECTED
TRAYS IN COlUMN

'--:)

-.::J

c:
~ :x:::@

MANHOlE
(for
sparger access)

.--

10

LINE

-LIGHT

CI':)

c=:>
c::::

, .c:::::r':) =s:
r"'o:)
:::ii!::

-2:

---

~RELIEF

::::0
r-n

c::"":)

PUMP

----c:J

---c
::z::
c:::i:)

Trays are of various designs. Their purpose is to collect a certain amount of

liquid but allow vapors to pass up thru them so that vapor and liquid come
into contact. (Refer to figure 6.29, which shows simple bubblecap trays
-many tray designs are available.)

9F
1-'
o

II ~

IIII

II '

II

U
<l:
""
w
Cl...

.5.2

fP

II

I I
I I

Cl...

NOZZLE FOR
REMOVING A
FRACTION. or
ISee text)

'cur
DOWNCOMER
AREA FOR
TRAY 22

TRAY 23

To produce the required 'cuts', a column operates under steady temperature,

feed, and product removal conditions. Starting from cold, products are collected after steady conditions are reached, and the column is then operated
continuously_
All materials enter and leave the column
located close to piperacks. Figures 6.27
Products from the column are piped to
'accumulators', etc.) and held for further

thru pipes; therefor columns are

and 6.28 show an arrangement.
collecting tanks (termed 'drums',
processing, or storage.

If the vapor from the top of the column is condensible, it is piped to a

condenser to form a volatile liquid. The condenser may be mounted at grade,
or sometimes on the side of the column.
Product from the top of the column may be gaseous at atmospheric pressure
after cooling; if the product liquefies under moderate pressure, it may be
stored pressurized in containers.
In addition to the condenser for the top product, a steam-heated heat exchanger, termed a 'reboiler', may be used to heat material drawn from a
selected level in a column; the heated material is returned to the column.
Reboilers are required for tall columns, and for columns operated at high
temperatures, which are subject to appreciable loss of heat. Mounting the
reboiler on the side of the column minimizes piping.

FIGURES

6.27 & 6.29

Material from the bottom of a column is termed 'bottoms', and must be

pumped away (see figure 6.27)-this
material consists of 'heavier' (higher
molecular weight) liquids which either did not vaporize, or had condensed,
plus any highly viscous material and solids in the feed.

Simultaneously with orientating nozzles and arranging piping to the column,

the piping designer decides the positions of manholes, platforms, ladders,
davit, and instruments.

/,--:P.3.9l9UT AREA ~
~
~',
;(/~
"\
~

/1

\/

/ I
/

MANHOLE FOR
FOR ACCESS
TO SPARGER

~
/"'\
~

SPARGERTO
DISTRIBUTE

... :,!(=~..
'~-~
" _" ,~_
..._~~

VAPOR OUTLET
8 (TOP OF COLUMN)
\
\

I
\
\\

FEED .,.

..

!!_I!"_"'!'_'_""'~"

FEED

~I

.
\MANHOLE

NOZZLE AND
PIPING SPACE
I

>/

".~

//

If the cuts are to be taken either from even-numbered trays, or from oddnumbered trays, all nozzles can be located on one side of the column, facing
the piperack. If cuts are to come from both even- and odd-numbered trays,
it will almost certainly be impossible to arrange all nozzles toward the
piperack. (See 'Arranging column piping', this section.)

PIPERACK----j

LADDER SPACE _/'

Manholes are necessary to allow installation

and removal of tray parts.

Platforms and ladders are required for personnel access to valves on nozzles,
to manholes, and to column instruments.
A davit is needed to raise and lower column parts, and a dropout
to be reserved.

area has

For a particular project or column, manholes are preferably of the same type.
They should be located away from piping, and within range of the davit.
If required, manholes can be placed off the column centerlines (plan view).
The manhole serving the sparger unit (figure 6.31) should permit easy removal of the unit, which may be angled to place the feed connection in
a desired position.
The portions of the column wall available for nozzles are determined by
the orientation and type of tray-see figure 6.29. Elevations of nozzles are
taken from the column data sheet (normally in the form of a vessel drawing).

Platforms are required under manholes, valves at nozzles, level gages, controllers if any, and pressure relief valves. Columns may be grouped and
sometimes interconnecting
platforms between columns are used. Individual
platforms for a column are usually shaped as circular segments, as shown in
figure 6.30. A platform is required at the top of the column, for operating
a davit, a vent on shutdown, and for access to the safety - rei ief valve.
This top platform is often rectangular.
Usual practice is to provide a separate ladder to go from grade past the
lowest platform. Ladders are arranged so that the operator steps sideways
onto the platforms.
Ladder length is usually restricted to 30 ft between landings. Some States
allow 40 ft (check local codes). If operating platforms are further apart
than the maximum permissible ladder height, a small intermediate platform
is provided.
Ladders and cages should conform to the company standard and satisfy the
requirements of the US Department of Labor (OSHA), part 1910.(0).

DAVIT

Referring to figure 6.30, the davit should be located at the top of the column
so that it can lower and raise tray parts, piping, valves, etc., between the platforms and the dropout area at grade.

Line designation sheets, to obtain operating temperatures

calculating thermal movement

of lines for

.5.2

Details of trays and other internal parts of the column

Restrictions

on the heights of ladders

Opera!ional

requirements

for the plant

To achieve simplicity and good arrangement, some trial-and-error

working
is necessary. Columns are major pieces of equipment, and their piping needs
take precedence over other piping.

As lines from nozzles on the column are run down the length of the column,
it is logical to start arranging downcomers from the top and proceed down
the column. A lower nozzle may need priority, but usually piping can be
arranged more efficiently if the space requirements of piping coming from
above are already established.
Sometimes tray spacing is increased slightly to permit installation of manholes. It may be possible to rotate trays within limits, to overcome a
difficulty
in arranging column piping. Such changes in tray spacing and
arrangement must be sanctioned by the process engineer and vessel designer.

Allocate space for vertical lines from

these lines thru platforms if possible

lower nozzles, avoiding running

Lines from the tops of columns tend to be larger than others. Allocate
space for them first, keeping the lines about 12 inches from the platforms and the wall of the column-this
makes supporting easier, and
permits access to valves, instruments, etc.

Allocate space for access (manholes, ladders) clear of piping-especially

clear of vertical lines

Provide a clear space for lowering equipment

(for maintenance, etc.)

from the top of a column

Provide access for mobile lifting

to condenser and reboiler

equipment

Provide clearance to grade (approximately

from the column to the bottoms pump

8ft) under the suction

line,

The elevation of a column is set primarily by the NPSH required by the

bottoms pump, the access required under the suction line to the bottoms
pump, and by requirements for a thermosyphon reboiler, if used.

Valves and blinds which serve the tower should be positioned directly on
nozzles, for economy. It is desirable to arrange other valves so that lines
are self-draining.
Platforms should be located to give access to large valves. Small valves may
be located at the ends of platforms. Control valves should be accessible
from operating platforms or from grade.
The pressure-relief valve for the relief line should be placed at the highest
point in the line, and should be accessible from the top platform.
Valves should not be located within the skirt of the column.

Temperature connections should be located to communicate with liquids in

the trays, and pressure connections with the vapor spaces below the trays.
Access to isolated gages can be provided by ladder.
Gages, and gage and level glasses, must be visible when operating
and be accessible for maintenance.
Gages and other instruments should
accessways to ladders and platforms. If
gages may be located for reading from
end of a circular platform may allow a

valves,

be located clear of manholes and

necessary, temperature and pressure
ladders. Locating instruments at one
narrower platform.

Arrange vent(s) in the skirt of the column

6.30 & 6.31

Ensure that no low point occurs in the line conveying 'bottoms' to

the suction port of the bottoms pump, in order to avoid blocking of
this line due to cooling, etc.

Plot plan showing space available for column

equipment which is to connect to the column

FiGURES

location,

P&ID for nozzle connections, NPSH of bottoms

ation, line blinds, relief valves, etc.

Thermal insulation of the exterior of a column may be required in order to

reduce heat loss to the atmosphere. Insulation may be inadequate to maintain
the required temperature distribution;
in these circumstances, a reboiler is
used. Thermal insulation is discussed in 6.8.1.

and details of

pump, instrument-

Column data sheets and sketch of column showing elevations of nozzles

The base ring of a column's skirt is attached to a reinforced-concrete

construction. The lower part of this construction, termed the 'foundation',
is
below grade, and is square in plan view: the upper part, termed the 'base',
to which the base ring is attached, is usually octagonal and projects above
grade approximately
6 inches.

Provide the shell with a pressure-relieving device to protect

excessive shell-side pressure in the event of internal failure
Preliminary exchanger information should be given early to the piping group,
so that piping studies can be made with special reference to orientation of
nozzles. Before arranging heat-exchanger piping, the following information
is needed:
This will show the fluids that are to be handled
by the exchangers, and will state their flow rates, temperatures and pressures.

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

EXCHANGER
DATA SHEETS One of these sheets is compiled for each
exchanger design by the project group. The piping group provides nozzle
orientation sketches (resulting from the piping studies). The data sheet informs the manufacturer or vendor of the exchanger concerning performance
and code stamp requirements, materials, and possible dimensional limitations.

The Tubular Exchangers Manufacturers Association (TEMA) has devised a

method for designating exchanger types, using a letter coding. The exchanger
shown in figure 6.32 would have the basic designation AEW. See chart H-1.

1st FLUID
ENTERS
(COLD)

2nd FLUID
LEAVES
(WARM)

SHELL
NOZZLE

SHELL

1st FLUID
LEAVES
(WARM)

Put fouling and/or corrosive fluids inside the tubes as these are (except
U-type) easily cleaned, and cheaper to replace than the shell
Put the hotter fluid in the tubes to reduce heat loss to the surroundings
However, if steam is used to heat a fluid in an exchanger, passing the
steam thru the shell has advantages: for example, condensate is far
easier to handle shellside. Insulation of the shell is norma!!y required
to protect personnel, and to reduce the rates of condensate formation
and heat loss
Pass refrigerant or cooling liquid thru the tubes, if the exchanger
not insulated, for economic operation

is

If heat transfer is between two liquids, a countercurrent

flow pattern
will usually give greater overall heat transfer than a paralleled flow
pattern, other factors being the same
Orientate single-tube spiral, helical and U-tube exchangers (with steam
fed thru the tube) to permit outflow of condensate

STATIONARY
TUBE-SHEET
RELIEF VALVE
CONNECTION

against

2nd FLUID
ENTERS
(HOT)
SHELL
NOZZLE
REMOVABLE
TUBE BUNDLE
PACKED
FLOATING
TUBESHEET

Arrange nozzles to suit the best piping and plant layout. Nozzles may
be positioned tangentially
or on elbows, as well as on vertical or
horizontal centerlines (as usually offered at first by vendors). Although
a tangential or elbowed nozzle is more expensive, it may permit economies in piping multiple heat exchangers

Make condensing

Make vaporizing fluid the ascending stream

Position exchangers so that piping is as direct and simple as possible.

To achieve this, consider alternatives, such as reversing flows, arranging
exchangers side-by-side or stacking them, to minimize piping

Elevate an exchanger to allow piping to the exchanger's nozzles to be

arranged above grade or floor level, unless piping is to be brought up
thru a floor or from a trench

vapor the descending

stream

(b)

Exchangers arranged with 2 ft 0 in. maintenance space between paired units

and 2 ft 6 in. operating space between piping

Exchangers are sometimes of necessity mounted on structu res, process

columns and other equipment.
Special arrangements for maintenance
and tube handling will be required

TO ALLOW
LIFTING
OF REAR HEAD
FOR MAINTENANCE.
PIPE MAY BE OFFSET AS SHOWN,
OR A SHORT
SPOOL
CAN
BE PROVIDED.

I
.

SUPPORTED
LINES
UNDER
AN
EXCHANGER
ARE
SOMETIMES
INSUFFICIENTLY
FLEXIBLE
FOR
THE
FLANGED
JOINT
AT THE

g~~~~~~~

12" MIN.

FOR

~~~~RN~~~~Ev:~

WRENCH

IF THIS
IS LIKELY,
A SHORT
REMOVABLE
SPOOL
TO
THE
HEAD
NOZZLE
SHOULD
BE

-I

,
/
/ /

PROVIDED,

V;;

(1)

Show outlines of exchanger supports or foundations

(2)

Add to clearances shown, thicknesses of insulation for exchanger

NOT ES

connected
(3)

before arranging piping

shells and

piping

Provide additional clearance to the 2'-6"

operating space if valve handwheels
and valve stems, etc., protrude, depending on piping arrangement

FIGURES

6.32 & 6.33

ALLOW
PULLING

SPACE FOR
TUBES

(SEE TABLE

Access to operating

valves and instruments

Operating space for any -davit, monorail

ment and to set loads down
OBLIQUE
OFFSETS
IN PIPING SIMILAR
TO THOSE SHOWN ALLOW EXCHANGERS
TO BE PLACED
CLOSER TOGETHER.

CONSIDER
REQUESTING
FROM VENDOR
DIFFERENT
NOZZLE
TYPES, ORIENTATIONS AND lOCATIONS
TO OBTAIN THE
BEST PLANT ARRANGEMENT.

(on one side only suffices)

6.5)

or crane, etc., both for move-

Access to exchanger - space is needed for tube-bundle

removal, for
cleaning, and around the exchanger's bolted ends (channelcover
and
rear head) and the bolted channel-to-shell closure
Access for tube bundle removal is often given on manufacturers'
drawings, and is usually about 1 Y:, times the bundle length. 15 to 20
ft clearance should be allocated from the outer side of the last exchanger in a row for mobile lifting equipment access and tube handling

TA8LE
6.5

CHART 6.2

INSTRUMENT CONNECTlOtIS
in.

1/2

mm

15

3/4

1 1z

thru

20 thru 40

6 and la!ger

100 150 and larger

CD
Threaded
in Straight

Runs

SW~GE'
T8E

Thermowells

1"~

5" LONG

LATROlET.

./

'~"

REDUCER,
J"}( D"BW
~

TEE 0' THRD

'.

in Elbows

P1.p.
E, 4" MIN.

crtD""""

THREDOlET

0"

Threaded

CD

Thermowells

MIN

I;: 0 rS

OR L"'~,,;:~

A REave

NG 81.;5 . .CO

MAY BE 'lEEO"J~:;

~~--:~

FI"- THEQ\1Q,'/E

\
ELBOW.D.BW.

(j")

D~'J

;-",

.~
Swage':!;

ilre

not

needed

jf

0 i11"

ELaGLET,
," THREADED

or larger

'.~.~./
//-'IIJ~.~"
~FI.

~./~~.J$~~%mffi:q~

Flanged Thermowells
in Straight

Runs

:~~%///;

GREATERTHE
STRENGTH
REQUIRED.
NIPOLET IS
IS

W
o ~/

SHORTENED SO THAT THE

WELD

""

1$

PARTLY

ON

FLANGE,

//

~""

THE

SHOULDER OF THE NIPOLET

,Gill?
\ ~'!3!

1:"" SW

;/

~~

;'

Flanged Thermowells
in Elbows

(J)

Screwed

Connections

for Pressure

Instruments

i=

2
2

Socket-welded

Connections

Pressure

~'POLET'3W

for

Instruments

c::

::>
)

(J)
(J)

c::

Q.

Diaphragm
Instrument
(for welded

\
a::ALVE3W

Optional for 6 -inch.

and larger lines

Isolated
Connections
lines)

CD'\

rcls r .7

Connections will usually be specified by company standards or by the specifications for the project. If no specification exists, full- and half-couplings,
swaged nipples, thredolets,. nipolets and elbolets, etc., may be used. Chart 6.2
illustrates instrument connections used for lines of various sizes. The fittings
shown in chart 6.2 are described in chapter 2. Orifice flange connections
are discussed in 6.7.5.

Locate a liquid level controller

turbulence from nozzles

(float type, for example)

More than one level' gage, level switch, etc., may be required on a
vessel: consider installing a 'strongback'
to a horizontal
vessel on
which instrument
connections have to be made-see figure 6.34(c)

The choice of instrument connection will depend on the conveyed fluid and
sometimes on the required penetration of the element into the vessel or pipe.
Instrument connections should be designed so that servicing or replacement of
instruments can be carried out without interrupting the process. Valves are
needed to isolate gages for maintenance during plant operation and during
hydrostatic testing of the piping system. These valves are shown in chart 6.2
and are referred to as 'root' or 'primary' valves.

clear of any

L!:!Jl7.4

COUPLING

/
NIPPLE
/

or

THREADED

PIPE

Chart 6.2 illustrates various methods for making temperature and pressure
connections. At the bottom of chart 6.2 a method of connecting a diaphragm
flange assembly (diaphragm isolator) is shown. Corrosive, abrasive or viscous
fluid in the process line presses on one side of the flexible diaphragm, and the
neutral fluid (glycol, etc.) on the other side transmits the pressure.
If the conveyed fluid is hazardous or under high pressure a branch fitted
with a bleed valve is inserted between the gage and its isolating valve, to
relieve pressure and/or drain the liquid before servicing the gage. The bleed
valve can also be used to sample, or for adding a comparison gage.

Position connections
seen when operating

for instruments so that the instruments

associated valves, etc.

Pressure connections
located above liquid

for vessels containing

level

A temperature-measuring
element is inserted into a metal housing
termed a 'thermowell'.
Place thermowells so that they are in contact
with the fluid-an
elbow is a good location, due to the increased
turbulence

liquids

~I

\ \
\

VALVE

PLUG 3/4'n.
VALVE 3/4;n.
SWG 2in. X 3/4in.
BLE-TSE

can be

are usually

best
Connection

6.34

level gage, etc.

STRONG BACK
'Solat;ng
valve

VESSEL

1/4-inch diameter

FIGURE

for

pressu re gage.

ELEMENT,

CHART
6.2

NPT .

SWG 2in. x 3j4in.

BLE-TSE
VALVE 3/4'n.
PLUG 3/4;n.

ROTAMETER

CONNECTIONS

A rotameter consists of a transparent tube with tapered and calibrated bore,

arranged vertically, wide end up, supported in a casing or framework with end
connections. The instrument should be connected so that flow enters at the
lower end and leaves at the top. A bailor spinner rides on the rising gas or liquid inside the tapered tube - the greater the flow rate, the higher the bailor
spinner rides. Isolating valves and a bypass should be provided, as in figure
6.35

Manometers for use with orifice plate assemblies are calibrated in terms of
differential pressure by the manufacturer. The meter run (that is, the piping
in which the orifice plate is to be installed) must correspond with the piping
used to calibrate the orifice plate-the readings will be in error if there is very
much variation in these two piping arrangements.
Sometimes the orifice assembly includes adjacent piping, ready for welding
in place. Otherwise, lengths of straight pipe, free from welds, branches or
obstruction, should be provided upstream and downstream of the orifice
assembly.
Table 6.6 shows lengths of straight pipe required upstream and downstream
of orifice flanges (for different piping arrangements) to sufficiently
reduce
turbulence in liquids for reliable measurement.

ill

I]...."
'.

Fiaure 6.37 shows a suitable tapping and valving arrangement at orifice

flange taps. In horizontal runs, the taps are located at the tops of the flanges
in gas, steam and vapor lines. An approximately
horizontal position avoids
vapor locks in liquid lines. Taps should not be pointed downward, as sediment
may collect in pipes and tubes.

CONNECTIONS TO ORIFICE FLANGES

& INSTRUMENT

ORIF1CE PLATE ASSEMBLY

An 'orifice plate' is a flat disc with a precisely-made hole at its center. It

offers a well-defined obstruction to flow when inserted in a line-see figure
6.36. The resistance of the orifice sets up a pressure difference in the fluid
either side of the plate, which can be used to measure the rate of flow.

GAGE

r-------,
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

~-~

.-----'!!--1 ~:6~~;t~e~~~
GIVES PRESSURE

_'__
I
I

CD~---

~~:O~~E~~!EFfCE,
CALIS RATED A.S
FLOW RATE FOR
PARTICULAR
ORIFICE USE,]

I
I
I
I

I
I

,
1..

I
..

The orifice plate is held between special flanges having 'orifice taps' -these
are tapped holes made in the flange rims, to which tubing and a pressure
gage can be connected, as in figure 6.36. A pressure gage may be termed a
'manometer'.

(1) l~inch
minimum
clearance
between
gate or ball valves. Alternately,
splay
valves and arrange slde-by-slde.
(2) Pipe-to-tube connector.
(3) Optionally,
lines may be sloped.
(4) Higher-pressure
connection.
(5) I nstrument-shown
schematically.
(6) Vent.
(7) Lower-pressure
connection.
(8) Globe valve Is normally
closed. It Is
opened only for 'zero checking' the

instrument.
(9) Cap. Removed for 'raddlng

out'.

!=Is I
The arrangement of orifice plate assemblies should be made in consulation
with the instrument engineer. Usually, it is preferred to locate orifice plate
assemblies in horizontal lines.

Clear space should be left around an orifice assembly.

minimum clearances required for mounting instruments,
for maintenance.

i .7.5

i
l---.!

Figure 6.38 shows

seal pots, etc., and

Flow conditions consistent with those used to calibrate the instrument are
ensured by providing adequately long straight sections of pipe upstream and
downstream
of the orifice. Table 6.6 gives lengths that have been found
satisfactory for liquids.
CLEARANCES
FOR
LINES CONVEYING
AIR OR OTHER GAS
I-

'"
~e,:,~
a:: w

:;;"''''
~E:z

"'-
>c..a::
w ...
a::
><0

2
3
4

:;;

RATIO OF INTERNAL DIAMETERS OF ORIFICE PLATE AND PIPE

:;;w
a::
wI-

a::'"
t;;~
c..O
:::>0
II il
:::>0

MINIMUM

RUNS OF STRAIGHT

AND DOWNSTREAM

PIPE REOUIRED

OF ORIFICE.

UPSTREAM

IN PIPE DIAMETERS

6%

10

2Y:z

3%

3%

13

2Y,

13

15

13

3%

(NPSI

17
4Y,

20

3%

31
4Y:z

7%

10%

13%

2%

3%

3%

4%

5Y,

6%

8%

2Y,

3%

3%

16%

18%

21 %

2Y,

3%

USE THIS COLUMN

Ell or Tee

Two 900 Ells

CLEARANCES FOR
LINES CONVEYING
LIQUIDS OR STEAM

Reducer or
Increaser

\1
!1

t--d

Gate Valve

Globe Valve

3';"

4Y,

PLANNING

FIGURES

6.35-6.38

1:1

I"

,I
i-------l

r---rxJ

D---j

1:1

D---j

~~

D---j

D=

ELEVATIONS
access space

I..

I ~

1:1
I'

II

1:1
U

44

1:1
U

---+

4%

32

FOR PRELIMINARY

U
Flow

25

11

J
2'-6

TABLE-~
6.6

KEEPING PROCESS MATERIAL

AT THE RIGHT TEMPERATURE
To ensure continuity
of plant operations it is necessary to maintain some
process, service and utility lines within a desired temperature range in order
to keep materials in a fluid state, to prevent degradation, and to prevent
damage caused by liquids freezing in cold conditions. Piping can be kept
warm by insulation, or by applying heat to the insulated piping-this
is
'jacketing' or 'tracing', as discussed in 6.8.2 and 6.8.3.

For personnel protection

about 8 ft above operating
provided.
The following
heat conservation, based
above 600 F.

NO~II ~jAL
PIPE SIZE

i in. )
INSULATION

INCHES THICKNESS OF INSULATION

below

to 1

'Insulation' is covering material having poor thermal conductivity

applied externally to pipe and vessels, and is used: (1) To retain heat in a pipe or vessel
so as to maintain process temperature or prevent freezing. (2) To minimize
transfer of heat from the surroundings into the line or vessel. (3) To safeguard personnel from hot lines. The choice of insulation is normally included
with the piping specification. The method of showing insulation on piping
drawings is included in chart 5.7.
Installed insulation normally consists of three parts: (1) The thermal insulating material. (2) The protective covering for it. (3) The metal banding to
fasten the covering. Most insulating materials are supplied in formed pieces
to fit elbows, etc. Formed coverings are also available. Additionally,
it is
customary to paint the installed insulation, and to weatherproof
it before
painting, if for external use.

1,5
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24

insulation should be provided up to a height of

floor level. Alternately,
wire mesh guards can be
more detailed table gives insulation thickness for
on 85% magnesia to 600 F, and calcium silicate

400

Temperature
400-549
1
1.5
1.5
1.5
'I. "
1.5
1.5
1.5
2
2
2
2
2
2

1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2
2
2
2

Range
550-699
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

FOR STATED TEMPERATURE RANGE

in Degrees
Fahrenhei
700-899
900-1049
2
2
2

2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
3
3
3
3
3

2
2
2.5
2.5
2.5
3
3
3
3
3
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5

The common methods by which temperatures are maintained,

simple insulation, are jacketing and tracing (with insulation).

t
1050-1200
2.5
2.5
3
3
3.5
3.5
3.5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

other than by

JACKETING

The principal thermal insulating materials and their accepted approximate

maximum line temperatures, where temperature cycling (repetitive heating
and cooling periods) occurs are: asbestos (1200 F), calcium silicate (1200 F),
cellular glass [foamglas] (800 F), cellular silica (1600 F), diatomaceous silica
plus asbestos (1600 F), mineral fiber (250-1200
F, depending on type),
mineral wool (1200 F), magnesia (600 F),and polyurethane foam (250 F).
Certain foamed plastics have a very low conductivity,
and are suitable for
insulating lines as cold as -400 F. Rock cork [bonded mineral fiber] is
satisfactory down to -250 F, and mineral wool down to -150 F.
HOW THICK SHOULD INSULATION

BE ?

Most insulation in a plant will not exceed 2 inches in thickness. A rough

guide to insulation thicknesses of the more common materials required on
pipe to 8-inch size is:

APPLICATION
Hot Lines (to 500 F)

TYPICAL INSULATING MATERIAL

Asbestos.

Protection

Magnesia

Mineral Wool

Cold Lines (to -150 F)

Personnel

Silicate,

Asbestos,

Silicate,

Magnesia

USUAL THICKNESS
OF INSULATION
1 to 2 inches
1 to 3 inches
1 inch

Usually, 'jacketing' refers to double-walled construction of pipe, valves, vessels,

hose, etc., designed so that a hot or cold fluid can circulate in the cavity between the walls. Heating media include water, oils, steam, or proprietary
high-bailing-point
fluids which can be circulated at low pressure, such as
Dowtherm or Therminol.
Cooling media include water, water mixt~res and
various alcohols.
Jacketed pipe can be made by the piping fabricator, but an engineered system
bought from a specialist manufacturer would be a more reliable choice. The
jumpover lines connecting adjacent jackets, thru which the heating or cooling
medium flows are factory-made by the specialist manufacturer with less joints
than those made on-site, where as many as nine screwed joints may be necessary to make one jumpover.
Details of the range of fittings, valves and
equipment available and methods of construction
for steel jacketed piping
systems can be found in Parks-Cramer's and other catalogs.
Another type of jacketing is 'Platecoil' (Tranter Manufacturing Inc.) which is
a name given to heat transfer units fabricated from embossed metal sheets,
joined together to form internal channeling thru which the heating (or cooling) fluid is passed. The term 'jacketing' is also applied to electric heating
pads or mantles which are formed to fit equipment. It also sometimes refers
to the spiral winding of electric tracing and fluid tracing lines around pipes,
vessels, etc.

'Unitrace' (Aluminum
Company of America) is an integral product and tracer
pipe extruded in aluminum, which gives excellent heat transfer. The system
uses flanges and jumpover fittings similar 10 those used for jacketed systems
to connect adjacent traced sections of the lines.

.8

.8.2

STEAM
UNION

{TYPI

\(~

Electric tracilig allows close control of temperature,

range of temperatu res than steam heating.

GETTING

and can provide a wider

HEAT TO THE PROCESS LINE (USING STEAM)

If the process line

jacketing gives the
cheaper method of
ven adequate.
In
depending on how

temperature has to approach that of the available steam,

best results. Barton and Williams have stated [4] that the
\'Velding steam tracers directly to the process lines has prothis unusual method, the welding is 'tack' or continuous
much heat is required to be transferred thru the weld.

A greater rate of heat transfer may be achieved by using two (seldom more)
parallel tracers. Sometimes a single tracer is spirally wound about the pipe,
but spiral winding should be restricted to vertical lines where condensate can
drain by gravity. If the temperature of the conveyed fluid has to be closely
maintained, winding the tracer is too inaccurate-but
it is a suitable method
for getting increased heating in non-critical applications.
To improve heat transfer between the tracer and pipe, they may either be
pressed into contact by banding or wiring them together at frequent (1 to
4 ft) intervals, or a heat-conducting cement such as 'Thermon' can be applied.
Unless used 10 anchor the tracer, banding is normally applied sufficiently
loosely to permit the tracer to expand.
Hot spots occur at the bands. If this is undesirable for a product
piece of asbestos may be inserted between tracer and line.

n~~

rI~
j

I'

rl

__

/'.....
Outer
Jf

Bellows

~ "',', "

"r-

"1,

-"J

'

~----.--' --

8
TRACING

External 'tracing' consists in running tubing filled with a hot fluid (usually
steam), or electric heating cables, in contact with the outer surface of the
pipe to be kept warm. The tubing or cables may be run parallel to the pipe
or wound spirally around it. The pipe and tracer(s) are encased in thermal
insulation.
An alternative, now little used due to sealing and cleaning problems, is internal
tracing by means of tubing fitted inside the liile to be heated. An internal
tracer is termed a 'gutline'.

line, a thin

There are advantages and disadvantages with the various systems. Piping which
is to be externally traced can be planned with little concern for the tracing.
Fluid-jacketed
systems are flanged, and last-minute changes could result in
delays. Jacketing offers superior heat transfer and should be seriously considered for product lines, especially for those conveying viscous liquids and
material which may solidify, whereas service lines usually just need to be kept
from freezing and tracing is quite adequate for them. If process material has
10 be kept cold in the line, refrigerant-jacketed
systems are the only practicable choice.

FIGURE

6.39

For process lines, all systems should be evaluated on the criteria of heat distribution, initial cost and long-term operating and maintenance costs before a
decision can be made.
WHERE TRACING

& JACKETING

ARE SHOWN

Using the symbols given in chart 5.7, tracing is shown on the plan and elevation drawings of the plant piping and it will simil8rly be illdicated on the
isometric drawings. It v\'ill also be indicated on any model used Tracing is
one of the last aspects of plallt design, and steam subheaders call either be
shown direct!\' on the piping drawings or on sepias or film prints.

TABLES

6.7 & 6.8

EXPANSION

This is a widely-used way of keeping lines warm-surplus

steam is usually
available for this purpose.
Figure 6.40 shows typical tracing arrangements.
A steam-tracing system consists of tracer lines separately fed from a steam
supply header (or subheader), each tracer terminating with a separate trap.
Horizontal pipes are commonly traced along the bottom by a single tracer.
Multiply-traced pipe, with more than two tracers, is unusual.
STEAM PRESSURE

FOR TRACING

Steam pressures in the range 10 to 200 PSIG are used. Sometimes steam will
be available at a suitable pressure for the tracing system, but if the available
steam is at too high a pressure, it may be reduced by means of a control
(valve) station-see
6.1.4. Low steam pressures may be adequate if tracers
are fitted with traps discharging to atmospheric pressure. If a pressurized
condensate system is used, steam at 100 to 125 PSI G is preferred.
SIZING

HEADERS

The best way to size a steam subheader

tracers is to calculate the total internal
and to select the header size offering
allows quick selection if the tracers are

or condensate header serving several

cross-sectional area of all the tracers,
about the same flow area. Table 6.9
all of the same size:

HEADER
SIZE(IN.)

1/4

3/8

NUMBER

~
1
1Y,
2

MAXIMUM

LENGTHS

1/2

Expansion at elbows must be limited where no loop is used and excessive

movement of the tracer could lift the insulation.
In such cases the tracer is
anchored not more than 10 to 25 ft away from an elbow which limits start-up
expansion to 1/2 to 3/4 inch in most cases. The distance of the anchor from
the elbow is best calculated from the ambient and steam temperatures.
EXAMPLE:
System traced with copper tubing: coefficient of linear expansion of copper = 0.000009 per deg F. Steam pressure to be used = 50 PSIG
(equivalent steam temperature 29SF). Lowest ambient temperature = 50 F.
If the anchor is located 20 ft from the elbow, the maximum expansion in
inches is (29S-50)(O.000009)(20)(
12) = 0.53 in. This expansion will usually
be tolerable even for a small line with the tracer construction
for elbows
shown in figure 6.40.

16
36
64

2
4

16
28

9
16

inch

EXPANSION

(IN.)

3/4

OF TRACERS

& ANCHORING

Expansion can be accommodated

by looping the tracer at elbows and/or providing horizontal expansion loops in the tracer. Vertical downward expansion loops obstruct draining and will cause trouble in freezing climates, unless
the design includes a drain at the bottom of the loop, or a union to break
the loop. It is necessary to anchor tracers to control the amount of expansion
that can be tolerated in anyone direction. Straight tracers 100 ft or longer are
usually anchored at their midpoints.

~O,53

SIZE OF TRACER

OF THE TRACER,

1
2
4
7

PIPE, TUBE & FITTINGS

SCH 80 carbon steel pipe, or copper or

tracers. Selection is based on steam pressure
tice, tracers are either 1/2 or 3/8-inch size,
pressure drop, and larger material does not
field installation.

1
2
4

& RISES

The rate at which condensate forms and fills the line determines
of the tracer in contact with the pipe. Too many variables are
give useful maximum tiacer lengths. Most companies have their
figure (or figures based on experience) for this: usually, length
contact with pipe does not exceed 250 ft.

FOR TRACING

the length
involved to
own design
of tracer in

1 PSI steam will lift condensate about 2.3 ft, and therefor vertical rises
will present no problem unless low-pressure steam is being used. Companies
prefer to limit the vertical rise in a tracer at anyone place to 6 ft (for 25-49
PSIG steam) or 10 ft (for 50-100 PSIG steam). As a rough guide, the total
height, in feet, of all the rises in one tracer may be limited to one quarter of
the initial steam pressure, in PSIG. For example,"if the initial steam pressure
is 100 PSIG, the total height of all risers in the tracer should be limited
to 25 ft. The rise for a sloped tracer is the difference in elevations between
the ends of the sloping part of the tracer.

stainless steel tubing is used for

and required tracer size. In pracas smaller sizes involve too much
bend well enough for customary

1/2-inch 00 copper tube is the most economic material for tracing straight
piping.
3/8-inch 00 copper tubing is more useful where small bends are
required around valve bodies, etc. Copper tubing can be used for pressures up
to 150 PSI G (or to 370 F). Table T-1 gives data for copper tube.
Supply lines from the header are usually socket welded or screwed and sealwelded depending on the pressures involved and the company's practice. A
pipe-to-tube connector is used to make the connection between the steel pipe
and tracer tube - see figure 2.41.
TRACING

VALVES

& EQUIPMENT

Different methods are used. Some companies require valves to be wrapped

with tracer tubing. Others merely run the tubing in a vertical loop alongside
and against the valve body. In either method, room should be left for removing flange bolts, and unions should be placed in the tracer so that the
valve or equipment can be removed.

FIGURE 6.40

""~""
4
ALLOW

FOR

IMPROVE

UNION
AND

TO

BREAK

DRAIN

FREEZING

lOOP

LINE

EXPANSION

HEATING

AND

OF

TO

ELBOW

TRACER AT FLANGES

IN

CONDITIONS

THE
OF

TOTAL
ALL

VERTICAL

RISE

RISERS-SEE

IS EOUAL

'MAXIMUM

TO

THE

&

lENGTHS

SUM

RISES'.

18

PIPETOTUBE
SCREWED
TUBING,

STEEL TRACER
CAN BE WELDED
TO

FLAT

TRACERS.
COVERED

BAR
(3)

CONNECTORS
PIPING

COPPER

3000

FS

UNIONS

AT

BY

TRAP

AND

6.44

FOR

FREEZING

MENTS

TO

CLASS

THAT

THE

ARE
OR

UNIONS

TP,ACER

DRAIN,

USE
OR

FOR

JOINING

USED

FOR

PROVIDE

CS

6,43

I ~I h

ARE

FIGURES

TRACING

1,1t~i'

1-

STAINLESS-STEEL
ARE

TERM1NATIOl\:S

SYMBOL-SEE

CLIMATES,
CAN

USED

6.6.3

......-HORIZONTAL

OR OVERHEAD

-s---JllIrt_~

(J ~

PRFiANGE
FOR

AIR

LL

PURGING

TRACER AT VALVES
VALVES
BE
A

OVERHEAD

WiTHIN
LADDER

REACH
OR

MUST

_---ClOSE

FROM

"-ND

ADJACENT

FIT

TO

STRUCTURE

'-lEAT
If-.;G

,,",RAP

IF

EXTRA

IS REOU!RED.

ALLm'V
AfI.'D

VALVE

FLANGES.

l..ROUND

FOR

REMOV

FLANGE

BOL 1$

PROVIDE

UNIONS

1L

1 '

~L

:-v

l.~--J,---~'

':111'

0
-4!-------. ; ! \ '---' )1 ,; ...------~
LU-:~-?-t.LI-~
'-II r----i Ir-'

TRt.CER

iCALCUL,;TE

"N01H
R'oUIR'D
FOR HEAT
TRAf\;SFERj

~(

/""

n*}

3~
~

~ ...
.-/2~
'--/

@
'<!'/"
STEAM

HEADER

TABLE

6.9

-,

DESIGN POINTS FOR STEAM TRACING

)
)
)

Ensure that the temperature limit for process material is not exceeded
by the temperature of the steam supplying the tracer. Hot spots occur
at bands-see 6.8.2, under 'Getting heat to the process line'

Run a steam subheader from the most convenient source if there is no

suitable existing steam supply that can be used either directly or by
reducing the pressure of the available steam

Take tracer lines separately from the top of the subheader, and provide
an isolating valve in the horizontal run

)
)
)
)
)
)
)

)
)
)
)

)
)
)

)
)

)
)

)
)
)
)

)
)
)

Feed steam first to the highest point of the system of lines to be

traced, so that gravity will assist the flow of condensate to trap(s)
and condensate header

Do not split (branch) a tracer and then rejoin-the

take most of the steam

Keep loops around flanges horizontal or overhead, and provide unions

so that tracers can be disconnected at flanges

Run tracers parallel to and against the underside of the pipe to be heated

)
)

& INSULATION

shorter limb would

Preferably, absorb expansion of the tracer at elbows. If loops are used

in the line, arrange them to drain on shutdown

If possible, group supply points and traps, locating traps at grade or

platform level
Do not place a trap at every low point of a tracer (as is the practice
with steam lines) but provide a trap at the end of the tracer
Do not run more than one tracer to a trap
Increased heating may be obtained:
(1)
By using more than one tracer
(2)
By winding the tracer in a spiral around the line
(3)
By applying heat-transfer cement to the tracer and line
(4)
By welding the tracer to the line-refer to 6.8.2, under 'Getting
heat to the process line'

Reserve spiral winding of tracers for vertical lines where condensate

can drain by gravity flow

In freezing conditions, provide drains at low points-and

where condensate could collect during shutdown

Indicate thickness of insulation to envelop line and tracer, and show

whether insulation is also required at flanges

Indicate limits for insulation for personnel protection-see

'How thick should insulation be?', and chart 5.7

Provide crosses instead of elbows and flanged joints at intervals in

heated lines conveying materials which may solidify, to permit cleaning
if the heating fails

Provide slots in insulation to accommodate expansion

where it joins and leaves the line to be traced

at other points
of the tracer

6.8.1, under

1I
(126J

SUPERHEATED
EXPLANATIONS

OF STEAM TERMS

HOW STEAM IS FORMED

Steam is a convenient and easily handled medium

machinery, for cleaning, and for creating vacuum.

for heating,

for driving

After water has reached the boiling point, further addition of heat will convert
water into the vapor state: that is, steam. During boiling there is no further
rise in temperature
of the water, but the vaporization of the water uses up
heat. This added heat energy, which is not shown by a rise in temperature, is
termed 'latent heat of vaporization',
and varies with pressure.
In boiling one pound of water at atmospheric pressure (14.7 PSIA) 970.3 BTU
is absorbed. If the steam condenses back into water (still at the boiling
temperature
and 14.7 PSIA) it will release exactly the amount of heat it
absorbed on vaporizing.
The term 'saturated steam' refers to both dry steam and wet steam, described
below. Steam tables give pressure and temperature data applicable to dry and
to wet steam. Small amounts of air, carbon dioxide, etc., are present in
steam from industrial boilers.

STEAM

If heat is added to a quantity of dry steam, the temperature of the steam will
rise, and the number of degrees rise in temperature
is the 'degrees of superheat'. Thus, superheat is 'sensible' heat - that is, it can be measured by a
thermometer.

.8.3

.9.2

EFFECT OF PRESSURE CHANGE

Under normal atmospheric

pressure (14.7 PSIA) pure water boils at 212 F.
Reduction ofthe pressure over the water will lower the boiling point. Increase
in pressure raises the boiling point. Steam tables give boiling points corresponding to particular pressures.
FLASH STEAM

Suppose a quantity of water is being boiled at 300 PSIA (corresponding to

417 F). If the source of heat is removed, boiling ceases. If the pressure over
the water is then reduced, say from 300 to 250 PSIA, the water starts boiling
on its own, without any outside heat applied, until the temperature drops to
401 F (this temperature corresponds to 250 PSIA). Such spontaneous boiling
due to reduction in pressure is termed 'flashing', and the steam produced,
'flash steam'.
The data provided in steam tables enable calculation
temperature
of steam produced in 'flashing'.
CONDENSATE

of the quantity

and

- WHAT IT IS & HOW IT FORMS

Steam in a line will give up heat to the piping and surroundings, and will
gradually become 'wetter', its temperature remsining the same. The change of
state of part of the vapor to liquid gives heat to the piping without lowering
the temperature
in the line. The water that forms is termed 'condensate'.
If
the line initially contains superheated
steam, heat lost to the piping and
surroundings will first cause the steam to lose sensible heat until the steam
temperature drops to that of dry steam at the line pressure.

With both dry and wet steam, a certain pressure will correspond to a certain
temperature.
The temperature of the steam at various pressures can be found
in steam tables. If air is mixed with steam, this relationship between pressure
and temperature
no longer holds. The more air that is admixed, the more
the temperature
is reduced below that of steam at the same pressure. There
is no practicable way to separate air from steam (without condensation) once
it is mixed.
Dry steam is a gas, consisting of water vapor only. Placed ificontact
with
water at the same temperature,
dry steam will not condense, nor will more
steam form-liquid
and vapor are in equilibrium.

Wet steam consists of water vapor and suspended water particles at the same
temperature as the vapor. Heating ability ('quality') varies with the percentage
of dry steam in the mixture (the water particles contain no latent heat of
vaporization).
Like dry steam, wet steam is in equilibrium with water at the
same temperature.

Special liquid media such as Dowtherms (Dow Chemical Co.) and Therminols
(Monsanto Co.) can be boiled like water, but the same vapor temperatures as
steam are obtained at lower pressures.
Heating systems using these liquids
are more complicated than steam systems, and experience with them is necessary in order to design an efficient installation.
However, the basic principles
of steam-heating systems apply.

CHART
6.3

Air in steam lines lowers the temperature for a given pressure, and calculated
rates of heating may not be met. See 6.9.1 under 'Air in steam'.
The most economic means for removing air from steam lines is automatically
thru temperature-sensitive
traps or traps fitted with temperature-sensitive
airventing devices placed at points remote from the steam supply. When full
line temperature is attained the vent valves will close completely. See 6.10.7
under 'Temperature-sensitive
(or thermostatic) traps'.
WHY PLACE VENTS AT REMOTE

CONDENSATE?

6.10.2

In heating systems using steam with little or no superheat, steam condenses

to form water, termed 'condensate', which is essentially distilled water. Too
valuable to waste, condensate is returned for use as boiler feedwater unless it
is contaminated
with oil (usually from a steam engine) or unless it is
uneconomic to do so, when it can either be used locally as a source of hot
water, or run to a drain. If condensate is not removed:

This was a much more efficient system, but it still wasted flash steam. On
passing thru the traps, the depressurized condensate boiled, generating lowerpressure steam. In modern systems, this flash steam is used and the residual
condensate returned to the boiler.

POINTS?

On start-up, cold lines will be filled with air. Steam issuing from the source
will mix with some of this air, but will also act as a piston pushing air to the
remote end of each line.
WHY REMOVE

In early steam systems, there was considerable waste of steam and condensate
after passing thru heating coils, etc., as steam was merely vented to the open
air. Later, the wastefulness of this resulted in closed steam lines from which
only the condensed steam was removed and then re-fed to the boiler. The removal of condensate to atmospheric pressure was effected with traps-special
automatic discharge valves-see 6.10.7.

Steam with entrained water droplets will form a dense water film on
heat transfer surfaces and interfere with heating
Condensate
can be swept along by the rapidly-moving
steam (at
120 ftlsec or more) and the high-velocity impact of slugs of water
with fittings, etc. (waterhammer)
may cause erosion or damage

This is an in-line device which provides better drying of steam being immediately fed to equipment.
A separator is shown in figure 2.67. It separates
droplets entrained in the steam which have been picked up from condensate
in the pipe and from the pipe walls, by means of one or more baffles (which
cause a large pressure drop). The collected liquid is piped to a trap.

Sloping of steam and condensate lines is discussed

lines avoid pocketing and aid draining'.

in 6.2.6, under 'Sloped

Condensate is collected from a steam line either by a steam separator (sometimes termed a 'dryer')-see
6.10.3 above-or
more cheaply by a dripleg
(drip pocket or well - see below) from where it passes to a trap for periodic
discharge to a condensate return line or header which will be at a lower pressure than the steam line. The header is either taken to a boiler feedwater
tank feeding make-up water to the boiler or to a hotwell for pumping to the
boiler feedwater tank.
DRIPLEGS

COLLECT CONDENSATE

6.10.5

It is futile to provide a small dripleg or drain pocket on large lines, as the

condensate will not be collected efficiently.
Oriplegs are made from pipe and fittings. Figure 6.42 shows three methods of
construction,
and table 6.10 suggests drip leg and valve sizes.

SCREWED OR
SOCKET-WELDED

BUTT-WELDED

PIPING

PIPING

Steam traps are designed

density:

LINE SIZE
DIMENSION '~A'
DIMENSION '8'

or

(or 'THERMOSTATIC')
TRAPS are of two
types: The first type operates by the movement of a liquid-filled bellows,
and the second uses a bimetal element. Both types are open when cold and
readily discharge air and condensate at start-up. Steam is in direct contact
with the closing valve and there is a time delay with both types in operating.
A large drip leg allowing time for condensate to cool improves operation.
As these traps are actuated by temperature
differential, they are economic
at steam pressures greater than 6 PSI G. The temperature rating of the bellows
and the possibility of damage by waterhammer should be considered-refer
to 6.10.8.

3
12
%

SIZE OF V2

TO 2"

B~'----

3"

PIPING TO
TO TRAP

-I

=-......-:-- wi

I V1

SLOWDOWN
V
A LV E

IMPULSE TRAPS are also referred to as 'thermodynamic'

and 'controlled
disc'. These traps are most suited to applications where the pressure downstream of the trap is less than about half the upstream pressure. Waterhammer
does not affect operation. They are suitable for steam pressures over 8 PSI G.
TRAPS are made in 'float' and 'bucket'
designs. The
float trap is able to discharge condensate continuously, but this trap will not
discharge air unless fitted with a temperature-sensitive
vent (the temperature
limitation of the vent should be checked). Float traps sometimes may fail
from severe waterhammer.
The inverted bucket trap (see 3.1.9) is probably
the most-used wpe. The trap is open when cold, but will not discharge
large quantities of air at startup unless the bucket is fitted with a temperaturesensitive vent. The action in discharging condensate is rapid. Steam will be
discharged if the trap loses its priming water due to an upstream valve being
opened; refer to note (9) in the key to figure 6.43. inverted bucket traps
will operate at pressures down to 1/4 PSiG.
DENSITY -SENSITIVE

PLUG~

STEAM LINE PRESSURE FORCES CONDENSATE

INTO RECOVERY SYSTEM

In almost every steam-heating system where condensate is recovered the trapped condensate has to be lifted to a condensate header and run to a boiler
feedwater tank, either directly or via a receiver. Each PSI of steam pressure
behind a trap can lift the condensate about two feet vertically. The pressure
available for lifting the condensate is the pressure difference between the
steam and condensate lines less any pressure drop over pipe, valves, fittings,
trap, etc.
STEAM TRAPS

pressure

TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE
3

SIZE OF V,

to react to changes in temperature,

6.10.7

The purpose of fitting traps to steam lines is to obtain fast heating of systems
and equipment by freeing the steam lines of condensate and air. A steam
trap is a valve device able to discharge condensate from a steam lirle without
also discharging steam. A secondary duty is to discharge air-at start-up, rines
are full of air which has to be flushed out by the steam, and in continuous
operation a small amount of air and noncondensible
gases introduced in the
boiler feedwater have also to be vented.
Some traps have built-in strainers to give protection from dirt and scale which
may cause the trap to jam in an open position. Traps are also available with
checking features to safeguard against backflow of condensate.
Refer to the
manufacturers'
catalogs for details.
Choosing a trap from the many designs should be based on the trap's ability
to operate with minimal maintenance, and on its cost. To reduce inventory
and aid maintenance, the minimum number of types of trap should be used
in a plant. The assistance of manufacturers'
representatives should be sought
before trap types and sizes are selected.

Refer to 6.9,1. When hot condensate under pressure is released to a lower

pressure return line, the condensate immediately boils. This is referred to as
'flashing' and the steam produced as 'flash steam'.
The hotter the steam line and the colder the condensate discharge line, the
more flashing wil! take place; it can be severe if the condensate comes from
high pressure steam. Only part of the condensate forms steam. However, if
the header is inadequately sized to cope with the quantity of flash steam
produced and backpressure builds up, waterhammer can result.

FTGUR-ES~
6.41 & 6.42

Often, where a trap is run to a drain, a lot of steam seems to be passing thru
the trap, but this is usually onlv from condensate flashing.

Steam lines vvith more than a few degrees of superheat will not usually form
condensate in operation.
During the warming-up period after starting a cold
circuit, the large bulk of metal in the piping will nearly always use up the
degrees of superheat to produce a quantity of condensate.

TABLE

6.10

STEAM-TRAP

PI PING
PREFERRED
POSITION
~OR
CHECK VAL VE IN .-\ FREEZf~C
E~VIRONMENT
{fOR TOP E:'ITRY
ARRANGE,\IENTS Oj~LY)

6,-+3 &: 6.H

FIGl'Rf.S

.-\RR.\SGE\ILyrs.
&: SAFE

r-!2
\2)

r
, .'
-, ~
_~

r"Q,/lO

OEsrc:,;

WHICH CAS BE l'SED I" TRAP PIPl:"C

SHOW EQnp\lf.NT

O:-"LV

[TE.\15 OF f.Ql"IP'.IE.\T

NECESSARY

...
EED BE CSED. THE FOLLOWI~G

FOR ECO:-':O.\!Ic

'-';OTE5 WILL AID SELECTIO:\

IDPHEFY BY 'lAKER.
:'rIOOEL NC,\IBER. TYPE,
.-\ND PRESSURE RATING
DRIPLEG FROM STEAM
EQUIPMENT

If!

OPTION.\l
ENTRYSUITABLE
IF
...
W
RISK OF FREEZING

;.; I

'''I-~)

t :""

,-

HEADER,

ISOLATING

VALVE

INSULATION.

TO BE LOCATED

NEEDED

FREEZING
COLD,

ISOLATING

MAY

VALVE.

STRAINER.

NORMALLY

STRAINER
VALVE

MAY

FaA

TRAP

VALVE.

UNIONS

(101

1111*

1121
1131*

FOR REMOVING

BLOW DOWN VALVE

TEST VALVE

(15)

DRAIN

SIGHT

OF A COLUMN
IF SEVERAL

VISUAL

CONDENSATE

TEMPERATURESENSITIVE
DAMAGE

TO PIPING

(3~ AND (17~ ARE OuT

TRAPS
OF THE

OF

OF REACH, OR

LESS THAN

2-INCH

SIZE.

TRAP

TO ATMOSPHERE.

PLUG

FOR

CONDITIONS

SAFETY
WHEN THE

NOTE (16)
IN

LINES

USING BUCKET

PRESSURE
UPSTREAM

TRAPS

TO PREVENT

ACROSS TRAP REVERSES

DUE TO

OF THE TRAP

WITH

A BUILTIN

TRAP

IS PASSING STEAM. SOMETIMES,

STRAINER

(ALTERNATIVE

(6li

TO

BODY OF TRAP

THIS VALVE
TRAP IF CONDENSATE

ONE TRAP.

[S BE1NGHETURNED

IN THE LOWER POSITION,

THE VALVE

HAS

OF WATER TO HELP IT CLOSE AND TO GIVE IT A WATER

TRAPS

DISCHARGE

INTO

A SINGLE

CHECK

THAT

IS DISCHARGING

HEADER

WHICH

IS

RETURN

TRAP

AT

CORRECTLY

INTO

LINE. BUT IS SELDOM USED BECAUSE THE GLASS

A RISK OF EXPLOSION
(AUTOMATIC)

DRAIN

IN A COLD ENVIRONMENT

HEAD, THE AUTOMATIC

PRovIDE
FOR THIS
VALVE

AVAILABLE

PRESSURE

MA Y ERODE, PRESENTING
(16)

TO

BACK FLOW THRU

FROM MORE THAN

GLASS ALLOWS

A PRESSURIZED

[N EXTREME

TRAP TO SIZE OF LINE

FOR A TRAP

BE UNDER

OPERATION.

BE NECESSARY

TRAP, ETC

PREVENTS

REQUIRED

VALVE

IS A RISK OF CONDENSATE

IS NOT CONSTANTLY

FOR USE IN FREEZING

REQUIRED

SHOWS IF A FAULTY

VALVE

OR MAY

>7//7////////// ///77 >

VALVE

HAS A TAPPED PORT FOR FITTING

CHECK

LINES

FEATURE
SEDIMENT

IF DIFFERENTIAL

SWAGES FOR ADAPTING

SEAL.

Pipe, fittings and valves

within shaded areas in
figures 6,43 and 6.44
are shown on drawings
by the above symbol

IN

HORIZONTALLY-SEE

WATER

THE ASSISTANCE

(""'""

IF VALVES

DOWN THE LINE OR STRAINER

TO A HEADER

SLOPE LINE TO
ASSIST DRAINING
1;'>1FREEZING

ONLY

INTEGRAL

PRIMARILY

LOSS OF SEAL
BLOWING

FROM STEAM FED

FOR SAFETY,

NOTE (18)

DRAIN

IS POSITIONED

CHECK

WOULD

STRAINER

MANUALLYOPERATEO

STEAM

TRACING

FITTED

BE AN

BLOWING

IF THERE

OR INTERMITIENT

BE REOUIRED-IF

REQUIRED

OR LINE

DOWN SEDIMENT.

CLOSE TO ORIPLEG

OF SHUTDOWN

ALSO

IF A BYPASS IS USED-SEE

~4~~0\v\v~~4

TO EQUIPMENT,

IN A COLD ENVIRONMENT

AS A RESULT

TRAC[NG

FOR THIS PURPOSE, ELECTRIC

0----'r)~\ ' \\// 1

OR LINE

DRIPLEG VALVE
FOR PERIODICALLY
BLOWING
SHOULD BE PIPED TO A DRAIN OR TO GRAOE

DRAIN

(17)

ISOLATING

(18)*

BY-PASS. NOT RECOMMENDED

A ST Ar'.JDBY TRAP

MAY

BE F!TTED

ALLOWS

LINE TO EMPTY, PREVENilNG

(SEE NOTE (4l)'

TO THE TRAP

IF VALVE
-

(14j

IS OVER-

SOME TRAP 80DIES

HEADER
AS IT CAN

BE lEFT

OPEN_ IT IS BETTER

TO PROVIDE

Start-ups are infrequent and with more than a few degrees of superheat it is
unnecessary to trap a system which is continuously operated. These superheated steam lines can operate with driplegs only, and are usually fitted
with a blowdown line having two valves so that condensate can be manually
released from the drip leg after startup.

'Syphon' removal of condensate:

In certain instances it is not possible
to provide a gravity drain path - for example, where condensate is
formed inside a rotating drum. The pressure of the steam is used to
force ('syphon') the condensate up a tube and into a trap. Figure 6.45
shows such an arrangement

A superheated steam supply to an intermittently

operated piece of equipment will require trapping directly before the controlling valve for the equipment, as the temperatlITe will drop at times allowing condensate to form.

Insulation and steam or electric tracing of the trap and its piping may also
be required in freezing environments. Temperature-sensitive
and impulse traps
are not subject to freezing trouble if mounted correctly, so that the trap
can drain. Bucket traps are always mounted w(th the bucket vertical and a
type with top inlet and bottom outlet should be chosen, unless the trap can
be drained by fitting an automatic drain.

Figures 6.43 thru 6.45 are a guide to piping traps from driplegs, lines,
vessels, etc.

If condensate is continuously discharging to an open drain in an inside installation a personnel hazard or objectionable atmosphere may
be created. To correct this, discharge piping can be connected to an
exhaust stack venting to atmosphere and a connection to the main
drain provided, as in figure 6.46

Try to group traps to achieve an orderly arrangement

Unless instructed otherwise, pipe, valves and fittings will be the same
size as the trap connections, but not smaller than 3/4 in.
Traps are normally fitted at a level lower than the equipment or dripleg
that they serve
Trap each item of equipment using steam separately, even if the steam
pressure is common
Provide driplegs (and traps on all steam lines with little or no superheat)
at low points before or at the bottom of risers, at pockets and other
places where condensate collects on starting up a cold system. Table
6.10 gives dripleg sizes
Locate driplegs at the midpoints of exchanger shells, short headers, etc.
If dual driplegs are provided it is better to locate them near each end
For installations in freezing
preferably choose traps that
installed vertically, to allow
trap that can be fitted with
facturer

conditions, where condensate is wasted,

will not pocket water and which can be
draining by gravity. Otherwise, select a
an automatic draining device by the manu-

Avoid long horizontal discharge lines in freezing conditions, as ice can

form in the line from the trap. Keep discharge lines short and pitch
them downward, unless they are returning condensate to a header
For efficient operation of equipment such as heat exchangers using
large amounts of steam, consider installing a separator in the steam feed

:~
~:\o:~t,r
\

Alternate
\.
arrangement
',
of Condensate
Vent Stack

-CONDENSATE
VENT STACK

~,.

:~----_
_~~
--"

"-"
\
\

Vapor

.10.9
.10.11

After piping has been erected, it is often necessary to subject the system to a
hydrostatic
test to see if there is any leakage. In compliance with the
applicable code, this consists of filling the lines with water or other liquid,
closing the line, applying test pressure, and observing how well pressure is
maintained for a specified time, while searching for leaks.

Vents are needed to let gas (usually air) in and out of systems. When a line or
vessel cools, the pressure drops and creates a partial vacuum which can cause
syphoning or prevent draining. When pressure rises in storage tanks due to an
increase in temperature, it is necessary to release excess pressure. Air must
also be released from tanks to allow filling, and admitted to permit draining or
pumping out liquids.
Unless air is removed from fuel lines to burners, flame fading can result.
steam lines, air reduces heating efficiency.

As the test pressure is greater than the operating pressure of the system, it is
necessary to protect equipment and instruments by closing all relevant valves.
Vessels and equipment usually are supplied with a certificate of code compliance. After testing, the valved drains are opened and the vent plugs temporarily removed to allow air into the piping for complete draining.

In

VfN1S AND DRAINS

FIGURf 6.41
VENTS

DESIGN

MAY

DRAINS

FOR

OR DRAIN

BE COVERED

HYDROSTATIC

IS FORANOTHER

BY A COMPANY

TEST

ARE

PURPOSE,

STANDARD

INDICATED
IT IS DETAILED

OR PIPING

ON PIPING

DRAWINGS

BY THE

ON THE PIPING DRAWING,

SPECIFICATlQN.

SYMBOLS.*

OR THE DESIGN

VALVES
VALVED VENTS AND DRAINS ARE USUALLY EQUIPPED WITH GATE VALVES, BUT GLOBE VALVES MAY
BEUSED FOR TIGHTER CLOSURE.

DOUBLEVALVED
CONSTRUCTION
(POSITIVE
SHUTOFF}
USED FOR:
(1) Hit;jl-pressurtl steam
(2l Wrn gases-see Valves, this chart

PURPOSE
VENTS

AND

IF THE VENT

VALVES ARE AVAILABLE

WITH:ilJ
THREADED
ENDS
(2) SOCKETWELDING
ENDS
(3)

*~

(4)

SYMBOL

(5)

DRAINS *@

VALVE

AFTER

GASES CONTAINING
MOISTURE
MAY FREEZE
IN
THE VALVE DUE TO THE GAS CHILLING
WHEN IT
EXPANDS. FOR DRAINING
WET GAS LINES. DOUBLE
VALVED
CONSTRUCTION
MAY BE REQUIRED.
THE
INNER VALVE IS OPENED AND THE LINE IS DRAIN
ED BY THROTTLlNG
THE OUTER VALVE, ICE MAY
FORM IN THE BODY OF THE OUTER VALVE, PREVo
ENTING CLOSURE AFTER DRAINING.
THE DRAIN
IS CLOSED BY OPERATING
THE INNER
VALVE
FIRST.

IS SOMETIMES

REPL,1,CED

ONE SOCKET END AND OTHER END WITH INTE

GRAL NIPPLE (PLAIN OR THREADED)
ONE END SCREWED AND OTHER END WITH iNT
EGRAL NIPPLE (THREADED
OR PLAIN)
BEVELED ENDS FOR BUTT WELDING

BY A PLUG

TEST

CONSTRUCTION

NIPP TBE

INTEGRAL
i

i
SOCKOL~T

NIP? TE

I
CAP, THRDO

Positions of the required vent and drain points are established on the piping
drawings. (P&ID's will show only process vents, such as vacuum breakers,
and process drains.) Refer to figure 6.47 for construction
details.

Quick-opening vents of ample size are needed for gases. Safety and safetyrelief valves are the usual venting means. See 3.1.9 for pressure-relieving
devices, and 6.1.3, under 'Piping safety and relief valves'.
Gases which offer no serious hazard after some dilution with air may be
vented to atmosphere by means ensuring that no direct inhalation can occur.
If a (combustible)
gas is toxic or has a bad odor, it may be piped to an
incinerator or flarestack, and destroyed by burning.

Air has a moisture content which is partially carried thru the compressing
and cooling stages. It is this moisture that tends to separate, together with
any oil, which may have been picked up by the air in passing thru the
compressor.
If air for distribution has not been dried, distribution
lines should be sloped
toward points of use and drains: lines carrying dried air need not be sloped.
Sloping is discussed in 6.2.6.

If the compressed-air

supply

is not dried, provide:-

(1)

Traps at all drains from equipment forming or collecting

intercooler, aftercooler, separator, receiver.

(2)

Driplegs with traps on distribution

headers (at low points before rises)
and traps or manual drains at the ends of distribution headers.

Figure 2.67 gives

a sectional view
of a separator
(in-line type)

liquid-such

as

The buildup of pressure in a liquid is halted by discharging a small amount of

liquid. Relieving devices having large ports are not required. Relief valvessee 3.1.9-are used, and need to be piped at the discharge side, but the piping
should be kept short. See 6.1.3 under 'Piping safety & relief valves'.
Rarely will the relieved liquid be sufficiently
non-hazardous to be piped
directly to a sewer. otten the liquid is simply to be reclaimed.
Relieved
liquid is frequently
piped to a 'knockout
drum', or to a sump or other
receiver for recovery. The P&I D should show what is to be done with the
relieved liquid.

Headers should be sized to handle adequately the large amounts of vapor and
liquid that may be discharged during major mishap. Relief headers taken
to knockout drums, receivers or incinerators, are normally sloped, Refer to
6.2.6 and figure 6.3, showing the preferred location of a relief header on a
piperack.

Manufacturing
processes may generate materials that cannot be recycled,
and for which there is no commercial use. These materials are termed 'waste
products', or 'wastes'. An 'effluent'
is any material flowing from a plant
site to the environment.
Effluents need not be polluflng: for example,
properly-treated
waste water may be discharged without harming the environment or sewage-treatment plants.
Restrictions on the quantities and nature of effluents discharged into rivers,
sewers or the atmosphere, necessitate treatment of wastes prior to discharge.
Waste treatment is increasingly a factor in plant design, whether wastes are
processed at the plant, or are transported for treatment elsewhere. For inplant treatment, waste-treatment facilities are described on separate P&I D's
(see 5.2.4) and should be designed in consultation with the responsible local
authority.
Liquid wastes have to be collected within a plant, usually by a special
drainage system. Corrosive and hazardous properties of liquid wastes will
affect the choice and design of pipe, fittings, open channels, sumps, holding
tanks, settling tanks, etc. Because many watery wastes are acidic and corrosive to carbon STeel, collection and drainage piping is often lined or made
of alloy or plastic. Sulfates frequently appear in wastes, and special concretes
may be necessary for sewers, channels, sumps, etc., because sulfates deteriorate regular concretes.
Flammable wastes may PfU8covered and/or burned in smokeless incinerators
or flarestacks. Vapors from flammable liquids present serious explosion
hazards in collection and drainage systems, especially if the liquid is insoluble
and floats.
Wastes may be held permanently at the manufacturing site. Solid wastes
may be piled in dumps, or buried. Watery wastes containing solids may be
pumped into artificial 'ponds' or 'lagoons', where the solids settle.

.11
.. 13

Apply the recommendations

or other advisorv body
'Fire hazard properties
NFPA 325M

of flammable

gases, volatile

solids'

1984
Check insurer's requirements

'Flammable

and combustible

'Flammable
NFPA

and combustible

'Fire

liquids,

liquid code'. 1987. NFPA 30

liquid

protection
in refineries'.
Institute. API RP 2001

Sixth

code handbook'.
edition.

Third

edition.

1984 American

1987.

Petroleum

'Protection against ignitions arising out of static, lightning and stray currents'.
Fourth edition. 1982. API RP 2003
'Inspection

for fire protection'.

'Welding or hot-tapping
API RP 2201

relating to the project of the NFPA, API

First edition

on equipment

1984. API RP 2004

containing

flammables'.

1985.

'Guide for fighting fire in and around petroleum storage tanks'. 1980
API publication 2021
NFPA address: Batterymarch

Park, Quincy MA 02269

Isolate flammable liquid facilities so that they do not endanger important buildings or equipment.
In main buildings, isolate from other
areas by firewa/ls or fire-resistive partitions, with fire doors or openings
and with means of drainage
Confine flammable liquid in closed containers, equipment, and piping
systems. Safe design of these should have three primary objectives
(1) To prevent uncontrolled escape of vapor from the liquid. (2) To
provide rapid shut-off if liquid accidentally escapes. (3) To confine
the spread of escaping liquid to the smallest practicable area
If tanks containing flammable material are sited in the open, it is good
praCTice to space them according to the minimum separations set out in
the NFPA Code (No. 395. 'Farm storage of flammable liquids') and to
provide dikes (liquid-retaining
walls) around groups of tanks. Additional
methods for dealing with tank fires are: (1) To transfer the tank's
contents to another tank. (2) To stir the contents to prevent a layer
of heated fue! forming
Locate valves for emergency

use in plant mishap or fire-see

Valves for emergency use should be of fast-acting

FLAMMABLE or
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID
STORAGE TANKS

Whichever is greater:3ft
(Sum of diameters of adjacent tanksl/6

(Not exceeding 150 ft. dia.)

Provide pressure-relief valves to tanks containillg flammable liquid (or

liquefied gas) if exposed to strong sunlight and/or high ambient temperature, so that vapor under pressure can escape
flammable

Provide ample ventilation in buildings for all processing operations so

that vapor concentration is always below the lower flammabilitv limit.
Process ventilation should be interlocked so that the process cannot
operate without it

UNSTABLE FLAMMABLE and

UNSTABLE COMBUSTIBLE
LIQUID STORAGE TANKS

Install explosion panels in buildings

reduce structural damage

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS

CONTAINER from Flammable or
Combustible Liquid Storage Tank
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
CONTAINER outside diked area
containing Flammable or Combustible Liquid Storage Tank(s)

type

Consider providing water sprays for cooling tanks containing

liquid which are exposed to sunlight

CRUDE PETROLEUM
126,000 gal max tank size
Non-congested locale

6.1,3

to relieve explosion pressure and

Install crash panels for psrsonnel in hazardous areas

Ensure that the basic protection,
NOTE: If LPG container is smaller than
125 gal (US) and each liquid storage tank
is smaller than 660 gal, exemption applies

TAN KS surrounded by
other Tanks
For minimum clearances from property lines, public ways and buildings,
consult the National Fire Code Vol " NFPA 30. 1987. Chap. 2

LPG tanks: Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations. 1989. Chapter XVII,
part 1910110, the US Department
of Labor's 'OccupatIonal Safety and Health Administration's'
tables H23, H-33. gives clearances. Part 1919-111 advises on the storage and handling of
anhydrous ammonia.

automatic

sprinklers, is to be installed

Some hazards require special fixed extinguishing systems-foam, carbon

dioxide, drV chemical or water sprav-in additio,n to sprinklers. Seek
advice from the fire department responsible for the area, and from the
insurers

To avoid interferences and to simplify design, adequate height is necessary

between floors in buildings and plants for piping, electrical trays, and air
ducts if required. Figure 6.49 suggests vertical spacings:
VERTICAL SPACING
BETWEEN FLOOR & CEILING

"'C,

eo,

[)<J ~
-

SPACE

"'e""" "'''

Provision of a services shaft or 'chase' in multi-storied

buildings greatly
simplifi?s arrangement of vertical piping, ducting and electric cables communicating between floors. Conceptual arrangements of services and elevator
shafts, with fan room for air-conditioning
and/or process needs, are shown
in figure 6.50. Services shafts can be located in any position suitable to the
process, and need not extend the whole height of the building.

,->% "

,e'n eo,oc,,'''~
FOR

~.

ELECTRIC

CONDUIT,

etc,

1 It

------ffi
~

Large openings in walls, floors or the roof of a building may be needed for
installing equipment. Wall and roof openings are covered when not in use,
but sometimes floor openings are permanent and guarded with railings, etc.

Different processes require different types of buildings. Some processes are

best housed in single-story buildings with the process beginning at one end
and finishing at the other end, Other processes are better assisted by gravity,
starting at the top of a building or structure and finishing at or near grade.

TABLE
6.11

STANDARDSANDCODES
lor Piping Systems, Pipe, Pipe Supports, Flanges,
Gaskets, Fillings, Valves, Traps, Pumps, Vessels,
Heat Exchangers, Symbols and Screwthreads
Standards are documents which establish methods for manufacturing
and
testing.
Codes are documents which establish good design practices,
including the factors of safety and efficiency The documents are prepared
and periodically
updated by committees whose members may include
representatives
from
industry,
government,
universities,
institutes,
professional societies, trade associations, and labor unions.
Proven engineering practices form the basis of standards and codes, so that
they embody minimum requirements for selection of material, dimensions,
design, erection, testing, and inspection, to ensure the safety of piping
systems. Periodic revisions are made to reflect developments in the industry.
The terms 'standard' and 'code' have become almost interchangeable, but
documents are termed codes when they cover a broad area, have governmental acceptance, and can form a basis for legal obligations. 'Recommendations' document advisable practice. 'Shall' in the wording of standards
and codes denotes a requirement or obligation, and 'should' implies recommendation.
FOUR REASONS
(1)
(2)

FOR THEIR

USE

7.2

Items of hardware made according to a standard are interchangeable

and of known dimensions and characteristics
.
Compliance with a relevant code or standard guarantees performance,
reliability, quality, and provides a basis for contract negotiations, for
obtaining insurance, etc.

(3)

A lawsuit which may follow a plant mishap, possibly due to failure of

some part of a system, is less likely to lead to a punitive judgment
if the system has been engineered and built to a code or standcrd

(4)

Codes often supply the substance for Federal, State, and Municipal
safety regulations. However, the US Federal Government mav, as
needed, devise its own regulations, which are sometimes in the form
of a code.

The American Standa rds Associati on was fou nded in 1918 to au th ori ze nationa! standards originating from five major engineering societies. Previously
il chaotic situation
had arisen as many societies and trade associations had
been issuing individual standards which sometimes overlapped. In 1967, the
name of the ASA was changed to the USA Standards I nstitute, and in 1969
a second change was made, to American
National Standards Institute.
Standards previously issued under the prefixes 'ASA' and 'USASI' are now
prefixed 'ANSI'.
Not all USA standards and codes are issued directly by the Institute. The
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Instrument Society of America, and several other organizations issue standards and codes that apply
to piping. Table 7.1 lists the principal sources.
ANSI

makes available

organizations

many such standards

("sponsors").

Each of

these

from

other standards-issuing

standards

is identified

by

the sponsor's designation (where one exists) preceded by ANSI's and the
sponsor's acronym --for example, the ASNIE Code for chemical plant and

refinery piping is designated ANSI/ASME

B31,3. If the sponsor does not
provide a designation, ANS I assigns one. If an American Standards committee
developed the standard, the committee

designation

TITLE

is used.

SECTION

APPLICATION
B31 pi pi ng

Carras i on Contra 1

B31 GUide
-1984

Guidelines
for protecting
systems from carras ion

Power Pi pi ng

B31,1-1989

Pi Dl ng for

Other countries also issue standards. The British Standards Institution (BSI)
in the UK, the Deutscher Normenausschuss (DIN) in Germany, and the
Swedish national organization (SIS) issue many standards. Copies of foreign

Chemical Pl ant and

Petrol eum Refi nery
Piping

B31,3-1987

Design of crlemical and petrochemical

plants
cnd refi neri es process i ng chemi ca 1s and
r,ydrocarbons,
water and steam

Liquid Petroleum
Transportat lOn

B31.4-1989

Licuid transportation
bons. LPG, anhydrous

standards can be obtained directly,

Refrigeration
pi pi ng

B31.5-1987

Principally
desCrlDeS
packaged units

Gas Transmi ss i on
and Di Stri buti on
Piping Systems

B31, 8-1989

Pn nc 1pa 11y descr i bes overl and conveyance

of fuel gases and feedstock gases

Building Services
Piping Code

B31,9-1988

Hi gh-pressure

Slurry
ation

831.11-1986

Design, construction,
inspection,
security
reqUlrements of slurry piplng systems

The ANSI catalog is available from the American National Standards Institute,
1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018

or from the American National Standards

Institute.

The tables in 7.5.6 give the initial letters of the standards-issuing organizations
preceeding the number of the standard, thus: 'ASTM N28'. Table 7.1 includes
the initials used in tables 7.3 thru 7.14, and gives the full titles of the organizations. (Table 7.1 is not a comprehensive listing.)

INITIALS
AlA
ANSI
API
ASME
ASTM
AVVS
AWWA
FCI
GSA
ISA
MSS
NFPA
PFI
USDC

FULL TITLE

OF ORGANIZATION

Insurance

National Standards Institute t

Petroleum Institute
Society of Mechanical Engineers
Society for Testing and Materials
Welding Society
Waterworks Association

Association

Fluid Controls Institute

General Service Administration
Instrument Society of America
Manufacturers'
Standardization
Society of the
Valve and Fittings Industry
National Fire Protection Association
Pipe Fabrication
Institute
United States Department
of Commerce

issued

by Underwriters'

Laboratories
I nstitute,

and marine

systems for hydrocarammonia and alcohols

the piping

commerci a 1/sanitary

of

pi Pl ng

American

States of America Standards

a 1 plants

This Standard covers design and construction

of liquefied petroleum gas
installations at marine and pipeline terminals, natural gas processing plants,
refineries, petroleum plants and tank farms

American
American
American
American
American
American

"'"Standards formerly
t Formerly, Un ited

TransportPiping

i ndustri

aopl ications

I ne.

and

American Standards Association.

The two following codes are not directly

are involved in the piping designer's work:

related to piping, but frequently

This code applies to repairs and alterations made to vessels in petro-chemical

service constructed to the former API-ASME Code for Unfired Pressure
Vessels for Petroleum Liquids and Gases, Section 8 of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, and to other vessels.

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is mandatory in many states with
regard to design, material specification,
fabrication,
erection, and testing
procedures. Compliance is required in the USA and Canada to qualify for
insurance. The Code consists of the following eleven sections:

section
Power boilers

Material specifications
Nuclear power plant components.
Heating boilers . . , . . .
Nondestructive

examination

Recommended rules for care and operation of heating boilers.

Recommended rules for care of power boilers

The most important code for lend-based pressure-piping systems is ANSI 831.
Parts of this code which apply to various types of plant piping are listed
in table 7.2.

P ressu re vessels

....

Welding qualifications _ _ . . .
Fiberglass-reinforced plastic pressure vessels.
. ..
.
Rules for inservice inspection of nuclear reactor coolant systems.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

TABLES

7.1 & 7.2

CODES FOR MARINE

Requirements
standards:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

PIPING

for merchant

7.5.5

and naval vessels are contained

In the following
Steel

or

[ran

American Bureau of Shipping: 'Rules for building and classing vessels'

L1oyds' Register of Shipping: 'Rules'
US Coast Guard: 'Marine engineering regulations and material specifications'
US Navy, Bureau of Ships: 'General specifications for building naval
vessels', 'General machinery specifications'

SDec~f1cat1on
for welded and seamless
steel
ploe
Speclflcatlon
for seamless carbon-steel
plpe
for high-temperature
service
Speclfication
for electrlc-fusion(arc)-welded
steel plPe. NPS 16 and over
SpeclficatlOn
for electric-reslstance-welded
steel pipe
Specification
for seamless and welded austenltic
stainless
steel plpe
Speclfication
for seamless ferrltic
alloy-steel
plpe for high-temperature
serVlce
SpeciflcatlOn
for seamless carbon-steel
plpe for
atmosphenc and lower temperatures
Specification
for llne pipe (5L and 5LX)
Welded and seamless wrought-steel
Stalnless
steel p1ge

The following tables are not comprehensive: a selection has been made from
standards relating to piping design and technology. Sources of these standards
may be found from table 7.1. Addresses of the issuing organizations may be
found from the current edition of 'Encyclopedia
of associations: Vol 1,
National organizations
of the United States' (Gale Research Company).

Ductile
iron pipe. centrifugally
moldS or sand-llne'd molds for
IlqUl

Specification
for aluminum
seamless ploe and extrude(J
Speciflcatlor,
for seamless
standard s 1zes
Speciflcation
for seamless
standard Slzes
Speclf'tcation
for seamless
and tube
Speclflcation
for seamless
P, pi ng

symooI s for plpe flttlngs.

va I ves and piping
Graph i c symboIs fpr pi umbi ng fi xtures
Graphlc symbols for fluld
power dlagrams
Fluld power diagrams
Graphlc symbols for process flow dia.grams
petroleum and chemlcal 1ndus tn es

Proces s
Engineering

Let ter
Letter
Instrumentation

symboI s for
symbols for

1n

chemical englneenng
hydraullcs

ANSI YI 0.12
ANSI Y10.2

symboI s and i den t i fica t 1 on

Instrumentation

Welding

SymboI s for

Heatl ng and
Ventllatlng

Graphlc symbols for

air condltlOning

Electnca

Electncal
and electronlcs
dlagrams
Graphic symbols for e I ec tn ca I wlrlng and layou t
diagrams used for archltecture
and building
cons truct i on

oraftlng

Safety

weldlng

and nondes Cruct 1'Ie tes ~ 1 ng

heating.

ventllating

AWSA2.4-79
ANSI 132.2.4
ANSI Y14. 15

~NSI
ANSI
ANSI
ANSI

Symbols for

NFPA 173

flre

fightlng

Power piping

piping
,~ethod for dimensioning
Minlmum length and spacing for

Fabrication

8utt'.eldlng
endS for Plpe. valves.
f1 anges
and fitt i ngs
Internal
machining and solid machined backl ng
rlngs for circumferential
back-welds
Fabricating
tolerances
Hydrostatic

code (refer

operatlOns

testing
of fabricated

to Table 7.2)
assemblles
welded nozzles

of fabrl ca ted P1Plng

Pl ping

Cleanlng

Cleanlng

Color

Scheme for the identlficatlOn

of P1Plng systems
RecoflT11endedpractice
for color coding of piplng
materials

AST,~ A312
ASTM A335
ASTfi A524
AP I 5L

cast.
gas

In

metal

ANS1/ AWWA51
C151i~21.51
ANSI A21 .52

and aluminum-alloy
seamless tUbe
copper plPe.

~STII 8241
ASTl-1842

red brass Ploe,

COPDer alloy
nickel

plDe

AST!-I843

plpe

and tuDe

ASHI B315
AST;'-I8161
ASnl

01503

ASHI 01527
~STI-! DI735
ASTH

02104

i.\SH-! 02232
~sm

02241

Asm 02239
AlvWAC900
AWWAC901
AWWAC902
C950

AWWA

ANSI 132.9

orawi ng sheet size and format

llne conventlons.
sectlonlng
and lettering
MuIt 1 and sect 1ona I Yie'd drd'dlngs
drawi ng
Pictorial
olmensionlng
and toleranclng
for eng 1neen ng
drawings
Screw thread represen ta tl on

Drafting

Coding

I SA S5. 1

and

Desi gn

Test i ng

~NSI Y32. II

AST~I AI35

cast. in metal
water and other

Soec if i ca t i on for ce II ulose aceta te butyrate

ICA81 plastic
Olpe. SCH 40
SpeciflcatlOn
for acrylonltnle-butadlenestyrene (A8S1 plastlc
plpe. SCH 40 and 30
Speclflcation
for polyvinyl
chlorlde
(PVC)
plastlc
ploe. SCH 40. 3D and 120
Soeciflcatlon
for polyethylene
(PEl piasUc
p,pe. SCH 40
Speciflcat10n
for acry1onitnle-butadlenestyrene (A8S) plastlc
pipe ISDR-PR)
Soeclflcatl0n
for polyvlnyl
cclonde
IPVCI
plastic
plpe ISDR Series)
SpeclflcatlOn
for polyethylene
(PEl plastiC P1Pe
ISiDR-PR) based on controlled
lnside dlameter
P01YVlOyi chlonde
(PVC) pressure PiPe for water
NPS 4 thru NPS 12
Polyethylene
(PEl pressure plpe. tuDlng and
flttlngs
for water NPS 1/2 thru NPS 3
Polybutylene
IP81 pressure pipe. tublng and
fittings
for '.ater NPS 1/2 thru NPS 3
Glass flber reinforced
plpe

ANSII
AS~IE132.2.3
~NSI 132.4
~NSI 132.10
ANS! Y14.7

Graph i c

ASTM AI34

P1Pe

ds

Ductile
iron ploe, centnfugally
molds or sand-l ined moles for

ASTM A53
AST,~ A106

Y14. I
Yi 4.2
Y14.3
Y14.4

ANSI Y14.5
ANSI Y14.6

Apo11cation

Pi pe hangers and supports

appl ication

Production

Pi pe hangers and supports

and manufacture

selection

and
MSS SP-69

materials.

des i gn
MSS SP-53

ASMEB31
PFI ES-2
PFI ES-7
1\le:a'11 ic
AS~IE816.25
PFI ES-I
PFI ES-3
P(I

Nonmeta 111 C
ES-4

PFI ES-5
ANSI A13. I
PFI ES-22

Ring-Joint
gaskets and grooves for steel.pipe
fI anges
Metallic
gaskets for raised-face
pipe flanges and
flanged connect lOns (doub I e- jacket cor ruga ted
and splral-wound)
Nonmeta11i c flat gaskets for P1Pe flanges
Rubber gasket joints
for ductile-iron
and graylron pressure pipe and flt:ings
Gasketed joints
for ductile
iron and and gray
for fl re
iron pressure pipe and fittings
protection
service
Standard specification
for dense elastomer
sillcone
rubber gaSkets and accessories

ASI~E816.20
API 601
ASMEB16.21
A'WWACIII
UL 194
ASTM Cll15

Steel

Fittings

Stainless
Steel
t~alleable
Cast

Iron

Iron

Duc t i 1e

ron

Ferrous

wrought- Stee 1 bu~~weldlng

fitt i ngs
Factory-made
Wrought-steel
buttweldl
ng shoft-radius
el bows
and returns
Forged-steel
fittlngs,
socketwelding
and threaded
unions,
Carbon steelplPe
Socketwelding
& threaded
but twe 1ding fittings
Factory-made
for class
1
pi ping applications
nuclear

Alloy

)
)

)
)

Butterfi

)
)

Check

Va 1yes

)
)

Ba 11 Va 1 yes

)
)

I ...
/
,~

Requirements
for tank contalners
for liquids
and gases
Specification
for bolted
tanks
for storage
of
production
liquids
Specification
for field-welded
tanks
for storage
of product i on 1 i qUl ds
Specification
for shop-welded
tanks
for storage
of product i on 1 i qui ds
Reco,mnended
ru 1es for des i gn and construct
i on of
large
welded
low-pressure
storage
tanks
Welded steel
tanks
for 011 storage
Specification
for welded aluminum
alloy
storage
tanks
aboveground
tankS for f"lammaDle and
Steel
combustible
liquids
Safety
standard
for steel
inside
tanks
for
oi l-burner
fuel
underground
tanks
for fl ammabl e and
Steel
combustible
liquids
Factory-coated
bolted
steel
ta nks for water
storage
for water
storage
We1 ded stee 1 tanks

t~SS SP-07

ASI~E B16.3

Cast-iron
Cast-iron

threaded
threaded

Ductile-iron
Ductile-iron

fittings

fi ttl rgs, cl ass 125 and 250

drairloge
fittings

fatings,
NPS 3 t:ifLi NPS 24 for
Pl pe fl anges and flanged
fittlngS
01 ugS,

busrl', ngs ana locknuts

gas

ASHE B16.4
ANSI B16.12
ANSI ALl.14
Ast~E B16,42

with
ANSI B16.14

fitt 1ngs, cl ass 125 and 250

Cast bronze
threaded
alloy
Cast copper
sol der Joi nt pressure
fi tt 1 ngs
Bronze pi pe fl anges and fi anged fHtlngS,
cl ass
150 and 300
Cast copper
alloy
so 1der JOi nt fittngs
for Sovent
dra 1nage systems
Wrought copper
copper
and wrought
a 11 oy sol derjoi nt dra 1nage flttings
for Sovent drai nage
fittlngs

ASI,IE B16.15
ANSI B16,18
ANSI B16.24

Lined

Vessels

ASI~E B16.32
Ca 1 i brat i on
ANSI B16.43

for

Face-to~face
and end-to-end
dlf71enS 1 ons of ferrous
plug
valves,
classes 125 thru 2500 (gate. globe,

Valves

Low Pressure
Vessel s

t~SS SP-43

threaded

bo 1,. and cheCk valves)

~1anua11 y operated
metalliC
gas va 1ves for use 1 n
gas Pl Pl ng systems
UP to 125 PSIG (s 1zes NPS 112
thru NPS 2 )
Valves,
fl anged and tLutt'v.elclng
end -- stee '.
nl ckel a 11 Oy, and otrler special alloYs
for pipeline
Speclficatlon
va 1 ves (stee 1 gate,
pl ug, ba 11 and check valves)
Earthquake
act i vated automatic
system
9as shutoff
Gate

ASt~E B16.26
ASt~E B16.11
fISS-SP- 83

iron

sac ket type acryl onHril

epi pe fittings
butadi ene- styrene (ABS) plcStlC
SCH 40
Spec If i ca t lOn for soc ket type polyvinyl
eh 1ori de
(PVC) plastic
D1Pe. fittings
SCH 80

Genera 1

Baller
and Pressure
"Pressure
vessels"

Malleable

Speclflcation

Pl ast i cs

Pressure
Vessels

'elding fittings
Wrought stalhless
steel butt ....
i nc 1udi ng reference
to other corros i on res is tant
materials'

Ferrous
PlPe
plpe threads

Copper

ASNE B16.9

ASm

02468

ASTH 02467

Vent i ng and
Flame
Arresters

Steel

Fln:stnng

and rell ef va 1 yes

safety- re 11ef
steel

Safety
Flanged

Cant ro 1

Contra 1 val ve mar.-I fo 1does 1gns -- recommended

practice
Face-to-face
Clfnensions for f: anged globe-style
contro I va 1ve bOd1es ( ANSI c: esses 125, 150,
250, 300 and 600 )
control
Face-to-face
dimensions
for fi Q geless
va 1ves ( ANSI ciasses
15C, 300 nC. 600 )
globeClmenSions 'or but weld-end
Face-to-face
s t.yi e control
vi: 1 VES (At~S 1 ci a s 4500 )

va 1ves

I"jlI.5.5
liJ~-

ASME MH5. 1. 3
API 128
API 120
API l2F
API 620
API 650
ANSI 896.1
UL 142
UL 80
UL 58
AWWAD103-60
AWWAD100-79

finish
of metal
for chemical
NACE RP-Ol

Venting
atmospheric
tanks
(refrigerated
Flame arresters
for
petroleum
products
Flame arresters
for
tanks
for petroleum

ASTH D1406
of
ASTH 01410
of
ASTM 01408
of
ASTI~ 01220

and low-pressure
storage
and nonrefrigerated)
vents
of tanks
storing

API 2000
API 2210

use on vents
of storage
oil and gaSollrle

UL 525

Pipe

f1 anges

and

fl anged

fittings

ANSI 816.5

ori fi ce flanges

ANSI B16.36

Large diameter
carbon-steel
fl anges iNPS 26-60,
cl ass 75, 150. 300. 400, 600 and 900
pipeline
flanges
Steel
High-pressure
chemical
industry
fl anges and
threaded
stubs for use v.'i th lens gaSkets
Steel fl anges for waterworks
servi ce. NPS 4
tnru NPS 144

t'lSS SP-67
AW\'IAC504
API 609

Rel ief

Flanges

API 60
AG.A Z21.70

8utterfl
y valves
Rubber seated bu: :erfl y va I ves
lug-type
ana ...'afer-type
But terfl y valves.

and o[.;tt- .....

'elding
ends
With fl anged or butt',o,'eiding ends
valves
genera 1 servl ce ,
valves, NPS 6 thru NPS 48

and surface
to be lined

MethOd for liquid

caiibration
of tanks
Method for measurement
and calibration
horizontal
tanks
Hethod for measurement
and calibration
spheres
and spheroi ds
flethOd for measurement
and cal ibratlon
upn ght cyl i ndrl ca 1 tankS

Steel

Ductile

valves-flanged

VII I,

ASHE 816.34

AWWAC509

Ba 11
Ball
for
Ba 11

section

ASME COde

Design,
fabrication
tanks
and vessels
service

ANSI B1 6.33

API 603
API 604

NPS 2

Code,

ANSI B16.10

venturi
gale valves.
nanged
Steel
and buttweldl ng ends
fl anged and Dutt-welding
Steel
gate valves.
ends
gc'le va 1 VS
Compact steel
carros i on - res: s:'c nt n anged end
Cl ass 150 cast.
qat.e va 1 yes
gate valves.
flanged
er,ds
Ductile-iron
NPS 3 trlru NPS 40, for water and
Gate valves,
sewage SYStems
Res 11 i ent sea tej ;ote va. Ives. ~'~PS3 thru NPS 12.
,o ge sys:.ems
for water and se .....

;orks service,
Swi ng check va 1 ves for \<,'ater .....
thru NPS 24
Wafer cfleck va 1yes
SWi ng check
Cast-lron
va~ves. il anged and
threaded
ends

Vessel

API 597
API 600
API 602

Dipe fl anges and flanged

Cast-iron
fittings
Cl ass 150LW carras i on- res i stant
cast f1 anges
fl anged fi tt i ngs

Cast-lron
Flanges

AWWAC500
Iron

Ductile

iron fl anges
ci a.ss 150 and 300

Flnishes
for contact
and connecting-end
fittings

and

fl anged

API 605
I~SS SP-44
HSS SP-65
AWWAC207 - 7 8
ASI'IE B16. 1

and
HSS SP-51

f;~tlngs,

ASI~E B16.~2

faces
of P1Pe flanges
fl anges of va 1yes and
MSS SP-C

AW\;A C508
API 594
t'lSS SP-71
API 608

General

MSS SP-72
AWWAC507
ASI,IE PTC25.3
API 526
ISA RP75.06
ISA S75.03
ISA S75.04
I SA S75. i 4

Unified
inch
Pipe threads,

screw threads
(UN & UNR thread
genera 1 purpose
(i nch)

Nomenc 1ature.
screw threads

definitions

and

letter

symbols

form)

ANSI B1.1
ANSI/
ASHE Bl. 20.1

for
ASME 81.

Drysea 1 Pipe
Threads

Drysea 1 pi pe threads
Drysea 1 pi pe threads
ANSI Bl.20. 3)

Hose Threads

Hose coupl i ng
havi ng nomi na
5/8,
3/4,
1,
and 4 inches

screw threads
for a 11 connect ions
1 hose (inside)
diameters
of 1/2.
1 1/4,
1 1/2. 2. 2 1/2. 3, 3 1/2
(except
flre
hose)

Screw threads
connections

and gaSkets

( inch)
i metrl c translation

for

fire

ANSJ B1,20.3
of

ANSI B1,20.4

ASHE 81. 20.7

(TABLES

hose
NFPA 1963-85

17.3-7.1 2
\~-----

Shell-andTube
Exchangers

Tubu 1M

heat

serVlce

exchangers

in

serVlces

- tube

exchangers

for

iate alloy
tubes

serv '1 ce

Hed ters

Closed

of

ai r-cooled

feedwater

Per formance tes

660

ASTM A179/M
A 199/M

ferrit
ic and austensuperhea ter
and hea tASTM A213/M
nickel
and nickel
exchanger
tubes
for
heat

genera

ASm

1 refi

B163

nery
_API 661
AP I 632

exchangers

heaters

A91E PTC12. 1
ASME PTC4. 3
ARI 470-80

COde - - air hea ters

I,.a ter

Desuperheater

B78.1

nery

Asm

A 1 r COO 1 eel heat exchangers

'IIintenZing

1 refi

for
seamless
cold-drawn
low-carbon
exchanger
and condenser
tubes
for seamless
cold-drawn
intermedsteel heat exchanger
and condenser

Specl ficdt
Ion for
seamless
Hic
al ]Oy steel
boi ler.
exchanger
tubes
Specification
for
seamless
alloy
condenser
and heat
Exchangers

genera

API

SpeciflcatlOn
stee]
heat
Specification

A1 r

process

chemical

ANSI

She II-and

hea ters

)
)

)
Genera 1

)
)

Centr I fuga I
Pumps

)
)
)

)
)

Pas I t i ve
DISplacement

Compr-essors,
exnaus ters
and ejectors

SpeciflcatlOn
for
pumping
unHs
Pas it 1 ve a 1sp I acement
pumps -- reciprocating
Pas Hive
d i sp 1acement
pumps -- contrOlled
burn i ng app 11 ances
Pumps for all
Centri

fuga]

pumps
for hor i zoo. ta I end suct i on
Speclficatlons
pumps for chemical
centn
fuguel
process
SpeciflcdtlOns
for vertlcal
in-line
centrifugUd]
pumps for chem i ca I proces,;;
Centrl fuga 1 pumps for genera 1 refinery
service

Displacement

)
)

)
)
)
)
)
)

)
)

I)
I )
I)
)

Dumps (performance

test

Safety

stanaara

lndustrles
[nsta.llatlcn

Ceo.tn

fuga I

servlces

Ejectors

for

compressors

of blowers
compressors
and

for

exhausters

- performance

for

and exhaust
test

genera

API
API
API

UL

11E
674
675
343

ASt~E PTC8. 2
AS~IE B73. 1~1
AS~IE 873. 2M
APi 610

code)

Rec 1proca tl ng Stea.m-dr i ven di so 1acemen t pumps

vacuum pumps and b) owers
01 SO1dcement compressors,

Compressors

volume

AS~IE PTC7.1
AS,'IE PTCI
AS/IE PTC9

process
AS/-IE 819.3
NFPA 91

SYStems
1 refinery

performance
code

test

code

API 617
AS,iE PTC10
ASHE PTC24

ABBREVIATIONS for Piping Drawings

and Industrial Chemicals
E

ABS
AGA
AISI
ANSI
API
ASTM
AWS
AWWA

(1)
Air
(2)
Absolute
Absolute
American Gas Association
American Iron and Steel Institute
American National Standards Instit ute
American Petroleum Institute
American Society for Testing and Materials
American Welding Society
American Waterworks Association

B
BBL
BC
BLE
BLK
BLVD
BOP

BS
BTU
BW

CEI\jT
CFM
CHU
CI
CI~

Cr

CS

CSO
CTR

CU

Barrel
Bolt circle
Beveled large end
Black
Beveled
Bottom [of outside]
pipe support location
British Standard
British thermal unit
(1 )
Butt weld
(2)
Butt welded

E
ECN
EFW
ELL
ERW

F
F
F&D
FAHR
FBW
FCN
FD&SF

FE
FF

of pipe. Used for

(1)
Centigrade, or Celsius
(2)
Condensate
Centigrade
Cubic feet per minute
Centigrade heat unit
Cast iron
Centimeter
Chromium
(1)
Carbon steel
(2)
Cold spring
Car-sealed closed. Denotes a valve to be
locked in the closed position under all
circumstances other than repair to adjacent piping
Car-sealed open. See CSC
Center
Cubic

FLG
FLGD
FOB

FRP
FS
FW

G
G
GAL
GALV
GPH
GPM

DO
DRG

DWG

Degree
Diameter
Deutsche Industrie Norm [German standard)
Drawing office
Drawing. [Not preferred]
Drawing

Fahrenheit
Faced and drilled
Fahrenheit
F urnace-butt-welded
Field change number
Faced, drilled and spot-faced
Flanged end
(1)
Flat face(d)
(2)
Full face [of gasket]
(3)
Flange face [dimensioning]
Flange
Flanged
(1)
Flat on bottom. [Indicates orientation of eccentric reducer)
(2)
Freight on board. [I nd icates location of supply of vendor's freight at the
stated price)
(3)
Free on board. [Indicates location
of supply of vendor's freight]
Flat on top. [I ndicates orientation
of
eccentric reducer)
[Glass-] fiber reinforced pipe
Forged steel
Field weld
(1)
Gas
(2)
Grade
(3)
Gram
Gallon
Galvanized
Gallons per hour
Gallon per minute

D
DEG
DIA
DIN

East
Engineering change number
Electric-fusion-welded
Elbow
Electr ie-resistance-we Ided

HEX

Hg
HPT

HR

(1)
Horizontal
(2)
Hour
Hexagon(al)
Mercury
Hose-pipe thread
Hour

I
IE

Invert elevation
[141 )

IMP
IPS
IS
ISO
IS&Y

(1)
Inside diameter
12}
Internal diameter
I mperial. [British unit]
Iron pipe size
Inside screw. [Of valve stem]
Isometric drawing
Inside screw and yoke

K
K
kg

Kilo, times one thousand, xl000

Kilogram

L
L
LB,Lb
LT

LR

Liquid
Pound weight
Light-wall [of Pipe]
Long radius. [Of Elbow)

M
M

MACH
MATL
MAWP

MAX
MCC
M/C

MFR
MI
MIN

Mo
MSS

(1)
(2)

Meter
Meqa, times one million, 1000000.
[O~ old drawings, xl 000)
Machined
Material
Maximum allowable working pressure
Maximum
Motor control center
Machine
Manufacturer
IVlalleable iron
(1)
Minimum
(2)
Minute. [Of tinle]
Millimeter
Molybdenum
I/!anufacturers'
Standardization
Society
of the Valve and Fittings Industry

N
N

NC
NEMA
Ni
NIC
NO
NPSC
NPSF
NPSH
NPSI
NPSL
NPSM

North
Normally closed
National Electrical Manufacturers' Assn.
Nickel
Not in contract
Normally open
2.5.5
2.5.5
(1 )
Net positive sucti on head. [3.2.1 ]
(2)
2.5.5
2.5.5
2.5.5
2.5.5

TABLES

7.13-1.14

NPT
NPTF
NRS

National pipe thread

2.5.5
Non-rising stem. [Of valve]

a
o
00

OS
OS&Y

Oil
Outside diameter
Outside screw. [Valve stem]
Outside screw and yoke. [Valve stem]

P
P&ID
PBE

PE
PFI
POE
PS

PSI
PSIA
PSIG

Piping and instrumentation

diagram
Plain both ends. [Swage, etc.]
Plain end. [Pipe, etc.]
Pipe Fabrication Institute
Plain one end. [Nipple, etc.]
(1)
Pipe support.
[Anchor,
guide or
shoe, or items combined to form the
support]
(2)
Pre-spring
.
Pound [weight] per square inch. [Pressure]
Pound per square inch absolute
Pound per square inch gage

SAE
SCH
SCRD
SF
SKT
SMLS
Si

SO
SP
SR
SST

ST
STM
STD
STR
SW
SWG
SWG I
NIPP \
SWP

R
RED

RF
RJ
RPM
RS

Reducing
Raised face
Ring joint
Revolutions per minute
Rising stem. [Of valve]

S
S

(1)
(2)

ABBREVIATION

South
Steam

CHEMICAL NAME

T&C
TEMA
TGT
TOE
TOS
TPI
TSE
TYP

Society of Automotive
Engineers
Schedule. [Of pipe]
Screwed
Spot-faced
Socket
Seamless
Silicon
Slip-on
(1)
Sample point
(2)
Standard practice. [MSS term]
Short radius. [Of elbow]
Stainless steel
Steam trap
Steam
Standard
Straight
Socket welding
Swage

Acetone dicarboxylic acid

Air-entraining agent
83% ammonium nitrate in water

(1)
Temperature
(2)
Trap
Threaded and coupled. [Pipe]
Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers' Assn.
Tangent
Threaded one end. [Nipple or Swage]
Top of support
Th reads per inch
Threaded small end
Typical. [Used to avoid redrawing similar
arrangements]

Drugs
Concrete

B
BAP
BHA
BHC
BHT
BOV
BzH
BzOH

Benzyl para-amino phenol

Butylated hydroxyanisole
Benzene hexachloride
Butylated hydroxy toluene
77-78% sulfuric acid
('blown oil of vitreol')
Benzaldehyde
Benzoic acid

Fuel
Food
General
Food
General
General
General

C
CO
COV
CO2

Carbon monoxide
95-96% sulfuric acid
('concentrated oil of vitreol')
Carbon dioxide

WGT
WLD
WN
WOG
WP

Swaged nipple

AREA OF USE

2.6.3
2.6.3
2.6.3

(1)
(2)

Steam work ing pressu re

A
ADA
AEA
ANW

Ui\IC
UNF
UNS

WT
X
XH
XS
XXS

Vertical
Vanadium

(1)
West
(2)
Water
Weight
Weld(ed)
Welding neck
Water, oil and gas
(1)
Workpoint or reference point
(2)
Markings with this prefi x designate
certain steels and are used on pipe,
fittings and plate. Example: 'WPB'
marked on forged fittings denotes
A 181 grade 2. Refer to ASME SA
234, tables 1 and 2.
Weight

Extra-heavy. [See Index]

Extra-strong
Do uble-e xtra-strong

OTHER

Cl

Centerline

(j)

Diameter

D
DAP
DCO
DMC
DMF
DMU
DNA
DNM
DNP
DNT
DOP
DOV
DSP
DTBP
DVB
DPG
DOPA

General

General

EA
EDTA
[142]

Diammonium phosphate
Dehyd ra ted castor oi I
Dimethylammonium
dimethyl
carbamate
Dimethyl formam ide
Dimethylurea
Dinonyladipate
Dinonyl maleate
Dinonyl phthalate
Dinitrotoluene
Dioctyl phthalate
96% sulfuric acid
('distilled oil of vitreol')
Disodium phosphate
Ditertiary-butyl
peroxide
Divinyl benzene
Diphenyl guanidine
3 ,4-d ihyd roxyphenylan iline

Ethylidene aniline
Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic

Agriculture
Paint
Refining

Plastics
Plastics
Plastics
Explosives
Plastics
General
General
Plastics
Plastics
Rubber
Rubber

acid

Rubber
Food

ABBREVIATION

MEANING

AREA OF USE

OMPA
ONB
OPE
02
03

Octamethyl pyrophosphoramide
o-nitrobiphenyl
Octylphenoxyethanol
Oxygen
Ozone

Agriculture
Plastics
Refining
General

p-aminosalicylic acid
Polybutene
Phenyl beta-naphthylamine
podich lorobenz ene
Penta-erythritol
Penta-erythritol
tetran it rate
Po Iytetrafl uorethy lene
Polyvinyl alcohol
Polyvinyl acetate
Polyvinyl butyrol
Polyvinyl chloride
Polyvinyl methyl-ether

Drugs
Plastics
Rubber
Agriculture

Sulfuric

General

F
FA
FGAN
FPA
FREON

Furfuryl alcohol
Ammonium nitrate
Fluorophosphoric
acid
One of a large number of chloro- or
fluoro- substituted hydrocarbons

General
Agriculture

Hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen cyanide

Hexa-ethyl tetraphosphate
Hexamethylene triperoxide
Hexamethylene tetramine
Mannitol hexanitrate
100% hydrogen peroxide
('high test peroxide') ,
Branched aliphatic alcohols of high b.pt.
Water

Plating
Agriculture

P
PAS
PB
PBNA
PDB
PE
PETN
PTFE
PVA or PVAL
PVAc
PVB
PVC
PVM

Refrigeration,
General

H
HCN
HET
HMDT
HMT
HNM
HTP

H2O

Explosives
Rocketry,
General

R
RNV

acid ('refined

oil of vitreol')

I
IMS
IPA
IPC
IPS

Commercial ethyl alcohol IBrit.)

Isophthalic acid
Isopropyl n-phenyl carbonate
Isopropyl alcohol (Shell Oil Co.)

General

Liquid oxygen
Lauryl pyridinium chloride
Liquefied petroleum gases, mainly
butane and propane

Rocketry
Soaps
Fuel

MBMC
MEK

Monotertiary
butyl-methyl-cresol
Methyl-ethyl-ketone

General
Paint,
General

MEP
MIBC
MIBK
MNA
MNPT
MNT
MSG

2-methyl, 5-ethyl pyridine

Methyl isobutyl carbinol
Methyl-isobuty I-ketone
Methyl-nonyl acetaldehyde
m-nitro p-toluidine
Mononitro toluene
Monosodium glutamate

S
S
SAP
SDA
S02

General

Sulfur
Sodium acid pyrophosphate
Specially denatured alcohol
Sulfur dioxide

L
LOX
LPC
LPG

Explosives
Plastics

General
General
General

Explosives
Food

TCA
TCE
TCP

Sod iu m tetrach loracetate

1,1,1-trichlorethane
Tricresyl phosphate

TEG
TEL
TEP
TFA
TNA
TNB
TNG
TNM
TNT
TNX
TOF
TPG
TSP

Triethylene glycol
Tetraethyl lead
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
Tetrahydrofurfuryl
alcohol
Trinitroaniline
Trinitrobenzene
Trinitroglyceri ne
Trinitromethane
Trinitrotoluene
Trinitroxylene
Trioctyl phosphate
Triphenyl guanidine
Trisodium o-phosphate
Tetrasodium phosphate

Agriculture
Dry cleaning
Fuel,
Plastics
Refining
Fuel
.Agr icu Itu re
Explosives
Explosives
Explosives
Explosives
Explosives
Plastics
Rubber

N
NBA
NBS
NCA
NCS
NH powder
N2

n-bromacetamide
n-bromosuccinamide
n-chloracetamide
n-chlorosuccinamide
Explosive pmvder
Nitrogen

V
VA

Vinyl acetate

Z
ZMA
[143J

Zinc methyl arsenate

Timber

INDEX/GLOSSARY
Butt-welding.
solid
BATfEn:Y

LIMIT.

ings

to

Also

used

,C,rbitr-ary

define
to

define

responsibility

BEelT.

line

an-plot

and

are3S.

of

fittirg5

are

beve2.~d

m::!~ii'g welded

j:::ii't.5

metter

and butt-1.i1eldillCj

2.1)

char:

(S22

tc

a'::',:

,CtrI13::::::F.

2.-

~~:'.

":_ :'re

;i...;:r']'

r'di.'"'LJ:.

6L:::'E:J RI:'-JC.

__

SU::.ED

figurs

3.';

.1j.

9LENOE.R. 3.3.2.

2.60.

figu'IS

:: ~ 'j

'.J.Ir-:(~;:,::,

P;:.;i~_L;J["1

i:::.' ~ .'

>="la:'lge withoL:t

pl:':'

cll1sure

of

similarly
BLDCK

flanged

VAUIE.

BLOlliDDWN

ar::rangement

jesi,:;ned
or

Bur i~d

;Jrctested
lcicl.

far::

eL~r:t::'c

3':.

- see

Dipi~;.

if

the:.;:; is

6,ACKCHECK.
8ACKINC

access

::: :::ne i:l'::'8ri:)[

removi,~g

m3teri31

'Jci1.'2r,

::"g. cnar:

Ulill

is

2.1

,'1o::;~,.Jo.J~ej
"1at::.,'':::

fr'JG

t::.!l;':j,

etc.

3. ~.S

BALl..V,I'IUJE.

Check

va"-..i2.

BALL VALVE.

Rotary.

BAR. Traditional
'METRIC!

equa':"

belolJ

water

or

other

connecting
'",ihLen is
leg
occur
process

:::

,~

8RE,~THER 'JgLIJE.

3.1.11

STA~jOAROS

le'Je~

seJ

!bararnetr'::::
inserted
from

are

:Q

.s~CJLJi.::g

must be at least

Ule

pipe

lower

end

of

When the

prcceS3
pr~ssure

]"- ~- in hei~ht
; ,']ure 2.55

If\JSTITUTIOi'J.

piping.

6.15.

CODES.

Dimensioning.

table
disc.

Valved

length

partial
valve
5.6

':'['1t

'.:Ji~':'

::'....:i.,je

c::ntr:J~s
'..unich

&.

52::'Jice

C:r:l...:::q.

f2..';'.Jres

E.1.4.

~n'l

shee':-

COr"',tinuec
t.h:',-, E.i

5.6

1,

5.7
fi.;'..;r~ ].4

3.101C.

::'':'::uid

flJI

ter::TI is

used

in

or ga'3 :::ar:ied

:,-.,.'2

8y P:;'::F,';

usec:~ ':.0 c'Jcl

He.:;: exchan-;Jer

5.2

:;[,:>:e33

flow,
assembly,

thru

5.11

3.1.11

or e::;''':':':Jme;,:

:l.,,;;.

3.1.

cnart

f':'; 2.~

2.i.

5.3.1

fer

cL=aning::JL:t

~:'r:e

ch2r-:-~

r:>.e:al

CL2

For

2.20

f iJ;)ure

Model.

piping

arranged

that
around

equipment,
for

allows

examples

etc.

See

galvanic

AL~c;wMJ[E
,=x:~ss

Trlre3ded.

2.4.4
2.7.

pipe,

table

5cc~2t-welci~g.
in

the

smaller

sizes

for

and

pressure

pressure

5.1.1.

piping.
vessel

figure

7.5.1

code.

.s. 4

a non-standard

istillation.

flange
See

aiso

a':':,

or

;Jr~32i',t
'Jf

t;-,ic:kne:::;:::

c2.tc;,.jl2.:ed

f,::n:

2.5.1,

2.5.3.

2.37, 2.49
2.5.3. figure
2.49
RE'JUCER-. 2.5.1.
figure 2.38
FULL-. 2.6..1. figure 2.21
HALF-. 2.4.3.
figure
2.31
REDUCER. 2.6..1.
figure 2.22

3reakable

may es=ape

from

or

3.1.5.
DIKE

on a item

6.5.2.

a flan~ing

to mate
of

Non-metallic

panel
a hazard

thru

which
in

pers-

a building

CR:SS

1.1
A flange,

custom-fabricatec
DISC.

is

2 .3.2. figure
2.17
Th:-eaded. 2.5.2. figure 2.48
Sc=i"2t-wel'~':'''g. 2.4.2. figure 2.30
C~'I=GEf'JIC . se:=ers to very
low temoeratures
ar'c equipIT,e'-,:
used at theSE temperatures.
Te:""': usual:'! applies
to -20CF and colder
CY':'_'JNE.3.~.3. table 3.8

6.5.2

COMMERCIAL PIPING.

the

that

S'..::'t-weld:::'r;.

6.2

ANSI A1J.l

CGLUM~j, F ractionation/O

COf1lPOSITION

SccKet-welci.'lg.
onnel

4.4.12

arrangement,

tii'i12 af
.:JF water

. Addit':"cnal

of

t:c,:;

its

HALF -.

Tr:eaded.
5ccket-we'::':':ng.

2.6

2.1.4
val'J8

Code

COMPC:I'-JION FLP.NGE.

acticn

FULL-.

CR,Q,S~PAi\lEL.

COLUMN PIPING.

fluid,

concent:-3tion,
pr2sel1ce

,~ade.

figL1res

7.5.

CONTAnJMENT.

and

conveyed

;::::s'3ible

~!\JG
"readed.

table 3.8

the

are

de:e:ic:;-'

='J'..:PI_

2.3.3

plug

COLD SPRING.

fi.:tinq3
i.Jill

st:,=:~gth

6.1.3

Temporary.

Piping.

in

;:;ipe and
co:-r.:::::;':'on

2.5.4

.w,SiY:EBoiler

2.5.1.

~f

ai,C IlJr,etr,:,:
CCr:RCSTJN

t3cle6.1.

,_,-'ich

te:-:-lCeratuz-2
ex:;csure,

6. i.1.

A~JSI 8Jl.

2.3

of

F:'...:i.d

C::JC:~:JI~JATC:.

':'2~5 fr-ct'

COLOR COOI~IG
3.1.6

figures

5 :::

i.lJhi.':::h

vessel

COCi'<. Sir-ple

JOINTS.

IJalve,

'Jendor'

1.1

of the
leg

and
fram

5.2.8.

is

;:l..~'=J. TMls

FlU]!:'; = dJ.c',,:.l::-:g

CiJATPJGS.

::: Rupture

Final

di:::2:lS.l.C'S

COAST & GEDOETIC SUR'JEY. 5.3.1

2.3.2

0 IKE

BYPASS VALVE.

can

IJD,,-<:'.

C:J\'Jt:.YED

CHILL

CLOSURES.
to

BUTTERFLY VALVE.
or

C""3:-t

:i.:,-; mate':"iaL

n-,readed.

7.3

8.15.3

BUTT -WELDED PIPE

full

fQ~::;S;-.J2:er

<'.1.1.2

C:I_OSI~JG DCil!~,J LUS.

2.42

BYPASS.

liquid,

Z::;::J (absolute).

2.5.4.

by

i;.....
f'.J:'mation

GRAF::JI(:,;:"j.

8Lit:-'...reldir",,).

re13tion

BURST ING DISC

figure

:'~ J.-Ihich

C.....
,I::F

C:....']SURES. Pe:-c;-Jaf12nt.

5.10

BUSHHJG, HEXAGON. Threaded.

achieved

~ se2.1 Dot.

:"" the

M~7

reqi,Jires

a ve:tical

a lo~-~::::ssure

approaches

table
takes

continuously

be

p::' -,=,j wi::'h

cOfltinuQusly.

8ARSTOCK PLUG.

be

':0

2.2:;;',
i:-

II.

'-jages

'C;:'JC2SS

;:'':':Ji.ng Drawings'.

;~2 degreee

CL.~';Ph:'JCC..

5.S.2

6.49 & 6.50

BURIED PIPE.

See

whi.ch

pressure

'::,,:'3 "71ay

dI'2.2..~

In

ze:.:::

tel"'? '.:elc:;,L..:s sC31e,

tei",~er3::'.Jr,= :E!t w-r-:ich i:e

the

prss:3'.Jre

5e2

"_i.,-,es or.

C::;T:;,OL S:,;-;='JN.

gr']"-".d

r-': at::;os;:;heric

, en

elf

C3IJ:rec,

or

C>=~'lT1>,jUAT==~: SHE::T.

C:J.';",:,:;iJL

Socket-welding.

LAYOUT.

8U~JO. See

pressure

'1 atmosphere.
Pa:,t

Ooerat.ion'

'3o;""!net'. J. 1.2

See

figure

figures

of

::-'JC2SS

liq'",;-=-:

it.

t:le

and seal

draining

uni":.

atmosp,.-'e:-::

from
a

If

'ColL::<ln

BULLHEAD TEE.

introdL;c:,:,:,--:,
LEG.

place
dr3ined

:3. i .?

2.;.6
met:':':

approximately
BAROMETRIC

BP,EECHLOCK.

BUILDINGS.

t-:::""'

=~t:-=~ .jP,,-",,;E.':.~.7
>-.:><:::::--. 4. '1.2, 5 .'i. 1

or

See

BUILDING
Vi\L'.JE.

i,""13 desk

::;

CO[L"'Jsior'

and

Ar

f::'.:;m

BRU~I!NG 4.4.11

2.1.

6.11.4

etc.

C:!nc foceigii

BREAKING LHJES.
BRITISH

BALL FLOAf

termed

made

only

5.4.2

RING

figure

we~d

:3 C']:-1:':'C:1-.:rJus

a !".:'_-::-~'.?~c. ~'T~si::;le

3L'!3nger:enc

of.

bL..::-i.2':

6.3.1

::: Centi;Jr3,je.

r.:f eqUipr;-Ei:

0:;:,,::,,'1;;

8CNf,JET. 3.1.2

U-,r, b,Jck of

CC.\150LE.
.l1cL:nted

::2

cy~':'ncers

voltages

CLf:.,:'.i"i:]I~T.ArrJn;2~er:t

at

C3n

5y--:2ol.

CI'L!E .. PIPFJ::.

BA[)'( W::L.:J. In

5.9.1,6.10.2

sep3Ll:S

by '..uirirg

i:3o.l.van':':

pi-oe.

C:::'~EF lED DPP,U!\c/oqn-n.

P':":;,L,..,,;

scale

90TFW1S.

oi;:e

an-::Jd2S (usL.;ally

the

to

basl:-"

c~r:-:Jsic;n

rID",

C::LSIUS

~3ted

flanges

Dr2i.ning

LL'-lES.

CC)jCEI\J5ATE.

II

:: disC:':3r,~e:

J,

SYSTEi'f).

ooiler5,

of

CJi;:PRE5SED~I~

st:eam

PReTEC JI.Jj\J.

':~'J::'T;~IQ~l.

for

3.1.11

vessel,

blowing

2.51.
used

va..!.ves

3.1.11

8LOWDC:!.L1~1SYSTEM.

SLDWCC;:

tyses

Part

V.Cl.LJE.

process,

DP~'iing,

ter::TT:i"atiors.

other

Oa~a',

by their

currents
:l.::;urs

cer,tr~l

to

'F lange

Rec:epta.::le

[.:'1L--;COIe

r:',e:::ns cf

2.EC

3.7

t3~le

8LIi\i:::::
f"L,(i.':'::E.2.7.1,2.7.2.
;:; L C 1. r;:J

determ"inec

;-.,a\,.''::':-:g

5.7

Ch2!"t.

globe

:3.2.2
6.:3.2

::i~ing.

2.36
alloys

5.6.'!

2.7.1.

VALUE.

figur::

CATCHf~~,"H. Reservoir

:,:-,,--'c) to

SILL 'JF ["1Po.TE.?;IP>'L.

5::-e

C:~P:tESSCF:.

iror:-based

chiefly

'...;sed in

2.20

2.56

2.4.4.
are

frem a waste

:33o,:=i;:'

5188.3.1.11
ALL:]','':;. F'JI' p~ce.

Scck2t-welding.
CPJ:;;eON STEELS

C.~TCri8P.5I~J.

2 .3.1

pipe

figure

figure

carbon content

ar-ea

5.12

6.1.2

BE\JEL. The ends of

2.5.4.

properties

cantractual

an:Jn-pllJt

figure

BUrT -UJEL..DING.

or. dra;;J-

shQl.Jn

off-plot

liinits

\jithin

8DJCHMARX. 5.3.1
BE\JOS,

2.3.3.

Threaded.

metal

t.0i~~

equi:::r:-e:-;t
disc

Cor

compreseor.

HycralJlic.

2.12.2

3.2.2

DASHPOT.Piston-type
device used for damping
mechanical mOVEment
DATUM.See 'Verticel
Reference',
5.3.1
DAVIT. 6.5.2.
figure
6.27
DAYTANK. Term used for storage
tank, holding
limited supply of fuel, etc.
DEADWEIGHTING.lYiethod of measuring pressu:re
of fluid in a line. Device having a platform
on which weights can be placed, temporarily
fit ted to vertical
valved branch; weights
balance line pressure.
Used for .calibration
OEAD~"IAr~.
Anchor perr;;anently set into ground
for erection
purposes.
Used for securing
cables
DEAERATOR.3.3.3.
table 3.8
DEFLECTIDNOF PIPE. 6.2.6.
See 'SPAN5. For
Pipes',
Part II
DEFO.l\MER.3.3.3.
table 3.8
DEMINERl\LIZEDWATER. Water with all forms of
hardness (dissol ved minerals) removed
DESICCANT.A drying agent, such as concen,:"
trated sulfuric
acid or silica
gel
DESICCATOR.Equipment for removing water or
other liquid from a process material by
applying vacuum, heat, or by chemical means
OESUPERHEATER.
Device for reducing superheat
in steam, usually by adding water to the
steam
DET~.IL. See Elevations
(Sections)
Details',
5.2.8
DElL/POINT.
Temperature at which a vapor forms
liquid (I dew') on cooling

pipe and fittings

D01l1NCOMER.
A line which conveys fluid downward
DOWTHERM.
6.9.2.
See 'Jacketing',
6.8.2
DRAFTING
Control stations.
6.1.4. chart 5.7
fYloterials. 4.4
Piping 5.2.8
Symbols. 5.1
DRAFTINGMACHINES. 4.4.8
DRAFTSMAN.
4 ..1..2
DRAIN
Location. 6.1.1.
figure 6.47
On P&ID. 5.2.4
On pump. 6.3.1

Symbol. chart 5.7. chart 5.2B

DRAINHUB. Funnel fitted
in floor and connected to a drain line
DRAIN VALVE. 3.1.11
DRAINAGE. (1) System of drains.
(2) Act or
process of draining
DRAINING
Air line. 6.11.4
Steam line .. 6.10.4, 6.10.9
DRA.WING
NUM8ER.4.2.4
DRAWINGPAPER. 4.4.1
SiZES.. See 'Paper',
4.Li.1. chart S-6M
DRP,WING
REGISTER. See 'Drawing Control I ,
4.2.4
DRAWIrOG
SHEETS
Sizes. See 'Paper',
4.4.1.
chart S-6M
DRAWINGS
2:reaking lines to show' hiGden piping' on
OIAPHRAGf"! "JALVE. 3.1.11
drawings, figure 5.10
DIAZO.
4.4.11
~levation.
5.2~6, 5.2.8. figures 5.5
5.7
DIKE. Shaped wall O~ embankment sur:rounding
Flow lines on flow diagram. 5.2.3
one or mere stG:~2ge ....
anks to ferm a basin
Flow lines on P&IO. 5.2.4
at;le to nold the conte:;ts of tank (s), in the
Grid system. See 'p&ID LayQut', 5.2.4
event of rupture.
In the US, usually 100% of
Instrument connections
on piping drawin;s.
trle largest
tank or 10% of the total,
whichS.2.8
ever is greater
:Iso. 5.2.6. figures 5.6, 5.7 & 5.15
DI~lENSlcrJHJ::;.5.3. figure 5.13. table 5.2
Issuing.
5.4.3
Buried pi:Je. table 5.2
Key plan. 5.2.7. figure 5.8
Elev2tions.
See IPl2n View Piping Drawings',
Obl.ique. 5.2.6.
figure 5.7
5.2.8,5.3.3.
fi;ure 5.12. table 5.2
CrthograDhic.
5.2.6
Fitting
mal<euo. 5.3.3
Pictorial.
5.2.6
Gasket. See 'Dimensioning to Joints',
5.3.3
Piping and instrumentation
diagram. 5.2.4
Iso. 5.3.4. figure 5.15
Plan. 5.2.6, 5.2.8
Offsets for iso. figurE 5.16
Plot plan. 5.2.7
Pipiflg drawing. 5.3.2
P:ocess flow diagram. 5.2 ..3
Reference line. figurE 5.13
f'i2tchline.
See 'Process & Service Lines on
Spool. 5.3.5. figure 5.17
Piping Drawings', 5.2.8. figure 5.8
To joint.
5.3.3
Nurnbering. 4.2.4, 5 ..2.9
To nozzle. 5.3.3.
table 5.2
Schematic diagram. 5.2.2
To pump. See 'Plot plan', 5.2.7. figure 6.17
Site plan. 5.2.7
To valve. 5.3.3
Symbols .. 5..1
Ve5sel. figure 5.14
VeEsel. 5.2.7.
figure
5.14
DIRE.CTION
OF FLOWLINE. See 'Flow Lines',
D.~E5SERCOUPLING. 2.8.2
5.2.3
DRIP VALVE.3.1.11. A drain valve used on
DISCHl\RGEVALVE5. 3.1.9
driplegs
DI5HED HEAD. 2.3.3.
Sizes on driplegs.
table 6 ..10
Volume. chart T-2
DRIPLEG. 2.10.5.
figure 2.70
DI5TILLAnON COLUM~. 3.3.3.
table 3.8
Or, P&ID. 5.2.4
Piping.
6.5.2
On piping drawings. 5.2.8
DIVERTING VALVE. 3.',.8
Sizes. table 6.10
DOU8LE-8LDCK-AND-BLEED.2.7.1.
figure 2.60.
DRIPSHIELD. 6.1.3
See 'Make Maintenance Safe',
6.1 ..3
DRY STEAM. 6.9.1.
chart 6.3
DOUBLEEXTRASTRONG.2.1.3. ffianufacturers'
DRYER. 3.3.3,
6.10.3.
table 3.8
weight oesig:lation
for wall thickness
of
T

DRYSEAL. 2.5.5
DUMMY
LEG. 2.12.2.
DYELINE. 4.4.11

figure

2.72A.

table

6.3

EDUCTOR.3.3.2.
table 3.7
EFFLUENT. 6.13
ELBOLET
Butt-welding.
2.3.2.
figure
2.14
Threaded.
2.5.3.
figure 2.51
Socket-welding.
2.4.3.
figure
2.33
EL80W = Ell
Butt-welding.
2.3.1.
figure 2.2
~,Hered.
2.3.1.
figure 2.S. table M-2
Threaded.
2.5.1.
figure 2.44
50cket-welding.
2.4.1.
figure
2.26
ELEVATIDN5
Dimensions.
S.3.2.
table 5.2
Views. 5.2.6.
See 'Elevations
(Sections)
&
Details',
5.2 ..8
ELL. See ELBOW
EJECTOR. A type of pump in which a partial
vacuum is created by passing steam or other
fluid under pressure thru a neck or venturi
with a branch at the narrowest part. Suction is created in the branch
EQUIPMENT
Identifying
on flow diagram. 5.2.3
Identifying
on P&ID. 5.2.4
List. 4.2.2
EOUIPMENTARRArJGEMENT
DRAWING.5.2.7
EDUIP[YJ(NTINDEX. 4.2.2
ERASING. 4.4.4
EVAPORATOR.3.3.3.
table 3.B
C:XPANDER
FLANGE. 2.3.1.
figure 2.9
EXPANSION.Thermal movement. 6.1.1
Of steel.
chart 5.1
Loop. figure 6.1
EXPANSIONJDINT. 2.9.1.
figures
2.53 thru
2.66
EXTRAHEAVY.Traditional
term used for Class
250 cast-iron
fittings
EXTRASTRONG.Manufacturers'
designation
for
wall thickness
of pipe and fittings.
2.1.3
E.XTRUDED
NOZZLE.Hot-formed outlet made in
pipe or vessel by pulling sr,aped dies thru
a hold made in the wall

FAr~. table 3.3

FAHRn~HEIT.Scale of temperature
formerly
used in the English-speaking
countries,
now
1J.1idelyreplaced by the international
Celsius
(or Centigrade)
scale. At atmospheric pressure (at sea level),
on the Fahrenheit
scale,
32 is the temperature
at which ice forms;
water boils at 212. table M-6. table M-7
FIELD. (1) Construction
sHe (' job site')
where piping is erected.
(2) Field engineering office
FIELD WELD. Weld made at the time of erection
of piping at the site
5ymbol for. chart 5.3. figure
5.15
FILING DRAWINGS.4.3, 4.4.1D
FILLET WELD. chart 5.9
FINISHED GRADE. 5.3.1

FIREF IGHTING:
Station.
6.1.2
FIREWATER. Independent
suppl y
for
firefighting
FIRST -AID STATION. Location.
6.1.2
FITTING MAKEUP.S.3.3
Dimensioning for. 5.3.5
FITTINGS. 2.2.4
Butt-welding.
2.3. chart 2.1
Ordering. 5.6.3
Threaded.
2.5. chart 2.3
Socket-welding .. 2.4. chart 2.2
FLAG. To identify,
or to draw attention
to,
an i tern on a drawing by means of a symbol,
note, panel or other mcrk
FLAMEARRESiOR.A device to prevent a flame
front from moving upstream in a line or
vessel.
For small lines,
may consist of a
wire screen. For larger lines,
arrangements
of multiple parallel
plates or t'.Joes are
used. Principally
used on vent lines from
tanks. Symbol. chart 5.7
FLAMlYIABLE
LIOUID. Safety guidelines.
6.14
FLANGE. 2.2.3,
2.3.1.
figures
2.6 thru 2.10.
Bolt and studbolt
for. 2.6.3.
figure 2.57.
tables F
Bolt hole. 2.6.2. tables F
Expander. 2.3.1.
figure 2.9
Facing .. 2.6.1.
figure 2.56
Gasket. 2.6.4.
figure 2.56. table 2.5
Lap joint.
2.3.1. figure 2.10. tables F
Pressure/Temperature
ratings.
table F-9
Reducing. 2.3.1. figure 2.8
Threaded. 2.5.!.
figure 2.1.l5.. tables F
Slip-on.
2.3.1.
figure 2.7. tables F
Socket-welding.
2.4.1. figure 2.27. tables
Welding-rleck. 2.3.1. figure 2.6. tables F
FLAP VALVE. 3.'.'"
FLARESTACK.A stack located away from the
processing
area, to which relief
headers may
be run for burning waste hydrocarbons or
other flammable vapors. 6.11.3
FLASH STEW:. 5.9.1
FLASHING
Steam.6.1C.8
Building construction.
piece of metal or
other mate:-ial lJsed to cover or ~rotect
certain
jcir:ts from the \.:leather, such as
where a chimney joins a roof
FLASHPOINTof flammable liquid.
Tempe:rature
at which tne amount of vapor gi VET) eff is
sufficient
to form an ignitable
mixture with
air. Higrlly flammable liquids have low
flashpoints
FLAT Fl\CE. Flange.
2.8.1
FLEXIBILITY. figure 6.1
FLEXI8LE PIPING. 2.9.2
Expansion joint.
2.9.1
FLOTATION TANK. table 3.8
FLOORSTAND.See 'Stem', 3~1.2
FLOWDIAGRAM.5.2.3
FLOWLINE
On flow diagram. 5.2.3
On P&ID. 5.2.4
FLUIO~ Any material capable of flowing. In
the Guide, term is used to denote either a
liquid or a gas. Powders may alsG be
considered fluids

FLUSrl-BOTTOM

TANK VALVE.

Piping

3.1.9

FORE IGN MATTER. Any unwanted

enters

ma ter ial

HIGH POINT

tha t

erence!,

a system from outside

FOREIGN PRINT.

in another

Print

of

group,

a drawing

Piping.

deoartment

The

lowest
See

depth

in

the

ground

in

the

COUPLING

form

by

The

of

a vertical

coating

electroolating

GASKET.

2.5.4.

glas5

tube

of

metal

with

zinc

or hot-dipping

table

Dimensioning.

2.5

See 'Dimensioning

to Joints'

5.3.3
GATEVALJE.
GIRT.

3.1.4

~ tlorizontal

whi::h

the

member

panels

of

forming

the

a building
sides

to

of

the

building are fitted

GLMJu. A sleeve within a stuFfing box fitted
over a shaft or valve stem and tightened
aga ins t cO[;lpressible packing 50 35 to
pt':!vent leakage l.l.1hile allowing tile sllaft or
stem to move
GLASS PIPE.

2.1.4

Supporting.

6.2.7

GLOBE VALVE. 3.1.5

,5.3.1
GRAOEBEAM.8eam which is used to support a
floor a t ground level
CROUf'JO
JOINT. F ins finish on two metal surfaces Forming Face-to-face
leak-tight
joint
GRADE.

See

'Ver~ic31

GROUP LEADEP.

4.1.

2.12.2,

B.2.B.

GUTLINE. See 'Tracing',

figure

6.8.2

HANORAIL.

See

figure

2.4.3.

figure

2.3i

HYDRAULIC
ACCUf11ULC,
TOR. Stores liquid under
pressure.
Typically
a device consisting
of a
cylinder
and pistc:-l whic'"l is actuated by a
weight, spring, cr C2G;:n:'8ssed gas. On the
opposite side of the piston,
the driven
flui.d, such as wa:e: 0: oil, is stored
HYDRP,ULIC
OAMPE}J[::;. 2. i 2.2
Symbol. chart 5.28
HYDRAULIC
RESISTANC::of pipe and fittings.
6.1 .1. table ~-10
HYOROST
p, TIC TESTIi'-jG. 6.11.2
HYGIENICCONSTRUCTE:~.Pipe, valves,
pumps
and other equipme!tt used to handle foodstuffs
and drugs should be hygienically
constructed;
whic:"1r:'!e~:nsthat all surfaces
contacting
the mate!:'ial must be, smooth,
non-toxic and cor:osicn
proof. Plastics
and
rubbers should not if"'C2rporate (as fillers)
substances
that may cJr.taminate.
Materials
free from such ccrc3i"iinants may be referred
to as 'white' rubee:, etc.

UJCONEL.A high-nici.::el alloy containing

chromium and iron. Resistant
to oxidation
and
corrosion
INCREASER= Swage or reducer
INSTRUMENT
AIR. See 'Compressed Air Usage',
6.3.2
INSTRUMENT
CONNECTION.6.7. chart 6.2

6.3.1

HE.AD. Pressure.

3.2.1

HEADER.A pipe serving

or return line

Data sheet.

supply

6.6.1

INTERF ACE.

chart

5.1

See
chart

H-1

LINE

NUM8ER

figure

6.3

the bottomcf
buried pipe.

5.4.4

5.2.9

DRAWINGS.

11

J08

5.4.3

4.1.2

JUMPOVEP.

table

A-2

kelvin.
51 unit of temperatu:-e. Defined as
"the fraction
1/273.16
of the thermodynamic
temperature
of the triple
point of water.!1
[The triple
point of water is the solid,
liquid,
vapor phase, as ice begins to form
on cooling. ] Zero on the thermodynamic scale
is 273.15 kelvins below zero on the Celsius
scale. A kelvin is a temperature'
interval!.
or difference.
kelvin is not expressed in
degrees. One kelvin is equal to one degree'
Celsius.
Thus twenty degrees on the Celsius
I

is

293.1SK.

table

M-7

VP.LVE. 3.1.11

LAND on

beveled

A stream

LMHERN

RING.

end.
See

FLANGE.

Butt-welding.

of

chart

gas

poi,"ts

for

(10)
is

the internal
table 5.2

two

systems.

2.5.2.

LIST

OF MATERIEL.

surface

Threaded

of a

of

2.3.1.

figure
figure

figure

2.47

2.4.2.

figure

2.3.2.
2.5.3.

Socket~welding.
LEROY.

4.4.6

LETTERING.

4.2.2
5.6.1

LOADCELL. Weighing mechar,,;':'sminstalled

the supports of tanks, e:c.
LOW-PRESSURE

HEATING MEDI.:.

in

6.9.2

LUG. Projecting
piece on a 'Jessel,
frame,
etc.,
by which it may be 'ield or lifted
or
used for an attachment

contein-

MAIN. A principal
sectici'
:J; pipe
supplying
service or process fillie:. :;:;"'1
a RING MAINthe
fluid is continuously
ci::'-.;lated
around a
closed loop of piping 3r-G ;,ay be drawn off
at any point. Useful fa: ,"";c:!cold lines,
or
for slurries
and other f:"',,;:,cs with suspended
solids that may separate
MAKEUP
WATER.Water is 10s': in many processes
and operations.
Water ir,ve,"'1tory is restored
by adding makeup water
MALLEABLE-IRDru.
A ductil.e cast iron produced
by controlled
annealing ,~: white cast iron
MAI~HOL::. table
In

column.

4.4.6

figure

figure

2.S2

2.4.3.

figure

6.1
6.5.2

MANIFOLD.A char71ber or p:;:::'! (header) having

several branches
MANOMETER.
See 'Orifice
~:3te Assembly',
6.7.5
MANUFACTURE,;S'

2.10
2.1B
2.29
2,lS
2.34

WEIGHT.

2.1.

MATCHLINE.See 'Process .& Service Lines on

Piping Drawings',
5.2.8. figure 5.8
MATERIALBALANCE.A detailed
tabulation
of
process material
flowing into, thru and cut
of the process,
showing t;,e di -tribution
of
all signi ficant componer,:,s, including
impurities
MATERIAL TAKEDFf'.

materials,
MILL.

Estimates'

taken

Symbol

char

quantities

for

from dI'3wings
t S. 2A

MITER.

2.3.1.

figure

MIXER.

3.3.2.

table

2.5
3.7

3.3.2
3.1.11

plant.

4.4.12

MONEL.Alloys consisting
.'7'.ainly of nickel and
copper, ~hich have goad resistance
to corrosion, abrasion and heat
MONUMENT. 5.3.1.

figure

MULTIPORT VALVE.

3.1.8

MYLAR FILM.

8utt-welding.

& (14)
the elevation

2.1.4

OF EOUIPMENT.

MODEL of

3.1.2

LATROLET
to

pipe.

LIST

MIXING VALVE.

2.1

'8onnet'.

2.3.2.

Threaded

5.2.4

S.2.S

S.2.9

LININGS

J08 NUMBER.Company account number to which

work is charged. Appears on all papef'.l.1ork
for a project
JOULE. The work done when the point of application of a force of 1 newton is displaced
through a distance
of 1 meter in the direction of the force

Socket-welding.
comriion

3.1.4
4.2.3,

6.8.2

FUNCTIONS.

scale

2.7.1,
SHEET.

5.2.9

Spool.

JACK SCREW.Screw provided in orH~ce flanges

and sometimes flanges for line blinds ror
the purpose of temporarily
holding flanges
apart in order to insert/remove
orific9
plate or line blind. Two screws are provided (one per flange) placed 180 degrees
apart.
figure 2.59
JACKETING.

VALVE.

S.2.4

Iso.

ISOLA TING V.~LVE. 3.1.

ISSUING

2.59

Piping drawings. See 'P::::ess

&: Service
Lines on Piping Drawings',
5.2.8

LATERAL

INVERT ELEVATIO~J ('I::')

6.32.

8LIND

DESIGNATION

PUD.

figure

S.6

LINE

LAP-JOINT

3.2.2

2.7.1

chart

MIXING.

5.2.4

P&!O.

8LINO.

LINE

5.2.3

Boundary

LEVEL GAGE. 6.7.4

LINE

ing drops of liquid is passed thru a knockout drum in order to slow down the flow and
allow the liquid to separate
and collect

Thermal

INTERCONNECTING

as a principal

2.1.

KNOCK-OUT ORUM/POT.

5.5

5.5.6.

INTERCOOLER.

figure

S.S,l.

Personnel protection.
6.8.1
Thickness.
6.8.1. tables 6.7 & 6.8

2.12.2

3.1.11

HEAT EXCHANGER. 3.3.S.

OF AMERICA.

S.3

lead.

items

3.

KNIFE-EDGE

5.2.4

INSULATION.

2.12.2

HARNESS PIPING.

HEAOER VALVE.

5.5.3

INSTRUMENT SOCIETY

table

other

5.16.

3.1.11

INSTRUMENT LOOP.

and

in stock

Symbol.

SIZE.

Numbering.

On P&lO.
hpnger.

hanger.

or treat-

pipe

ISO. International
Standards Organization.
See 'METRIC' - introduction,
Part II
ISO = Isometric.
5.2.6,
S.2.9.
figures
5.1S
Checking.

Signal

HANGER. 2.12.2
Spring

gas)

HOSE VALVE.

On P&ID.

2.49

RAILING

Constant-load

(or

3.3.4

INSTRUMENTA nON.

HALF~CDUPLING

Socket-welding.

liquid

rl.:!'::;er processing

Function.
5.5.2
Mounting. 5.5.4
On flow diagram.

2.5.3.

~nich

of

maintained

2.1.4

IRON PIPE
in

table 7.3

2.72A

IRON PIPE.

HOSE CONNECTOR. 2. B.1

Coding.

Threaded.

Ref-

Reference'

GROUT.A thin layer of concrete poured on a

set concrete foundation,
between the foundation and the baseplate
of the equipment
which will rest on it.
The basepla te is
firmly bolted down on the level surface of
the grout after it has hardened
GUIDE.

'Vertical

6.10.4

with end connecsions

C,u.LVMJIZING.

See

A listing

of hardware

HOT TAP. A technique far branching into a

line under pressure wi thout having to close
the line down
HOTWELL.A sump, tank, or other receptacle
for holding discha:ges
of hot liquids.

GAGE. A device for measuring or registering

level, pressure, temperature, etc.
C,o.CE GLA,55. Glass
used
to show liquid
level,
usually

G,;.i\DE.

2.42

5.3.1

HOMOGENIZER.

3.8

to 32F (DC)

FULL-COUPLING.

FINISHEJ

figure

ment
table

6.S.2

which chills

INVENTORY.
2.5.1.

is held pending

or company

COLUMN. 3.3.3.

FROST LI~IE.

6.6

HOLDING TAcIK. Tank

originating

FDREIGN STH~J~!,RCS. 7.3

FRAcrlo~IArIO"1

to.

HEXAGON BUSHING.

FOOT VALVE. 3.1.7

4.4.1

5.12

a mass
per

of

1 kilogram

second,

NIDOLET.

per

Integral

Plain.

figure

2.5.3.
2.5.1.

Shaped.

stem

bine
pH.

See'

which
is

Stem',

Horizontal

Reference',

l,o,llocating

Type

does

'true

of

NOZZLE. A protruding

port

etc.

See

I.

and

Sheet',

Column.

which

of

piping

5.2.8.

See'

a vessel,
is

tank,

Piping

for

Supporting

pipe

at.

[JUG. Spacer

6.2.8

(protrusion)

on a backing

ring

or

insert.
i~UMBEROF LINE.

See

t~e

'Flow

Lines

on P&ID'st,

Sheets,

PINCH

VALVE.

AIDS.

to

tc

area

erea

outside

between

the

on~c:lot

on~plot

ereas.

See

plant

Refers

to

uni tor

than

one

en-plot

r.,anufacturing

Oh>SITE
out

the

on-site

crea

of

There

orea
si te.

::: In the

at

t.he

complex.

in

field.

Ule

same

site

6.2.

chart

tables

termed

specify.

Linings.

2.1.4

welded

tables

TfiP.

See

6.6

onto.

l~i;=il:g

tc

Flange

DRP,WHJG..

5.2.5
Stem1,

OUTSIDE SCREW. See'

SCREW & YOKE

See

3.1.2

is

instrumentation

box

of

PACKLESS-VALVE. See
PAr~TO::;RAPH.

4.L!.8

PAPER.

in

PAPER

Used

is

the

held

in

the

3.1.2
4.4.

i. chart

S-6M

pressure

the

5.2

of

pressure.

The

p:::-oduced by a force

P-1

~-1
compound

used

foI'

Teflsn-based

specified

on the

making

compounds

unless

teflon

threads

2.12,

6.2

functions.

6.2.1

6.1.2.

support.

6.2.5

figure

figure

2.5.

PIPING

&.

chart

cha:::t
2.4.

2.1

2.3
chart

2.2

I~~STRUMENTP, TION DIAGRAfI"l.

FACE (of

measuring

ture

for

(R)

from

valve.

higher

but

to

form

larger

REDUCER

to

reactio'ls

molecules,

as

relative

to

above

aperture

val ve

Normal

atmospheric

P,dding

14.7

usually
to

vacuum:
used
is

expressed
gage

the

The

is

gives

pres5ure

VESSEL.

See

'Bonnet',

3.1.2

is

effected

in

process

by

a physical
materiaL

PR8CESS

PIPING.

DROCESS

UATER. Water

which
or

(or

chemical

POINT.

that

is

added

to

the

4.1

made.

mein

vessel

RELIEF

HEADER.

RELIEF

VALVE.

figure

6.5.2

metal

for

ring

nozzles,

metal

for
. etc.

~emoved

reinAdded

from

wall
6.12.1.

figure

3.1.9,

PRESSURE.

Of

liquids.

2.7.1.

figure

REVAMP. To re-work

6.3

point

6.1.3

TO FLOW. In

2.3.1.

5.11

Operation',

vessel

compensates

RETURN.

on the

Shaped

stub-ins,

RESISTANCE

is

drawing

5.3

REMOVABLE SPOOL.

stream

0-6

if,aoe by the

reference

5.3.1.

chart

or

table

reference

written

2.11

RELIEVING

3.3

1.1

PROJECT GROUP. chart

in

2.B
2.3.2.

drawing

REINFoRCEM::NT.

pipe

Equipment

best

'Column

metal
etc.

2.2

order.

REFLUXING. See

forcing

3.1.11

figu,e
figure

of

REINFORCING RING.

6.5.1
water,

is

Symbols.

3.1.10

Valve.

2.22
2.23

which

list

arrangement
REFERENCE

1 Ll.7

pressure

figure

figure

3.1.11

to

complete

numbers
or

2.3

2.38

2.3.1.

How to

groups

chemical
6.5.2

REFERENCE DRAliHI'JG. P.ny drawing

design

PSIG

figure

ELBOW. 2.3.1.

REDUCING FLANGE.

PSIA
termed

as

pressure
the

in

pound

Operation',

2.4.1.

REDUCING iEE.

ends

a cGi',trolled

2.6.1.

REGULATING VALVE.

abbreviated

atmospheric

p5ig.

of

Pressure

uni t normally

PSIA.

absolute

the

absQlute

absolute,

the

seat

GAGE.

tc

incn

the

2.2

figure

INSERT.

REDUCn,G

water

Rankine
M-?

occurs

2.3.1.
2.5.1.

REDUCER

to

sometimes

which

Socket-welding.

plastics

table

1Column

Butt-welding.
Threaded.

in

t. table

3.3.1

in

See

applied

F ahrenhei

process

3.2.2

tempera-

One degree

4.4.6

VESSEL.

REBOILER.

mecswres

zero.

Pen.

or

P-2

2.1.2

scale

OF FITTItJGS.

RECEIVER.

chemical

cOr:lbine

AE'SJLUTE and

3.1.2

2.6.1

pipe).

degree

reaction

5.2.6

Refers

valves.

chart

flange).

absolute

one

=0

RATINGS

Generally,

of

For

6.1.

RANKINE. The Rankine

REACTIoN

pressure,

p:ocess

5.2.4

forc-

2.55

gc.ge

change

Socket-WElded.

('plenum')

chain~like

USA. Pressure

which)

table
S.B

chart

REACTOR. Unit

PROCCSS EQUIPMENT.

PIPING

is

3.1.4

PRIME:::: Priming

A~1

which

2.B.2

Symbol.

RAPIooGRAPH.

lines.

is

fer

OPERATORS.

Dimensioning.

reaction

PRIMARY VALVE.

2.41

6.3

tables
2.3.

chamber

air

SAFETY JALVE. 3.1.9

psiA,

used

RANDOM LENGTH (of

a mechanic-

a building

production

PRESSURE
and

Fresh

figure

PRESSURE S~AL.

6.2.2

6.1.2.

or

PRESSURE REGULAiOR.

5.2.S

hanger

tape

or

the

6.2.4

Expansion.

ventilation.

of

3.1.Ll

;:"E:- square

to

fitted

RAILING

Reference',

RAISED

molecules

are

6.3.2

5.2.7

E>:pressed

2.12.::5

Usage1,

component

Term ,nostly

PRESSURE

external-

1.1

2.1.4

giant

PORT of

fixed

a building

1.1

Air

chart

POTABLE WATER:::: Drinking

2.1.::-

2.~1.3. tables

SUPPORT.

chert

Horizontal

in

a val ve,

Sealing

1.2.

1.1

forming

S-2

I POP'

connections.

Screwed.
unit

charts

2.1.2

tables

Butt-welded.

~11

5-1.

of

oxygen

QUICK CONNECTOR. 2.B.1

5.2.8

5.11

POLyrq:':':RIZAT
ION.

table

5.2.6,

Compressed

a box

Which

panels

piping

atmosphe:ric
member

frame

QUICK COUPLING.

of.

of

molecules.

remove

mater-

6.1

See'

POCKETI~JG In

P~1

P-1

limits.

te.

PIPEWAY.
3.1.

tabl'2s

thickness.

notes.

6.2.7

PLU:vlSING.

roofing

QUICK-ACTING

4.4.

PIPE.

into

roof

unwanted
flooding

4.2.1

drawing.

figure

ed

to

A longitudinal
the

of

temperatures

S.2.9

1.1

for

PL.UG.\JAL\JE.

P-1.

2.12,

PIPERP.CK.

Design

Building

system

3.7

".1

PLUG GhTE VALVE.

2.5.5

Spring

USES.

PLUG. Barstock.

PIPE- To- TU8E CoNNECTOR.

'Seals',

drafting.

STOCK VALVE.

P."PTS LIST.
5.6.1
P.n.sCAL. Metric
(SI)
pascal

matericl

a seal

PIPING

PLOT PLP,N.

table 2.1

Loeding.

5.2.4
P.!l.CKHJG. Compressible
stuffina

diagram.

SPECIFICATION.

in

lEngths.

Design
and

PIPII,G

tac,le:.:- P-1

P,

tables

used

GROUP.

3.7

table

Example:

PYROMETER. A device

5.9

3.3.2.

out

a system.

nitrogen

to

the

5.5
figure

LAYOUT.

5.3
P-1

wi th

on P&IO',

ly

DRAWING.

PIPIi'G

al

from

PURLIN.

5.2.8.

figure
tables

Lines

5.4.4

figure

2.1.5.

t2bles

Calculations.
P&ID ::: Piping

P-1

2.1.3

now usually

PIPE

flushing

distribution

tables

DOPE.

are

lStem',

P-1

5.2.8

screwed

3.1.2

(CS&Y).

tables

tables

modulu~,.

Temperature

PIPE

PURGING. The

PLENUM. Distribution

2.1

P-1

2.1.2.

welding

OKiHOGRl;PHIC

table

oressure.

number.

1.L1eights.

Taps',

6.2

Supporting.

2.i2.3
Steels:

gyration.

tables

Wall

chart

PIPING

PLASTIC

6.1.2.

Sleeve.

5.2.8.

block.

5.3.1.

limits.

Schedule

connections.

PLANT CONSTRUCTIoN.

5.6.3

inertia.

of

6.3.1

'Flow

si te

table

3.3

PUMP PIPING.

FABRICP,TIoN

PLMJT.

chart

S.B

See

the

6.3.1

chart

ial

of

3.3.2.

3.2.1

5.2.8.

check.

PLANIMETER.

5.6.3

Threads.

6.38

6.7.5

OUTSIDE

of

Piperack.

Stock
6.36

P-1

tables

VALVE.

Selection.

'Elevations

5.2.B
to

PROPORTIONING

& Details:,

number.

PLA~J. View

P-1

2.1.Ll.

Pressure
Sag.

P-1

See

5.4.3

Points

PUMP.

Piping

5.3

Presentation.

5.2.9

5.1

Boundary

PROPORTIONING
PUMP.

PLANT NORTH. See'

2.1.2.

Support.

QPjTICE PIPE Rur'). table

I50s ,.

2.2

Lengths.

Steels.
6.1.3.
f:'gure

'Number ing

chart

sections.

Instrument

5.2.4,
See

PROPERTY LINE.

S.2.B

5.4.2

PLANT AIR.

2.12

How to

Spacing.

P-2
figure

a pH

Li'le

tables

2.1.3.

HangeL

Spans.

around.

have

Title

2.2.4.

Joints.

5.3.2.

(Sections)

a pH

P-1
2.1.1

Sizes.

car-rise

are

PLATE AS5E[f18LY. 6.7.5.

ClearancE

have

P-1

Deflectiorl.

Section

operations

JnlFICE

O~I~lCE

be more

Operations

construction

OPERATOR for val",'e.

3.1.2
OPERATHJG HEIGHTS FOR VAL'tJES.
ta~le

a pcrticular
car:

BhTTERY L:r~lT

See

Acids
liquids

number.

Definition.

Radius

B.:HTERY LIMIT
m(-PLOT.

7.

3.1.5

tables

Ordering.

OBLIOUE DRAWING. 5.2.6

Centerline.

Identifying

Neutral

5.2.7,

5.2.8

Dimensioning.

alkaline

".4.13

pressures.

~lomeilt
Refers

a tur~

5.2.6

fY'laximum service

or

or

solutions.

& Spools',

tables

~1aterials.

area,

to

PIPHJG

Lugs

5.2.4

OFF -PLOT.

acid

a pH of

VIEWS.

Fittings.

6.5.1

DRAWINGS.

Issuing.

Diameters.

Centrifugal

PIPING

Checking.

Alkaline/caustic

Spool

Data.

connected.

6.3.1

Vessel.

7.

Bursting

6.6.2

Typical

Pumps',

water

PIPE

6.5.2

exchanger.

meter

Backgound.

leading

aqueous

have

Areas.
to

of

of

PICTORIAL

5.11

Pump.

A measure

PHOTOGRAPHIC

not'rise

north

5.3.1

on the

1 square

waterwheel

PIECEMARK ::::.mark

Space

figure

3.1.2.
but

&

of

4.4.2

above 7.

operated
nortr-I'

area

A channel

or

below

an

drafting.

solutions

3.1.11

rotates

over

For

PENSTOCK.

2.19

3.1.7,

NORTH. 'Plant

pump,

1 newton

PENCIL.

2.39

figure

STEM.

valve

Heat

of

1 meter

2.53

figure

2.3.2.

NON-RISING

of

(derived).

2.35

figure

NON-RETURN VALVE.
valve

rate
unit

~trE:ngth

Threaded

when

the
SI

nipple/weldolet

2.4.3.

Threaded.
NI:;PLE

at

second.

6.12

figure

2.B1

piping.

6.1.1

2.2
or

modify

an existing

(7)

install:'.ltion.
RE'vISION.

4.4.13

Of

SECTICJt~

d:-awings.

Drawings',

See

figure

2.5.1.

RISER.

A line

ROLLED

LL/ROLLEJ

5.22

IJi.hich

Orawingst,

conveys

fluid

SE'::1\J~CE PIPINC.

upward

'Plan

View

Or: P&IJ.

Piping

chart

2.1

Depth

extends

to

ROTAfllETE~,. 6.7.5.
ROTARY E4LL
RUrJUi'JOEP.

or

6.35

TAP,lK. Tank

surface
2.55

can

as

pipe

2.11.

attached

surface

table

SAFt:TY-RE:-IEF"

VAL'E.

3.1.9,

SAFETY \i.~LjE.

3.1.9,

6.1.3

Dr

a samo~e
v;)be

to

that

vessel

(see

is

val\Jed

\lent

being

Gl....cSS. :j)i'ldow

in

::2e of plant

construction

with

may be

it

the

pot with

if

LH-JES.

line,
pot

a valved

or

If

line

necessary

See

(;3L;nis

to
coil

2.12.2

SOC<ET-LL

..JE'J

STEAM.

CDr-JSTRU[-

5.9.1

Chcnge

of.

Pipir-'o:j

O::awings',

Piping.

chart

seals

of

fillet

assembly

pipe.

2.5

SE.D.fY1LESS.Pipe

is

fer

SPRING
pressurizing

for

circumferential

ter;ned

'seamless

piercing
I.

ability
SECTION.

Details',

of

See

usually

'thin'

Oes-

to' penetrating

(lowvisccsity)

(SectLJns)
chart 5.8

'Elev2-cians

5.2.8.

refers

liquid
&

6.10.3.

P&:D.

is run

2.27

fi:jure

acijic

effluent
ho':'es

off

tiltOwn

& Serv i.ce

Process

figure

Lines

on

FILE.

2.59.

iron-based
chromium,

2.1.

alloys)

of

STAIRWAY.

other

5 TA~IOAR05.

amounts

up

to

items

0.2%

certain

to

by

Pioe

Commen

pressu:-e

of

(self

of
of

or

pipe

valve,

sr.rain

connected

in

packing
2.

trusses),
pipe

tJble

Th::-eaded.

2.5.2.

or

A header

in

compression

sometimes
chart
or

joint,

with

under

of
so

a br8Gch

line

fitting

olet)

or

in
to

part
f:om

Spring

sup.:.c:-::.

2.728 & 6.16

SUPERHEATED STEAi'Yl. 6.9.1.

chart

6.3

in

length
in

(expanspiping

with

5.1.1
See

6.8.2

'Jacketing',
Heat

'Getting

welded

to

in

ei:~er
as

into
or

For pipe

the

Process

thred-

accommodate

6.7.3

bulb.

2.5.5

2.50

pressure

a welding-neck

to

using

an

connection
flange

CJrifice

regulat':',::n

just-open

VALVE.

into
or

to

fittings.

of
Close

THROHUNG

a pi:Je,

figure

A tapped

the

screwed

a coupling

thermo;o-;eter

and

2.5.3.

the,neck

valve

2.10.4

'Sc:-een',

occuring

(such

THROTTLING.

TIE.
6.2.

See

6.8.2

alternative

as

or .rctat.in:;
is

contain-

pressure

a sliding

6.4.7

THERMOUiELL. A pocket,

THREDOLET.

cas':'ng

2.28

fi.gurs

temperaturs

a thermocouple

S.3

etc.

2.46

figure

6.9.2.

THROAT TAP.

body

il,ihich

0-5

2.4.2.

of

THERMON. See

mounted.

header
figures

liquids

2.12

fi;'..Jrs

contraction)

are

expansion
about

:ransporting

FOR DRAFTING.

THERMINOL.

pri~a:cily

2.11.

tables

material

se31

to

transporting

foL'

2.3.2.

externally

memo-

longitUdinal

Recess

applied

2.39(d)

fsr

if-iERMAL MOVEi'i1E:~T. Changes

structural-st-3el

figure

2.6.3.

code

4.4.6

Reducing.

THREAD.

2.3.2.

vehicle

THERMAL 5 TRESS.

instruments

of

to

,11aGe

fully

93525

tables

variation

spool

length

figc.;re
car

TE[Y!PORARYSTRAINER.

controlled

6.1.1

resist

pump,

form

or

Line',

to

2.5.1.

Railroed

TEi'Y1PUHES

internal
and

3.B

used

welds

:";5':'d1."g
nt.Jrr-:cer or

Socket~welding.

5.34(c)

Short

13::jer

7.4

to

table

various

sepa:sc.=.::
~efo[e

P,n identifjing

Butt-welding.

material.

heating

on which

as

5.5

5.3

item

Dimensions.
to

ON PIPDJG.
3.3.3.

par-:-s

TECHNOS PDJ.

shaDed end

ing

TAC.

ion

STUF"FING SIJX.
24%

chart

5.i .8. chart

TEE

2.68

bending

SL;PDc;RTHJG P:::PING.
table

or

STRESS

0-11

applied

Any of

2.12.2.
piping.

elongaticn
See

REl...IEluIE. ~emoval

SL3i-iEADER.

& P-2

SL:ch as

c'3using

SiUDBOLT.

are

11.5

(in

elemef1ts
S-3

European

steels

15% nickel,

charts
6.1.2

Fabricated

Stainless
incorporating

small

STANCHION.

Comparable

6.1.5

5.6

:Jr gases

loading

STUB.

oper3::-r.

TMJKE,=i. Road

and

STU8-rr~.

2.1.3.

6 to
and

& 5.15

2.72B

3.1.5

alloys

carbon,

figures

Val'Je

liquids

fluid,

(SUCh

st3.::~c".
eha.::-:

TANK NIPPLE.

3.1.7

table

vessel,

~.4
s"'a.::- t 5.5

pipi.ng.

Valve.

T.:::l,NKCAR.

c'::Jntained

intended
& 5.16

2.728

pio:'''9' chart

an

2.1

due

ers

2.12.2.

5.7

4.3,4.4.10

Force

figure

figures

char:

& 6.46

2.1.4

to stress.
2.10.3. figure

5TRIPPER.

5.17

Threaded

Welding

cDcling

5.17

HANGER. 2.12.2.

6.40.
6.43

are

to

figure

5.44

5.7

5.2

6.10.1

figure
figures

on pipe

SF1lJT.

table

6.6.3.

Reaction,

metal

chart

chart

pcsition

\j:.L\JE.

aO;Jlied)

support.

5.2.8
lir.2s.

5 :':::lsses

ST~ES5

3.1.11

figure

5.43

6.1C

STREET ELL.

5.15

figure

2.7.1.

STEEL.

drawing.

frcr;I ':steam

FCF PIPE.

ST<::ESS.

chart
5.?
5.1, 5.2 &. 5.7

5.2.4

STEAi'l TP,:;CI:JC.

S-"?hL'~E:i.

dL;r-

5.2.9

VALVE.

figures

::CJ~pressi.on,

in

5.2.9

50UEEZE

2.57

S i ;::P VALVE. :3.1.11

it t-::::
Figure 6.45

with

5.1

Process.

Utility
figure

5.8

chart

5.1.1

TACK WELD. Sr:la.!.l.

ST::;:;-CHE:=K

5.3.5

sheet.

Pipe

6.9.1

ST?ESSES

size.

6.10

5.:;.1

:::n pi.:JLng

'lie:.

chart

P&ID cnarts.

lir,es.

3.1.9,6.10.7.

STRCNGBACK.

STAINLESS

and

S-3;iar3tcr.

on

Line,

drawings.
pipe.

Socket-welGEd
6.9. i

:30

for

5.7

cha!.""t

for

Joints

5.3

eha:':

station.

;'i1iscellaneoL.:s.

6.9.1,6.10.1

:Ja~urated.

in

5.2.9.

6.1.3

6.9.1

2.32

particles

50CK VALVE.

steels.

by rolling

How forr1ed.

S7:CK

5.2.8.

SPRI~JG 5UPPORT.

equipment

er ibes pipe or fit ting made wi thout 10ngi tudinal weld

SEARCHHJC~ Term

PLATE.

5hipping
Spool

2.3

formed

billet

of

3.B

used

weld. chart

a solid

an

a pump or other rotatir.g

SEAL WELD. Term used

3n

;:lice

See

Lines',

0.9.1

5T::'-'1i l PIPliJC.

5.5

Number.

and

taole

SE,i'lL WATER. Water

or

4.2.1

Drawing.

5CRUBBECI. 3.3.3.

wall

ing arc or ~as welding

SPEC IF IC,C\TIiJI'J.

DIACRAj'Yl. 5.2.2
SCREEi\J.2.10.4
SCHEfilATIC

components

i;l

0;:-

2.4

figure

metal

5.2.3

diagra;n.

DOljJn

& trapping

2.15

figure

picing.

Control

6.3

ST::,i'lfrl T?,rC:.PPIPV,jG.

F:",W,NC:::.2.4.1.

to

Butt-welded

7.10

table

General,

'Closing

in steam.

Draining

7.:3

tanks.

On flol:!

chart

2.12.1

2.3.2.

SWEEPOLET

7.9

See

6.9.

table

af'd

2.3

SWAY BRACE.
SYMBOL. 5.1

STEEL EQL';Il,JAL::'~JTS. table

steam in water.

Dimensioning.

threaded

pipe,

5POOL

Describes

STEAM.

5T~~1)j.

SCHEDULE MUr't18ER. 2.1.3

SCREwED PIPIf~G.

table

"_/-3~tin(~ air

of

6.10.4

PIPHIG.

Ter,":; :":',2./ [efe:-

SPIRAL

SATURATED

Valves.

table

7.5

taale
7.14

7.12

STANDBY EQUIPMENT.

"EeLS

2.L.J.

SPECTACLE

HYGIE:JI':

ler,gtr-:

3.1.11

S~JUB8~:::.

SP,!HTE:.R. The

TION

2.7

t~ru whic~ piping

6.2.5,

SPP.RGE:P . ~ steam

a sample

figure

installe::i

p'?r:etration

testing.
table

dra fting.

S....
perhea. ted.

3.1.11

SANITARY CONSTRUCTlml.

floor

SG[K~L::T.

it. is

a wacer-ccoled

3.1.9,

Part II
or vessel

a 1ir18

Short

fitting

SOC<ET-;.:JELDDJG

a small

a hot

and

vessels

Tr3p.

disperse

provide

sampled,

provide

line.

samplirJ;

a high-pressure

atmosc:here.

5AMPLHJG VALVE.

P-2

PCT)

vessel)

to

to

Symbols
Unfired

take

to

However,

line

2.72.c!"

figure

intrcduction,

SITE.

prop:ietary

chart

t:; be sanpled

has

to

or

of

disposal

and

table

ST~i\JOPIPE.

2.3.1. figure
2.4
2.5.1. figur:";? 2.43. table
2.4
Socket-welding.
2.4.1. f':'gure
2.25.
Threaded.

::-1,331"'.. 6.9.1

SIc;rlT

SUJP=~jG

wit~

required.

To s3mole

drum

5.2.

necessary
li~e

sample

necessary

small

is

SM:PLE

PCT.

SAMPLE
it

the

to

Trap

6.14

f:-of'l a :Jruduct

lire

"un

and/or
6.2.8.

5LIP-Jr\ ;'L..C;,iJGE. 2.3.1.

P-l

tables

:Jr,J:>ch

high-pres3ure
best

solids

5.3.

6.1.3

i:s cften

mato;:-i~l

i:; :Ill

strear;:

allow

nipple

Butt-weldi.ig.

tat:le 7.6
L3.ble 7.13
table
7.3

machinery.

threads

Cry.

SLURRY \j,~L'jE.

6.2.5.

3 small

process

to

supaorting.

liqL:ids.

Valve p:acement. 6.1.3.

PC'I:c)T. It

5.1

insulat:::d

2.72,'::., 2. 2.729

flammable

SACCI1I1G CF PPE.

which

collection

SLEE'v'E:. ;:-'Jr pipe.

for

Usu<3.1ly

to

for

figures

Guideli.nes

SAl,1PI_E:

2.71. chart

figL..:re

piece

7.7

SWAGE = Swaged
SWAGED NIOPLE

s;_IlJ~iJrts.

pracue cion

Screw

sewage

be3ring

3.

in

SHOE. reI' pipe.

2.12.2,
SHULCF~ \j{i.LIJE .3. i .11

rnetal

2.12.2,6.2.8.
SA,FETY

figure

be held

table
and

Pumping

_~i:

SL See 'iY:E7?,Ic:

She.ped

a preS3 ..
re

1.iJ3rer

SELlIEPP-,CE. Tne

3.1.9

reinf'.:r,=ement.

wrich

6.1.1.

(2)

at

or valve is set to aoerate

effluent

7.11

exchangers.

~ ipe
Pressure

separate. 3.3.3. table 3.3

SEi.l.!HCE. Wastes
from plant
operations,
buildings, etc. Sometimes
includes
ground or

,;-3

table

DISC.

5.2.4

SETiLUJC

joint'

3.1.6

figure

ROUfJOHE;>.n PLUG.

'root

gap)

figure

VALVE.

a groove

whith
the

table

Instrumenti)tion.

5ETTLEr~E:'1T STRAIN.

into

(ei the:- side Df roct

ROOT VALVE. 3.1.11

1.1

SET P,~E3:3URE.

contrJller

5.3.5.

weld

Gaskets.
!-teat

See MAIN

7.8

table

Flanges.
Hangers

,3. 6.50.

TEE:. See

ROOT PE(TRATIOi\l~
(butt)

Fittings.

;''1-7

5.2.8

ROOT GHP.

4.2

2.56

taole

03:3.

figure

RIi'~G r'1AUv.

chart

5.2.1

5EPI.".4.4.1

& g,Jske:

Fl~nge

LE.D.CER.

SE=URI~,(.

5.4.3

RING-Jl?INT.

RUPTURE

Issuing

of

made
as

an

thru

flange
flow

pssition

3.1.11

2.12.2

TILTING-OI5C

VALVE.

3.1.7

TITLE

4.4.6.

See'

BLOCK.

the Sheet',

5.2.8

.J.llocating

Space

on

...,
)

CJi~ ~1~I:~:JRj:..ll.!IrJGS.

T::;L:::;;"ArJCES

TC!JE.P PIPHJS.

~~H.C.HJG(t.!""1~<::"",.::1).S.-e.2.
::-;Brt

2r-, ~tllJ.

:".2.Lo

Cir, ~&10.

Piping

;:lPI:::.

}
)

include

SEPYi

figures

LHJES.

steel.

disc

end

of

special

These

seat,

a valve

Non-rising.

materi2l

Operating

parts

may

or

other

stem,

L~IPIi'J;:;.6.3.1

T~~SS. Slrucl'.JTel
::i.c

rigldity

f;:c.-:>e

iJased on the

th,= triangle,

of

~nd te::5ion

TU~5lf~E.

geomet-

composed

of

l'JF'tJt<EY PLAf{j.

~ plant

r ::20y for client

and made

constructed

:mmediate

15

)
Uf.'lfICD

SCti'E.W lH~Eg:::.
See

Outside

5.8.2

:~lrE:'aded.

2.5.1.

'CAN 5TONE FLANGE.

VARIABLE

::0::',.::pt-w~ldirll~. ::.:.;.1.

figure

~~.=y~BCH'JNE.T.

c~ick:

CGl1!:.:li;:,;

:r,c

2.3.1.

SPRING HANGER
2.728

1...':l:'Di.J~-,lirlg cf

valve

3.1

figure 2.10
or 5UPPORT. 2.12.2.

& 8.16

On lines

6.11

and 'JEssels.

On P&ID.

5.2.4

Dn tank.

5yl'lc::,l. chart

CONNECT:

::?,J.

5.7

6.5.1

5.14

figure

CCL..;::'L.~:~G.Po.

::':':'=,

j::,ining

5.47

~.5.1
'quick-connect'

fittings,

_.

'':2.

metr-:ad

valves,
by

::,2;-,....:i?c'LLired

::ompanyof

&l~owing

figure

Arrangement I, 6.1.1.

equipment;

2.24

=::nstruct.ion

V3':'VE

valves. 6.1.3

Location.
See 'Piping
figure 6.47

of

2.ilO

6.2.

3.2

VESSEL PIPIN:.

f~g~re

3.3
table

& yoke.

screw

tlESSEL DRAWH;G. 5.2.7.

2.6.3
....
lg',

'1r3ci

relief

&

safety

",'ICTAULIC

the

2.;.2.

and

Vict3ldic

figure

2.62

body

;:;r",c :,c.:Hl~lf.'t

;.

JiHERi-oi:::.f'1M:::?

:. :':'::c:..:s::.ion dwe to:

(1) ~:e5surE ,_3u-'::S traveling

in piping and
meeting Uiit:-; ::s:ructions.
A valve cl05i:19
too racidly \-..=..':"':" create a ;=ressure wave

(2)

Co"'-,densa:<:::

~:u:led

against

ob~t.rwctions

t:,y high-ve.lc:':':j"
~:eam. See 6.10.2,
'.;.}:::LDGAP. 5.3.: :~lart5 2.1 [. 2.2
0:'!....[iFJC,-NE::X .=-~:..~::;[.
See 'Flanges1,
figure 2.6. :::::':"es F

)
)

Jt:L~)Jf,"'G 5Y;'.1. 5:,i....

\<l,CU:Ji''i. T'1~ c:?:;r:?E

;:'~:;:c:,' b:...!t f:iGI,=

\.:acuum

c~-:~.... either

,-=S-":3:~Y the
(""1g)

in

r~ormal

.eigr.t

cf

rnillir;:eters
atmC's;Jheric

of

be qucted:":"'

U:::LD:JLET. 2.2.2.

'-~gure

the

pres:::.>J?E:' c:

'J~T STCAffl. 6.S ..

chart

CO},Jii'ln

mercury

c;ressure

VACUU~1BREAKER. 3.1.11

'""LVE.
3.1
lJ.,rranging.

6.1.3, 6.1.4
Access. 5.1.3
5elow grade. See' If there

of

rne:cury

760

mfr, Hg

is no P&IO

"

6.1. 3
Body.

6 Ql1net. 3.1.2
Chain operator.
3.1.2. charts
Gisc. 3.1.2. cha:rt 3.1

3.1.2

'"'a:-;Owneel. 3. '1.2
In flow diag:r2f:'.
5.2.3

5.5 & P-2

chart

6.10.8
2.3.1.

5.9

2. ~,3
6.3

:rovision of insulation,
t.racing,je.cc'<;;:ing,
or other means to
prevent

(mm Hg).
is

::.1.8.

ccn

~"IhJTERIZlNG.

Piping

\.iE55EL
UfnTi~AC[.

figure
6.1.3.

On pir:;ing. 6.'11. figure

operation

)
)

of Valve Stems' ,

P-2

figures

members termed

6.Ll

PIPHJG.

3.1.2.
height.

and figure

chart
Rising.

F::l."i

See 10Fientation

6.1.3

surfaces

~2.de of

SL:,:r'l as stainless

Arranging.

& 6.(.j4

6.43

6.10.11

ir.tEI'ricl

aTB scmeti'1les
the

chart 3.2

iP,LVE 5TE~1. 3.1.2

E.l0.11.

1:::::";'. Critical
::ocy

1.1

5.2.il

to.

TP;;~PHJG

6.1I0.

figure

5.7

~>-';";S;...rUf~I~l:CL

Parts. 3.1.2
Placement. 5.1.3
Port. 3.1.2
Seal. 3.1.2
Seat. 3.1.2
Selection. 3.1.3.
Size. 6.1.3

5.3.2

5.5.2

-;-~:::

[:eez':'::':9

of equipr:-Ient

and process

or

other fluids EXDcsed to low temperatures.

Insulation.6.B.l.
tables 6.7 & 5.8
Jacketing. 5.2.2. figure 5.39. chart 5.7
-:-racing. 6.8.2. figure 6.~D.chart
5.7
wIRE DRAWING. "Tsrm describing
the erosion of
valve seats, :..:sually due to the cutting
action of foreign
particles in high-velocity
fll.:ids occuri~; when flow is tnrottled
WORK POINT. f.lr efoi trary reference
from which
dimensions 2!": taken

YARDPIPING. Piping within

ternel to bwild':'ngs
YC!KE. See

'::<E::--',

3.1.2

the site

and ex-

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Photographs and illustra tions reproduced
courtesy of the following companies.
[Page numbers are bracketed]:
8J~.CKnjG RING -

Chemtron

Tube

Turns

(Diu

stem),

[32]

of

REDUCERS - Tube
Inc)

Taylor

Turns

Forge

(Div

Cherntron
Inc)
L,D,P-JOI:'JT Fl...,n.~jGE- Ladish

[33]
Company

TEES -

Chemtron

Turns

(Div
Forge

- Bonney

BUTT-wELDPJC
Turns

NIPPLE

BUTT -WELDING

CAP - Crane
REDUCER

SOCKET -WELDING

REDUCER INSE:'HS

Powell

Crane

[35]

SOLIO

SCCKET WELD HiG:

Taylor

Crane

Company

ELBOWS,

Bonney

PNEUMATIC

Co
V~LIjE

TEE,

STEM ON GATE \iALVE - LunkenCompany

WEDGE CATE V~L"JE - Wm. Powell

- Ladisn

Henry

P,qRALLEL-5EATS

Vogt

Machine

G~TE

- Crane

Company

Vogt

Machine

disc)

- Jenkins

- Stanley

G.

HEX.a.GO~JBUSHING

- Crane

~IEEDLE VALVE,

ROT~RY-B"LL

Lunkenheimer
[ 37]

Vogt

Machi'l,:!

Crane
Fiagg

BUTTERFL Y VALVE

Valve

Company
& Co Inc
Company

4S and

90

[3B]

DEGREE -

Company

V~LVES

Taylor

Forge

Inc

(WArER

THREAOED LATERAL,

THREAOEO CROSS -

[39]

Company

THREDOLET,

TYPE)

Bonney

THREADED CAP -

THREADED

Forge

Henry

Vogt

Machine

THREADED BAR STOCK PLUG - Ladish

MACHINE

BOLT

& NUT,

- Crane

Company

and

VICTAULIC

COMPRESSION

Victaulic

Company

REINFORCING

PISTON-CHECK

VALVE

Rockwell

Co

Mfg

Bros.

Walworth

SAFETY

VALVE,

VALVE,

BLOWOFF VALVE

RELIEF
iANK

Co,

& STOP CHECK VALVE

VALVE,

BALL

- Crane

Co

VALVE

(GLOBE

TYPE)

Co

INVERTED-BUCKET

iRAP

Armstrong

DRIPSHIELO

[110J

SWARTWOUT HEAD - Crane

[116]

SHELL-AND-TUBE
REMOVABLE

Company

SLEEVE

COUPLING

- Crane

bolted

Company

bonnet,

rising

Wm. Powell

Machine

[119]

LEVEL

[120]

ROTAMETER -

[123]

HEAT EXCHANGER :JJITH

Company

- Wm. Powell

Instruments

& Koerting
PIPE

& Gosset

~ydronics Corporations

GAGE ASSEMBLY

JACKETEO

CO
Co

TU9E BUNDLE - Bell

and California

STUOBOL T & NUTS

Schutte

SAODLES

GATE VALVE (OS&Y,

Co

[93]

Oivision

COr.'.pany

& HOSE -

Parkes-Cramer

FLOAT

Works

THREADED ELBOLET,
-

Manufacturers,

Wm. Powell

Company

FLUSH-BOTTOM

THREAOED FL,qNGE -

LATRDLET

Valve

Company

Lunkenheimer

Company

- Crane

THRE,qOED ELBOWS,

Co,

Bros.

SWHJG CHECK VALVES - Jenkins

- Crane

COUPLHJG

Manufacturers

Co
REDUCING

Co

V~LVE

Co

GLOBE VALVES - Henry

composition

LA TERAL

Forge

SOCKET-llJELDING CAP - Henry

FULL-COUPLING

- Jenkins

Manufacturers

WYE-80DY GLOBE 'JALVE (incorporating

and CROSS - Crane Company

SOCKET -WELDING HALF -COUPLING
Company
SOCKOLET

BEVEL-GS,qR

VALVES:

Valve

SINGLE-DISC

[36J

Powell Co

- Wm.

STEiM ON GL~BE

Company

Forge

Vogt

Co

MOTOR OPERATOR,

PLUG GATE VALVE

-

- Henry

OPERA TOR and

ELECTRIC

heimer

Company
-

SOC<ET-WELOING FLAf\JCE
Inc

Crane

SPUR-GEAR

SLIDING

Company

Crane

Wm.

OUICK-~CTI~IG

Inc)

FULL-COUPLING,

UNION

Bros.

Chemtron

VALVE

Co

OPERA TOR - Wm. Powell

Ine'

Co

- Crane

Co

ROT~TI~IG

LATERAL,

of

- Wm. Pc~ell

V~LVE

OPERATOR -

Forge

CROSS,
(Div

of

bolted

GATE VALVE (IS,

HAfY1JY1ER-8LOW HMJDWHEEl...

SLIP-ON,
[33]

Tube

RING

Machine

REDUCING SLIP-ON - Taylor Forge Inc

ElPMJDER FU4NGE - Tube Turns (Div of

UJELDOLET - Bonney

stem),

BELLOWS-SEAL

Inc

of Chemtr:m

COCKS

WELDHJG NECK,

SWEEPOLET

LANTERN
PACKLESS

ELBOWS & RETURNS

Tube

rising

baited bonnet, non-rising stem) Jenkins Bras. Valve Manufacturers

Inc)

FLANGES:

GLOBE V.~LVE (OS&Y,

bonnet,

Co
of

PART I I CHARTS

& TABLES BY PAGE NUMBERS

7
8
B

Tatlles A -1fvl
Tables A -2fv1
Tables A-3M

77
7B
78

Tatl1es A-1
Tdill(~ A-2
Table A-3
Table
Table
Table
Table
Tatlle
Table
Table
Table
Tal)1('
TallIe
Table

0-1
0-2
0-3
0-4
0-5
0-6
0-7
0-8
D-9
[)-10
[)-11

9
10
11
12
12
12
13
15
17
1B
19

Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Tal)1(:
Table
Table

0-1 fvl
0-2M
0-3M
0-4M
0-5M
0-6M
0-7M
O-Bfvl
D-9M
[)-10M
0-11M

79
80
81
B2
82
82
83
B5
B7
8B
B9

Tal)1e
Table
Table
Table
Table
Tat)1e
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

F -1
F-2
F-3
F-4
F-5
F-6
F-7
F-B
F-9
F-10
F -11

21
21
22
22
23
23
24
25
26
27
28

Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

F-1M
F-2M
F-3M
F-4M
F -5fvl
F-6M
F-7M
F -Bfv1
F-9M

91
91
92
92
93
93
94
95
96

Cilart

H-1

29

Chart
Tables
Tables
Table
Table
Table
Table
Tat)1e

fvl-1
M-2
fvl3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
M-8

30
31
32-40
41
42
43
44-46
47

TatJles P-1
Cllart P-2

48-53
54

Tal)le
Cilarts
Chart
Table
Tables

S-l
S-2
S-3
S-4
S-5

55
56-5B
59
60
61

Tat)1e
Ctlart

T-1
T-2

62
63

Table

V-1

64

TallIes 1'J-1
Table W-2

65-72
73

Tables P-1M

97-102

Table S-4M
Tables S-5M
Chart S-6M

103
104
105

Table V-1M

106

ANGLES. Structural shapes

ARRANGING LINES IN PIPEWAYS

Tables 5-5
Tables A-I

61
7

Tables S-5M
Tables A-1M

104
77

Table
Table

V-1M
D-7M

106

Tables
Table
Table
Tables

FM
F-9M
F-7M
F-8M

BENDS. Tangent length formula

CHANNELS. Structural shapes
CHECK VALVES
- Lift, Swing & Tilting-disc
- Wafer-type
CIRCLES. Diameter, Circumference & Area
CONVERSIONS
- Customary & Metric units
- Decimals of an inch & of a foot
- Millimeters/inches
- Temperature: Fahrenheit/Celsius
Formula: Fahrenheit, Celsuis, kelvin

Table
Table
Table

V-I
0-7
M-4

Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

M-7
M-5
M-3
M-6
M-7

DECIMALS OF AN INCH & OF A FOOT

DISHED HEADS. Volumes

Table
Chart

M-5
T-2

FLANGE DATA: Flange Classes 150 - 2500

- Dimensions
- Pressure/Temperature Ratings
- Ring-joint data, Welding-neck
- Slip-on flanges on B/W elbows
FLOW OF WATER THROUGH SCHEDULE 40 PIPE
FLOW RESISTANCE OF FITTINGS

Tables
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

F
F-9
F-7
F-8
F-ll
F-10

Chart
Chart
Tables
Chart

M-1
M-1
M-2
M-1

MEASUREMENTS
- Areas & Volumes
- Compound angles
- Hypotenuse for 45-degree Triangles
- Triangles. Formulas for
METRIC. Introduction
MILLIMETERS TO FEET & INCHES
- Tables in fractions and decimals
MITERS. Angles for
PAPER SIZES. Metric & American
PERSONNEL CLEARANCES
PIPE DATA

20
26
24
25
28
27

Tables M-3
Tables M-2
Chart P-2
Tables P-1

54

48

Tables P-1M

83

PIPE FITTINGS
- Butt-Welding
Class 600
Class 300
Class 150
- Elbolets
- Malleable-Iron
Classes 150 & 300
- Nipples: Pipe and Tank nipples
- Socket-Welding. Forged Steel
Classes 3000, 6000 & 9000
- Sockolets. Reducing
- Swages
- Threaded. Forged Steel
Classes 2000, 3000 & 6000
- Thredolets. Reducing
- Weldolets. Reducing - refer to:
PIPEWAY
Spacing in pipeways
Jumpovers at 45-degrees
Rununders at 45-degrees
- Width. Formula for planning

0-1
0-2
0-3
0-5

9
10
11
12

Table
Table
Table
Table

D-1M
D-2M
D-3M
D-5M

Table
Table

0-11
0-11

19
19

Table
Table

D-11M
D-11M

Table
Table
Table

0-8
0-8
0-4

15
15
12

Table
Table
Table

D-8M
D-8M
D-4M

Table 0-9
Table 0-9
'PIPE FITTINGS

RING-JOINT GASKET DATA

ROUNDING VALUES. Rules for
SPANS. Of horizonal pipe
- with 3ft rise or fall
SPECIFIC HEAT. Various substances
STAIRWAYS
STRUCTURAL STEEL
- Angle data
- Channel data
- W Shapes
SWAGES

Table
Table
Table
Table

Table
Table
Table
Table

A-I
A-2
A-3
A-I

7
8
8
7

Table
Table
Table
Table

A-1M
A-2M
A-3M
A-1M

Table
Table

F-7
M-7

24
46

Table

F-7M

Tables
Tables
Tables
Table

S-5M
S-5M
S-4M
D-4M

Table
Table

D-6M
D-9M

Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

V-1M
V-1M
V-1M
V-1M
D-10M

Table

S-4M

Table
Charts
& gases Table
Chart

S-l
S-2
M-8
S-3

Tables
Tables
Table
Table

S-5
S-5
S-4
0-4

TANK & VESSEL VOLUMES

TEES - REDUCING. Butt-Welding
THREAD ENGAGEMENT. For fittings
TUBE DATA (Copper: Types K, L & M)

Chart
Table
Table
Table

T-2
0-6
0-9
T-1

VALVE DATA: ANSI Classes 150 -" 2500

- Check: Lift, Swing & Tilting-disc
- Gate
- Globe
- API Class 800 Gate, Globe & Lift-check
- Operating heights for valves

Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Chart

V-I
V-I
V-I
V-I

W SHAPES. Structural
WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS
WEIGHTS OF PIPING

Table S-4
Table W-2
Tables W-1

shapes

17
Table 0-9M
17
Table D-9M
- Butt-Welding'

104
104,

103
82

63

12
17
62

0-10

P-2
60
73
65

106
106
106
106
88

TABLES GIVE THE MINIMUM SPACING. INCREASE DIMENSIONS:

1) FOR INSULATION
2) IF THERMAL MOVEMENT WOULD REDUCE CLEARANCE

DIM

LINES
WITHOUT
FLANGES

0
F
P

ION

'C'

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE (NPS)

3

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

5
6

6
6

6
7

7
8

8
9

10
10

11
11

11
12

12
13

13
14

14
15

16
17

4
6

6
7

7
8

7
9

9
10

10
11

11
12

12
13

12
13

13
14

14
15

15
16

17
18

8
10

8
10

9
10

10
11

11
12

12
13

13
14

14
15

14
15

15
16

16
17

17
18

19
20

12
14

11
11

11
12

12
12

13
13

14
14

15
15

16
16

16
17

17
18

18
19

19
20

21
22

16
18

12
13

13
14

13
14

14
15

15
16

16
17

17
18

18
19

19
20

20
21

21
22

23
24

20
24

14
16

15
17

15
17

16
18

17
19

18
20

19
21

20
22

21
23

22
24

23
25

25
27

I
I

LINES

N
0
M
I
M
A
L

2
3

'SF'

.-

4
5

5
6

5
6

4
6

5
6

6
7

6
8

7
8

8
10

7
8

8
9

9
10

10
11

I 12
P 14
E
16
S 18
I
Z 20
E 24

9
9

11
12

12
13

12
13

10
11

13
14

14
15

15
16

12
14

15
17

17
19

17
20

- DIM

ENS

NPS
0
F
F
L
A
N
G

E
D
P
I
P
E

FLANGES
,&

I 'L,
~2"-3'

2"-3"

L-:-L:C=.J

PIPE WITH FLANGES

r--E---------r
CF
i?e').
1"_2"1.:

WALL.
VESSEL.
STEEL.
Etc.

~~

1SFL:FJ
I

CF'

ION

CLASS 300 & CLASS 300 FLANGES

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE (NPS) OF FLANGED PIPE

2

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

2
3

6
7

7
7

8
8

9
9

10
10

11
12

13
13

14
14

15
15

16
16

17
17

19
20

4
6

8
9

8
9

9
10

10
11

11
12

12
13

14
15

15
16

16
17

17
18

18
19

20
21

8
10

10
11

10
12

11
12

12
13

13
14

14
15

16
17

17
18

18
19

19
20

20
21

22
23

12
14

13
14

13
14

14
15

15
16

16
17

17
18

18
19

19
19

20
21

21
21

22
23

24
25

16
18

15
16

15
16

16
17

17
18

18
19

19
20

20
21

21
21

22
23

23
23

24
25

26
27

20
24

17
19

17
20

18
20

19
21

20
22

21
23

22
24

23
25

24
26

25
27

26
28

28
30

150

,,~rt

150 300 600

CLASS 150 & CLASS 150 FLANGES

h=]'

PIPE WITHOUT

VESSEL.
STEEL.
Etc.

FLANGE
CLASS:

4
4

FLANGES

W I T H

I
P

'So
WITIIOUT
FLANGES

N
p
S

ENS

SURFACE-TO-CENTER
OF PIPE DIMENSION

,!ol0

300
NPS
0
F
F
L
A
N
G
E
D
P
I
P
E

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE (NPS) OF FLANGED PIPE

2

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

2
3

6
7

7
8

8
9

9
10

11
11

12
12

13
14

15
15

16
16

17
18

18
19

21
22

4
6

8
9

9
10

9
10

10
12

12
13

13
14

14
16

16
17

17
18

18
19

19
21

22
23

8
10

11
12

11
12

12
13

13
14

14
15

15
16

17
18

18
19

19
20

20
21

22
23

24
25

12
14

13
15

14
15

14
16

16
17

17
18

18
19

19
20

20
20

21
22

22
23

24
24

26
27

16
18

16
17

16
18

17
18

18
19

19
20

20
21

21
22

22
23

23
24

24
25

25
26

28
29

20
24

18
21

19
22

19
22

21
23

22
24

23
25

24
26

24
27

25
28

26
29

27
30

30
32

INSULATION
DIMENSIONS IN THESE TABLES ARE SPACINGS FOR BARE PIPE. FOR INSULATED
LINES, ADD THE THICKNESS OF INSULATION AND COVERING TO THESE FIGURES

CLASS 150 & CLASS 300 FLANGES

hlO

NPS

~r

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE (NPS) OF FLANGED PIPE

2

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

300

2
3

6
7

7
8

8
9

9
]0

11
11

12
12

13
14

15
15

16
16

l7
18

18
19

21
22

NPS

4
6

8
9

9
10

10
12

12
13

13
14

14
16

16
17

17
18

18
19

19
21

22
23

8
10

10
11

10
12

11
12

13
14

14
15

15
16

17
18

18
19

19
20

20
21

22
23

24
25

12
14

13
14

13
14

14
15

15
16

Hi
17

17
18

19
19

20
20

21
22

22
23

24
24

26
27

16
18

15
16

15
16

16
17

17
18

18
19

19
20

20
21

21
22

23
24

24
25

25
26

28
29

20
24

17
19

17
20

18
20

19
21

20
22

21
23

22
24

23
25

25
27

26
28

27
29

30
32

150

F
F
L
A
N
G
E
D
P
I
P
E

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE (NPS) OF FLANGED PIPE

2

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

2
3

6
7

7
8

9
9

10
11

11
12

13
14

14
15

15
16

17
17

18
18

19
20

22
22

4
6

9
10

10
11

11
12

12
14

14
15

15
16

16
17

18
19

19
20

20
21

23
24

8
10

11
12

11
12

12
13

13
14

15
16

16
17

17
18

18
19

20 . 21
21 22

22
23

25
26

12
14

13
15

14
15

14
16

16
17

17
18

18
19

19
20

20
21

22
22

23
24

24
25

27
27

16
18

16
17

16
18

17
18

18
19

19
20

20
21

21
22

22
23

23
24

25
26

26
27

28
29

20
24

18
21

19
22

19
22

21
23

22
24

23
25

24
26

24
27

25
28

27
29

28
30

30
32

F
F
L
A
N

G
E
D
P
I
P
E

CLASS 150 & CLASS 600 FLANGES

!il

,klO

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE (NPS) OF FLANGED PIPE

3

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

600

6
7

7
8

9
9

10
11

11
12

13
14

14
15

15
16

17
17

18
18

19
20

22
22

NPS

4
6

8
9

8
9

10
11

11
12

12
14

14
15

15
16

16
17

18
19

19
20

20
21

23
24

8
10

10
11

10
12

12
13

13
14

15
16

16
17

17
18

18
19

20
21

21
22

22
23

25
26

12
14

13
14

13
14

14
15

15
16

17
17

18
19

19
20

20
2]

22
22

23
24

24
25

27
27

16
18

15
16

15
16

16
17

17
18

18
19

20
21

21
22

22
23

23
24

25
26

26
27

28
29

20
24

17
19

17
20

18
20

19
21

20
22

22
24

23
25

24
26

25
27

27
29

28
30

30
32

F
L
A
N
G
E

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

6
7

7
8

9
9

10
11

11
12

13
14

14
15

15
16

17
17

18
18

19
20

22
22

9
10

9
11

10
11

11
12

12
14

14
15

15
16

16
17

18
19

19
20

20
21

23
24

8
10

11
13

12
14

12
14

14
15

15
16

16
17

17
18

18
19

20
21

21
22

22
23

25
26

]2
14

14
15

15
16

15
16

16
17

17
18

18
19

19
20

20
21

22
22

23
24

24 27
25, 27

16
P 18
I
P 20
[ 24

17
18

17
18

18
19

19
20

20
21

21
22

22
23

22
24

23
25

25
26

26
27

28
29

19
22

20
22

20
23

21
24

22
25

23
26

24
27

25
27

26
28

27
29

28
30

30
32

F
F
L
A

G
[

P
I
P
E

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE (NPS) OF FLANGED PIPE

2

CLASS 600 & CLASS 600 FLANGES

150
NPS

CLASS 300 & CLASS 600 FLANGES

loJhenthe order of lines, line sizes, flange classes (for lines with flanges), and insulation thicknesses for
insulated lines have been decided, determine pipeway width from Tables A-I, A-2 and A-3, adding 25% so that the
final design includes 20% (distributed) space for future piping.
Additional space will usually be required for
electrical and instrument trays/raceways.
For a tentative estimate of the pipeway width required fOI' a selection of lines without flanges, of nominal sizes
in the range NPS 2 thru NPS 8, either of the following factors may be used - the first is preferable:
(1) If all pipe sizes are known,
estimate the width in feet

add their

nominal

(2) If only the number of 1ines is known, multiply

sizes

in inches

together

and multiply

by 0.34 to

number of lines by 1.43 to estimate the width in feet

Either factor gives a pipeway width which includes insulation for 25% of lines, allows 20% of the width for the
addition and re-sizing of lines, and allocates a further 20% of the width for future piping.

45 JUMPOVERS

TABLE A-2
'J'
JUMPOVER LINE
NPS

I~

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

2
3

7
8

7
8

7
8

8
9

8
9

8
10

9
10

9
10

10
11

10
11

10
12

11
13

4
6

9
12

9
12

10
12

10
13

11
13

11
14

11
14

12
14

12
15

12
15

13
15

14
16

8
10

14
17

14
17

15
17

15
18

16
18

16
19

16
19

17
19

17
20

17
20

18
20

19
21

12
14

19
21

19
21

20
21

20
22

21
22

21
22

21
23

22
23

22
24

22
24

23
24

24
25

16
18

23
26

23
26

24
26

24
26

24
27

25
27

25
28

26
28

26
28

26
29

27
29

28
30

20
24

28
33

28
33

28
33

29
34

29
34

30
35

30
35

30
35

31
36

31
36

32
36

32
37

A
0

\!+H+l.5T..!

J
A
C

E
N
T
L

I~-

H + 1.5rl

I:+ 1.5(T, + T }1

I
N
E

45 RUNUNDERS

TABLE A-3
'R'

R
RUNUNDER LINE
NPS

A
0
J

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

2
3

7
7

8
8

9
9

12
12

14
14

17
17

19
19

21
21

23
23

26
26

28
28

33
33

4
6

7
8

8
9

10
10

12
13

15
15

17
18

20
20

21
22

24
24

26
26

28
29

33
34

8
10

8
8

9
10

11
11

13
14

16
16

18
19

21
21

22
22

24
25

27
27

29
30

34
35

12
14

9
9

10
10

11
12

14
14

16
17

19
19

21
22

23
23

25
26

28
28

30
30

35
35

16
18

10
10

11
11

12
12

15
15

17
17

20
20

22
22

24
24

26
26

28
29

31
31

36
36

20
24

10
11

12
13

13
14

15
16

18
19

20
21

23
24

24
25

27
28

29
30

32
32

36
37

A
C

E
N
T
L
I

N
E

(1) SPACING SHOWN IN THE DIAGRAMS ALLOWS A MINIMUM CLEARANCE OF 2-inches. COMPARE BASIC SPACING
'J' or 'R' WITH APPROPRIATE 'C' or 'CF' SPACING IN TABLE A-I AND USE THE LARGER DIMENSION
(2) 'H' IS THE EFFECTIVE SHOE HEIGHT AND 'T' IS THE THICKNESS OF INSULATION
(3) FOR SIMPLICITY,

THE VALUE 1.5 HAS BEEN SUBSTITUTED

FOR THE COEFFICIENT

(WITH COVERING)
I/sin 45 (1.414 .... )

BUTT-WELDED PIPING DIMENSIONS

600

CLASS

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE <NPS> ~

STRAIGHT TEE

,
V)

c<
w

'"
:;:
::0
::0

f-

REDUCERS

90 LR ElLS
en:
C)::; 90 SR ElL
z~
-'" 45 ElL [LR]
I-~
<=>

1-":

-":

LI.::>

co

;;:;

-6
t=:]NPS

'"

V)

OFFSET
[TWO 45 ElLS]

<=>

ROLLED ELL
[45 ElL + 90 LR ElL]

'"c<

::0

t-.
u

4-

::0
z

en~
W~

VLNT\UlT PflIH:mJ:

NP:) ?_'!tj
Nf'~i )lh

4-

V)

z
<=>

i:''''

12

13.5

15

17

9.5 10.5 11.5 13.5

5.06 6.06 7.12 8.12 8.75 9.75 10.75 11.75 13.75

4.25 5.31 6.31 7.38 8.38

10

11

12

14

3.5

5.5

13

14

15

20

20

4.5

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

36

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

2.5

3.75

6.25 7.5

8.75

10

0-4

~J

11.25 12.5

15

1.94 2.81 3.56 5.31 7.06 8.81 10.62 12.38 14.12 15.94 17.69 21. 19
4.69 6.81 8.56 12.81 17.06 21.31 25.62 29.88 34.12 38.44 42.69 51. 19
3.12 4.62

4.50 6.62 8.5

6.12

6.5

12

12.75 17

15

18

21.06 24.06 27 .06 30.06 36.06

21.25 25.5 29.81 34.06 38.31 42.56 51.06

10.25 13.88 17.5 21.25 24.38 27 .75 31.25 34.5 37.75 44.25

J!
I
J

f---

t~:-NPS'
q

~J

KIb:E1

~-]

T
M

H~NUT[)
--

hlf ID)N"

8.25 10.75 14

3.12 3.5
11.5

HI~=~IJ

5l.tIHJC CH[CK: NPS 2-2/1

TILTING DISC: NPS 2-24
UFT: NPS 2""12

DIMENSIONS
DIMENSIONS
'H'.'I'.'K'
GUIDELINES

3.5

DIMENSIONS
ALSO
APPLY TO GLOBE
VALVES WITH BUTTWELOING ENDS

CHECK

1.38

jIOrENiI

:EO
0

c<

~I~c C
Q-R-J0

LONG PAHeml!:

>~ GLOBE
z

11

f----

c:r::
V)

'"

ro

JIoPENl'l

DIMENSIONS
ALSO
APPLY TO GATE
VALVES WITH BUTTWELDING ENOS

..0

10

mJ;IJU\fl PAlrIHN:

GATE

>; BAll

u
z

Ell 1;-

V)

8.5

RAISEDFACE flANGE
<=>

<=>

3.38 4.12 5.62

2.69 3.25 3.75 4.81 5.81 6.88 7.88 8.5

2
-

E
F

90 LR ElL

PLUG

Ll-J

+ WElDlNGNECK
,-

:>:

~IIA

V)

z
w
:>:

C.-=r
-p

:EO
0

f-

tZL~:J

REGULAR &
REDUCING

4-

2.5

r:::J NI'S
t:::::J

r--I

CONCENTRIC
& ECCENTRIC

c<

STANDARD
AND
EXTRA-STRONG

<=>

iT-I
UJ--

TABLE 0--6 FOR

REDUCING
TEES

WELDOLET

14

16.5

20

17

V 1<

22

V R

23.75 27

29.25 32

6.25 6.38 6.75 7.25 7.5

4.25 4.88 5.5

V R

22

V R

26

31

V R

33

V R

35

V R

39

37

7.75 8.25
V

43

47

55

12

16

22

24

28

30

36

38

38

42

42

21

26

33

47

53

66

73

81

93

99

107

126

11.5

14

17

22

26

31

33

35

39

43

47

55

11.5

14

17

22

26

31

33

35

39

43

47

55

12

14

18

24

36

21

27

33

44

47

11.5

14

17

22

26

31

33

L S T L S

T L S

T L S

--

11.5

14

17

22

T L S T L S T L

26

31

S T S

33

35

39

T S

43

T S

FOR COMBINATIONS
OF FITTINGS
AND INSlALLFD
I,ELDOLETS
DO NOl INCLUDE lHE 'WELD GAP' - REFER 10 TEXT: SECTION
5.3.5
IN THIS TABLE ARE NOMINAL AND FOR COMBINATIONS
OF FITTINGS
ARE ROUI-IDED TO l/lOD-inch
AND 'I.'
ARE THE LARGEST DIMENSION~
FOR MANUALLY-OPERATED
CAST-STEEL
VALVES FROI-! A SELECTION
OF MANUFACTURERS
FOR THE USE OF GEAR AND POWERED OPERATORS
WITH VALVES ARE GIVEN IN SECTION
3.1.2
OF THE TEXT

47

T S

55

CLASS

BUTT-WELDED PIPING DIMENSIONS

300

STRAIGHT TEE

11

WELDOLET
<>:

><>:

STANDARD
AND
EXTRA-STRONG

Cl
V)

c<
w
c<
:0
>u
<>:

"-z:0
~

REDUCERS

90 LR ELLS
(/):
e:; 90 SR ELL
2~
-'"~ 45 ELL (LR]
z

t:::]NPS

(TWO 45 ELLS]

V)

"-

V)

z
a

ROLLEDELL
(45 ELL + 90 LR ELL]

Cl

<>:

><>:

Cl

'"wc<

:0
u

:0
:z

I'

DIMENSIONS ALSO
APPLY TO GATE
VALVES WITH BUTTWELDING ENDS

(/)~
W~

>; BALL
.0

<c:

lliNG

PATTERN,

SHOl1T PAl fErlN:

:>:
a
c<

"-

V)

:z

8
V)

:z
w

Cl

CHECK

I
K[~IM

SWING, Nils 2-24

TIllING
OI5C,
NilS 2-12
LIFT,
NPS 2-6,
10-12

15

17

9.5 10.5 11.5 13.5

Jl

5.06 6.06 7.12 8.12 8.75 9.75 10.75 11.75 13.75

4.25 5.31 6.31 7.38 8.38

10

11

12

14

13

14

15

20

20

4.5

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

36

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

1.38

2.5

3.75

6.25 7.5

8.75 10

11.25 12.5

15

1.94 2.81 3.56 5.31 7.06 8.81 10.62 12.38 14.12 15.94 17.69 21.19
4.69 6.81 8.56 12.81 17.06 21.31 25.62 29.88 34.12 38.44 42.69 51.19
3.12 4.62

12

15

4.50 6.62 8.5 12.75 17

18

21.06 24.06 27.06 30.06 36.06

21.25 25.5 29.81 34.06 38.31 42.56 51.06

5.75 7.62 9.38 12.88 16.38 19.62 23.12 26.62 29.75 33.25 36.38 42.62
6.5

8.25 10

12.5

17.5 20.5

15

23

25.5

30.5

28

36

2.75 3.12 3.38 3.88 4.38 4.62 5.12 5.62 5.75 6.25 6.38 6.62
S

V S

V S

8.5 11.12 12
8

V S

V S

15.88 16.5

V S

18

V S

V R

19.75 30

V R

33

V R

36

V R

39

V R

45

10

12

16

20

24

24

28

28

32

36

36

25

29

39

49

59

67

76

81

92

102

123

19.75 30

33

36

39

45

f-----

21

I
1
M

~J

8.5 11.12 12
L

~]

NP5 2--6

13.5

I---

NilS 2-24

12

5.5

I
J

Hr~[J

11

I
(OPEN)

10

i~~F3.5

~]

(OPEN)

DIMENSIONS ALSO
APPLY TO GLOBE
VALVES WITH BUTTWELDING ENDS

NPS

~Qj-

>~ GLOBE

3.5

VENTUf1l PATTERN,
NPS 2- 24
SHORT PATTERN:
NP5 2-12
REGUUIR PATTERN,
NPS 14-24

GATE

oj
W
G

V)

>-

z
<>:

'"'"

3
-

1
f

90 lR ELL
+ WELDlNGNECK
RAISEDFACE flANGE
PLUG

::c

8.5

2.69 3.25 3.75 4.81 5.81 6.88 7.88 8.5

~I=rc 0

V)

:z
w
:>:

Cl

3.38 4.12 5.62

-p
__L:=JIA A

OFFSET
u.~
'"
:>:
c<

<>:

_u:

c<
w
w
:>:

>-

2.5

Vz:-=:I

REGULAR &
REDUCING

..1-":
~

r=J
t:::J

CONCENTRIC
& ECCENTRIC

Cl

rn-]

TABLE 0-6 fOR

REDUCING TEES

FLANGED
& l3LHTWE.LDING

S L

S L

8.5 11.12 12

15.88 16.5
S L

18

15.88 19.75 22.38 25.5

10

12

14

22

24

26

36

20

24

27

32

41

49

52

14

17.5

22

24.5

28

10.5 12.5

S T L S T L S T L S T L S T -

10.5 12.5

14

17 .5

21

S T L S T L

24.5

28

30

33

33

34

36

38.5

DIMENSIONS FOR COMBINATIONS OF FITTINGS

AND INSTALLED WELDOLETS 00 NOT INCLUDE THE 'WELD GAP' - REFER TO TEXT: SECTION 5.3.5
DIMENSIONS
IN THIS TABLE ARE NOMINAL AND FOR Cor~BINATIONS
OF FITTINGS
ARE ROUNDED TO l/lDD--inch
'H'.'
I'. 'K' AND 'L' ARE THE LARGEST DIMENSIONS FOR MANUALLY-OPERATED
CAST-STEEL
VALVES FROM A SELECTION OF MANUFACTURERS
GUIDELINES
FOR THE USE OF GEAR AND POWERED OPERATORS WITH VALVES ARE GIVEN IN SECTION 3.1.2
OF THE TEXT

39

40

45

53

BUTT-WELDED PIPING DIMENSIONS

150

CLASS

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE (NPS>

Tel
L-+-..J

TABLE 06 fOl~
REDUCING T[ES

STRAIGHT TEE

:';5
t;:;

2.5

'U8

4.12

').62

8.5

10

11

12

13.5

15

17

2.69

3.25

3.75

4.81

5.81

6.88

7.88

8.5

9.5

10.5

11.5

13.5

3.5

5.06

6.06

7.12

8.12

8.75

9.75 10.75 11.75 13.75

4.25

5.31

6.31

7.38

8.38

10

11

12

14

5.5
---9
-6

13

14

15

20

20

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

36

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

6.25

7.5

8.75

10

:>.:

<t

.<t

<t

:r:

if>

C<

~ 4

~J

""::>

I---

f--.

;-; REDUCERS
~

r1
aNi'S

CONCENTRIC
& ECCENTRIC

~~i

90 lR EllS
90 SR ElL

!;

I~LGIIl.AI~ &
REDIICHJG

---

Ii.

-5

I---

45 ELL (lR]

if>

3.5
il

i---

1.38
i---

--

f--._-~-----~

2.5

3.75
5
-- --3.56 5.31 7.06

2
----

1.94

~I]A

OFFSET
(TWO 45 EllS ]

---

2.81

11. 25 12.5

15

8.81 10.62 12.38 14.12 15.94 17.69 21. 19

I-----

4.69

6.81

3.12

4.62

8.56 12.81 17.06 21.31 25. 62 29.88 34.12 38.44 42.69 51. 19

~ rf;}i~lE<l~oolR Ell) c0rl]c

V1

Gj

: ~O;~~O~~~.NECK
RAISEDFACE flANGE
;:r: PLUG
SJIOIIT Pf\T1UIN:

PI\TTtYN:
fJfl.TTrr-m:

NP'; 2.. -12

1=t]
L-tj

tJP'1

?lJ

f,

rJPS

16

7(1

if>

""~,
C<

::>
f-u

~
::>

CI)~
W~

V-l

DIMENSIONS
OF GATE
VALVES WITH BUTTWELDING ENDS

.....leD

eC

DIMENSIONS
AL50
APPLY TO GLOBE
VALVES WITH BUTTWELDING ENDS

:>:
o

DI~IENSIONS
I!II~EW;lONS
'H','l'.'K'
GIJJDI:LlNES

:---'_--.Nrs'
1-'.::[
I

~-'I'
C::

6.62 8.5
-1.25
5.5
9
,-----.- ---7.5
6
9

12

12.75

17

12.5

16

15

18

21.25 25.5

21.06 24.06 27 .06 30.06 36.06

-29.81 34.06 38.31 42.56 51.06

I---

2.5

2.75

-.0---S
V S

22.5

26

29

32.5

35.69

42

27.5

32

--1--

3
S

19

11

13.5

16

19

21

23. 5

25

3.5

4.5

5.5

9
-12

10.5

11.5

13

14

8
--10

14

16

18

19

23

28

37

7
_.

47
.
10.5 11.5

15.5

10

12.

16

-J

-'-

4.50

15
19
21
26
--- ~--9.5 11.5
8
16
--_. --l. :, T L S "r L 5 T - S
8
9.5 11.5
14
_.--- ---

V R

V R

5.69
V R

V R

27

30

34

36

42

20

24

26

30

30

36

53

61

71

80

89

98

113

13

14

15

16

17

18

20

18

21

24

27

30

34

36

42

18

24

36

36

.-

--

::E

E~

c=-_

r;rllfljfr

>~ GLOBE
~

_.

'[-'--'c~1

1I"1[

<t:
E

i-ioPENj-j

>; BAll
if>

j{1- ?/I

GAT E
REH:R
TO TO-END
TABLE
FOR END-

~--1'

------

_.

33

32

42

49

19.5

24.5

27.5

31

T L 51

19.5

L 5

24.5

T L 5

27 .5

T L 5

31

36
T

34

38.5

rop COI~IlINi\1](1NS
01 [llTlIl(;',
AND Ilr;TIIIUn
\,IFLOCUre,
DO NOT INCIUDI
THE '1m_I!
GAP'REFEP TO TUT:
SECTION
5.3.5
INIIIIS
lAP.If. Aln nO!1fIMI
AND 101, COHIWIAlli1lr,
Of [1TIIN(;S
Mil IWUlmED
TO T/loO-inch
AND 'L' Alii III[ I!\PGf~,1
!JII'lIW;IOW;
[Oli HMIIIIIIL'(-IJI!fl!AlElJ
CAST-STEFL
VALVES FPO~, A SFLECTION
01 I~J\NIJFACTIJRERS
[OR THE \U
OF GE,~P !\lID POWERED OPEI~ATOR"
I,ll III VALVE') ARE GIVEN HI SECTION
3.1.2
OF THE H.Xr

38.5

('

51

NOM

I N A L

P I P E

S I Z E

M A

RUN

[NPS]
24

NPS OF
BRANCH
CLASS 3000 THREADED

&

SOCKET -WELDING* - STD AND XS BUn-WELDING

1/2

3.53

5.94

7.25

10

12.66

15.38

18.03

20.12

22.75

25.41

28.06

33.34

3/4

4.81

6.22

7.53

10.28

12.94

15.66

18.31

20.41

23.03

25.69

28.34

33.62

5.12

6.53

7.84

10.59

13.25

15.97

18.62

20.72

23.34

26

28.66

33.94

1/2

5.56

6.97

8.28

11.03

13.69

16.41

19.06

21.16

23.78

26.44

29.09

34.38

6.12

7.53

8.84

11. 59

14.25

16.97

19.62

21.72

24.34

27

29.97

34.94

8.16

9.47

12.22

14.88

17.59

20.25

22.34

24.97

27.62

30.28

35.56

10.16

12.91

15.56

18.28

20.94

23.03

25.66

28.31

30.97

36.25

14.59

17.25

19.97

22.62

24.72

27.34

30

32.66

37.94

18.25

20.97

23.62

25.72

28.34

31

33.66

38.94

22.78

25.44

27.53

30.16

32.81

35.47

40.75

26.44

28.53

31.16

33.81

36.94

41. 75

3
4
6

[&2,

8
10
12

Data provided by BONNEYFORGE. Dimensions for Elbolets

are nominal. Size 2-inch Elbolets
are designed to fit the different
sizes of run pipe; in sizes larger than 2-inches, each size of Elbolt~t is designed to fit a range of run pipe sizes.
* Threaded and socket-welding Elbolets are not available in sizes 6-inch and larger.

WEIGHTS: STANDARD and EXTRA-STRONG.

SCH 160 thru NPS 12. XXS thru NPS B

REDUCING BUTT-WELDING TEES

N P S
DIMENSION

'A'

NOM

LARGE
END

SMALL
END

Dimensions in this
table are for Mills
Iron Works swages,
available with ends
plain, threaded,
bevelled, Victaulic
grooved, and in any
combination
of
these terminations

0
F

10
B
R
A
N
C
H

12

10

3.38

4.12

5.62

7.00

8.50

3.00

3.50

6.12

7.25

6.62

5.12

14
'B'
16
18
20

I
/-,//4-

{--I-'If"1-A

M A I N

12

14

RUN

[NPS]
16

20

24

13.50

15.00

17.00

18

10.00

11. 00

12.00

7.62

8.62

9.38

10.38

8.00

9.00

9.75

10.75

11. 75

12.75

9.50

10.12

11. 12

12.12

13.12

15.12

10.62

11. 62

12.62

13.62

15.62

12.00

13.00

14.00

16.00

13.00

14.00

16.00

14.50

16.50

4.88

D
I
M
E
N
S
I
N

S I Z E

3.88

P I P E

3
N
P
S

I N A L

TABLE 0-6

17.00

12

7.12

7.12

9.00

11. 50

12.00

14

7.25

8.75

10.75

14.00

14.00

16

7.50

9.12

12.00

15.12

15.12

18

8.00

10.38

14.25

17.75

18.44

8.62

11. 50

14.50

17.75

21. 00

8.75

12.50

17.25

19.50

22.00

20

24

12.00

SINGLE AND
DUAL PLATES

I SOCKET WELDING FITTINGS

I TABLE 0-8

- FORGED STEEL I

'1fT
-L-!

'I

NEE~:-==--3

9000
[Bonney Forge)

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE

(NPS)

90 ELL, CROSS
& STRAIGHT TEE

0.50 0.50 0.62 0.62 0.88

0.50 0.50 0.62 0.62 0.88

0.50 0.50 0.62 0.62 0.88

1.38 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50

1.38 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50

1.38 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50

0.94 1.00 1.19 1.31 1.69

0.94 1.00 1.19 1.31 1.69

0.94 1.00 1.19 1.31 1.75

1.38 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50

1.38 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50

1.38 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50

0.94 0.69 0.88 1.06

1.12 1.19 1.12 1.19

1.25 1.19 1.06 1.19

1.00 0.81 1.00

1.19 1.06 1.12

1.31 1.06 1.12

0.75 0.94

1.25 1.06

1.44 1.06

1.31

1.94

2.12

R1

2.12 2.56 3.00 4.00 4.81

2.56 3.00 3.56 4.81 7.38

3.12 3.69 4.12 5.00

R2

1.69 2.06 2.44 3.25 3.94

2.06 2.44 2.88 3.94 6.06

2.50 2.94 3.31 4.19

R3

0.44 0.50 0.56 0.75 0.88

0.50 0.56 0.69 0.88 1.31

0.62 0.75 0.81 0.81

11

3.00 3.56 4.12 5.38 6.44

3.56 4.12 4.81 6.44 9.00

4.12 4.81 5.38 6.62

L2

2.12 2.56 3.00 3.94 4.75

2.56 3.00 3.50 4.75 6.88

3.00 3.50 3.94 5.00

1.31 1.56 1.88 2.50 3.06

1.56 1.84 2.25 3.06 3.62

1.84 2.22 2.50 3.38 4.00

1/2

1.15 1.28 1.58 1.81

1.46 1.60 1.89 2.12

1.43 1.57 1.86 2.10

R
A
N
C

314

1.28 1.58 1.81

1.60 1.89 2.12

1.66 1.95 2.19

1.79 2.03

1.95 2.19

2.04 2.28

11/2

2.00

2.12

2.41

1.22 1.28 1.50 2.00 2.19

1.28 1.50 1.83 2.19 2.50

UNION

2.00 2.31 2.44 3.00 3.50

2.31 2.44 2.88 3.50 4.12

[Bonney Forge]

1.94 2.38 2.78 3.72 4.42

2.38 2.78 3.36 4.42 5.23

2.75 3.00 3.50 4.50 6.50

2.75 3.00 3.50 4.50 6.50

FULL -COUPLING

HALF-COUPLING
'/2

3/4

REDUCER
INSERT

1'/2

[Bonney Forge]

LATERAL

[Bonney Forge

&

Ladish]

DIAMETER

SOCKOLET
(REDUCING)
[Bonney Forge]

SWAGE

2.75 3.00 3.50 4.50 6.50

(1) 'R' DIMENSIONS ('REMOVED RUN' OF PIPE) HAVE BEEN ROUNDED TO 1/100-inch AND INCLUDE 0.06-inch EXPANSION GAP(S) FOR WELDING. REFER TO 'SOCKET -liJELDEDPIPING' - CHART 2.2
(2) DIMENSIONS AI,E nWM THE FOLLOWING SUPPLIERS' DATA: BONNEY FORGE, ITT GfUNNEL, LADISH AND VOGT
(3) UNLESS THE SUPPLIER IS STATED, 'L' & '0' DIMENSIONS ARE THE LARGEST QUOTED BY BONNEY FORGE, ITT GRINNEL, LAD ISH AND VOGT
(4) FITTINGS CONFORM TO ANSI 816.11, EXCEPT LATERALS AND REDUCER INSERTS, luHICH ARE MADE TO MANUFACTURERS' STANDARDS
(S) FOR INFORMATION ON THE BORE DIAMETER AND RATING OF FITTINGS, REFER TO 'SOCKET-WELDED PIPING' - CHART 2.2
(6) UNIONS CONFORM TO MSS-SP-83
(7) DIMENSIONS FOR INSTALLED SOCKOLETS EXCLUDE THE 'ROOT GAP' - REFER TO 'DIMENSIONING SPOOLS (WELDED ASSEMBLIES)' - 5.3.5
FRACTIONAL

0.06

0.12

0.19

0.25

0.31

0.38

0.44

0.50

0.56

0.62

0.69

0.75

0.81

0.88

0.94

EQUIVALENT

1/16

1/8

3/16

1/4

5/16

3/8

7/16

1/2

9/16

S/8

11/16

3/4

13/16

7/8

15/16

I TABLE 0-9

I THREADED FITTINGS - FORGED STEEL I

r-R-I

~I
~~

I-L-I

THREDOLET
(REDUCING)

REDUCER

E---3
I

NOTE

HEXAGON
BUSHING

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE

(NPS)

90 ELL, CROSS

& STRAIGHT TEE

0.62 0.75 0.81 1.31 1.62

0.81 0.94 1.06 1.69 1.75

1.00 1.19 1.31 1.81 2.50

1.12 1.31 1.50 2.00 2.38

1.31 1.50 1.75 2.38 2.50

1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.25

0.44 0.44 0.50 0.88 0.94

0.44 0.44 0.50 0.88 0.94

0.94 1.00 1.19 1.56 1.69

0.94 1.00 1.19 1. 56 1.69

0.94 1.19 1.94 2.12

0.94 1.19 1.94 2.12

1.12 1.88 2.06

1.12 1.88 2.06

1. 75 1.94

1.75 1.94

1.94

1.94

2.00 2.38 3.12 3.38

2.00 2.38 3.12 3.38

HALF-COUPLING
'/2

3/4

REDUCER

R
1

1'/2
L

LATERAL

[Bonney Forge & Ladish]

DIAMETER

THREDOLET
(REDUCING)

R1

2.07 2.49 2.82 4.12 5.06

2.62 3.07 3.56 5.19 7.50

3.19 3.81 4.12 7.62 7.62

R2

1.66 2.03 2.34 3.31 4.06

2.09 2.47 2.87 4.12 6.12

2.53 3.00 3.31 6.19 6.25

R3

0.41 0.47 0.47 0.81 1.00

0.53 0.60 0.69 1.06 1.38

0.66 0.81 0.81 1.44 1.38

L1

3.07 3.62 4.19 5.50 6.56

3.62 4.19 4.94 6.56 9.00

4.19 4.94 5.50 9.00 9.12

L2

2.16 2.59 3.03 4.00 4.81

2.59 3.03 3.56 4.81 6.88

3.03 3.56 4.00 6.88 7.00

1.31 1.56 1.84 2.59 3.06

1. 56 1.84 2.25 3.06 3.62

1.84 2.25 2.50 3.62 4.31

'/2

1.03 1.16 1.45 1.69

1.28 1.41 1.70 1.94

R
A

3/4

1. 16 1.45 1.69

1. 53 1.83 2.06

N
C
H

1. 58 1.81

1.83 2.06

1.88

2.19

1.00 1.19 1.06 1.64 1.95

1.27 1.31 1. 50 2.06 2.58

2.00 2.31 2.44 3.01 3.45

2.27 2.44 2.88 3.44 4.08

1.94 2.41 2.78 3.72 4.42

2.41 2.75 3.36 4.42 5.23

[Bonney Forge]

UNION
[Bonney Forge]

1'/2

HEX BUSH

0.94 1.00 1.06 1.31 1.44

0.94 1.00 1.06 1.31 1.44

0.94 1.00 1.06 1.31 1.44

SWAGE

2.75 3.00 3.50 4.50 6.50

2.75 3.00 3.50 4.50 6.50

2.75 3.00 3.50 4.50 6.50

THREAD ENGAGEMENT

0.50 0.56 0.69 0.69 0.75

0.50 0.56 0.69 0.69 0.75

0.50 0.56 0.69 0.69 0.75

(1) 'R' DIMEN5IONS ('REMOVED RUN' OF PIPE) ARE BASED ON NORMAL THREAD ENGAGEMENT BETuJEEN MALE AND FEMALE THREADS TO MAKE TIGHT
JOINTS - ROUNDED TO 1/100-inch
(2) DIMENSIONS FOR FITTINGS ARE FROM THE FOLLOWING 5UPPLlEH5' DATA: BONNEY FORGE, ITT GRINNEL, LAOISH AND VOGT
(3) UNLESS THE SUPPLIER IS STATED, 'L' & '0' DIMENSIONS ARE THE LARGEST QUOTED BY BONNEY FORGE, ITT GRINNELL, LAD ISH AND VOGT
(4) FITTINGS CONFORM TO ANSI l116.11, EXCEPT LATERALS, luHICH ARE MADE TO MANUFACTURERS' STANDARDS. UNIONS CONFORM TO MSS-SP-83
(5) FOR SIZES AND AVAILABILITIES OF PIPE NIPPLES, REFER TO 'MALLEABLE-IRON PIPE FITTINGS' - TABLE 0-11
(6) DIMENSIONS FOR INSTALLED THHEDOLETS EXCLUDE THE 'ROOT GAP' - REFER TO 'DIMENSIONING SPOOLS (WELDED ASSEMBLIES)' - 5.3.5
FRACTIONAL
EQUIVALENT

0.06
1/16

0.12
1/8

0.1~
3/16

0.2S

174

0.31
5/16

0.38
3/8

0.4/;
7/16

0.50
1/2

0.56
9/16

0.52
5/8

0.69
11/16

0.75
3/4

0.81
13/16

0.88
7/8

0.94
15/16

VALVES WITH THREADED ENDS

DATA: SMITH VALVE CORPORATION
GATE VALVES: FULL PORT
GLOBE VALVES: CONVENTIONAL PORT

~l
RISING
STEM

BOLTED
BONNET

NPS

G
A

T
E

1/2

3/4

1 1/2

4.00

4.00

5.50

6.62

6.62

6.38

7.25

8.56

11.00

12.50

3.50

3.88

4.25

5.50

5.69

2.50

2.75

2.88

4.12

4.19

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.62

6.62

G
L
0

6.38

6.56

6.81

8.12

10.12

L*

3.25

3.50

4.50

6.25

7.25

R*

2.25

2.38

3.12

4.88

5.75

'R' dimensions are based on normal

thread engagement for tight joints

H
(open)

These dimensions

also apply to horizontal

lift-check

valves

VALVES WITH SOCKET ENDS

...

NPS

-- ...

3/4

4.00

4.00

5.50

6.62

6.62

6.38

7.25

8.56

11. 00

12.50

3.50

3.88

4.25

5.50

5.69

2.00

2.25

2.75

3.12

3.75

... _I

G
A

T
E

~R~
l

is the 'REMOVED nUN' of

pipe occupied by the valve

'fi'

1 1/2

1/2

--

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.62

6.62

G
L
0

6.38

6.56

6.81

8.12

10.12

L*

3.25

3.50

4.50

6.25

7.25

R*

2.38

2.50

3.38

4.88

5.62

'R' dimensions include 0.06-inch expansion

gaps for welding. Refer to text: Chart 2.2

PRESSURE

P I P E

N 0 M I N A L

45 Ell
90 Ell
0

"-

300

150

CLASS

1 1/2

1.31

1.69

2.0

2.5

1.44

1.62

2.12

2.5

3.38

1.25

1.44

1.62

2.12

2.5

3.38

4.5

2.0

2.19

2.56

3.12

3.69

5.12

2.25

3.06

1.25

1.44

1.62

2.12

2.5

3.38

4.38

5.19

7.25

2.44

3.25

3.94

5.56

2.06

2.44

2.75

2.94

3.75

2.06

2.25

2.56

3.00

3.38

4.25

1.81

2.0

2.19

2.62

3.06

3.88

1.94

2.25

2.44

3.00

3.88

4.94

'--CJ-~

1.31

1.5

1.69

2.12

2.5

3.19

1.88

2.12

2.38

2.88

3.62

4.12

CLOSE NIPPLE

1. 12

1.38

1.5

1.75

2.0

2.62

1.12

1.38

1.5

1.75

2.0

2.62

S I Z E

1/2

3/4

0.88

1.0

1.12

1.44

1.69

1. 12

1.31

1.5

1.94

1.12

1.31

1.5

1.62

1.88

CLOSE

1.0

MEDIUM

1/2

3/4

2.19

1.0

1.12

2.25

3.06

1.25

1.94

2.25

3.06

2.12

2.69

3.25

1.25

1.5

2.19

2.62

1.25

1.5

1.88

2.5

3.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.5

4.0

1. 12

1.31

1.5

1.94

A
-

2.31

2.81

3.31

1.69

2.06

1.94

[IN]

'y

<in~_L]

1 1/2

''Y

-l--

_riI11A

90 STREET Ell
0

r-------

l'U

~r

RETURN BEND

....... _ .. -

-'hJE~
I..,

(These dat<1 (liso

i1Dply to the
cent\~r-to-cnd
dimension
for
straight
cross.)

STRAIGHT TEE

OPEN

.1

{~

LATERAL

l;RINNU_L: Loppen
E ALLOY- l(J-l HUN

UNION t,._.r.-~-=-~
.. .....
OC1 AGONAL

... ->.

---

.J

A
T
S

STOCKHAM:
Bf1AS5-lll-IHON
or ALL-IRON

t--------J

COUPLING
NIPPLE
CARBONSTEEL
(TANK

Q.-',

r-------i
Illml .i>i.>l!IOO .

AVAILABILITIES
OF SHORT AND
LONG NIPPLES

NIPPLES ARE 6-IN. LONG)

SWAGE

--,'

AVAILABLE IN 2, 2 1/2, 3, 3 1/2, 4, 4 1/2, 5

5 1/2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 & 12 INCH LENGTHS
(1/2 and 3/4 NPS nipples are also available 1 1/2 inches long)

.----------,

MILLS
IRON
WORKS

NPS

CARBON-STEEL

12:1

2.75

3.0

3.5

4.5

6.5

8.0

2.75

3.0

3.5

4.5

6.5

8.0

1.25

1.44

1.69

2.31

2.81

3.69

1.69

1.75

2.0

2.69

3.19

4.06

0.5

0.56

0.69

0.69

0.75

1.0

0.5

0.56

0.69

0.69

0.75

1.0

1-:---1

REDUCER

NPS

"-.'

THREAD ENGAGEMENT
DIMENSIONS
WW-P-521.

~-C3'~

TAPER

TAPER

.J

G~~~;,t?)
Ii"

L---~
~

IN THIS TABLE ARE FOR BANDED FITTINGS AND CONFORM TO ANSI STANDARD B16.3, AND FEDERAL SPECIFICATION
UNIONS CONFORM TO ANSI B16.39. DATA FROM ITT GRINNELL CORPORATION AND STOCKHAM VALVES AND FITTINGS

FORGED-STEEL FLANGES
& LAP-JOINT
STUB-ENDS

LAP-JOINT STUB

FLANGE CLASSES
150-2500

~J

SLIP-ON WELDING

(lJ

FOR RING-JOINT

FLANGES SEE TABLE F- 7

FLANGE DIMENSIONS: ANSI STANDARD B16.5 AND MANUFACTURERS' DATA

(2J

BLIND FLANGES: DATA FOR FLANGE DIAMETERS AND BOLTING IN THESE TABLES
ALSO APPLIES TO BLIND FLANGES

[3J

REDUCING FLANGES: AVAILABLE IN SLIP-ON, THREADED AND WELDING-NECK TYPES

[4]

LAP-JOINT STUB-ENDS: ANSI B16.9 (Long Pattern) & MSS SP-43 (Short Pattern)

[5]

STUDBOLT THREAD LENGTHS FOR LAP-JOINTS

FLANGE COMBINATION

FLANGE CLASS

INCREASE IN STUDBOLT LENGTH OVER

LENGTHS IN TABLES F-1 thru F-6

150 or 300

Thickness of lap

Over 300

Thickness of lap minus 1/4"

150 - 2500

Thickness of two laps

Lapped to non-lapped
Lapped to lapped

Thickness of lap = Thickness of pipe wall + 0" + 0.06"

 DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 0.06" RAISED FACE ON FLANGES (except lap-joint)

DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 0.06" GAP FOR WELDING - REFER TO CHART 2.2

OUTSIDE DIAMETER
F
L
A
N
G
E

END OF
PIPE TO
FACE OF
FLANGE
or LAP
JOINT
STUB
END

WELD-NECK

3.5

3.88

4.25

7.5

11

13.5

16

19

21

23.5

25

1.88

2.06

2.19

2.44

2.5

2.75

3.5

4.5

5.5

5.69

SLIP-ON
0.31

0.25

0.25

0.31

0.38

0.44

THREADED

0.06

0.06

0.25

0.31

0.19

0.25

0.38

0.44

ANSI

MSS

2.5

2.5

3.5

BOFE: WELD-NECK & SOCKET

0.62

0.82

1.05

1.61

2.07

3.07

4.03

6.07

BOLTS PER FLANGE

BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER

2.38

2.75

3.12

3.88

4.75

7.5

9.5

DIAMETER OF BOLT

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

5/8

5/8

5/8

3/4

3/4

RF

2.25

2.5

2.5

2.75

3.25

3.5

3.5

RJ

3.25

3.75

4.5

P
E

B
0
L
T
I
N
G

L-J
STUB
END

32
6

Wall thickness of pipe + 0.06-inch

SOCKET

27.5

STUDBOLT THREAD
length - except
lap-joint: Note 5

0.50

0.56

10

10

12

12

12

12

12

7.98 10.02

12

[Order to match pipe 10]

12

12

17

18.75

7/B

7/8

4.25

4.5

4.75

5.25

4.75

5.25

5.75

12

11.75 14.25

16

16

21.25 22.75

20

20

25

29.5

1 1/8 1 1/8

1 1/4

5.25

5.75

6.25

6.75

5.75

6.25

6.75

7.25

DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 0.06" RAISED FACE ON FLANGES (except lap-joint)

DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 0.06" GAP FOR WELDING - REFER TO CHART 2.2

OUTSIDE DIAMETER
F
L
A
N
G
E

END OF
PIPE TO
FACE OF
FLANGE
or LAP
JOINT
STUB
END

WELD-NECK

3.75

4.62

4.88

6.12

6.5

8.25

10

2.06

2.25

2.44

2.69

2.75

3.12

3.38

SLIP-ON

12.5
3.88

15
4.38

17.5
4.62

20.5
5.12

23

25.5

28

30.'5

36

5.62

5.75

6.25

6.38

6.62

Wa 11 thickness of pipe + 0.06-inch

-

SOCKET

0.56

0.62

0.62

0.62

0.69

0.94

THREADED

0.06

0.06

0.25

0.44

0.25

0.38

0.62

0.69

ANSI

r1SS

2.5

2.5

3.5

BORE: WELD-NECK & SOCKET

0.62

0.82

1.05

1.61

2.07

3.07

4.03

6.07

7.9B 10.02

12

[Order to match pipe 10]

BOLTS PER FLANGE

12

12

16

16

20

BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER

2.62

3.25

3.5

4.5

6.62

7.88 10.62

13

15.25

DIAMETER OF BOLT

1/2

5/8

5/8

3/4

5/8

3/4

3/4

3/4

7/8

1 1/8

RF

2.5

3.5

3.5

4.25

4.5

4.75

5.5

6.25

6.75

7.5

7.75

RJ

3.5

3.5

4.75

5.5

6.75

7.25

7.5

8.25

8.75

10

T
Y

P
E

B
0
L
T
I
N
G

L-J
STUB
END

STUDBOLT THREAD
length - except
lap-joint: Note 5

0.75

0.75

10

10

12

12

12

12

12

17.75 20.25

20

24

24

24

22.5

24.75

27

32

1 1/8 1 1/4

1 1/4 1 1/4

1 1/2

 DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 0.25" RAISED FACE ON FLANGES (except lap-joint

DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 0.06" GAP FOR WELDING - REFER TO CHART 2.2

OUTSIDE DIAMETER
F
L
A
N
G
E
T
y

P
E

END OF
PIPE TO
FACE OF
FLANGE
or LAP
JOINT
STUB
END

WELD-NECK

3.75

4.62

4.88

6.12

6.5

8.25

10.75

2.31

2.5

2.69

3.12

3.5

4.25

y
P

6.38

27

29.25

32

37

6.75

7.25

7.5

7.75

8.25

0.88

0.94

1.06

1.31

THREADED

0.38

0.31

0.31

0.44

0.69

0.50

0.62

0.88

0.94

ANSI

10

10

12

12

12

12

12

MSS

2.5

2.5

3.5

20

20

20

24

24

28.5

33

L-J
STUB
END

":\

BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER

2.62

3.25

3.5

4.5

6.62

8.5

DIAMETER OF BOLT

1/2

5/8

5/8

3/4

5/8

3/4

RF

3.5

3.5

4.25

4.25

RJ

3.5

3.5

4.25

4.75

5.12

5.88

2.62

3.12

STUDBOLT THREAD
length - except
lap-joint: Note 5

WELD-NECK

0.94

Order to match Internal Diameter of pipe

4

OUTSIDE DIAMETER

6.25

23.75

0.88

22

0.81

END OF
PIPE TO
FACE OF
FLANGE
or LAP
JOINT
STUB
END

5.5

20

SOCKET

BOLTS PER FLANGE

F
L
A
N
G
E

4.88

16.5

Wall thickness of pipe + 0.06-inch

SLl P-ON

BORE: WELD-NECK & SOCKET

B
0
L
T
I
N
G

14

12

12

16

11.5

13.75

17

7!fJ\

1 1/8

1 1/4 1 1/4

5.75

6.75

7.5

8.5

8.75

9.25

10

10.75

11.25

13

4.25

5.75

6.75

7.75

8.5

8.75

9.25

10

10.75

11.5

13.25

8.5

9.5

25.25

27.75

31

33.75

41

3.5

4.25

4.25

8.62

8.75

9.25

10

11.75

SLl P-ON

8\

11.5
4.75

15
5.75

SOCKET

19.25 20.75

21. 5

18.5
6.62

Wa 11 th'ickness of pipe

20

24

7.5

8.12

23.75 25.75

1 3/8 1 1/2

1 5/8 1 5/8

1 7/8

0.06" inch

Not available in this class

THREADED

0.62

0.(i9

0.69

0.81

1.06

0.50

0.62

0.88

0.94

1
-

L-J
STUB
END

ANSI

10

10

12

12

12

12

12

MSS

2.5

2.5

3.5

BORE: WELD-NECK

Order to match Internal Diameter of pipe

BOLTS PER FLANGE

BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER

DIAMETER OF BOLT

12

12

16

20

20

20

20

20

3.25

3 .J

20

4.88

6.5

7.5

9.25 12.5

15.5

lB.5

?l

22

24.25

27

29.5

35.5

3/4

3/4

7/B

7/B

7/8

1 I/B 1 1/8

1 3/8 1 3/8

1 3/8 1 1/2

RF

4.25

4.5

5.5

5.75

5.75

6.75

7.5

B.75

9.25

10

10.75

RJ

4.25

4.5

5.5

5.75

5.75

6.75

7.75

8.75

9.25

10

11

B
0

L
T
I
N
G

STUD BOLT THREAD

length - except
lap-joint: Note 5

1 5/8 1 7/8

2 1/2

11.25 12.75

13.75 17.25

11. 5

14.25

13.25

18

OUTSIDE DIAMETER
F
L
A
N
G
E
T
y

P
E

END OF
PIPE TO
FACE OF
FLANGE
or LAP
,JOINT
STUB
END 0

WELD-NECK

DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 0.25" RAISED FACE ON FLANGES (except lap-joint)

DIMENSIONS INCLUDE 0.06" GAP FOR WELDING - REFER TO CHART 2.2

4.15

5.12

5.88

8.5

2.62

3.12

3.5

4.25

SLIP-ON
SOCKET

36

11.38

12

12.5

13.12

0.38

0.62

0.50

0.62

0.88

0.94

ANSI

10

10

12

12

12

12

12

MSS

2.5

2.5

3.5

16

16

16

16

32.15

39

0.94

Order to match Internal Diameter of pipe

4

12

12

12

16

16

BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER

3.25

3.5

4.88

6.5

9.5

12.5

15.5

19

22.5

25

DIAMETER OF BOLT

3/4

3/4

1/8

1/8

RF

4.25

4.5

5.5

5.15

1.15 10.25

11.5

RJ

4.25

4.5

5.5

5.75

1.75 10.5

12.75 13.5

STUDBOLT THREAD
length - except
lap-joint: Note 5

WELD-NECK

1 1/8 1 1/4

1 3/8 1 5/8

1 1/8
13.25

2
14.15

5.25

5.5

6.25

9.25

12

14

19

21.75

26.5

3.12

3.38

3.75

4.62

5.25

6.88

1.75

11

12.75

16.75 18.5

30

Wall thickness of pipe + 0.06-inch

Not available in this class
1.06

0.31

0.44

0.31

0.69

0.88

0.5

0.62

0.88

0.94

ANSI

10

10

MSS

2.5

2.5

3.5

BOLT CIRCLE DIAMETER

3.5

3.75

4.25

5.75

6.75

DIAMETER OF BOLT

3/4

3/4

7/8

1 1/8

1 1/4 1 1/2

RF

4.75

5.5

6.75

8.75

RJ

4.75

5.5

6.75

STUDBOLT THREAD
length - except
lap-joint: Note 5

Order to match Internal Diameter of pipe

BOLTS PER FLANGE

16

2 3/4

12

12

12

17.25

21. 25 24.38

2 1/2 2 3/4

10

13.5

15

19.25 21.25

10.25

14

15.5

10.75 14.5

20

22

3 1/2

17.5

19.5

21. 25 24.25

18.5

20.15

22.25 25.5

18

SOCKET
THREADED

21.15 30.5

2 1/4 2 1/2

15.25 16.15

SLIP-ON

L-J
STUB
END

14.25 16.25

0.31

46

0.31

END OF
PIPE TO
FACE OF
FLANGE
or LAP
JOINT
STUB
END 0

38.15

0.38

THREADED

BORE: WELD-NECK

B
0
L
T
I
N
G

32.5

1.88

OUTSIDE DIAMETER

P
E

29.5

1.44

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE: NPS ~_2

8.62 10.25

26.5

1.44

23

1.25

BOLTS PER FLANGE

F
L
A
N
G
E

5.12

19

1.19

00

L-J
STUB
END

4.88

12.25 15.5

Wall thickness of pipe + 0.06-inch

BORE: WELD-NECK & SOCKET

B
0
L
T
I
N
G

10.5

1_",

_20
__

2_4_~

DIMENSIONS

L = LENGTH THRU HUB OF WELDING-

NECK FLANGE WITH RING JOINT

GAP BETWEEN FLANGE FACES

WITH RING IN COMPRESSION

300

900

1500

RING
No

1/2

2.31

0.12 R 11

2.31

0.12 R 11

2.62

0.16 R 12

2.62

0.16 R 12

3.12

0.16 R 13

3/4

2.50

0.16 R 13

2.50

0.16 R 13

0.16 R 14

0.16 R 14

3.38

0.16 R 16

2.44

0.16 R 15

2.69

0.16 R 16

2.69

0.16 R 16

3.12

0.16 R 16

3.12

0.16 R 16

3.75

0.16 R 18

1 1/2

2.69

0.16 R 19

2.94

0.16 R 20

0.16 R 20

3.50

0.16 R 20

3.50

0.16 R 20

4.69

0.12 R 23

2.75

0.16 R 22

3.06

0.22 R 23

3.19

0.19 R 23

4.31

0.12 R 24

4.31

0.12 R 24

5.31

0.12 R 26

0.16 R 29

3.44

0.22 R 31

3.56

0.19 R31

4.13

0.16 R 31

4.94

0.12 R 35

0.12 R 32

3.25

0.16 R 36

3.69

0.22 R 37

4.31

0.19 R 37

4.81

0.16 R 37

5.19

0.12 R 39

7.94

0.16 R 38

3.75

0.16 R 43

4.19

0.22 R 45

4.94

0.19 R 45

5.81

0.16 R 45

7.12

0.12 R 46 11.25

0.16 R 47

4.25

0.16 R 48

4.69

0.22 R 49

5.56

0.19 R 49

6.69

0.16 R 49

8.81

0.16 R 50 13.06

0.19 R 51

10

4.25

0.16 R 52

4.94

0.22 R 53

6.31

0.19 R 53

7.56

0.16 R 53 10.44

0.16 R 54 17.19

0.25 R 55

12

4.75

0.16 R 56

5.44

0.22 R 57

6.44

0.19 R 57

8.19

0.16 R 57 11.69

0.19 R 58 18.94

0.31 R 60

14

5.25

0.12 R 59

5.94

0.22 R 61

6.81

0.19 R 61

8.81

0.16 R 62 12.38

0.22 R 63

16

5.25

0.12 R 64

6.06

0.22 R 65

7.31

0.19 R 65

8.94

0.16 R 66 12.94

0.31 R 67

18

5.75

0.12 R 68

6.56

0.22 R 69

7.56

0.19 R 69

9.50

0.19 R 70 13.56

0.31 R 71

20

5.94

0.12 R 72

6.75

0.22 R 73

7.88

0.19 R 73 10.25

0.19 R 74 14.69

0.38 R 75

24

6.25

0.12 R 76

7.06

0.25 R77

8.44

0.22 R 77 12.12

0.22 R 78 16.81

0.44 R 79

RING
No

2500

RING
No

S E S

600
RING
No

-it---

G E C LAS

--t

FOR OUTSIDE DIAMETERS OF

FLANGES AND BOLTING REFER
TO TABLES F-l THRU F-6

150

-~.

F LAN
NPS

[L~+
..
I.

IN INCHES

DATA FOR WELDING-NECK FLANGES

G=

F-7

TABLE

RING-JOINT GASKET DATA

RING
No

RING
No

ISLIP-ON FLANGES ON BUTT-WELDING

FOR USE ON BUTT -\liELOING ELBOWS AS PERMITTED BY THE PIPING

f+---

SPECIFICATION

TABLE F-8

ELBOWS
FDR THE PROJECT

90 ELBOW

45 ELBOW

_./

IIIf
!

I
LR

= LONG RADIUS

SR

= SHORT RADIUS

* INDICATES NUMBER OF FLANGES WITHOUT INTERFERENCE

CLASS 150 FLANGES

CLASS 300 FLANGES

NPS
90 LR

90 SR

45 LR

90 LR

90 SR

45 LR

3.81

3.00

2.19

3.50

2.69

1.88

5.12

3.81

2.62

5.62

4.31

3.12

6.62

4.88

3.12

7.19

5.44

3.69

9.56

6.88

4.31

10.06

7.38

4.81

12.56

8.94

5.56

13.25

9.62

6.25

10

15.62

10.88

6.88

16.06

11.56

7.31

12

18.62

13.06

8.12

19.19

13.75

8.69

14

21.62

14.81

9.38

22.00

15.56

9.75

16

24.62

17.00

10.62

24.88

17.75

10.88

18

27.62

19.06

11.88

28.00

19.88

12.25

20

30.62

21.00

13 .12

31.25

21.88

13.75

24

36.62

25.38

15.62

37.44

26.31

16.44

DIMENSIONS

IN INCHES

PRESSURE / TEMPERATURE RATINGS

FOR CARBON STEEL FLANGES
Maximum Ratings for flanges conforming to ANSI Standard 816.5 dimensions and material specification ASTM A-105

GAGE WORKING

PRESSURE

IN psi FOR FLANGE CLASSES

150 - 2500

TEMPERATURE

F LAN

G E

C LAS

S E S

FAHRENHEIT
150

300

400

600

900

1500

2500

-20 to 100

285

740

990

1480

2220

3705

6170

200

260

675

900

1350

2025

3375

5625

300

230

655

875

1315

1970

3280

5470

400

200

635

845

1270

1900

3170

5280

500

170

600

800

1200

1795

2995

4990

600

140

550

730

1095

1640

2735

4560

650

125

535

715

1075

1610

2685

4475

700

110

535

710

1065

1600

2665

4440

750

95

505

670

1010

1510

2520

4200

800

80

410

550

825

1235

2060

3430

850

65

270

355

535

805

1340

2230

900

50

170

230

345

515

860

1430

950

35

105

140

205

310

515

860

1000

20

50

70

105

155

260

430

Standard ANS I 816.5 does not recommend us ing flanges manuf actu red from carbon steel s made
to ASTM specification A-105 at temperatures in excess of 1000F (538C) at any time, or
their prolonged usage at temperatures over 800F (427C). [ASTM A-105 carbon steel is
included in material group 1.1. of ANSI 816.5.J
THERMAL GRADIENTS, THERMAL CYCLING and EXTERNAL LOADS
The su itab ility of s1 ip-on, socket -we 1 ding and threaded flange attachments at 540F (282C)
and -50F (-46C) is discussed in ANSI 816.5, which also makes recommendations to prevent
leakage from Class 150 flanged joints at 400F (204C), and other classes at higher tempatures, if the above operating conditions are anticipated, and expected to be severe.
Ratings are for non-shock conditions. Values in this table do not prevail over limitations
imposed by codes, standards, regulations or other obligations which may pertain to projects.

TABLE Fl0

FLOW RESISTANCE OF FITTINGS & VALVES

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE (IN.) 1/23/4 1
2.1

_._-

1.5

..

4.5

---- ---_.-

6.7

9.8

IJ

5. I

7.:'

9 B
_

---

6.~

----

4.0

12

15

36

1\ 5

19

89

11 0

14

110

..

S~)

....

20

-_._-130

'170

51
--

--

47

)1

9.5
.:.i

330
--

i'.:'

33

:UJ

.....

.:'

_-

2.2

45

54

28

46

.-...6;' --i;~)-;;- ....~ ... --;~ .. --;;---

4.1

..

. __

_-

2 6

4.2

...

5.0

. "._,,
5.9

-----

?3

f'.7

---

~.-

29

'

6.3

35

6.9

36

100'

---.- ~

25

49

7.8

.. _.-

-"

41

41

----.

2..~

8.4
,,---_.

45

9.1

----

49

59

,'.i
1.6

0.6

3.1

44

- ... ~--;- -~-:;;

2. ,)

.--------_~~

._~

7...tJ~

1.4

__

.....

,17
.-

__

11)
/.11

1.11

.._-

....

97

3.3
..

120

........

....

17(1
..

37

ilIJO

1,00

16

--.

---

--

---

Bl

140

:U;

19

83
-

..

--

....

...

5,t)

,-

_.

....

,.

4,0

300

3. I
-

i."

..

F)
--

440

140

_'

3600
- ---_

..

__

5. I

3.0
5.S

160
.-- '---"

4600
_

1,1]

f"h\JldLr:d

fll1w

n"~l'-,t

SO\lI"u,r,

the

EQUIVALENTS

..

--------

1 116

J--Rdnd),

0.12

0.06
'

,11'1'

!.flP

HVdY'MI

l(

1 fhl,'

_.

0,19

,'no

"Clwrniull

It"Jqc,.

0, 3_~___

1 __

..

5/16

UI

florn
c,

t'J

11l"TllIfdCltp"('!""i

O,2S

rHHi
\.llle

t.he

( 1 ntf't"c.r"

(lngersol

FRACT I ONAl

irn,lt('

<111(:(':',

~:38

I [H'

....

--

6000

560

930

.. _ ...

28

---_ .. -

-_ ....

8.4

8.3

,._--

51

40

11

-~
16

14

not

S!;Vl:I'"l

fill

C]lVlnq

Cr<1np

r-l(:L Inn

[nqinr;C'l"

190

...

3S

I:'

3 2

..

lr)

---

...

6,1

150

(in

=t8=

560':

---

-----

....

420

II)

...

Be

:)11

390.'

110

...

1.5
--._-

6.0

J. J

..

i . '

1\(;

3.1

-_.

noo

1900

5.4

..

--_.

310

.330

12
~

---- .. - ------ -- _ .. ---.

18
93108120
_.- -----_.
. --.__ ._--- ------..

-,,-

- ----

I 'JD

__

71\

4.6

-';0-;;---~3~...

-----

',9

---

3.9

9.4

1-

---------

71

3.3

-2-3-(;-

250

..

S3()

..

--_

8.4
4. I ~-

..

..

2,10

1.1
4.1

56

3.1

1110

6.2
4.3

._ -

... _-_. ------

----.

--

3.6
._._-

?']

;~-..~,~;"-;;j140

2.8

.. _---- .... _._-

...

----;-.-;-

--c---'

2.1

30

5.11

-~

(i'kGt"i1wHi

r,

O. '1~

0.50

0.S6

0.62

1116

1/2

9/16

5/8

l,echnic.ol

0.69

value"..
Papl;r 410",
Hydraulic
Dat.a"

0.75

0.81

0.88

0.94

--------

liB

3/16

1/,1

3/B

11/16

314

13/16

7/8

15/16

FLOW OF WATER THRU SCH 40 PIPE

FLOW
GPM

PRESSURE

RATE
Cu.ft/sec

--~. __

-6

8
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
--"125

.00223
.00446
.00668
.00891
.01114
.01337
.01782
.02228
.03342
.04456
.05570
.06684
.07798
.08912
.1114
.1337
.1560
.1782
.2005
.2228
.2785
.3342
.3899
.4456
.5013
.5570
.6127
.6684
.7798
.8912
1.003
1.114
1.225
1.337
1.449
1.560
1.671
1.782
1.894
2.005

950
1000
1100
1200
1300

150
175
200
225

Fl/s.c

psi

Ft/Sec

psi

Ft/Sec

psi

Ft /Sec

psi

Ft/Sec

psi

}I

/4

.56
.677
1.14
2.48
-------~-1.70
5.26
9.00
2.26
2.82 13.58
3.38
19.12
4.52 32.62

.93
1.24
1.55
1.85
2.47

1.16
1.98
3.00
4.22
7.17
10.91
39.60

11/2"

2"

.308
.466
.992
1.69

1.43
1.91

2.54
3.60
4.79
6.14
9.31

2.39
2.37
3.35
3.82
4.78

13.08

5.74
6.70
7.65
8.60
9.56

.285
.486
.736
1.03
1.37
1.76
2.67
3.75
4.99
6.40
7.96
9.69

6"
2.78
3.06
3.33
3.89
4.44

1/ "

~---- 2
--311"
.255
.42
.436
.136
.656
.53
.205
.30
.050
.925
.63
.290
.36
.071
.48
1.58 ---c:..8~.9~
.121
f--_._---1.06
.749
1.68
2.39
.60
.183
2.72
1.20
3.36
8.68
2.11
.665
5.77
1.80
1.41
5.04 18.46
3.17
6.72 31.55
2.42
4.22
9.86
2.40
5.28 14.92
3.01
3.64
"3:61
6.33 26:~
5.13
8.76
4.81
6.01
13.28
.50
.67
.84
1.01
1.34

21/2"

2.01
2.35
2.68
3.35

.424
.566
.724
1.10

4.02
4.70
5.37
6.04
6.71

1.54
2.05
2.63
3.28
3.98

8.38
10.1
11.7
13.4

6.03
8.46
11.3
14.4

3"
2.17

.371

2.61
3.04
3.47
3.91
4.34
5.43
6.52
7.60
8.69
9.77

.520
.693
.890
1.10
1.34

10.9
11.9
13.0
15.2

2.57

.149

2.89
3.21
3.53
3.85
4.17
4.49
4.81
5.13
5.45
5.77

2.117
2.228
2.451
2.674
2.896

10.6
11.1
12.2
13.3
14.4

2.93
3.23
3.85
4.53
5.26

6.09
6.41
7.06
7.70
8.34

.185
.225
.270
.316
.367
.420
.480
.540
.605
.627
.744
.817
.975
1.15
1.33

1400
1500
1600
1800
2000

3.119
3.342
3.565
4.010
4.456

15.6
16.7
17.8
20.0
22.2

6.01
6.84
7.73
9.64
11.6

2500
3000
3500
4000
4500

27.8

17.6

5000
6000
7000
8000
9000

5.570
6.684
7.798
8.912
10.03
11.14
13.37
15.60
17.82
20.05

8.98
9.62
10.3
11.5
12.8
16.0
19.2
22.4
25.7
28.9

10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000

22.28
26.7 4
31.19
35.65
40.10
44.56

500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900

psi

P
psi

Fl/s.c

%"
.62
.548 -_._~~_._--..-.

3.09
6.18

1.26
1.58
2.36
3.15
3.94
4.73
5.51
6.30
7.88
9.45

FI/S.c

II

5.00
5.55
6.11
6.66
7.22
7.78
8.33
8.89
9.44
10.0

----;j5ii

100 It SCH 40 PIPE

.245
.292
.344
.457
.587
.731
.887
1.07
1.25
1.45
1.66
1.89
2.13
2.38
2.66

250
275
300
350
400

.00022
.00045
.00067
.0089
.00111
.00134
.00178

(PSI) PER

Va"
.1
.2
------.3
.4
.5
.6
.8
1
2
3
4
5

DROP

TABLE F-11

8"

1.53
1.74
1.96
2.46
2.97
4.49
6.30
8.41
10.8
13.4

10"
2.65
2.85
3.05
3.26
3.46
3.66
3.87
4.07
4.48
4.88
5.29
5.70
6.10
6.51
7.32
8.14
10.2
12.2
14.2
16.3
18.3
20.4
24.4
28.5

.118
.135
.154
.173
.194
.216
.238
.262
.313
.368
.427
.490
.556
.628
.782
.953
1.44
2.02
2.70
3.46
4.31
5.23
7.35
9.80

2.27
2.59
2.92
3.24

.335
.430
.535
.650

2.01
2.86
3.81
4.89
6.09

4.05
.984
1.38
4.87
1.84
5.68
6.49
2.36
7.30
2.94
----=-c--~7Al 8.11 3.58
8.84
8.92
4.27
10.4
9.73
5.02
11.4
13.8
6.87
13.0
8.58
10.7
14.6
16.2
13.0
17.8
15.5
19.5
18.2

4.01
4.30
4.59
5.16
5.73

.090
.099
.109
.130
.153
.178

.204
.232
.262
.329
---_ .396
..__ .7.17
.601
8.60
.842
1.12
10.0
11.5
1.44
1.76
12.9
14.3
2.18
17.2
3.06
20.1
4.08
22.9
5.22
25.8
6.51
28.7
7.91

1"

;4"

11

.30

.036
_.~~--.37
.055
.21
.014
.74
.43
.199
.051
1.11
.424
.64
.107
1.49
.724
.86
.183
1.86
1.09
1.07
.276
1.54
1.29
2.23
.390
1.71
2.97
2.62
.667
3.713
1.01
3.97
2.142
8.46
5.57
3.21
2.14
7.43
14.42
4.28
3.66
5.36
5.54
6.43
7.79
7.50
10.38
8.57 13.28

31/2"

12"
2.58
2.72
2.87
3.15
3.44
3.73

._----

4"
2.52
3.15
3.78
4.41
5.04
5.67

.346
.523
.734
.978
1.25
1.56

3.32
3.56
3.79
4.27
4.74
5.93
7.11
8.30
9.48
10.7
11.9
14.2
16.6
19.0
21.3

.127
.145
.163
.203
.247
.374
.525
.700
.896
1.12
1.36
1.91
2.54
3.25
4.06

23.7
28.5

4.92
6.92

.734
.863
1.15
1.47
1.83
2.23
2.67
3.13
3.62
4.16
4.75
5.35
5.98
6.65
7.36
8.10
9.66
11.4
13.2

6.93
7.56
8.82
10.1
11.3
12.6
13.9
15.1
16.4

2.27
2.67
3.55
4.56

4.41
4.81
5.62
6.41

5.66
6.89
8.25
9.68
11.2

17.6
18.9
20.2
21.4
22.7

12.9
14.7
16.5
18.5
20.6

7.22
8.02
8.82
9.62
10.4
11.2
12.0
12.8
13.6
14.4

23.9

22.8

11

.096
.111

.316
.405
.505

"6::30-1:90 -~-:6i6

14
2.85
3.08

5"
2.81
3.21
3.61

16"
2.91
3.27
3.63
4.54
5.45
6.36
7.26
8.17
9.08
10.9
12.7
14.5
16.3
18.2
21.8
25.4
29.1
32.7

.084
.104
.127
.192
.270
.358
.459
.671
.695
.977
1.30
1.67
2.08
2.53
3.55
4.72
6.06
7.55

15.2
16.0
17.6
19.2
20.8
22.4
24.1

15.1
17.2

18

11

4.30
5.02
5.74
6.45
7.17
8.60
10.0
11.5
12.9
14.3
17.2
20.1
22.9
25.8
28.7

.149
.199
.255
.317
.386
.542
.723
.926
1.15
1.40
1.97
2.62
3.36
4.18
5.08

HEAT EXCHANGER NOMENCLATURE

CHART H-l
THREE
BASIC
6.6.',

FRONT END
STATIONARY HEAD TYPES

LETTERS.
SUCH
CONSTRUCTION
NEEDED

'DATA

AS AEW, BGP, etc.. DESIGNATE

TH[
OF THE
EXCHANGER
llEFEI1
TO
TO DESIGN
EXCHANGER
PIPINC;'

REAR END
HEAD TYPES

~T

I~

REMOVABLE
TUBE
BUN OLE
ONLY

I~
FIXEO
TUBESHEET

ONLY

.cwo-

=======~~\:::~Yf.L-

MEASUREMENTS

CHART M-l

COMPOUND ANGLES
PRISM
BASE

AXES; directions
ul structural
steel, etc.

CIRCUMFERENCE
o 6.2831863
r
Af1EA ~-rrr2
o 3.1416927
r

LENGTH OF ARC
o
nrO/180
o 0.0174633rO
AREA
TIr2 0/360

OF ANY

SHAPE;

h
2

OR SLOPING

AF1EA OF SECTION

2n r

UPRIGHT

DISTANCE BETWEEN PAilALLEL

SECTIONS 'A' AND 'A' =/1
VOI.UME
hA
0

NOTE:
THIS FORMULA
MAY
BE APPLIED
TO CYLINDRIC
AND RECTANGULAR
TANKS_

0.00872664r20

T ropeLOid' A four-sided figure with

two porollcl sides, and the other
IwU sides at any angle. Termed
'trapeziuITI' in UK.

SEGMENT

OF CIRCLE

LJ1b
L. c~~J
0

a ~

FRUSTUM
SECTION

AREA OF BASE A

If a
b, this formula applies to
any parallelogram or rectangle.

*Valid

~l

OIAMETEfl a + (b2/4a)
RAUl US r (a/2) + (b2/1Ja)
LENGTH OF ARC * I
o (nr/90).arccos[1
~(a/r)]
o (TIr/90).arcsifl[b/21-]
wllere 11/90 0.03490659
AREA*0(rl-rb+ab)/2
NOTE arccos[ OJ
"angle in
degrees whose cosine is a ", and
arcsin [a]
"ofllJle in degrees
wllosesineisO".

VOLUME ohA/3

for
than 2r.

il

positive and lnss

O}
L-

AREA

OF CONE

OF ANY

SHAPE;

UPRIGHT

OR SLOPING

AREAS OF PARALLEL FLAT

SUflFACES 'A' AND '8' =
A and B, respectively

ELLIPSE
AREAoac/2

HEIGHT (measured at right angles

to !Jase) h

(TI/4)(ab)
0.78539B2(ab}

DISTANCE BETWEEN SUflFACES

'A' AND '8' h
0

CIRCUMFERENCE
TI[(a2 + b2)/2]1/2

aJ

VOLUME

approximately

TRIANGLES

RADIUS

DIAMETER

(11/3).IA

+ B + (AB)'!,]

r
d= 2r

SURFACE AREA
TId2
3.141592G5d2
0

THESE FORMULAS
MAY BE USED
FOR ALL (FLAT)
TRIANGLES

VOLUME =
/G =
o 0.5235988
d3
Trd3

If e is between 90 and 180,

sin e ...sin(180o - 8), cas e '"--cos(180o - 8l
,------.

__

.__

KNOWN
~ngles
Three sides
f--------

.0-

.-------

(Thus

values

angle

= (b2+ c2-

cosA

Area

Area - Isis - a)(s - bl(s - c) ]Jh

c = (a2+ b2

side

__

a2)/2bc

2abcosC)'h

Two sides
tan A = (a sinC)/(b
- a cos
Third angle
and included
---_.- - ----angle
(ab
sin
G)/2
Area
_.
.._----------_._-- -_._~ _~--~~~-~
Two sides and
c = bcos A (a2 _ b2 sin2
Third side
-excluded angle
(b/2) sin A [b cos A (a2Area
~a.I!I_1Jj2!LOllS)

One side and

adjacent angles

Area

side

B. sin C /[2sin

..--

11

------A) '12
b2sin2

c = a sin C / sin (B + G)
a2.sin

s - (a + b + c)/2

-------C)
_ .._---~---_._-_

..

Adjacent

where h is positive and less than 21-.

A=1800-(B+C)

Any angle

--Third
-_
..

VOLUME OF SEGMENT OF
DEPTH " = (Tr/l2/3}(3r
- h)
= (1.0471976112)(3r-l1),

in tables.)

SOLUTION

REQUIRED

Third

may be found

(B + C)]

A)Jh )
11

The area of the curved surface

of the cap or the slice equals
the area of the cylindric
band
of the same depth, h; that is,
Tf hd, no matter
where the slice
is taken, or how thick the slice
or cap is.

TABLES M-2

MEASUREMENTS

VALUES COMPUTED TO
NEAREST 1/16-th INCH
HYPOTENUSE
0
()

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
()

0
0
0
0
0
0
I)
()

I)

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I)
(]

()

0
(]

Il
(]

I)
Il
Il
I)

0
0
0
0

0-1/J6~0
0-I/B
0-3/16
0-1/4
0-'0/16
0- 3/8
0-1/16
0-1/2
0-9/16
0-- S / 8
0-11/16
0-3/4
0-13/16
0-1/8
0--1'0/1[,
1
1 - 1/16
1- 1/ B
I 3/16
I 1/4
I [1/1(1
I I/B
I 1/1"
1-- 1/2
1 - 9/16
1 _!) jR
1 I 1/1[,
I 1/ ~
I J 1/1 b
1--1/1)
11'0/16
7
7 - 1/1 f)
7 I/Il
7 1/ I 6
? I/~
/16
7
? Iiii
7 - 1/ 16
7 1/7
7 (J / 1 C1
7 ',/B
7 -11/16
7 - 1/4
7 13/16
7-1/8
2- I !i/l 6
3
3 -1/16
3-1/8

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I)

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(J

11

(1
0
lJ
0
0
0
0
0
Il

0
0
0
0

.3

3-1/16
3 -,/16
:1 1/4
'1 3/B
3 - 7/](,
J 9/16
3-- lj/B
3-11/1
3-13/16
3-7/8
4
4-1/16
4-1/8
4-1/4
4-5/16
4 - 7/16

HYPOTENUSE

SIDE

0-1/16
0-3/16
0- 1/ ~
0-- 3/8
0- 7/16
0- ] /2
0-5/B
0-11/]
6
0-13/16
0-1/8
I
1- 1/16
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-5/16
1- 7/16
I I/?
I - 9/16
1 11/16
I - 3/ ~
I 1/8
1 1 '0/1"
2-1/16
2- 1/8
2-3/16
? - '0/16
7 I/B
7 1/7
2-9/16
2-5/8
2-3/4
2--11/16
2-15/16

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I)

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I)
(J
(]

0
0
()

"

I)

Il
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3-3/16
3 - 1/ ~
3- 5/16
3-3/8
37/16
3- 1/2
3-9/16
3-5/B
3-11/16
3-1

/16

3-1
16
4
4--1/16
4 -1/8
4-3/16
4- 1/4
4--~)j16
~ - 3/ B
4 1/ 16
~-1/2
~--9/16
4-5/8
~-11/16
~- 3/ ~
4 I] /1 fJ
4 I/B
4-15/16
'0

5--1/16
5- 1/ 8
5-3/16
5-1/4
" '0/16
'0 - 3/8
1/ 16
1/7
~l - 9/16
'0 ~i
/8
11/16
- 3/4
5-13/16
'i - 7/8
5--15/16
6
6-1/16
6-1/8
6-3/16
6-1/
~

~,

"

f)_-

~)

()

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I)

0
I)

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I)

0
(]

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Il
0
0
0
Il

~ -1/2
~-'o/B
~ --11/16
4-3/4
4 --7/8
4-15/16
5 - 1/16
5- ] /8
5- 3/16
S 5.1 1 6
53/8
~,-I
5-9/16
',-- 11/16
5- 3/4
'0-13/16
S-15/16
.6
6- 1/ B
6 -- J /16
r, 1/ 'I
,,- Jill
6-1/16
6-9/16
6-5/8
(,-11/1
"
F, 13/1 "
fJ 1/8
1
} --1/16
7-3/16
1- 1/4
7-5/16
7 -- 7/1 6
7- 1/ Z
1- "/Il
1 I 1/1 (,
1 3/~
1 - 1/8
} - I', /16
8 - 1/16
8- 1/8
8--1/4
8-5/16
8-3/8
8-1/2
8-9/16
8 - 11/16
8-3/~
1l-13/1
f)

SIDE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
()

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
()

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(]

Il

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Il
0
Il

HYPOTENUSE

6 - '0/16
6-3/B
6-7/16
6--1/2
6--9/16
6- 5/8
6 -11/16
6-3/4
6-13/16
6-7/8
6 -I 5/16
7
7 -1/16
1-1/8
1-3/16
7 --1/4
7-5/16
1-3/B
7 -- 7/16
7--1j(
7-9/1
b

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
()

1- S! 8

7 -11/1
6
7 --3 / 4
7 - 13/16
7-718
1-1 '0/1[,

()

B
8-1/16
8-1/8
8-3/16
8-1/4
8-5/16
8-] /8
8-1/16
B- 1/7

8-9/1

(i

g, ~J!g
8 -II/I
fJ
8-3/~
8- 13/1"
8- 7/ 8
8 15/16
g
9 -1/16
9-1/8
9-3/1fJ
9-1/4
9-5/16
9- 3/8

8-- I 5/16
9
9-1/8
9-3/16
9-1/4
9-3/B
9--7/16
9--9/16
9-5/8
9-3/4
9-13/16
9- 7/8
10
10- 1/16
10-3/16
10-1/4
10- 5/16
10-7/
16
10-1/
?
10-5/B
10-11/16
I 1)-13/16
10--7/B
10-15/16
11-1/16
11 - 1/8
11 1/ ~
11 - S /1 (,
11- J /8
11-1/2
11- 9/] 6
11- 11/16
11 - 3/4
11-1/8
11 -1 5/1 6

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 I(
(1 IZ -l/B
(]
17-3/16
0 17- '0/1(,
0 12--3/8
0 17 -1/ 16
0 17-9/16
0 12-5/8
0 12 --3/4
0 12 -13/16
() 12-7/8
0 13
Il 13- 1/16
0 13-3/16
Il 13 -1/ ~

CONSTRUCTION OF MITERS
3-PIECE

.4-PIECE

1-;
15

22'1~o

1----------.,
!

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
()
()

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Il

0
Il

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

SIDE

HYPOTENUSE

9-7/16
9- 1/2
9-9/16
9-5/8
9- 11/16
9-3/4
9-13/16
9-7/8
9-15/16
10
10- 1/16
10-1/8
10-3/16
10--1/4
10-5/16
10--3/8
10-7/16
10-1/2
10-9/16
10-5/8
10-11/16
10-3/4
10-13/16
10-7/8
10-15/16
11
I 1- 1/1 fJ
11-1/8
11- 3/16
11-1/4
11-5/16
11-3/8
1 1-7/16
11-1/
Z
11-9/16
11-'0/8
11 -11/16
11 - 3/4
11-- I 3/1 6
11-1/8
11- I '0/16
12
12- 1/16
12 - 1/8
12-3/16
12- 1/4
12-5/16
12-3/8
12-1/16
12-1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

()

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I)

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
()

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

13-3/B
13-1/16
13- 1/?
13-5/8
13-11/16
13-13/16
13-7/8
13-15/16
14 -1/16
1 ~ -] /8
14 -1/4
14-5/16
14- 7/16
14 -1/2
14-9/16
14 - 11/16
14-3/4
14-7/8
14-15/16
15
15-1/8
15-3/16
15-5/16
15-3/8
15- 7/16
1'0-9/16
1 ~-~)/B
I !,- 3/ ~
1:>-13/16
15-15/16
16
16-1/16
16-3/16
16-1/4
16-3/8
16-1/16
16-1/7
1 h ~J / B
16-- II /16
16--13/16
16--1/8
17
17 - 5/16
17-1/8
17 -1/ ~
17-5/16
17-7/16
17-1/2
17-9/16
17 -11/16

/-

W
</)
:>
2

,w
f-

1"-

>J:

x
/

It:
j~
"!
.!:.

L
("0_7071...

SIDE

-'

x HYPOTENUSE)

1,- 3'/32
9-15/16
7-291)2
5 7-7/8
7 0-27/32
5-13/16
8
9 10-25/32
II
3- 3//'
g- i/ll
II
II,
I
15 6-11/
16 11-21/31
jt)
I~-5/8
19 9- 19/32
21
2-9/16

I
2
3

4
5
6
7
B
9
10
II
12
13
14
15

~--~~--

g- 1/2
11- 3113?
\-1 )117
~)- 1~;/1 (,
6-7/ I (,
I,
2-29/31
I, I 1-13/32
5 }-7I8
6 I~-;./8
7 0-17/31
}
9-11/31
8
',-13/16
9 1-5/16
9 10-25/32
10 7-9/32
I)

[I

I
I
7
3

(I
Il

0
0
Il

1
8
9
10
11
11
13
11,

<I:;

0
()

0
0
I)

0
0
0
0

TANGENT LENGTHS FOR BENDS

5-PIECE

11%0

II

33~o

Angle

of bend

GENERAL FORMULA

= r.tan [A/2)

MilLIMETERS CONVERTED TO FEET AND INCHES

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0000000000-

0.0\
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.24
0.28
0.31
0.35
0.39

[3/64J
l5/64J
[1/8J
[5/32J
[13/MJ
[15/6'1)
[9/32J
[5/16J
[23/64J
l25/MJ

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

0000000000-

3.19
3.23
3.27
3.31
3.35
3.39
3.43
3.46
3.50
3.54

[3/16J
[15/64J
[17/64J
[5/16J
[11/32J
[25/64]
[27/64J
[15/32]
[1/2]
[35/MJ

161
162
163
1M
165
166
167
168
1b9
170

0000000000-

6.34
6.38
6.42
6.46
6.50
6.54
6.57
6.61
6.65
6.69

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

0000000000-

0.43
0.47
0.51
0.55
0.59
0.63
0.67
0.71
0.75
0.79

[7/16J
[15/32]
[33/64J
[35/64}
[19/32J
[5/8J
[43/64J
[1,5/64J
[3/4]
[25/32]

91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

0000000000-

3.58
3.62
3.66
3.70
3.74
3.78
3.82
3.86
3.90
3.94

[37/64J
[5/8J
[21/32]
[45/61.]
[47/64J
[25/32)
[13/16]
[55/64]
[57/64)
[15/16J

171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180

0000000000-

6.73
6.77
6.81
6.85
6.89
6.93
6.97
7.01
7.05
7.09

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

0000000000-

0.83
0.87
0.91
0.94
0.98
1.02
1.06
1.10
1.14
1.18

[53/64J
[55/64J
[29/32J
[15/16J
[,,3/64]
(1/32J
[1/16]
[7/64]
19/64J
[3/16]

101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110

0000000000-

3.98
4.02
4.06
4.09
4.13
4.17
4.21
4.25
4.29
4.33

[31/32J
[l/64J
[l/l"J
[3/32J
[9/64]
(l1/M]
[7/32J
[1/4J
[19/64]
[21/64]

181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190

0000000000-

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

0000000000-

1.22
1.26
1.30
1.34
1.38
1.42
1.46
1.50
1.54
1.57

[7/32J
[17/MJ
[19/64J
(11/32J
(3/8]
[27/6'1]
[29/6IIJ
{1/2]
[17/32]
137/64J

111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120

0000000000-

4.37
4.41
4.45
4.49
4.53
4.57
4.61
4.65
4.69
4.72

l3/8]

191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

0000000000-

1.61
1.65
1.69
1.73
1. 77
1.81
1.85
1.89
1.93
1.97

[39/64J
[21/32J
(11/16J
[47/6IIJ
[49/64J
[13/16]
[27/32J
[57/64J
[59/64]
{31/32]

121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130

0000000000-

1l.76
4.80
4.84
4.88
4.92
4.96
5.00
5.04
5.08
5.12

[1.9/64}
[51/64J
[27/32J
[7/8J
[59/64J
[61/MJ

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

0000000000-

2.01
2.05
2.09
2.13
2.17
2.20
2.24
2.28
2.32
2.36

[l/64J
[3/64J
[3/32]
[1/8J
[11/6'1]
[13/64J
{1/4]
[9/32]
[21/611]
[23/MJ

131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139

0000000000-

61 0- 2.40 [13/32J
62 0- 2.44 17/16]
63 0- 2.48 [31/64J
64 0- 2.52 [33/64]
65 . 0- 2.56 [9/16]
66 0- 2.60 [19/32]
67 0- 2.6'1 (41/64J
68 0- 2.68 [43/64J
69 0- 2.72 [23/32(
70 0- 2.76 (3/1.]
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

0000000000-

2.80
2.83
2.87
2.91
2.95
2.99
3.03
3.07
3.11
3.15

[51/64J
[53/64J
17/8J
[29/32]
[61/610]
[63/64]
[1/32J
[5/64J
[7/64J
[5/32J

241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250

000000000-

{31/64J
[17/32J
[9/16J
[39/6'1]
[41/64J
[11/16]
[23/32J
(1,9/64]
[51/64J
[27/32]

321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330

1111111111-

0.64
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.80
0.83
0.87
0.91
0.95
0.99

[41/6'1]
{43/64J
[23/32]
[3/4]
[51/64J
[53/6'1]
[7/8]
[29/32]
(61/M]
163/64]

401
402
403
40\
405
406
1,07
1.08

0- 9.88 [7/8]
0- 9.92 [.j9/MJ
0- 9.96 [61/61.]
0-10.00
0-1O.Qi, [3/64}
0-10.08 [5/64]
0-10.12 [1/8J
0-10.16 [5/32]
0-10.20 [13/64]
0-10.21, [15/64]

331
332
333

[27/32J
[57/64]
[59/64]
[31/32J
[l/MJ
[3/6'1]
[3/32J

251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260

335
336
337
338
339
340

1l11111111-

1.03
1.07
1.11
1.15
1.19
1.23
1.27
1.31
1.35
1.39

[1/32]
[5/(,1.]
[7/6'1]
[5/32)
[3/16]
[15/61.)
[17/61.]
[5/16]

411
412
413
414
415

7.13
7.17
7.20
7.24
7.28
7.32
7.36
7.40
7.44
7.48

[1/8J
[l1/64J
l13/64J
[1/4]
[9/32J
[21/64J
[23/6I.J
113/32J
[7/16J
[31/64J

261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270

0-10.28
0-10.31
0-10.35
0-10.39
0-10.43
0-10.47
0-10.51
0-10.55
0-10.59
0-10.63

[9/32]
[5/16]
[23/64J
[25/64J
(7/16J
[15/32]
[33/64]
[35/64]
[19/32J
[5/8}

341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350

1111111111-

0000000000-

7.52
7.56
7.60
7.M
7.68
7.72
7.76
7.80
7.83
7.87

[33/6'1]
[9/16}
(19/32]
[41/64]
[43/64J
[23/321
[3/4]
[51/64J
[53/64]
[7/8J

271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280

0-10.67
0-10.71
0-10.75
0-10.79
0-10.83
0-10.87
0-10.91
0-10.94
0-10.98
0-11. 02

[43/64]
[45/6'1]
[3/4]
[25/32]
[53/64J
[55/64]
[29/32J
[15/16J
[63/64]
[1/32J

351
352
353
351.
355
356
357
358
359
360

[3/64J
[5/64J
[1/8]

201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210

0000000000-

7.91
7.95
7.99
8.03
8.07
8.11
8.15
8.19
8.23
8.27

[29/32J
[61/611]
[63/64]
[1/32]
[5/6I<J
[7/M]
[5/32(
[3/16J
[15/64J
[17/64]

281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290

0-11.06
0-11.10
0-11.11,
0-11.18
0-11.22
0-11.26
0-11.30
0-11.31,
0-11.38
0-11.42

(1/16J
[7/64]
[9/64J
[3/16J
[7/32J
[17/MJ
[19/6'1]
[11/32J
[3/8J
[27/61<]

5.16
5.20
5.24
5.28
5.31
5.35
5.39
5.43
5.47
5.51

[5/32]
[13/64]
[15/64J
[9/32J
(5/16]
[23/6', J
(25/611]
17/16J
115/32i
[33/64]

211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220

0000000000-

8.31 [5/16J
8.35 [11/32J
8.39 [25/MJ
8.43 [27/611]
8.4<>[15/32J
8.50 [1/2]
8.54 [35/64]
8.58 [37/64]
8.62 [5/8J
8.66 [21/32J

291
292

1'+9
150

0000000000-

5.55
5.59
5.63
5.67
5.71
5.75
5.79
5.83
5.87
5.91

[35/64J
[19/32J
[5/8]
[43/64J
[45/MJ
[3/4J
(25/32J
[53/64J
[55/64]
[29/32]

221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230

0000000000-

8.70
8.74
8.78
8.82
8.86
8.90
8.94
8.98
9.02
').06

151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160

0000000000-

5.94
5.98
6.02
6.06
6.10
6.14
6.18
6.22
6.26
6.30

[15/16]
[63/6IIJ
[1/32J
[1/16]
17/64J
[9/MJ
[3/16J
[7/32J
[17/64J
[19/64J

231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240

0000000000-

9.09
9.13
9.17
9.21
9.25
9.29
9.33
9.37
9.41
9.45

1'.0

141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

(13/32J
[29/64J
(31/64]
[17/32J
[9/16J
[39/61,]
[41/64J
[11/16J
[23/32J

ll1/32]

0- 9.1.9

1111111111-

3.79
3.83
3.87
3.91
3.94
3.98
4.02
4.06
4.10
4.14

[25/32J
[53/64J
[55/64J
[29/32J
[15/16J
[63/M]
[1/32]
[1/16J
[7/64]
[9/64J

481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490

1111111111-

6.94
6.98
7.02
7.06
7.09
7.13
7.17
7.21
7.25
7.29

[15/16J
[31/32]
[1/64[
[1/16J
(3/32]
(9/64J
[11/64]
[7/32]
{1/4]
{19/64J

4.18
4.22
4.26
4.30
4.31,
4.38
4.42
1.46
4.50
4.54

[3/16J
[7/32J
(17/64J
[19/6'1]
[11/32J
[3/8J
[27/MJ
[29/64]
ll/2]

491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499

[25/MJ

418
419
420

1111111111-

[17/32]

500

1111111111-

7.33
7.37
7.41
7.45
7.49
7.53
7.57
7.61
7.65
7.69

[21/MJ
[3/8J
[13/32 J
[29/M]
[31/64J
[17/32]
[9/16]
[39/64J
[41/64]
[11/16J

1.43
1.1.6
1.50
1.54
1.58
1.62
1.66
1.70
1.74
1.78

[27/64J
[15/32J
[1/2J
[35/64J
[37/64]
[5/8}
l21/32J
[il5/64J
[47/64]
[25/32]

421
422
423
424
425
426
427
1,28
429
430

1111111111-

4.57
4.61
4.65
4.69
4.73
4.77
1. 81
4.85
4.89
4.93

[37/64J
[39/64J
[21/32J
[11/16J
[47/64]
[49/64J
[13/16J
[27/32J
[57/64J
[59/64J

501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510

1111111111-

7.72
7.76
7.80
7.84
7.88
7.92
7.96
8.00
8.0\
8.08

[23/32]
[49/64J
[51/64]
[27/32J
[7/8]
[59/64]
[61/MJ
[3IM]
[5/64J

1111111111-

1.82
1.86
1.90
1.94
1.98
2.02
2.06
2.09
2.13
2.17

[13/1(>/
[55/64J
[57/61.J
[15/16]
[31/32]
[l/64J
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[3/32]
[9/6',]
[11/6IIJ

431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440

1111111111-

4.97
5.01
5.05
5.09
5.13
5.17
5.20
5.24
5.28
5.32

l31/32J
[1/61.]
[3/61.]
[3/32]
[1/8J
[11/64]
[13/64]
[1/4J
[9/32J
[21/64]

511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520

1111111111-

8.12
8.16
8.20
8.24
8.28
8.31
8.35
8.39
8.43
8.47

[1/8J
[5/32J
[13/64J
[15/64J
[9/32J
[5/16]
[23/6IIJ
[25/64J
17/16J
[15/32J

361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370

1111111111-

2.21
2.25
2.29
2.33
2.37
2.41
2.45
2.49
2.53
2.57

[7/32J
[1/4]
[19/64]
[21/64J
[3/8J
[13/32J
[29/64]
[31/64(
[17/32]
[9/16J

441
442
'+43
1144
445
41,6
447
448
449
450

1111111111-

5.36 [23/64J
5.40 [13/32J
5.44 17/16J
5.48 [31/64J
5.52 [33/64J
5.56 [9/16]
5.60 [19/32]
5.611 [41/64J
5.68 [43/64]
5.72 [23/32J

521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530

1111111111-

8.51
8.55
8.59
8.63
8.67
8.71
8.75
8.79
8.83
8.87

[33/6I<J
[35/6IIJ
[19/32J
[5/8J
[43/61<]
[45/61,]
[3/4]
[25/32J
[53/6'1]
[55/MJ

371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380

1111111111-

2.61
2.65
2.69
2.72
2.76
2.80
2.81.
2.88
2.92
2.96

[39/6I,J
[41/,1.]
[11/16]
{23/32J
[49/61,)
[51/64J
[27/32J
17/81
[59/6I,J
[61/6'1]

451
1.52

294
295
296
297
298
299
300

0-11.4<>[29/61,]
0-11.50 [1/2}
0-11.54 [17/32J
0-11.57 [37/61,]
0-11.61 [39/64J
0-11.65 [21/32]
0-11.69 [11/16J
0-11.73 [47/61']
0-11.77 [49/64J
0-11.81 [13/16J

111454 11'+55
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5.76
5.&)
5.83
5.87
5.91
5.95
5.99
6.03
6.07
6.11

[3/4J
[51/MJ
[53/64]
[7/8]
[29/32J
[61/64J
[63/6111
[1/32]
[5/61,]
[7/64]

531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
51.0

111
1111111-

8.91
8.94
8.98
9.02
9.06
9.10
9.14
9.18
9.22
9.26

l29/32J
[15/161
[63/64]
[1/32J
[1/16]
17/64]
[9/64]
[3/16J
17/32]
[17/64J

[45/64J
[47/6'1]
[25/32]
[13/16J
[55/64J
[57/64]
[15/16]
[31/32J
[1/610]
[1/16]

301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
3fY)
310

0-11.85 [27/32]
0-11.89 [57/61.]
0-11.93 [59/64J
0-11. 97 [31/32J
1- 0.01 [1/6'1]
1- 0.05 [3/6'1)
1- 0.09 [3/32J
1- 0.13 [1/8J
1- 0.17 [11/,1,]
1- lJ.21l [U/i,l.]

381
382
383
381.

1- 3.00
1- 3.04
1- 3.f)8
1- 3.12
385
1- 3.16
386 1- 3.20
387 1- 3.24
388 1- 3.28
3f19 1- 3.11
:\')0 1- :U',

[3/64]
[5/64!
[1/8J
[5/32J
[13/611]
{15/6I,]
[9/32]
{';/16(

461
4<>2
463
4<>4
465
4<>6
467
468

11111111IdJ'J
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6.15
6.19
6.23
6.27
6.31
6.35
6.39
6.43
6.1';,
6.50

[5/32J
[3/16J
[15/64]
[17/64J
[5/16]
[11/32J
[25/64J
(27/64 (
[15/:l2(
[1/2]

541
542
543
544
545
546
547
5i18

11111111-

9.30
9.34
9.38
9.42
9.46
9.50
9.54
9.57

550

[19/64J
[11/32]
[3/8J
[27/64J
[29/64J
[1/2]
[17/32]
[37/6IIJ
1- ').i,1 [y)/"'J
1- 9.65 [21/32)

[3/32J
[9/64J
[l1/64J
[7/32J
[1/4J
[19/64J
[21/64]
[3/8J
[13/32]
[29/64 J

311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320

1111111111-

391 1- 3.39 [25/64J

392 1- 3.1,) [7/16J
393 1- 3.47 [15/32]
394 1- 3.51 [33/64]
395 1- 3.55 [35/MJ
396 1- 3.59 [19/32J
397 1- 3.63 [5/8]
398 1- 3.67 1',3/64]
399 1- 3.71 [45/64}
400 1- 3.75 [3/4J

471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480

6.54
6.58
6.62
6.66
6.70
6.74
6.78
6.82
6.86
6.90

[35/61')
[37/64J
[5/8J
[21/32J
[45/64]
[47/64J
[25/32]
[13/16J
[55/64J
[57/64]

551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560

1- 9.69
1- 9.73
1- 9.77
1- 9.81
1- 9.85
1- 9.89
1- 9.93
1- 9.97
1-10.01
1-10.05

[3/8J
[27/6'1]
[29/64 J
[1/2]
[17/32J
[37/64J
[39/64]
[21/32J
[11/16]
[1,7/64]
[I,9/M]
l13/16]

293

9.53
9.57
9.61
9.65
9.69
9.72
9.76
9.80
9.84

0.24
0.28
0.32
0.36
0.40
0.44
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.60

[1/1,]
[9/32]
{21/64]
[23/M]
[13/32]
17/16]
[31/64J
[33/64J
[9/161
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33L.

l11/32]

[n/M[

L.O<)

410

Lil6
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'+53

1111111111-

SIll

[11/16J
[47/64J
[49/64]
[13/16J
[27/32J
[57/64J
[59/64J
[31/32]
(l/64J
[3/641

MIlLIMETERS CONVERTED TO FEET AND INCHES

561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
'>69
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580

1-10.09
1-10.13
1-10.17
1-10.20
1-10.24
1-10.28
1-10.32
1-10.36
1-10.40
1-10.44

[3/32)
[1/8J
[11/64)
(13/64J
[1/4J
[9/32J
[21/64]
{23/64J
[13/32)
[7/16J

641
642
643
644
645
646
647
6l
(A9

22222-

1.24
1.28
1.31
1.35
1.39

[15/64)
[9/32J
[5/16)
(23/(4)
[25W.)

721
722

2222-

1.43
1.47
1.51
1.55

[7/16 J
[15/32J
[33/E/.]
[35/(A]

650

2- 1.59

[19/32J

726
727
728
729
730

1-10.4
1-10.52
1-10.56
1-10.60
1-lO.M
1-10.611
l-lO.72
1-10.76

[31/64]
[33/(4)
[9/16J
(19/32J
[1d/64]
(t,3/MJ
(23/32J
[3/'.]

651
652
653
6S'-+
655
656
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[13/64J
[1/4J
[9/32J
[21/64J
[23/64J
[13/32 J
[7/16)
[31/M]
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(59/641
[61/61.]

1033
10Y,

[63/64J
[1/32J
[1/16J
[7/64J

3- 6.13

3.92
3.96
4.00
4.04
4.08
4.12
4.16

4.39
4.43
4.47
4.51

4.98
5.02
5.06
5.10

3333333333-

1071
1072

3333333-

(J/64 J
[5/64)
[1/8J
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6.17
6.20
6.24
6.28
6.32
6.36
6.1,0
6.41<
6.11
6.52

[9/1(,J

6.W [19/32J
6.64 [41/64J
6.68 (43/64J
6.72 [23/32J
6.7613/4J
6.80 (51/64J
6.83 153/64 J
6.87 [7/8J
6.91 [z<J/J2J

3- 6.95 [61/MI
3- 6.99 [63/M)
3- 7.(J3 [1132 J

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1095
10%
1097
1098
1099
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3- 7.07
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3- 7.15

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7.19
7.23
7.27
7.31

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[17/64J
[5/16J

1101
1102
1103
1104

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7.35
7.39
7.43
7.46
7.50
7.54
7.58
7.62
7.66

[11/32J
[25/641
[27/64 J
[15/32J
[1/2J
[35/64]
[37/64]
[5/8J
[21/32)

1105
l1lX,
1107
1108
1109
1110

3- 7.70

[45/64J

3333-

7.74
7.78
7.82
7.86

[47/64J
[25/32)
[13/16]
(55/64]

3- 7.90
3- 7.94

[57/64J
(15/16)

1117
1118

3- 7.98
3- 8.02

(31/32J
[1/(4)

1119
1120

3- 8.06
3- 8.09

[1/161
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1112
1113

MILLIMETERS CONVERTED TO FEET AND INCHES

1121
Ilil
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
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3~ 8. U
3- 8.17

[9/64 [
[Il/(,I.]

3- 8.21
3- 8.25
3- 8.29

17/32J
[1/4J
119/61.]

3- 8.33

[21/64[

3333-

8.37
8.101
8.45
8.49

[3/8J
[13/32J
[29/64]
131/64J

3333333-

8.53
8.57
8.61
8.65
8.69
8.72
8.71,

[17/32 J
[9/16J
139/64J
[41/64J
[11/16J
[23/32J
[49/61.]

3- 8.80
3- 8.84
3- 8.88

151/61.J
[27/32]
17/8J

3- 8.92
3- 8.96
3- 9.00

[59/64]
[61/64J

3- 9.0',
3- 9.08

[3/6I,J
[5/61.]

33333-

9.12
9.16
9.20
9.24
9.28

33333-

1201
1202
1203
120'.

3-11.28
3-11.32
3-11.36
3-11.40

19/32J
121/M!
123/61.]
[13/32J

1205
1206
1207
1208
1209

3-11.44
3-11.48
3-11.52
3-11.56
3-11.60
3-11.61.

17/16 J
[31/64J
133/64J
[9/16J
[19/32J
[41/64]

1210

1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220

3-11.68 143/610]
3-11. 72 [23/32 J
3-11.7613/4)
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3-11.83 153/64 [
3-11.87 P/8J
3-11.91 129/32J
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3-11.99 [63/64J
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1221
1222
1223
122',

4441,-

1225

[1/8J
[5/32J
[13/64J
115/64J
19/32J

9.31
9.35
9.39
9.43
9.1,7

[5/16]
[23/64J
[25/64J
17/16J
[15/32J

1156
1157
1158
1159
1160

3- 9.51
3- 9.55

[33/64]
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3- 9.59
3- 9.63
3- 9.67

[19/32J
[5/8J
[43/64]

1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
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3333333-

[45/64J
[3/4J
[25/32J
[53/610]
[55/64]
[29/32[
[i5/16J

IU5
l.t36
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1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
11103
1111>
1145
1146
1147
1148
11/.9
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154

1155

9.71
9.75
9.79
9.83
9.87
9.91
9.94

1211
1212
1213

[45/64J
(3/4J
[25/32J

1291
1292
1293
1294
1295

44444-

[53/64J
155/64J
[29/32J
[15/16J
[63/64J

1296

2.83
2.87
2.91
2.94
2.98

125/32J
(13/16J

1368
1369
1370

4- 5.86
4- 5.90
4- 5.94

155/64J
157/64J
115/16J

1371

1,_ 5.98

1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380

444444444-

6.02
6.06
6.00
6.13
6.17
6.21
6.25
6.29
6.33

131/32J
11/(4)
[1/161
[3/32J
[9/64J
[11/64J
[7/32J
[1/4J
[19/64J
[21/64J

1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
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1381

4444-

6.37
6.41
6.45
6.1,9

[3/8]
[13/32]
[29/64]
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1461
1462
1463
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4- 6.53

[17/32J

444-
44-

6.57
6.61
6.65
6.69
6.72

[9/16J
[39/64J
[41/64J
[11/16J
[23/32J

1',65
1466

4- 3.22
4- 3.26
4- 3.30

[7/32J
{17/64J
[19/64]

130'.

4- 3.34

[11/32J

4- 0.23

[15/64 J

1226
1227
1228
1229
1230

44444-

0.27
0.31
0.35
0.39
0.43

117/64J
[5/16J
[11/32J
[25/64J
[27/61.]

1305
1306

444444-

3.38
3.42
3.46
3.50
3.54
3.57

13/8]
[27/64J
[29/64 J
[1/21
[17/32J
[37/64J

1385
1386

1231
1232
1233
123',

4444-

0.46
0.50
0.54
0.58

[15/32J
[1/2]
[35/64J
[37/64]

1235
1236

444444-

0.62
0.66
0.70
0.74
0.78
0.82

15/8J
121/32J
[45/64J
[47/64J
125/32J
[13/16]

44444-

3.61
3.65
3.69
3.73
3.77

[39/64J
[71/32J
[11/16J
[47/64J
[49/64]

44444-

6.76
6.80
6.84
6.88
6.92

[49/64]
(51/64J
[27/32)
17/8]
[59/64J

44444-

3.81
3.85
3.89
3.93
3.97

[13/16J
[27/32]
[57/64J
[59/64J
[31/32J

1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400

44444-

6.96
7.(YJ
7.0',
7.08
7.12

[61/64J

4- 0.86
4- 0.90
1,_ 0.94

[55/64J
[57/64J
[15/16]

4- 4.01
4- 4.05
4- 4.09

[1/64 J
[3/64J
[3/32J

[31/32J
[l/64J
11/16J
[3/32 [
19/64J
111/64J
{7/32]

4444-

[1/8J
[11/64 [
[13/64J
[1/4J

44441,-

7.16
7.20
7.24
7.28
7.31

I5/32

0.98
1.02
1.06
1.09
1.13
1.17
1.21

1l+01
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
11.07
1408

441,4-

7.35
7.39
7.43
7.47

[23/64J
[25/64J
[7/161
[15/32J

4- 7.51

[33/64J

4- 7.55
4- 7.59
4- 7.63

135/641
(19/32J

1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
121,6

17/610]
[9/610]

1251
1252

4- 1.25
4- 1.29

11/4J
[19/64]

3-10.18
3-10.22
3-10.26
3-10.30
3-10.34
3-10.38
l-W.I,2
3-10.106

[3/16J
17/32J
[17/64J
119/64J
[11/32J
11/8J
I27N.]
[29/64]

1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
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1260

4- 1.33
4- 1.37
1,_ 1.41

[21/64J
[3/8J
[13/32J

4- 1.45
4- 1.49

[29/64J
[31/6IoJ

3-10.50
3-10.54
3-10.57

11/2J
117/32]
[37/64J

1261
1262
1263

3-10.61
3-10.65

139/64J
[21/32]

3-10.69
3-10.73

111/16J
147/64]

ml!J
11B9

3-10.77
3-10.81

149/64]
[13/16]

1264
1265
1266
1267
1268

llW

3-10.85

[27/32J

1191

3-10.89
3-10.93
3-10.97
3-11.01
3-11.05
3-11.09
3-11.13
3-11.17
3-11.20
3-11.21,

157/641
[59/64]
[31/32]
I1/64J
[3/64J
[3/32J
11/8J
[11/64J
[13/64]
[1/4]

1198
1199
1200

4- 2.71
4- 2.75
4- 2.79

4- 5.78
4- 5.82

1301
1302
1303

3-10.10
3-10.14

1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197

1288
1289
1290

1366
1367

137/64]
[5/8J
(21/32 J
[45/64J
[47/64 J

[5/64J
17/64J
[5/32J
[3/16J

0.07
0.11
0.15
0.19

1249
1250

1181
1182

[35/64]
119/32J
[5/8]
[43/(4)

5.58
5.62
5.66
5.70
5.74

11/32J
[1/1(, J

11/16]

1183
1184
1185
1186
11~7

2.55
2.59
2.63
2.67

44444-

17/64J
[9/64]
13/16]

[63/64J
[1/32J

1180

1286
1287

4444-

1361
1362
1363
1364
1365

'.- 3.02
1._ 3.06

3- 9.98
3-10.02

1176
1177
117H
11/')

17/16]
[15/32J
133/61,]

4- 3.10
4- 3.14
4- 3.18

3-10.06

1171
1172
1173
1174
1175

4- 2.43
1,_ 2.47
4- 2.51

1297
1298
1299
1300

4444444-

1167
1168
llW
1170

1281
1282
1283
1284
1285

1247
121<8

1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280

4- 1.53 117/32J
'.- I. ~)7 [9/1(>J
4- 1.61 [39/64J
444444-

1.65
1.69
1. 72
1.76
1.80
1.84

4- 1.88
4- 1.92
1,- 1.96

[41/64]
[11/16J
[23/32 J
149/64]
[51/64]
[27/32J
17/8J
[59/64J
161/64]

4- 2.00
444444-

2.04
2.08
2.12
2.16
2.20
2.24

[3/64J
[5/64J
[1/8J
15/32J
113/64 J
[15/61.J

4- 2.28
4- 2.31
4- 2.35

19/32J
15/16]
[23/64J

4- 2.39

125/64J

1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
133')
1340

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4.17
4.20
'0.2"

4- ' 28 19/32J
4- 4.32 [21/64 J
4- 4.36 [23/64]
4- 4.40 [13/32J
4- 4.41. [7/161
4- 4.48 [31/610 J
444441,_

4.52
4.56
4.60
4.64
4.68
I,.

1387
1388
1389
1390

1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
11015

[3/64J
[5/61.]
[1/8J
J
[13/64J
[15/64]
[9/32J
[5/16)

15/8J
[43/64J
[I,5/64J

4- 8.73
4- 8.77

[47/64]
(49/61.J

1443
1444
1445
11146

4- 8.81
4- 8.85
4- 8.89

113/16]
[27/32J
157/610]

44444-

8.93
8.97
9.01
9.05
9.09

[59/64J
[31/32J
[1/64J
13/64 J
[3/32J

44441,_
4441,_

9.13 11/8J
9.17 111/64J
9.20 [13/64J
9.24 [1/4J
9.28 [9/32J
9.32 [21/6I,J
'J.36 [23/64J
9.40 [13/32J
9.44 P/16 J

1447
1448
1449

1450

1458
1459
1460

1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474

1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360

44444-

[17/64J
[5/16J
[11/32J
125/6I<J
[27/(4)

5.27
5.31
5.35
5.39
5.43

4- 5.46
4- 5.50

[15/32J
[l/2J

4- 5.54

135/64J

[11/32 J

4- 8.38
4- 8.42
4- 8.46
4- 8.50
4- 8.54
4- 8.57

[3/8J
[27/64]
129/64]
11/2J
[17/32]
[37/64 J

4- 8.61
4- 8.65

139/641
[21/32]

4- 8.69

[11/16J

1437
1438
1439
1440

5- 0.94
5- 0.98
5- 1.02

[15/16J
163/64J
[1/32]

1626
1627
1628

1.06
1.10
1.14
1.18
1.22
1.26

[1/16J
[7/61.)
[9/64J
[3/16J
17/32J
[17/610]

1635
1636

1. 30
1.34
1.38
1.42

[19/64 [
[11/32J
[3/8J
[27/64J

1637
1638
1639
161<0
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646

1547
1548
1549
1550

1488

[35/61.J
[37/6101

1489
1490

4-10.62
4-10.66

[5/8J
[21/32J

lL.91

4-10.70

[45/61, J

1492
1493
1494

4-10.74
4-10.78
4-10.82
4-10.86
4-10.90
,.-10.94

[47/61.J
125/32 J
113/16J
155/(AJ
[57/64]
[15/16J

4-10.98
1,-11.02
1,-11.06

(31/32J
[1/1,1.J
11/16]

4-11.09
4-11.13
4-11.17
4-11.21
4-11.25
4-11.29
4-11.33

[1/4J
119/64)
[21/61.[

4-11.37

1509
1510
1511
1512
1513

[9/64J
[3/16]

4- 8.34

[55/641
[29/32]

4-10.54
4-10.58

1L+84
1485
1486
11,87

4- 8.14
4- 8.18

1431

5- 0.87
5- 0.91

117/32J
[37/64]
[39/64J
121/32J
[11/161
[47/61,[

1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508

1432
1433
1434
1435
1436

162',
1625

129/641
[1/2]

11/321
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[7/64}

[3/16J
[15/61.J

[25/321
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555555-

[15/16J
[63/641

4- 5.19
4- 5.23

5- 0.79
5- 0.83

1545
1546

5- 1.46
5- 1.50

'.- 8.02
4- 8.06
4- 8.10

1351
1.152

1621
1622
1623

1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1.567

4- 7.94
4- 7.98

1430

[I'3/64J
[45/64J
[3/4 J

[5/16]
[1l/32J
[25/6101
[27/64 J
[15/32J
[1/21

1481
1482
11,83

1423
1421.

17/641
[5/32]

5- 0.67
5- 0.71
5- 0.75

1SL.l
1542
1543
15104

4-10.31
4-10.35
4-10.39
4-10.43
4-10.46
4-10.50

1478
1479
1480

1421
1422

4- 5.11
1,_ 5.15

1611

5555-

1500

1349
1350

[9/32J
[5/16J
123/64}
(25/64]
17/16)
115/32[
133/61. J
135/64J
119/32J
[5/8J

1557
1558
1559
1560

[29/32]

4- 8.22 17/32J
4- 8.21> [17/64J
1,_ 8.~) [1')/61.]

[23/32J
[3/4 J
[51/64J
[53/64 J
17/8J

0.28
0.31
0.35
0.39
0.113
0.47
0.51
0.55
0.59
0.63

1555
1556

7.91

1425
1426
1427
1428
11.29

9.72
9.76
9.80
9.83
9.87

5555555555-

[5/32J
[3/16J
[15/64J
[17/(4)

4-

[53/64J
17/8J
[29/32J
[61/64J
[63/64J
[l/32J
[5/641

44444-

1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538

17/6IoJ

1420

[51/(>4J

[33/64J
{9/16J
119/32]
{41/64]
[io:J/6IoJ

13/64 J
15/64J
[1/8J
15/32J
113/64 J
[15/64J

4-10.15
4-10.19
1,-10.23
4-10.27

4- '. 76 [3/4[

4.83
4.87
4.91
4.95
4.99
5.03
5.07

9.52
9.56
9.60
9.61,
9.68

0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.24

5- 0.00

4-10.11

1475
1476
1477

[3/4J
[25/32J
[53/64]
[55/61.]

4- 4.80

4441,4-

555555-

1539
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17/8J
15'J/64J
[61/64J

555555-

1416
1417
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4444444-

[31/64J

4-11.88
,.-11.92
4-11.%

[29/32]
[61/64J
[63/64]
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7.71
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1341
1342
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1521
1522
1523
1524
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1529
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444441,-

133/64J
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1495
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1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
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1551
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1568
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127/32 J
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1604
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1606
1607
1608
1609
1610

1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
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1629
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1632
1633
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1647
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8- 9.94
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8-10.02
8-10.06
8-10.10
8-10.14
8-10.18
8-10.22
8-10.26
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2725
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MILLIMETERS CONVERTED TO FEET AND INCHES

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137/64J
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1.969
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8.57
8.61
8.65
8.69
8.73
8.77
8.81
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8.89
8.93

137/64J
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149/(4)
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159/64J

301.1 9-11. 7Z [23/32]

3042 9-11.76 [49/64J
3043 9-11.80 [51/64J
3044 9-11.84 [27/32)
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9-11.88 17/8J
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3047 9-11.96 [61/MJ
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3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130

10101010101010101010-

2.87
2.91
2.95
2.99
3.03
3.07
3.11
3.15
3.19
3.23

17/8J
129/32J
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3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210

10101010101010101010-

6.02
6.06
6.10
6.14
6.18
6.22
6.26
6.30
6.34
6.38

[1/32J
[1/16)
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[3/16J
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[17/64)
[19/64J
[11/32J
13/8J

3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290

10101010101010101010-

9.17
9.21
9.25
9.29
9.33
9.37
9.41
9.45
9.49
9.53

[11/64J
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2971
2972
2973
7.974
7.975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980

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8.97
9.01
9.05
9.09
9.13
9.17
9.20
9.24
9.28
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[31/32 J
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3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060

10101010101010101010-

3.27
3.31
3.35
3.39
3.43
3.46
3.50
3.54
3.58
3.62

[17/MJ
[5/16)
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[15/32J
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3211
3212
3213
3214
37.15
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220

10101010101010101010-

6.42
6.46
6.50
6.54
6.57
6.61
6.65
6.69
6.73
6.77

[27/MJ
[29/64J
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[37/MJ
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3291
3292
3293
3294
37.95
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300

10101010101010101010-

9.57
9.61
9.65
9.69
9.7Z
9.76
9.80
9.84
9.88
9.92

(9/16]
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[51/64)
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17/8J
159/64J

[7/32)
[1/4J
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[21/(4)
[3/8)
[13/32)
(29/61,)

2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986

3221 1031.22 1031.1.3 103224 1031.1.5 103ZZ6 1031.27 103Z1.8 1031.29 103230 10-

6.81
6.85
6.89
6.93
6.97
7.01
7.05
7.09
7.13
7.17

[13/16 J
[1.7/31.J
[57/MJ
[59/64J
[31/31.J
[1/64 J
[3/64 J
[3/31.J
[1/8J
111/64J

3301
3301.
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3300
3309
3310

[61/MJ
[3/64J
[5/M)
11/8J
[5/32J
(13/64J

29Pil
2989
2990

[21/32J
[45/64 J
[',7/61,J
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[55/64J
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10- 9.96
10-10.00
10-10.04
10-10.08
10-10.11.
10-10.16
10-10.20

[31/(,/,]

9- 9.36 [23/64J
[13/32)
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9- 9.48 [31/64J
9- 9.51. [33/(4)
9- 9.56 [9/16)
9- 9.60 [19/32)
9- 9.64 [41/64J
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9- 9.72 [23/32J

10-10.2/,

[15/(4)

7.20 [13/64J
7.24 [1/4J
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7.32 [21/64J
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7.1>4 17/16J
7.48 131/64J
7.52 [33/64 J
7.56 [9/16J

33ll
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
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10-10.35
10-10.39
10-10.43
10-10.47
10-10.51
10-10.55
10-10.59
10-10.63
10-10.67
10-10.71

[23/64J
[7.5/MJ
17/16J
115/32J
[33/64J
[35/MJ
(19/32J
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[43/(>4J
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2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810

9999999999-

2.28
2.31
2.35
2.39
2.43
2.47
2.51
2.55
2.59
2.63

(9/32)
[5/16J
[23/64 J
[25/64J
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135/(4)
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2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
1.889
2890

2811
2812
2813
7.814
2815
7.816
2817
2818
2819
2820

9999999999-

2.67
2.71
2.75
2.79
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2.87
2.91
2.94
2.98
3.02

[43/M J
145/64J
[3/4 J
[25/37.J
153/61.]
[55/61,]
[29/32J
[15/16J
[63/MJ
[1/32J

2891
2892
2893
7.894
7.895
7.896
7.897
2898
2899
2900

9- 5.')1.

[15/16)

999999-

5.98
6.02
6.06
6.09
6.13
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[31/37.J
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[11/64J

7.821
2827.
1.81.3
287.4
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2826
1.827
2828
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9999999999-

3.06
3.10
3.14
3.18
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3.26
3.30
3.34
3.38
3.41.

[1/16 J
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117/64J
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7.901
2902
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2904
2905
2906
2907
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9999999999-

6.21
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6.1.9
6.33
6.37
6.41
6.45
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6.53
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2831
2832
2833
2834
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2838
1.839
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3.46
3.50
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3.57
3.61
3.65
3.69
3.73
3.77
3.81

[29/64 J
[l/7.J
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[37/64J
[39/(4)
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(11/16)
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2911
1.912
7.913
2914
1.915
2916
2917
7.918
2919
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9999999999-

6.61
6.65
6.69
6.72
6.76
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6.84
6.88
6.92
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[11/16J
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2991 9- 9.76
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9-10.11

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3.85
3.89
3.93
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4.01
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4.09
4.13
4.17
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[27/32]
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[59/64 J
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[13/64J

2921
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1.923
291.4
2925
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7.00
7.04
7.08
7.12
7.16
7.20
7.24
7.28
7.31
7.35

[3/64J
15/64J
[1/8)
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[13/64J
115/64J
[9/32)
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3001
3001.
3003
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3005
3006
3007
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9-10.15
9-10.19
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9-10.27
9-10.31
9-10.35
9-10.39
9-10.43
9-10.46
9-10.50

[5/31.J
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3081
3082
3083
3081,
3085
3086
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2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
1.860

9999999999-

4.24
4.28
4.32
4.36
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4.48
4.52
4.56
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(1/4 J
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(31/64)
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2931
2932
2933

7.39 [25/MJ
7.43 [7/16J
7.47 [15/31.J
7 ..51 133/64J
7.55 [351M)
7.59 [19/32J
7.63 [5/8J
7.67 [/,3/64J
7.71 [45/M)
7.75 [3/4)

3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020

9-10.54
9-10.58
9-10.62
9-10.66
9-10.70
9-10.74
9-10.78
9-10.82
9-10.86
9-10.90

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1.861
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1.867
2868
2869
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4.64
4.68
4.72
4.76
4.80
4.83
4.87
4.91
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[41/M J
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2941
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2945
2946
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7.79
7.83
7.87
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[1.5/32]
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2951 9- 8.18 [3/16)

1.952 9- 8.22 [7/32]
2953 9.. 8.26 [17/64J
2951, 9- 8.30 [19/6/,]
2955 9- 8.Y, 111/32J
2956 9- 8.38 [3/8J
2957 9- 8.42 [27/M J
2958 9- 8,1,6 [29/64J
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2960 9- 8.54 (17/32J

[51IM]

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2871 9- 5.03 (1/31.J

2872 9- 5.07 [5/64J
2873 9- 5.11 17/MJ
2874 9- 5.15 [5/32J
2875 9- 5.19 [3/16J
2876 9- 5.7.3 [15/64J
2877 9- 5.27 117/MJ
2878 9- 5.31 [5/16J
1.879 9- 5.35 (11132)
2800 9- 5.39 125/64J

9- 5.1.3

999999999-

5.46
5.50
5.51,
5.58
5.62
5.66
5.70
5.74
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9- 5.82 [13/16J
9- 5.86 [55/(4)
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999929Y,
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[17/32J
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2961
2962
2963
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2965
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0.12
0.16
0.20
0.24
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0.31
0.35
0.39
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11/8J
15/32J
1.13/64J
[15/64J
[9/32J
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[25/64J
17/16J
[15/32J

3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140

3061 10- 0.51

3061. 10- 0.55
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3061, 10- 0.63
3065 10- 0.67
3066 10- 0.71
3067 10- 0.75
3()(Yl 10- 0.79
3069 10- 0.83
3070 10- 0.87

[33/61,)
[35/64J
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3141 10- 3.66

3L/,1. 10- 3.70
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311,4 10- 3.78
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3146 10- 3.86
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3150 10- 4.02

3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076

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0.94
0.98
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1.06
1.10
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1.18
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[29/32)
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3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160

1010101010101010-

4.06
4.09
4.13
4.17
4.21
4.25
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4.33

[1/16)
[3/32J
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10- 11.37 [3/8]
10- 4,1.1 [13/32J

3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
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3240

10101010101010101010-

10101010101010101010-

1.30
1.34
1.38
1.42
1.46
1.50
1.54
1.57
1.61
1.65

[19/(>4J
[11/32J
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[21/32)

3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170

10101010101010101010-

4.45
4.49
4.53
4.57
4.61
4.65
4.69
4.72
4.76
4.80

[29/64J
131/64J
(17/32J
[9/16J
(39/61.J
[41/64J
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[49/M)
[51/64J

31.41
3242
3243
321,4
3245
3246
3247
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3249
3250

10- 7.60
10- 7.64
10- 7.68
10- 7.72
10-7.76
10- 7.80
10- 7.83
10- 7.87
10- 7.91
10- 7.95

[19/32J
[41/64J
[43/64J
[1..1/32J
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331.1
331.2
337.3
337.4
3325
3326
331.7
3328
3329
3330

10-10.75
10-10.79
10-10.83
10-10.87
10-10.91
10-10.94
10-10.98
10-11.02
10-11.06
10-11.10

13/4J
125/32J
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3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
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3100

10101010101010101010-

1.69
1.73
1. 77
1.81
1.85
1.89
1.93
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2.05

[11/16J
[47/64J
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[27/32)
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3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
J176
3177
3178
3179
3180

10101010lO1010101010-

4.84
4.88
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5.00
5.04
5.08
5.12
5.16
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[27/32J
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[59/MJ
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3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260

10101010101010101010-

7.99
8.03
8.07
8.11
8.15
8.19
8.23
8.27
8.31
8.35

[63/61,J
[1/32J
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[7/61,)
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3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340

10-11.14
10-11.18
10-11.22
10-11.1.6
10-11.30
10-11.34
10-11.38
10-11.42
10-11.46
10-11.50

(9/MJ
[3/16J
[7/31.J
[17/MJ
119/MJ
[11/32J
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301.1 9-10.94 [15/16)

307.7. 9-10.98 131/31.J
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9-11.02 [l/64J
301.4 9-11.0', [1/16)
301.5 9-11.09 [3/31.J
301.6 9-11.13 [9/64J
301.7 9-11.17 [11/64J
3028 9-11.21 [7/32J
3029 9-11.1.5 [1/4J
3030 9-11.29 1 19/61,J

3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3100
3109
3110

10101010101010101010-

2.09 [3/31.J
1..13 [1/8J
2.17 [11/64 J
2.1.0 [13/64J
2.24 [1/4J
1..1.8 [9/32J
2.32 [21/64 J
2.36 [1.3/(4)
2.40 [13/32J
7..1,4 [7/16J

3181
3181.
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190

10101010101010101010-

5.24
5.28
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5.35
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5.43
5.47
5.51
5.55
5.59

[15/(4)
[9/32J
[5/16J
[23/64J
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[33/64J
[35/MJ
(19/32)

3261
3261.
3263
3264
31.65
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270

10101010101010101010-

8.39
8.43
8.46
8.50
8.54
8.58
8.61.
8.66
8.70
8.74

[25/64J
[27/64 J
[15/32J
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[21/32J
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3341
3342
3343
331,4
3.345
3346
3347
3348
3349
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10-11.54
10-11.57
10-11.61
10-11.65
10-11.69
10-11.73
10-11.77
10-11.81
10-11.85
10-11.89

[17/32J
(37/64J
[39/61.]
[1.1/31.J
[11/16J
147/MJ
[49/M)
(13/16)
[27/32J
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3031 9-11.33 [1.1/64J

3031. 9-11.37 [3/8J
3033 9-11.41 [.1.1/32J
3034 9-11.45 129/64J
3035 9-11.1.9 [31/64 J
3036 9-11.53 [17/32J
3037 9-11.57 [9/16J
3038 9-11.61 [39/64J
3039 9-11.65 [41/MJ
3040 9-11.69 [11/161

31ll
3117.
3113
3114
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3116
3117
3118
3119
3120

10101010101010101010-

2.48
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2.68
2.72
2.76
2.80
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3191
3191.
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200

10101010101010101010-

5.63
5.67
5.71
5.75
5.79
5.83
5.87
5.91
5.94
5.98

[5/8J
[43/64J
[45/M J
[3/4J
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[55/64J
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31.71
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
31.78
3279
3280

10101010101010101010-

8.78
8.82
8.86
8.90
8.94
8.98
9.02
9.06
9.09
9.13

[25/32)
[13/16J
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[31/32J
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3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360

10-11.93
10-11.97
11- 0.01
11- 0.05
11- 0.09
11- 0.13
11- 0.17
11- 0.20
11- 0.24
11- 0.28

[59/MJ
[31/32J
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9- 9,1,0
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10101010101010101010-

[31/64 J
[33/641
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[19/32J
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10-10.1.8 (9/32J
10-10.31 [5/16J

MILLIMETERS CONVERTED TO FEET AND INCHES

3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370

11111111111111111111-

0.32
0.36
0.40
0.44
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.64
0.68

[21/64J
[23/64J
[13/32J
[7/16J
[31/64J
[33/(4)
[9/16J
[19/32J
[41/64J
[l.3/64J

3441
3442
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3.47
3.51
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6.62
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6.82
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3371
3372
3373
3374
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0.72
0.76
0.80
0.83
0.87
0.91
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[23/32J
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3.87
3.91
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[55/64]
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3531
3532
3533
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7.02
7.06
7.09
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7.17
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1.50
1.54
1.58
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12121212121212121212-

7.61
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3711
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[21/321
II I/[(,}
[I,l/GI.[

1.9'1()

2.57
2.61
2.65
2.69
l.72
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J()2.1',0
2.:-)L,
J(J-

Ij(J:j)

1()-

1.')- 8.{i2
15- H,(JC)

[c,/8J

l.s7l

15-11.77

[iNt),)

I/JS1

lb- L.{J2

4872

15-J I .81 Ill/I,,}

15-11 . 8:) ILl /321
15-11.89
1:,7/61,)

1/)')2
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l(j-

15- 8.70
15- 8.74
15- B.70

121/"J21
145/f,4}
[1.7/6i,)
[2c,/32}

4954

15- 8.82
15- 8.8[,

IU/lt,)
155/f,l.)

16- 3.04 (3/6 )

"
16- J.OB [5/(,I+}
16- 3.12 11/81
16- 3.16 [5/32}
]6- J.20 113/64J
16- 3.24 115/1'!')
11,- 3.28 19/32 }

15- tLtXJ 157/6~J

15- 8.91, IL5/16J
15- 8.913 131/32}

1''''565 lS-U.54
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,,'367 15-11.lJ!
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15-11.V)
Lv1f/)

(.en
4S71,
4P>Y)

15-11.93
15-11. 97
4876
1377 ]6- 0.01
l.87ii
16- 0.05
1<il79 16- 0.09
4880
16- 0.13

159/U.}

L{)43

131/32}
!l/l>4}

4955
1,956
L{JS7

13/(,41
1:1/32)

4958
4959

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4%0

l616IbtG!I,-

J()-

2.c.~

L.%
3.00

13/81
[13/321
IL'J/({.[
131/(,1.]

117/641
15/lt'[
IlI/J2}
125/(".[
15- 8.Ld [27/6l')
15- 8.4(, 115/321
15- 8.)() I ]/2J
15- H.Si . 1"),i/(,1,)
15- 0.:).,1) I JI/(,I.}

14]/641
[1l/16}
123/321
li<'J/6t.}
[51/(,1"

4991
4992
'f993
4994

15/16}
123/61, J
125/641
17/16)
115/32}
133/641
[35/64}
11'J/32}
15/8J
{I.3/64 1

3.71
3.75
16- 3.79
16- 3.83
16- 3.87
1&- 3.91
16- 3.9t

145/104 I

16- 3.98
16- 1,.02
16- 4.06

163/U.)

1616-

16](,-

13/41
125/321
153/61.}
155/f>4}
129/321
115/](.[
11/32}
[1/16}

1. 10 17/6l.[
4.14 1')/6I+)

16- 4.50
16- 4.5L1
l()- 4.57

16- 4.61
'1995 16- 4.65
4996
16- 4.m
1{')97 16- 4.73
1,991:) 16- 4./7
49tJ<) 16- i B1
16- 4.ii5
5000
5001 16- 4.8'J
lG- 4.93
5002
:<)(13 16- 4.97
5004
16- 5.01
:<J05 16- 5.05
5006
16- 5.09
c:!)07 ](,- 5.U
5008
500')
5010

1(/- 2.1'3 19/f,l,1

1{)- 2.17 [H/"I.)
.t(,- 2.2]
I7/3L}
1[,- 2.25 11/41
16- 2.3J
16- 2.37
16- 2.LI1

3.31
3.35
3.39
3.43
3.47
3.51
3.55
3.59
3.63
3.67

1,9kt,

111/32J
[2\/64}
127/64 }
16- 1.t16 [1502}
1()- 1.50
11/2}
16- 1. 54 [:15/6l,)
16- 1.51J [37/6',)
16- 1.62 15/8}
16- 1.66 121jJ2 }

1192t; ]6- 2.02

LfSl!9 16- 2.0G
](,- 2.0')
49JO

I)-II.:}!.

l.1')

4974
l.975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980

16161616161616161616-

16- 4.18 [3/]6)

lh- /1.1'2 17/'121
I,()K')
I/;- 1,.2() [II /fA}
119Bb lb- II.j(J II'J/V,[
LI91)7 ](1- 1,.JLf I I 1/321
LI(J8B 1G- 4 :18 /:lid}
4(JBY ](1- ("ifL. [n/f'!,1
1(1)(JO Ib- 1,.(,(, [2'1/(,1, I

/{no

1(1-

4971
4972
L,973

4981
4982
4(j83

11/321
15/1'!'
[7/t,l.[

[5/121
l'lIII,1
115/f,4}
117/f,l,)

Lk'iflJ

I.SUI

4970

161/U.)
[r,3/(,I.)

11,- L19
16- 1.23
](J1.27

4916
Lfen7

13/4 I
!Zc'/321
[5"1/('!.}

1()- 0.95
J6- 0.99
16- 1.03
l.tfl
1()1(,- 1.11

4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
1,969

16- 0.56 19/16}

48')2
16- O.W 119/32}
1<il93 16- 0.6I, 141/64 J
L,894
16- O.f>8 143/6i')
4895
16- 0.72 [23/32}
4.'>%
16- 0.76 13/4}
4897
16- 0.80 151/64)
1189ti 1(,- 0.83 153/64)
tt899
16- 0.87 17/8J
4900
16- 0.91 [29/32}

131/64}
117/321
['J/161
139/6i.)
I!<I/(i;j

151/64}
127/32}
I7/B}
15'J/U.)
It,[/(,I.[

4757
15L17S8 154759
15L,7W
15-

11/8J
15/32}
[13/64)

149/61"
[1'I/ll,j

15- 9.80
15- 9.84
15- 9.8,Q
1')- 9.{)'L

4822
4823

1.831
i1832

5.79
5.83

46:Jb
4Cd9
4(,40

l,716
4717
4718
L,719
4720

1,,'i21

[3/(>4 }

1515-

133/64J

Inn2J
111/1(,)
[I,7/V.)

15- 7.05
15- 7.09
15- 7.13
15- 7.17
15- 7.20
1.5- 7.2L,

47Y7
4798
1.799

2.52

15-

4751
4752
4753
4754
II7S5
47cx,

[l.5/64

15-

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4820

L"i12

47'J4
4795
L.796

Lf6Jb
4637

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4815
15- 9.57
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11-'117 15- 9.65
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L1819 15- 9.n

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119/321
[5/ii}
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If713

11J/32}
129/61,}

4811
15- 9.41
1>812 15- 9.45
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4813
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119/64}
111/32 J
15- 6.38 IJ/8}
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15- (J.41) 129/64 }
15- 6.5U 11/21
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t5- 6.()7
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5.59
5.63
5.67
5.71
5.75

4714
1,715

1.881

117/61+}

474Y
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4776
4777
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11/16}
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19/64}
111/641
17/32}
11/4}
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[J/8]

4810

15- b.W) 1?J/321

15- (l.Wl 151/(>1,)
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1515151515-

IDIl2J
17/16}
131/V.)

i5- 2.56 19/16)

151/64 J
127/32)

9.02
9.06
9.09
9.13
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9.21
9.25
9.29
9.:33
9.37

17/32J

L171,7
If7LiK

4791
L.792
L,/93

4711
1,712

46,3IJ

141/64 }

15151515151515151515-

13/16}

15- 6.73
15- 6.77
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[5- 5.1,7 [15132}

15- 5. :)1 [ :13/(>-,<1
15- 5.55 135/IJ.}

121/641
123/(,l.]

1.6]:)

19/16}
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4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
1.8C6
4807
4808
1.809

4743
4)/;1,

15-

2.32
2.3()
2.40
2.1>4
2.48

11635

131/64J
[17/32}

15- 6.26
15- 1,.30
15- 6.31'1

11/32J
[1/16}
17/61')
[9/64}

15- 6.65
15- ().69

L,nO

J51')lS1515-

ft(j32

4.33
4.37
1,.41
4.45
4.49
if.53
1,.57
4.61
1,.65

[1/4J

15- 6.10
15- 6.14
15- 6.18
15- 6.22

155/64J
129/32}
115/161
163/64}

4741
L.742

47L,5

157/6I+}

5.87
5.S11
5.94
5.98
6.02
6.06

[37/64}
[39/64]

151515151515-

3.90
3.94
3.98
4.02
4.06
4.09

15151515151.\-

15- f,.57
15- 6.61

If71{;

1.5- Lf.69 [t1/16}

15- 4.72 [23/32}
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1. 54
1. 57
1.6]
1.65

4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
47'1J

15- 3.70
l5- 3.7/f
15- 3.m
[25/32)
15- :>.82 [U/16}
1)- j .K(J 155/6!')

4691
4692
1,(,93

15151515-

4723
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4738
t,739
474(J

115/32J

ItG11
1,612
4(,]3

4688

4721
1,722

47Jl
4732
4733
47'1,
4735
4736
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17/64J
15/32J
[J/16}

4689
469')

[17/64J
119/(>4 J
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113/161
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157/M}
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131/64}
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4648
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163/64)
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13/8J
LIGO:~ 15- 1.Lf2 [D/64}
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4(,U')
1.610 1.5- 1. 50 [1/2J

1+603 15- 1.22

1;604 15- 1.26
1>605 15- 1. 30
4G08 15- 1.">4
1{,07 15- 1.38

[25/32j

113/32 I
12'J/61,)

4644
4645
4646
1>647

2.72
2.76
2.80
2.83
2.87
2.91
2.95
2.99
3.03
3.07

151515151515151515-

15- I.H5 127/32 }

1';'- I .~)\)[c,I/(,I.]

14-lI .17 [ fl/U.}

11,-[ J. 2] [7/"J2)
1I4-11.!.'i 11/I.)
14-11.29
11'J/6I<J
[4-il.3J
121/6I.}
11,-11.37
13/8}
Jf,-1l.41
It,-11.L,5
14-11.49
14-11.53

i.t'iX)

1515151515-

'Ib/O

IJ/IG}
11/12}
It,-II. l:l ['J/o4}

4641
4642
1.643

lll-11.92

4567
L.568

111/161
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14- 8.97
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It,- 9.05
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11,-11. 57 19/16}
1/,-11.61
139/64J
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14-11.69
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14-11.76
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14-11.80
151/64}
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11,-11.88 17/8J

15151515151515151515-

4561
4562
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t,5E1i
1,565
L,566

:<JIl
5012
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:<H4
c:(]]5
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5022
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5026
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[n/121

5028
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17/11}

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:1032

'';{Ul
5033
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5035
5036
50:17
5038
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1(,- 5.17
16- 5.20
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11/21
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139/6',)
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16- 5.6f,
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5.76
5.80
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123/32 }
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17/8}
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16- 6.27 117/(,4J
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2.0617
2.1598
2.2580

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2.~5114
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2.5525
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2~07
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2.7489
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1.227f
1.3530
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2.7612
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3.1416
33410
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E~"l..
3.9761
4,000
4.4301
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4.9087
5.1572
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9.81 ri
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10.7 JO
10.401
10.003
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11.388
11.585
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11.917
12174
12370
17.566
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12.959
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1.135,
13.548
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14.137
14.33~
14.530
14.726
14.923
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15.315
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10,708
15.904
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16297
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16.886
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17.279
17.415
17.671
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18.064
182&1
18.457
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18.850
19.242
19635
20.420
20.8J 3
21.206

6.4918
6.7171
10086
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lbl;99
L97~8
8.2958
8.6179
8.9462
9.2806
96711
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10.3(1
10.680
11.045
11.416
11.793
1,177.
17.566
1?96'
13304
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14.186
14.607
15.0:33
15460
10,.904
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17.257
17.l2l
18.190
18.665

L9,-14L
19.635
20.1,9
20.629
21135
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22.691
23221
23.758
74.301
24.850
z.".40~_
75967
26.535
27.109
27.688_
28.274
29465
30.680
31._~1.9_
33.183
34.472
35.785

-'-l.c5.o_s...

3LUL

n991
22384
22.77&
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2,156,

38485
39.871
41.282
42}.t8_
44.179

45664
47.173
48.707
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50.?fi~-;
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7~i52:)
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75.918
53.456
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2b.311
55.088
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74347

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8' R
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10':'
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TABLE M-4

& AREA

CIRCLES: DIAMETER, CIRCUMFERENCE

7,10

27096
27489
?l.882
78?14
,8.661
79000
29m
,9.8,15
30)38
30031
-,1 102l
31.410
3,201
32987
}}}72
34.5',8
35.343
36128
36914
31.[,99
38485
39.210
40W15
40.841
41[,(6
42.412
43I 97
43.982
44768
45.50,3
46.338
41124
~7.<)09
48695
4 9480

16
50.265
IG'~
51.0~)1
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51836
l(jl __ 5_2622_.
17
53407
17::'
54192
In,
54978
!?~ 25_~7~__
18
56.549
18!:;
5733~
18';
58119
181i
58.:.9~
1 <)
59.690
19':'
00476
19:2
61.261
L9i'
---"204(;._
20
6,.83,
20.'
U617
20~
64.403
20J
65188

58426
60.132
61.86,
63017
60,.397
67.201
.li9079
70.882
72.760
7466,
76.:.58}
78.540
82.0,16
86.590
90}6l
%.033
99402
10387
10843
11310
11/86

Inn
12768
132.73
13789
143.14
148.49
15394
15948
16513
170.87
176.71
182.G5
18869
.L94..c~3._
,01.06
207.31
213.82
Z.2~~s..
22698
23371
240.53

~~~,!-~._
254.47
20159
268.80
2~E7c_
283.53
291.04
298.65
30b 3_5_
314.J6
322.06
33006
338.16

21
60,.973
ill;
66.759
7111
67.5411
71',
68.330
22----6911S--380T,

34636
354.66
363.05
371.54

37
116.239
37;1,
117.024
37'.;
117.810
37),
118.596
"3s----jf9:":381---TI34.1

1075.2
1089.8
1104.5
11192

22'.;
(2';
22';
23
23':'
231;
(3',;

69.900
70.686
71.471
72.257
73.042
73.827
74.G13

388.82
397.61
400.49
415.48
424.5G
433.74
44301

38~,
120.166
38:i
120.951
38%
121.737
39---1-2~--lf94:6

1149.1
1164.2
1179.3

7&.184
76.969
77.754
~~j
78.540
251.~
79.325
25';
80.111
25':'
80.896
2G~-8f581---53o:g:3
26';
82.467
2612
83.252
2G'"
84.038

461.86
471.44
481.11
49"[8]
500.74
510.71
520.77
541.19
551.55
502.00

27\:,
27';
27';

85.608
86.394
87.179

583.21
593.96
004.81

fR';
78';
28';

88.750
89.535
90.121

G26.80
637.94
G49.18

2~-----7~398---~S2:j!J
74~,;
74';
2tP~

27----84Tz3---57256

(8---87:965---

G15~7S

29--------gj'} 0-6--"""66D.SZ
29' ,;
91892
29';
92.677
2cHd
93.462
30 ---94.24'8---106.86

G7I.96
683.49
695.13

30':'

95.033
95.819
96.604

718.69
730.62
74264

3l'.~
98.175
31';
98960
31%
99.746
3i-~""iOo:53-1----

766.99
77931
791.73
80425

3,':'
101.316
33';
102,102
.3.21:'
102.887
33
103.673
33>:'
104.458
33:~;
105243
33%
106029
3~---106.814----!J07.92

81686
829.58
847.39
855.30
868.31
881.41
894.62

3D' ;
30',;

:;1

w-,

9i389~---j~;~il

107,600
108.385
34'1,
109.170
35--109.956
35':'
110.741
35~i
111.527
30,;:'
112.312
36---illo97
W:'
113.883
36';
114.668
36%
115.454

w;

921.32
934,82
948.42
962.11
975.91
989.80
1003.80
1017.90
1032.10
1046,30
1060.70

39~:'
39';
39';
40
40~,
40';
40%
41
41~:'
41~;
41%
42
42~,
42';
41':,

123.308
1210.0
124.093
1225.4
1(4878
1241.0
175.064---12~)1;.6
126.449
1272.4
127.235
1288,
128,020
13042
128.805
1320.3
129591
1336.4
130.376
13527
131.161
1369.0
131.947
1385.4
132.732
1402.0
133,518
1418.6
134.303
1435.4

43---jK688---1~52.-2
43~;
135.874
43';
136.659
43);
137445
4')~'-138.230
44~,
139015
44',
139801
!4:'j __
~40586
45
141.372
45>,
14,.157
45:;
142.942
45!,
143.728
46
4&:,
46';
46~4
4;47)-;
47);
47):,
48
48>,
48:;
48):,
49
49':,
49~;
49%
50
50:/,
50>2
50%

144.513
145.299
146.084
146869
147.655 -148.440
149.226
150.011
150.79&
151.582
152.367
153.153
153.938
154.723
155.509
156294
157.080
157.865
158.650
159.436

1469.1
1486)
E'03]
1520.5
1537.9
15553
1572.8
1590.4
1608.2
162G.0
1643.9
IG61.9
1680.0
1698.2
1716"
--17349
1753.5
1772.1
17908
18096
1828.5
1847.5
18665
1885.7
1905.0
1924.4
194,19
1963.5
1983.2
2003.0
2022.8

51
160.221
51>;
lGI.007
51 V,
161.792
51'h
162577
52---163.1-63---21

2042.8
20G2.9
2083.1
2103.3
23.7

52;'-,
52Y,

2144.2
2164.8

1&4.148
164.934

TABLE M-5

DECIMALS OF AN INCH & OF A FOOT

FRACTIONS
OF AN
INCH

!i4

YJ2

DECIMAL
EQUIVALENTS

FRACTIONS
OFA
FOOT

.0052
.0104

Y16"
V8

.015625
.0208
.0260

Vi6

FRAC
TIONS
OF AN
INCH

1%4

'14
Yi6

.03125
.0365
.0417

%
~6

%4

.046875
.0521
.0573

0/16
%
'Y16

Y16

.0625
.0677
.0729

314
lVi6

%4

.078125
.0833
.0885

11)6
1
1Y16

0/32

.09375
.0990
.1042

lYe
1Vi6

%4

.109375
.1146
.1198

11)6
1%
m6

2%4

V8

.1250
.1302
.1354

1 V2
10/16
1%

7'8

.140625
.1458
.1510

1%
1'716

0/32

.15625
.1615
.1667

1%
111)6
2

1!i4

.171875
.1771
.1823

2Y16

2V8
2Vi6

.1875
.1927
.1979

2'l4
2Y16
2%

~6

.203125
.2083
.2135

2~6

2%4

2V2

'l"32

.21875
.2240
.2292

2%
21Y16
2%

11&4

.234375
.2396
.2448

2'Vi6
2%
211)6

.2500

%4

716

1%4

'l4

0/32

FRACTIONS
OFA
FOOT

.2552
.2604

3Y16"
3V8

.265625
.2708
.2760

3'l4
3Yi6

3Vi6

FRAC
TIONS
OF AN
INCH

3%4

DECIMAL
EQUIVALENTS

FRACTIONS
OFA
FOOT

.5052
.5104

6Y16"
6V8

.515625
.5208
.5260

6Vi6

.53125
.5365
.5417

6%
6~6

6V2

FRAC
TIONS
OFAN
INCH

4%4

6'l4
6Yi6

DECIMAL
EQ UIV AlENTS

FRACTIONS
OFA
FOOT

.7552
.7604

9Ye

.765625
.7708
.7760

9'l4
9Yi6

9Y16"
9Vi6

.78125
.7865
.7917

9%
9~6

5!i4

.796875
.8021
.8073

90/16
9%
91Y16

'Vi6

.8125
.8177
.8229

9'Yt6

.28125
.2865
.2917

37'8
3~6

1%4

.296875
.3021
.3073

30/16
3%
3'Y16

31&4

.546875
.5521
.5573

60/16
6%
6'Y16

1)6

.3125
.3177
.3229

3%

0/16

.5625
.5677
.5729

6%

6'Yt6
6%

2\44

.328125
.3333
.3385

3'1)6
4
4Y16

3%4

.578125
.5833
.5885

6'1)6
7
7Y16

5%4

.828125
.8333
.8385

91Yi6
10
IOYl6

lV32

.34375
.3490
.3542

4Va
4Yt6

'%2

7V8
7Yt6

2~2

4'l4

.59375
.5990
.6042

7'l4

.84375
.8490
.8542

10716
10 'l4

.359375
.3646
.3698

41)6
4%
4~6

3%4

.609375
.6146
.6198

71)6
77'a
7~6

5%4

.859375
.8646
.8698

IOYi6
107'8
10~6

.3750
.3802
.3854

4V2

.6250
.6302
.6354

7V2

40/16
4%

7%
7%

.8750
.8802
.8854

100/16
10%

.390625
.3958
.4010

41Y16
4%
41Yt6

4].i4

.890625
.8958
.9010

10314
10'Yt6

17'32

.40625
.4115
.4167

4%
41Yi6
5

2%4

.421875
.4271
.4328

5Y16
5716

.4375
.4427
.4479

5Yi6
57'8

V2

1'l4

jl Y16

DECIMAL
EQUIVALENTS

2%4

1~2

3V2

31Yt6
3%

9V2

9314
9%

IOV8

10V2

1011!J6

.640625
.6458
.6510

71Y16
7%

2Y32

.6562:5
.6615
.6667

7%
7'1)6
8

2%2

.90625
.9115
.9167

10%
1011)6
11

4%4

.671875
.6771
.6823

8Y16

5%4

.921875
.9271
.9323

11 Y16
11 V8
11716

I Y16

.6875
.6927
.6979

8'l4
81)6'
8%

lYi6

.9375
.9427
.9479

11 'l4
111)6
117'8

41&4

.703125
.7083
.7135

8~6

6)1,4

8V2
80/16

.953125
.9583
.9635

11~6
11 V2
110/16

5V8
5114

2%2

5%4

7'Vi6

8Va
8716

.453125
.4583
.4635

50/16

'0/32

.46875
.4740
.4792

5%
5'Y16
5%

2o/.a

.71875
.7240
.7292

8%
8'Y16
8%

3Y32

.96875
.9740
.9792

I His
111 Y16
11%

3\44

.484375
.4896
.4948

51Vi6
5%
51716

4%4

.734375
.7396
.7448

81716
8%
811)6

6%4

.984375
.9896
.9948

1 Jl716
11%
1111)6

.5000

.7500

1.000

12

20/16

V2

5~6

5V2

314

OF laC TEMPERATURE
'C.

Given
Temp.

--273
-268
--262
-257
--251

-459.4
-450
-440
-430-161
-420

-246
--240
-234
-229
-223

-410
-400
--390
-380
-370

-218
-212
-207
--201
--196

Given
C. Temp. oF.

of.

-17.8
-172
-167

TABLE M-6

CONVERSION
Given
'C. Temp. of.

Given
C. Temp. 'F.

Given
'C. Temp. 'F.

Given
'C. Temp. 'F.

Given
'C. Temp. 'F.

-156

0
1
2
3
4

32
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2

10.0
10.6
11.1
11.7
12.2

50
51
52
53
54

122.0
1238
125.6
1274
129.2

43
49
54
60
66

110
120
130
140
150

230
248
266
284
302

321
327
332
338
343

610
620
630
640
650

1130
1148
1166
1184
1202

604
610
616
621
627

1120
1130
1140
1150
1160

2048
2066
2084
2102
2120

888 1630 2966

893 1640 2984
899 1650 3002
904 1660 3020
910 1670 3038

-15.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8

5
6
7
8
9

41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2

12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0

55
56
57
58
59

131.0
132.8
134.6
136.4
138.2

71
77
82
88
93

160
170
180
190
200

320
338
356
374
392

349
354
360
366
371

660
670
680
690
700

1220
1238
1256
1274
1292

632
638
643
649
654

1170
1180
1190
1200
1210

2138
2156
2174
2192
2210

916
921
927
932
938

1680
1690
1700
1710
1720

3056
3074
3092
3110
3128

-360
-350
-340
-330
--320

-12.2
-11.7
-11.1
-10.6
-10.0

10
11
12
13
14

50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2

15.6
16.1
167
172
17.8

60
61
62
63
64

140.0
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2

99
100
104
110
116

210
212
220
230
240

410
413.6
428
446
464

377
382
388
393
399

710
720
730
740
750

1310
1328
1346
1364
1382

660
666
671
677
682

1220
1230
1240
1250
1260

2228
2246
2264
2282
2300

943
949
954
960
966

1730
1740
1750
1760
1770

3146
3164
3182
3200
3218

-190
-184
-179
-173
-169

-310
-300
-290
-280
-273

-459.4

----

9.4
8.9
8.3
7.8
7.2

15
16
17
18
19

59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2

18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.6

65
66
67
68
69

149.0
150.8
152.6
154.4
1562

121
127
132
138
143

250
260
270
280
290

482
500
518
536
554

404
410
416
421
427

760 1400
770 1418
780 1436
790 1454
800 1472

688
693
699
704
710

1270
1280
1290
1300
1310

2318
2336
2354
2372
2390

971 1780 3236

977 1790 3254
982 1800 3272
988 1810 3290
993 1820 3308

-168
-162
-157
-151
-146

--270
-260
-250
-240
--230

-454
-436
-418
-400
-382

---

67
6.1
5.6
5.0
4.4

20
21
22
23
24

68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2

21.1
217
22.2
22.8
23.3

70
71
72
73
74

158.0
159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2

149
154
160
166
171

300
310
320
330
340

572
590
608
626
644

432
438
443
449
454

810 1490
820 1508
830 1526
840 1544
850 1562

716
721
727
732
738

1320
1330
1340
1350
1360

2408
2426
2444
2462
2480

999
1004
1010
1016
1021

1830
1840
1850
1860
1870

3326
3344
3362
3380
3398

-140
-134
-129
-123
-118-180

--220
-21Q
-200
-190

-364
-346
-328
-310
-292

3.9
3.3
2.8
2.2
1.7

25
26
27
28
29

77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2

23.9
24.4
25.0
25.6
26.1

75
76
77
78
79

167.0
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2

177
182
188
193
199

350
360
370
380
390

662
680
698
716
734

460
466
471
477
482

860
870
880
890
900

1580
1598
1616
1634
1652

743
749
754
760
766

1370
1380
1390
1400
1410

2498
2516
2534
2552
2570

1027
1032
1038
1043
1049

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

3416
3434
3452
3470
3488

204
210
216
221
227

400
410
420
430
440

752
770
788
806
824

488
493
499
504
5]0

910
920
930
940
950

1670
1688
1706
1724
1742

771
777
782
788
793

1420
1430
1440
1450
1460

2588
2606
2624
2642
2660

1054
1060
1066
1071
1077

1930
1940
1950
1960
1970

3506
3524
3542
3560
3578

232
238
243
249
254

450
460
470
480
490

842
860
878
896
914

516
521
527
532
538

960
970
980
990
1000

1760
1778
1796
1814
1832

799
804
810
816
821

1470
1480
1490
1500
1510

2678
2696
2714
2732
2750

1082
1088
1093
1121
1149

1980
1990
2000
2050
2100

3596
3614
3632
3722
3812

---

-112
-170
-274
- 1.1 30
-107
-160
-256
- 0.6 31
-101
-150
-238
0.0 32
- 96
-140
-220
0.6 33
-- 90
---130
-202
11
34
---_._-----_.~~---_._---~.
--

84
79
73
68
62

---120
-110
-100
- 90
- 80112

-184
-166
-148
-130

1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9

35
36
37
38
39

86.0
26.7 80 176.0
87.8
27.2 81 177.8
89.6
27.8 82 179.6
91.4
28.3 83 181.4
93.2 --_._------28.9 84 1832
950
29.4 85 185.0
96.8
30.0 86 186.8
98.6
30.6 87 188.6
100.4
31.1 88 190.4
102.2
31.7 89 1922

57
51
46
40
34

---

70
60
50
40
30

4.4
5.0
5.6
6.1
67

40
41
42
43
44

104.0
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2

32.2
32.8
33.3
33.9
344

90
91
92
93
94

194.0
195.8
197.6
199.4
201.2

260
266
271
277
282

500 932
510 950
520 968
530 986
540 1004

543
549
554
560
566

1010
1020
1030
1040
1050

1850
1868
1886
1904
1922

827 1520 2768

832 1530 2786
838 1540 2804
843 1550 2822
849 1560 2840

1204
1232
1260
1316
1371

2200
2250
2300
2400
2500

3922
4082
4172
4352
4532

-- 29
23
-- 17.8

2010
0

7.2
78
8.3
8.9
9.4

45
46
47
48
49

113.0
114.8
116.6
118.4
120.2

35.0 95
35.6 96
36.1 97
36.7 98
37.2 99
378 100

203.0
204.8
206.6
208.4
210.2
212.0

288
293
299
304
310
316

550
560
570
580
590
600

571
577
582
588
593
599

1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1110

1940
1958
1976
1994
2012
2030

854
860
866
871
877
882

1427
] 482
1510
1538
1593
1649

2600
2700
2750
2800
2900
3000

4712
4892
4982
5072
5252
5432

94
76
58
40
22

4
I 14
I 32

"--------

] 022
1040
1058
]076
1094
1112

1570
1580
1590
1600
1610
1620

2858
2876
2894
2912
2930
2948

indicates
value is exact.
Units in pounds are avoirupois.
Abbreviations
include:
Btu = British
thermal
unit;
C = Centigrade
&/or Celsius:
Chu = Centlgrade
heat unit;
cu = cubic;
EEC = European Economic Community:
F = Fahrenheit;
ft = feet or foot:
Hg = Mercury:
in = inch(es):
k = kelvin:
kgf = kilogram-force:
lbf = pound-force;
liq = liquid;
R = Rankine;
sq = square~ UK = United Kingdom: US = United States.

43 560
4 840
4 046.856 4
0.404 685 6
0.001 562 5*

square feet
square yards
square meters
hectare
square mil e

cubic decimeter 1
1 000

1iter
cubic cm

cubic inch

16.387 064*
0.016 387 064

cubic cm
1iter

43 560
1 233.481 8
325 851.43

cubic feet
cubic meters
gallons (US)

cubic foot

100
119.599 01
0.024 710 54

square meters
square yards
acre

28 316.846 6
0.028 316 85
1 728
0.037 037 04
28.316 846 6
7.480 519 5
6.228 835 6

cubic cm
cubic meter
CUbic inches
cubic yard
1iters
gallons (US)
gallons (UK)

1.013 251f
101 3251f
759.999 81
29.921 252
33.932 447
14.695 949

bar
pascals

cubic ft/dcre

0.069 972 3

/Tun of

cubic foot
of water

62.365 578

pounds @ 15.6C
[60F]

cubic meter

35.314 667
1.307 950 6
264.172 052
1 000
2 113.376 42

cubic feet
cubic yards
gallons (US)
liters
pints (US)

cubic yard

0.764 554 9
764.554 86
201.974 03

cubic meter
1iters
gallons(US)

decimeter [dm]

3.937 007 9
100
10

inches
mi 11imeters
centimeters

0.017 453 29

radian

Hg @ 32F

inches of Hg @ 32F
ft of water @ 60F
pounds/square inch

14.503 774 1

pascals
newtons/sq meter
newton/sq mm
pounds/sq inch

barrel [bbl]
(petro 1eum)

42
5.614 583 3
0.158 987 3

gallons (US)
cubic feet
cubic meter

Btu

778.169 4
107.585 76
0.000 293 07
1 055.056
1 054.350

foot-pounds
kilogram-meters
ki llowatt-hour
joules
joules

0.216 158 2
0.293 071 1

foot-pound/second
watt

(US)

1.244 456
0.035 239 07

cubic feet
cubic meter

bushel [bu]

1 .032 06

!lushe1s (US)

120
720
219.456*

fattloms
fet't
meters

100 000
100 000
O. P

(International
Table):
(thermochemical U.S.):

degree (angle)

meters

dekameter [dam] 10

bushel [bu]

(US)

Celsius

Centigrade

Centigrade

Celsius

meter/second
meter/minute

0.304 8*
304.8"

meter
Illi 11imeters

12

i nOH'S

1.355 817 9

joules

foot (lleacJ)of
water @ 15.6C
[60F]

2 986.08
0.433 094
62.365 578

pascals
poun(J!sq inetl
pounds/sq foot
feet
mf'ters

inch
mi 11imeters

660
201.16B"

66
22
20.116 8

feet
yards
meter's

0.125

1f

Chu (obsolete
unit )

0.005 08
0.304 8if

10

centimeter [cm] 0.393 700 8

chain (gunter
or surveyors)

feet
meters

1f

(UK)

callle

1 .828 8"

1.8

220
1

ga 11 on (US)
- 1 i qu i (j

'

3.785 411 78
3 785.411 78
0.003 785 4
0.133 680 56

YiirrJs
le

Illi

1iters
cut)ic ems
cubic meter
cubic foot

231
8
4

0.832 674 18
8.336 7
ga 11 on (UK)

-liquid

1.200 949 9
4.546 09"
4.546 09Jf
277.419 43
8

10.012

gravity: std
free fall

gallons (US)
1 iters
cubic decimeters
cubic inctles
pints
quarts
pounds of \dater
@ 15.6C [60F]

0.001"
0.035 273 96
15.432 36

kilogram
ounce
grains

32.174
9.806 65'f

feet/second/second
m/second/second

kilometer

[km]

0.621 371 2

kilowatt-hour

3 412.141 3

liter [L]

1 000
1

0.001"
61.023 744 1
0.035 314 67
0.264 172 1
2.113 376 42
33.814 022 7
meter Em]

39.370 079
3.280 839 9
1.093 613 3
0.000 621 4
1 000
100
O.OOP

micrometer
(micron)

O.OOP

0.000 039 37

CUbic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic

centimeters
decimeter
meter
inches
foot

ga 11 on (1 i q. US)

pints (1iq.
fluid ounces

mi le

millimeters
centimeters
kilometer
millimeter
inch

mil

2.471 053 8
10 000
107639.1
0.003 861

acres
square meters
square feet
square mile

inch
0.001"
0.025 4'f
millimeter
O.000 025 4'f meter

mile

42.407 219
2 544.433 1
33 000
550
745.699 87

Btu/minute
Btu/Ilour
foot-pounds/minute
foot-pounds/second
watts

1.609 344"
1 609.344'f
5 280
1 760

33471.4398
9 809.5

Btu/hour
watts

11700

US)
(US)

inches
feet
yards

gram
pound

0.064 798 91

horsepower
(boiler)

cubiC inches
pints
quarts
gallon (UK)
pounds of water
@ 15.6C [60F]

ki lometers
meters
feet
yards
furlongs

mi 11 imeter [nun] 0.1'f

0.001'f
0.039 370 79

centimeter
meter
inctl

newton (N)

kilogram-force
pound-force

0.101 971 62
0.224 808 93

horsepower
(metri c)

pascal

horsepovler
(electric)

28.349 523 12 grams

kilogram
0.028 349 5
0.278 013 85 nevlton

watts
25.4"
2.54'f
0.025 4'f

mi 11 imeters
centimeters
meter

0.000 145 04

newton/sq meter
pound/sq inch

inch (head) of
mercury @ 60F

1.130 863 9
3 376.85

feet of water
pascals

16
20

fluid ounces (US)

fluid ounces (UK)

inch (head) of
water @ 60F

248.84

joule

0.000 947 8
0.737562 18

inch

[J]

kilogram

[kg]

ksi (kip
per Sq in)

ounces
16
grams
453.592 37"
0.453 592 37" kilogram
4.448 221 615 newtons
grains
7 000

Btu

foot-pound
watt- second

2.204 623
1 000

pouncls
grams

98 066.5*
14.223 344

pascals
lbf/sq in

1 000
4 448.221 615

1bf
newtons

6 894 757
6.894 757

pascals
megapascals

poun(J/sq in
(ps i)

[MPa]

6 894.757 2
2.308 966
2.041 772

pascals
ft of water @ 60F
inches of Hg @ 60F

47.880 258
4.882 428

pascals
kg/sq meter

pounds/cu

in

27 679.905

kg/cu meter

pounds/cu

ft

16.018 463

kg/cubic meter

radian [rad]

57.295 779

degrees

MULTIPLY

BY

CONlINUEO

PAGE

FROM PREVIOUS

TO OBTAIN

16.5*
5.029 2*

feet
meters

square

0.155

square inch

0.000 247 1
1.19599
10.763 9
10 000

acre
square yards
square feet
square centimeters

0.386 102 2
247.105 383

square mile
acres

square inch

645.16

square millimeters

square foot

0.092 903 04Jf

144

square meter
square inches

square yard

0.836 127 361f

square meter

square mi le

640
2.589 988
258.998 8

acres
SQ kilometers
hectares

tllerm:
Europe (EEC)
United States

100 000
105 506 000
105 480 400

Btu
joules
joules

ton (short-US,
also net ton)

907.184 74
2 000
0.907 184 74
0.892 857 1

square meter

SQ

kilometer

BY ,

TO OBTAIN

ton (metric)
or tonne

1 000
2 204.623
0.984 206 5
1.102 311

kilograms
pounds
long ton (UK)
short tons (US)

ton of refrigeration

12 000
200
3 517

Btu/hour
Btu/minute
watts

watt

3.412 141 3
0.737 562 2
1

Btu/hour
foot-pound/see
joule/second

watt-hour

3.412 141 3

Btu

yard [yd]

0.914 4*

meter

rod (survey)
CfTI

MULTIPLY

j
'

1f

ton (long-UK,
1 016.046 91
also gross ton) 2 240
1.016 046 91
1.12
J

'

[w]

TEMPERATURE

kilograms
pounds
metric ton
long ton (UK)
kilograms
pounds
metric tons
short tons (US)

CONVERSION:

Fahrenheit to Celsius
Celsius to Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit to kelvin
Celsius to kelvin
kelvin to Celsius
Rankine to kelvin

C
F
K

K
C
K

= (F - 32 ) / 1.8
= (C x 1.8) + 32
= (F + 459.67) / 1.8
= C + 273.15
= K - 273.15
= R / 1.8

V ISCOS!TY:
centipoise
(dynamic)

0.001

pascal second (Pa s)

centistokes
(kinematic)

0.000 001

SQ

meter per second

Non-SI units: This table contains units combining kilogram in units of force and pres su re. In SI.
kilogram is the unit of mass, lnewtonl is the unit of force, and 'pascal' is the unit of pressure

R U L E S
FROM 1866 TO 1959, THE METER WAS
DEFINED AS 39.37-inches. IN 1959,
THE U.S. YARD WAS REDEFINED, FROM
3600/3937m
(0.914 401 828 037m),
TO 0.9144m EXACTLY. HOWEVER, DATA
FROM GEODETIC SURVEYS WITHIN THE
TO USE THE FOOT
U. S. CONTINUED
DERIVED FROM THE PRE-1959 STANDARD: THE U.S. SURVEY FOOT.
THE FOOT DEFINED IN 1959, IS THE
INTERNATIONAL
FOOT, USED IN THIS
TABLE, EXCEPT AS NOTED.

FOR

ROUNDING

Reference:
FIRST DISCARDED

V A L lJ E S

ASTM E 380

DIGIT

LAST RETAINED

If less than 5

NO CHANGE

Equal to 5 and followed by at

least one digit OTHER than 0

INCREASE

DIGIT

BY ONE UNIT

If greater than 5
IF ODD:

INCREASE BY ONE UNIT

Equal to 5 and followed ONLY by zeros

IF EVEN: NO CHANGE

REFERENCES: US Department of Commerce/National

tion; American Society for Testing Materials;

Institute of Standards & Technology; National Aeronautics & Space AdministraThe American Society of Mechanical Engineers; National Physical Laboratory-UK

Aluminum
Asbestos
Aspha lt

0.214
0.20
0.40

Carbon
Carborundum
Cast iron
Cellulose
Cement, dry
Cement, powder
Chalk
Charcoal
Chromium
Coal
Coke
Concrete
Copper
Cork

0.165
0.16
0.12 - 0.13
0.37
0.37
0.20
0.215
0.20 - 0.24
0.12
0.24 - 0.37
0.203
0.19
0.092
0.48

Dowtherm A
Duralumin

0.50
0.23

Earth, dry

0.30

Glass, wool
Granite
Graphite

0.16
0.19
0.201

sp
sp
sp
sp

gr
gr
gr
gr

Glass, plate
Glass, pyrex

GASES

96
91
86
81

0.40
0.44
0.45
0.51
0.12
0.20

0.17 - 0.21

Rocksalt
Rubber

0.22
0.27 - 0.48

Ice:
@
@
@
@

-112F
-40F
-4F
+32F

Kerosene

0.35
0.43
0.47
0.49 - 0.50
0.48 - 0.5.0

Lead
Limestone
Lucite

0.031
0.217
0.35

Magnesia
0.20 - 0.22
Ma 11 eab 1 e iron
0.12
Masonry, brick 0.20 - 0.22
Mineral wool
0.20
Mercury
0.033
Molybdenum
0.06
Nickel
Nylon

Fue 1 oi 1 :

Quartz

Olive oi 1

0.109
0.55
0.35 - 0.47

Paper
0.33
1.14
Plaster of Paris
Platinum
0.03 - 0.039
Polythene
0.53

At Constant At Constant
Pressure
Volume

Air
Ammonia
Argon

0.24
0.54
0.12

0.172
0.422
0.720

Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon disulfide
Chlorine

0.20
0.24
0.16
0.11

Ethylene
Helium
Hydrogen
Hydrog~n sulfide

Salt, granulated
Sand
Sandstone
Seawater, sp gr 1.023
Si 1 ica
Silicon
Soda
Sodium
Steel
Sucrose
Sugar, bulk
Stone
Sulfur

0.21
0.195
0.22
0.94
0.191
0.123
0.231
0.295
0.117
0.30
0.28
0.20
0.178

Tar, bituminous
Teflon
Tile
Tin
Tungsten

0.35
0.25
0.15
0.056
0.04

Water
Wood, fir
oak
pine
\~oodshavings

1.00
0.65
0.57
0.467
0.52

Zinc

0.095

GASES

At Constant At Constant
Volume
Pressure

Iso-butane

0.39

0.355

Methane

0.59

0.446

0.150
0.172
0.132
0.082

Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide

0.24
0.21

0.170
0.166

Oxygen

0.22

0.157

0.40

0.332

Steam:

1.25
3.21
0.25

0.75
2.410
0.189

1.0 psia
14.7 psia
@ 150.0 psia
Sulfur dioxide

0.46
0.47
0.54
0.15

0.349
0.359
0.421
0.119

@
@

Tables P-l present calculated data as a guide only. Spans are for pipe arranged in pipeways with
the following assumptions:
Bare pipe - continuous
straight run with welded joints and two or
more straight spans at each end.

The following factors were not considered in calculating spans for these tables:
Concentrated
mechanical
loads from flanges,
valves,
strainers,
filters,
and other inline
equ ipment - wei ghts of connecting
branch 1 ines - tors iona 1 load ing from thermal movement
sudden reaction from lines(s) discharging contents - vibration - flattening effect of weight of
contents in larger liquid filled lines - weight of insulation and pipe covering - weight of ice
and snow - wi nd loads - sei smi c shock - reduct ion in wa 11 thi ckness of pi pe from thread ing or
grooving.
DESIGN

PRESSURE

- calculated per ANSI B31.1 using allowable

for seamless carbon steel pipe

stress

value,of

9 000 PSI

I1PI ~ I1rnerican Petroleum Institute's standard 5L, for 'Line pipe'. API pipe sizes; manufacturers'
weights: Double-extra-strong
(XXS), Extra-strong (XS), and Standard (STD), are included wi th sche(jule numbers in staCld8fd ANSI 836. 101~. Also refer to 2.1. 3

PIPE DATA: DIMENSIONS & STRESS PARAMETERS

PJPINt; contS
MANlifACIIJIlEIlS'
WIIGIITS

.375

SUlllO

IIlltl

0.0.
(jn.)

.6750
.6750

SID API

Sill80 XS API
._------

.500

SUI 40

_.-

1.25

1.315
1.315
1.315
1.315

1.049
.9570
.8150
.5990

.1330
.1790
.2500
.3580

1.683 2.057
2.177 2.489
2.851 3.077
3.668 3.790

1.660
1.660
1.660
1.660

1.380
1.278
1.160
.8960

.1400
.1910
.2500
.3820

1.900
1.900
1.900
1.900

1.610
1.500
1.338
1.100

.1450
.2000
.2810
.4000

2.375
2.375
2.375
2.375
2.375

2.067
1.939
1.875
1.687
1.503

.1540
.2180
.2500
.3440
.4360

XXS API

..

Sill80
sai 160

)IX')

API

------

.7l.20

_-_._-------

2.00

SUI 40 SID API

SUI 80 XS API
SUI 160
XXS API

SUi 80

-_._-----_

SID API
XS API
API

.... -

2.278 2.926
3.004 3.560
3.774 4.232
5.227 5.500

Sill160
XXS

.2090
.1991

11.5
11.3

_._----"-~----_.---_ . ------

31.67 23.45
31.67 20.58
31.67 17.49
31.67 9.500

.0171
.0201
.0222
.0242

.0407
.0478
.0528
.0577

.2613
.2505
.2399
.2192

12.9
12.7
12.3
11.5
1---.

.1909
.1405

.1670
.2173

.3039
.2341
.1691
.0499

.2503
.3200
.3851
.5043

5.115
6.313
6.884
8.448
9.820

_._----_.~._---------

.213
.217

1.75
2.89

5.84
9.63

.212
.217
.213
.194

1.83
2.82
3.99
7.56

6.10
9.41
13.3
25.2

.0370 .0705 .3337 ll 4 .203 1.33 4.42

39.58 31.06 .5333 .3326
.01148 .0853 .3214 14.3 .215 2.14 7.13
39.58 27.97 .4324 .4335
39.58 23.07 .2942 .5717
.0528 .1005 .3038 13.9 .215 3.55 11.8
39.58
.0579 .1103 .28l1O 13.3 .203 5.77 19.2
16.36 .1479 .7180
---_._-~_.---_._--_._._._-~_ ..__ . ---~--_._ ..._-_ ..- 1--..
49.57 39.55 .8643 .4939
.0873 .1328 .4205 16.1 .199 1.27 4.24
49.57 36.08 .7193 .6388
.1056 .1606 -"066 16.1 .213 2.00 6.66
49.57 30.72 .5217 .8364
.1251 .1903 .3868 15.7 .216 3.21 10.7
49.57 22.58 .2818 1.076
.1405 .2136 .3613 15.0 .206 5.29 17.6
._-_.
._._-_._- -_._ ..----_ .. ~_._. ----~-_._---~-~--_ ..._--~~--~
_ .._.~._-----""._-- _.__ ..
62.58 52.02 1-"96 .6685
.1947 2346 .5397 17.9 .187 1.02 3.40
.2/,18 .2913 .5237
62.58 48.18 1.283 .8815
18.1 .207 1.64 5.47
62.58 1.3.73 1.057 1.107
.2839 .3420 .5063 18.0 .216 2.40 8.00
62.58 33.78 .6305 1.53l.
.:JI.ll .4110 .4716
17.3 .212 4.29 14.3
...

._--------------_._-~

2.725 3.606
3.640 l405
4.871 5.480
6.424 6.835
3.662
5.034
5.688
7.480
9.051

_----._----_._--------~

.0216
.0255

18.59
15.95

-----_._-~---------_.-

1.365
1.665
2.076
2.511

1----- ..
_---

~._.

SUI 40

-_._-----

-f--------

..

1.50

.8531 .9847
1.091 1.192
1.312 1.386
1.719 1.740

.0073
.0086

25.45
25.45

..

.6120
.4340

SUlLIO SID API

Sa! 80 XS API
sa! 160
XXS API
SID API
XS API

f----------

1.134
1.477
1.948
2.4'.7

1.050
1.050
1.050
1.050

Code Pressures
Oesiyn
Bursting
IkPSI)
IkPSI)

.6516
.8015

.1130
.1540
.2190
.3080

SID API
XS API

SUI 40

.5690
.7406

.8240

.&.00

SUI 160

1.00

.0910
.1260
1090
.1470
.1880
.2940

XXS API

Sill80

.4930
.4230

WEIGHTS
E m(JlY
Watcrfillt!d
(lL/II)
(lL/1t1

.6220
.5460
.4640
.2520

.8400
.8400
.8400

SUI 40

(in.)

Wall
(lid

._.

SID API
XS API

Sill80
SUI 160
.750

DIMENSIONS
I.D.

71.63 60.70 2.036 .7995

71.63 56.55 1.767 1.068
71.63 50.44 1.406 1.429
71.63 l.loL.7 .9503 1.885
-_ .._------_.~----~_.__ ._-_.
89.5l. Tl.92 3.356 1.075
89.54 73.10 2.953 1.477
89.5l. 70.69 2.761 1.669
89.54 63.60 2.235 2.195
89.54 56.66 1.77l, 2.656

_~_

...

__ __

._._-------_.

.3099
.3912
.4824
.5678

__ ._-

.3262
.4118
.5078
.5977

-------------_

.6657 .5606
.8679 .7309
.9551 .8043
1.164 .9804
1.311 1.101.

.6226
.6052
.5810
.5489
...

f--------

19.0
19.3
19.3
18.7

.179
.202
.215
.215

20.9
21.5
21.6
21.5
21.2

.1M
.193
.202
.215
.217

__ .- --,,-----

.7871
.7665
.7565
.7283
.7027

----.938
1.52
2.42
3.89

3.13
5.06
8.08
13.0

.736
1.26
1.54
2.38
3.26

2.45
4.22
5.13
7.93
10.9

-----

PIPE DATA
PIPING CODES and
MANUFACTURERS'
WEIGHTS

2.50

SO' 40 SID API

SOl 80 XS API
SOl 160
XX') API

-_.

---6

DIMENSIONS
1.0.
(in.!

WEIGHTS
Empty
Waterfilled
Oblft)
Oblft)

Wall
(in.1

Code Pressures
Design
Bursting
(kPSI)
(kPSII

2.875
2.875
2.875
2.875

2.469
2.323
2.125
1.771

.2030
.2760
.3750
.5520

5.807
7.680
10.04
13.73

7.881
9.515
11.57
14.80

108.4
108.4
108.4
108.4

93.08
87.58
80.11
66.77

4.788
4.238
3.547
2.463

1.704
2.254
2.945
4.028

1.530
1.924
2.353
2.871

1.064
1.339
1.637
1.997

.9474
.9241
.8938
.8442

23.2
23.7
23.8
23.2

.172
.196
.212
.216

.865 2.88
1.37 4.56
2.09 6.96
3.49 11.6

3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
SOl 160
3.500
XXS API _~_~
3.500

3.250
3.188
3.124
3.068
3.000
2.938
2.900
2.624
2.300
__
.-

.1250
.1560
.1880
.2160
.2500
.2810
.3000
.4380
.6000

4.517
5.585
6.666
7.595
8.699
9.684
10.28
14.36
18.63

8.109
9.042
9.986
10.80
11.76
12.62
13.14
16.70
20.43

131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9

122.5
120.2
117.8
115.7
113.1
110.8
109.3
98.92
86.71

8.296
7.982
7.665
7.393
7.069
6.779
6.605
5.408
4.155

1.325
1.639
1.956
2.228
2.553
2.842
3.016
4.213
5.466

1.890
2.2%
2.691
3.017
3.390
3.709
3.894
5.039
5.993

1.080
1.312
1.538
1.724
1.937
2.119
2.225
2.879
3.424

1.194
1.184
1.173
1.164
1.152
1.142
1.136
1.094
1.047

23.1
24.1
24.8
25.3
25.7
25.9
26.0
26.3
25.9

.105
;127
.146
.159
.173
.183
.188
.210
.217

.286
.451
.624
.777
.965
1.14
1.25
2.07
3.10

API
API
API
API
SOl 40 SID API
API
API
API
SOl 80 XS API
SOl 160
API
XX') API

4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500

4.250
4.188
4.124
4.062
4.026
4.000
3.938
3.876
3.826
3.438
3.152

.1250
.1560
.1880
.2190
.2370
.2500
.2810
.3120
.3370
.5310
.6740

5.855
7.255
8.679
10.04
10.82
11.38
12.69
13.99
15.02
22.56
27.61

12.00
13.22
14.46
15.65
16.33
16.82
17.97
19.10
20.00
26.58
30.99 .

4.114
5.028
5.930
6.765
7.233
7.563
8.324
9.050
9.610
13.27
15.28

1.828
2.235
2.636
3.007
3.214
3.361
3.699
4.022
4.271
5.898
6.793

1.547
1.537
1.526
1.516
1.510
1.505
1.495
1.485
1.477
1.416
1.374

24.7
26.0
27.0
27.7
28.1
28.3
28.7
29.0
29.2
29.8
29.6

.082
.102
.121
.136
.144
.149
.161
.170
.177
.208
.216

6.625
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.625
6.625

6.249
6.187
6.125
6.065
6.001
5.937
5.761
5.501
5.187
4.897

1880
.2190
.2500
.2800
.3120
.3440
.4320
.5620
.7190
.8640

12.96
15.02
17.06
19.02
21.09
23.13
28.64
36.48
45.46
53.29

26.24
28.04
29.82
31.53
33.34
35.12
39.93
46.77
54.61
61.45

19.71
22.63
25.47
28.14
30.90
33.57
40.49
49.61
59.03
66.33

5.950 2.277
6.833 2.266
7.690 2.256
8.4%
2.245
9.329 2.235
10.14 2.224
12.22 2.195
14.98 2.153
17.82 2.104
20.02 2.060

30.1
31.2
32.1
32.8
33.5
34.0
35.0
35.8
36.1
36.1

.084
.098
.111
.122
.133
.142
.165
.187
.204
.212

8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625

8.249
8.219
8.187
8.125
8.071
8.001
7.981
7.937
7.875
7.813
7.749
7.625
7.437
7.187
7.001
6.875
6.813

.1880
.2030
.2190
.2500
.2770
.3120
.3220
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.5000
.5940
.7190
.8120
.8750
.9060

44.36
47.65
51.12
57.72
63.35
70.49
72.49
76.85
82.86
88.74
94.66
105.7
121.5
140.7
153.7
162.0
165.9

10.29
11.05
11.85
13.38
14.69
16.34
16.81
17.82
19.21
20.58
21.95
24.51
28.17
32.62
35.65
37.56
38.47

2.984
2.978
2.973
2.962
2.953
2.941
2.938
2.930
2.920
2.909
2.899
2.878
2.847
2.807
2.777
2.757
2.748

32.0
32.7
33.4
34.5
35.4
36.3
36.6
37.1
37.7
38.2
38.6
39.4
40.2
40.8
41.1
41.2
41.2

.062
.068
.074
.086
.095
.106
.110
.116
.125
.133
.140
.153
.170
.186
.195
.200
.202

3.00

0.0.
(in.!

API
API
API
SOl 40 SID API
API
API
SO' 80 XS API

-----_._---------

API
API
API
SOl 40 SID API
API
API
SOl 80 XS API
API
SOl 120
SOl 160
API
XX')

------_~

__

--

~-

._~~_

--_.

169.6 160.2 14.19 1.718

169.6 157.9 13.78 2.129
169.6 155.5 13.36 2.547
169.6 153.1 12.%
2.945
169.6 151.8 12.73 3.174
169.6 150.8 12.57 3.338
169.6 148.5 12.18 3.724
169.6 146.1 11.80 4.105
169.6 144.2 11.50 4.407
169.6 129.6 9.283 6.621
169.6 118.8 7.803 8.101
_.__ ._---~-------249.8 235.6 30.67 3.802
249.8 233.2 30.06 4.407
249.8 230.9 29.46 5.007
249.8 228.6 28.89 5.581
249.8 226.2 28.28 6.188
249.8 223.8 27.68 6.788
249.8 217.2 26.07 8.405
249.8 207.4 23.77 10.70
249.8 195.5 21.13 13.34
249.8 184.6 18.83 15.64

------_.

.955
1.50
2.08
2.59
3.22
3.80
4.16
6.89
10.3

.141 .470
.267 .890
.399 1.33
.528 1.76
.604 2.01
.659 2.20
.791 2.64
.924 3.08
1.03 3.44
1.91 6.38
2.61 8.69
----_..214 .713
.300 1.00
.387 1.29
.472 1.57
.563 1.88
.654 2.18
.910 3.03
1.30 4.33
1.79 5.95
2.25 7.51

..

API
API
API
SOl 20
API
SOl 30
API
API
SOl 40 SID API
API
API
SOl 60

API
80 XS API
100
120
API
140
API
XX') API
SOl 160

SQI
SOl
SQI
SOl

16.98 40.12
18.30 41.28
19.71 42.51
22.42 44.87
24.76 46.91
27.77 49.54
28.62 50.29
30.50 51.92
33.12 54.21
35.73 56.49
38.39 58.81
43.50 63.27
51.07 69.89
60.86 78.43
67.92 84.59
72.60 88.68
74.88 90.66

325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2
325.2

311.0
309.8
308.6
306.3
304.3
301.6
300.9
299.2
296.9
294.5
292.1
287.5
280./.
270.9
263.9
259.2
256.8

53.44
53.06
52.64
51.85
51.16
50.28
50.03
49.48
48.71
47.94
47.16
45.66
43.44
40.57
38.50
37.12
36.46

4.983
5.371
5.783
6.578
7.265
8.148
8.399
8.949
9.719
10.48
11.27
12.76
14.99
17.86
19.93
21.30
21.97

.143
.175
.209
.275
.332
.408
.430
.477
.545
.613
.684
.822
1.03
1.32
1.54
1.69
1.77

.476
.582
.695
.915
1.11
1.36
1.43
1.59
1.82
2.04
2.28
2.74
3.45
4.41
5.14
5.65
5.90

PIPE DATA
PIPING CODES
MANUFACTURERS'
WEIGHTS

10

f---

ann
0.0.
(in.l

API
API
API
SOl 20
API
API
SOl 30
API
API
SOl 40 SID API
API
SOl 60 J(S API
SOl 80
SOl 100
API
SCli 120
SOl 140 XXS API
SCli 160

._---_~

.. -

10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75
10.75

DIMENSIONS
10.
(in.)

Wall
(in.)

10.37 .1880
10.34 .2030
10.31 .2190
10.25 .2500
10.19 .2790
10.14 .3070
10.06 .3440
10.02 .3650
9.874 .4380
9.750 .5000
9.562 .5940/
9.312 .7190
9.062 .8440
8.750 1.000
8.500 1.125
..

12
API
API
API
API
SCli 30
API
API
SID API
SOl 40
API
API
J(S API
SCli 60
API
API
SCli 80
API
API
SCli 100
SOl 120 XXS API
SCli 140
API
SOl 160
API

SQi 20

12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75
12.75

12.34
12.31
12.25
12.19
12.13
12.09
12.06
12.00
11.%
11.87
ll.75
11.63
11.50

11.37
ll.25
ll.06
10.75
10.50
10.13

.2030
.2190
.2500
.2810
.3120
.3300
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.5000
.5620
.6250
.6880
.7500
.8440
1.000
1.125
1.312

--- ~------_~~.

14
SCli 10
SCli 20
SCli 30
SOl 40

API
API
API
API
API
API
SID API
API
API
J(S API

SCli 60
SOl
SOi
SOl
SOl
SOl

80
100
120
140
160

API
API
API
API

14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00

13.58 .2100
13.56 .2190
13.50 .2500
13.44 .2810
13.38 .3120
13.31 .3440
13.25 .3750
13.12 .4380
13.06 .4690
13.00 .5000
12.81 .5940
12.75 .6250
12.50 .7500
12.12 .9380
11.81 1.094
11.50 1.250
11.19 1.406

WEIG HTS
Empty
Water1illed
(lb/ltl
(lb/ltl

Code Pressures
Design
Bursting
(kPSII
IkPSl1

21.26
22.92
24.69
28.10
31.28
34.33
38.33
40.58
48.36
54.87
64.59
77.22
89.51
104.4
ll5.9

57.86
59.31
60.86
63.84
66.61
69.27
72.76
74.73
81.52
87.20
95.68
106.7
117.4
130.4
140.5

405.3 391.1
405.3 390.0
405.3 388.8
405.3 386.4
405.3 384.2
405.3 382.1
405.3 379.3
405.3 377.7
405.3 372.2
405.3 367.6
405.3 360.5
405.3 351.1
405.3 341.6
405.3 329.9

27.27
29.38
33.46
37.51
41.55
43.88
45.69
49.69
53.66
57.74
65.58
73.34

79.09
80.94
84.49
88.03
91.56
93.59
95.17
98.66
102.1
105.7
112.5
119.3
126.1
132.8
139.4
149.2
165.1
177.5
195.5

81.1l.

88.85
%.36
107.6
125.8
140.0
160.7

----.-.----------"

31.01
32.31
36.80
41.27
45.72
50.30
54.70
63.60
67.94
72.27
85.26
89.50
106.4
131.2
151.2
170.6
189.6

6.2.38
6.726
7.245
8.247
9.178
10.07
ll.25
ll.91
14.19
16.10
18.95
22.66
26.27
30.63
34.02

25.57
28.35
29.90
35.15
39.43
45.62
53.29
60.38
68.43
74.29

33.5
34.3
35.1
36.4
37.5
38.4
39.5
40.0
41.5
42.5
43.7
417
45.3
45.8
46.0

.047
.052
.058
.067
.076
.084
.095
.100
.ll8
.131
.149
.167
.181
.194
.202

480.7 465.'. 119.7 8.002 157.5

480.7 464.2 119.1 8.621
169.3
480.7 461.8 ll7.9 9.817 191.8
480.7 459.5 ll6.7 11.01 214.0
480.7 457.1 ll5.5 12.19
235.9
l!BO.7 455.8 114.8 12.88
248.5
480.7 l.54.7 114.3 13.41
258.1
ll8O.7 452.4 113.1 ll 58
279.3
'-180.7 l.50.1 111.9 15.74 300.2
l!BO.7 l147.6 110.7 16.9LI 321.l.
480.7 41.3.0 108.4 19.24 361.5
480.7 438.3 106.2 21.52 400.4
480.7 433.5 103.9 23.81 438.7
480.7 428.8 101.6 26.07 475.7
480.7 424.1 99.40 28.27 510.9
480.7 417.0 96.11 31.57
562.2
480.7 405.3 90.76 36.91 641.7
480.7 395.8 86.59 41.09
700.6
781.1
480.7 381.7 80.53 47.1l.

24.71
26.55
30.09
33.57
37.00
38.97
40.49
43.82

4.437
4.431
4.420
4.410
4.399
4.393
4.388
4.377

l.7.09
50.42

l 367

35.3
36.2
37.7
39.1
40.2
40.8
41.3
42.1
42.9
43.7
44.9
45.9
46.7
47.4
48.0
48.6
49.4
49.8
50.1

.104
.042
.046 .126
.055
.171
.063 .215
.071
.260
.076 .286
.080 .306
.087
.351
.09'. .397
.l143
.101
.114
.535
.126
.627
.137 .721
.146
.816
.155 .911
.166 1.06
.181 1.30
.190 1.50
.201 1.80

527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8
527.8

30.90
32.16
36.47
40.72
44.91
49.18
53.25
61.36
65.26
69.11
80.44
8l08
98.19
117.9
132.9
146.7
159.5

320.l.

87.02
93.56
100.5
ll3.7
125.9
137.4
152.4
160.7
188.9
212.0
245.2
286.4
324.5
367.8
399.3

_.~_-------- --_

.. _-_. __ .. - .-.

93.72
94.87
98.79
102.7
106.6
110.6
114.4
122.2
126.0
129.7
141.1
144.8
159.5
181.2
198.6
215.6
232.2

512.0 144.8 9.098

511.3 144.5 9.481
508.9 143.1 10.80
506.6
141.8 12.11
504.3 140.5 13.42
501.9 139.2 ll 76
499.5 137.9 16.05
494.8 135.3 18.66
492.4 134.0 19.94
490.1 132.7 21.21
483.0 128.9 25.02
480.7 127.7 26.26
471.2 122.7 31.22
'.57.1 115.4 38.49
4'.5.3 109.6 '>' 36
433.5 103.9 50.07
421.8 98.31 55.63

216.3
225.1
255.3
285.0
314.4
344.2
372.8
429.5
456.8
483.8
563.1
588.5
687.3
825.1
930.2
1027
1117

16.19
17.41
18.69
21.16

.098
.123
.150
.203
.252
.300
.364
.400
.528
.637
.805
1.03
1.26
1.56
1.80

3.735
3.730
3.724
3.713
3.703
3.694
3.681
3.674
3.649
3.628
3.597
3.556
3.515
3.465
3.426

l.o5.3

84.52
84.04
83.52
82.52
81.58
80.69
79.52
78.85
76.57
74.66
71.81
68.10
64.50
60.13
56.75

23.l.2

...

-------

56.71
62.81
68.81
74.62
80.15
88.19
100.7
109.9
122.5

4.356
4.335
4.314
4.293
4.271
4.251
4.220
4.169
4.129
lh070

_ _-

----- ..

..

4.876
4.873
l 862

4.851
4.841
4.830
4.819
4.797
4.787
4.776
4.744
4.734
l 692

4.630
4.579
4.529
4.480

-" .._._~_-

36.3
36.8
38.4
39.8
41.1
42.2
43.1
44.8
45.5
46.2
47.8
48.2
49.6
51.0
51.7
52.2
52.4

--

--------._ .. ~__~."
..

.039
.041
.049
.057

.w.
.072
.079
.093
.099
.105
.122
.127
.146
.167
.181
.191
.199

.325
.410
.500
.676
.841
1.00
1.21
1.33
1.76
2.12
2.68
3.44
4.21
5.19
6.00

.345
.421
.569
.717
.866
.953
1.02
1.17
1.32
1.48
1.78
2.09
2.40
2.72
3.04
3.52
4.33
4.99
6.01

_.--

.-----

.103
.115
.155
.196
.236
.279
.319
.403
.4lI4
.486
.613
.655

.344
.383
.518
.653
.788
.928
1.06
1.48
1.62
2.04
2.18

.826i

2.75

1.3L.

1.09 3.63
1.31 4.37
1.54 5.13
1.77 5.90

PIPE DATA
PIPING CODES dnd
MANUFACT
UHf HS
WEIGHTS

16

API
API
API
SOl 20
API
API
SOl 30 SID API
API
API
srn 40 XS API
API
SUI 60
API
SClI 00
SCll 100
SClI120
SCll 140
sal 160
SOl 10

~-

--_~_--

OIMENSIONS
(J

fill,)

16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
1(,.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00

rn

Willi

(111,)

(111.1

15.56
15.50
15.44
15.38
15.31
15.25
15.12
15.06
15.00
14.75
14.69
14.50
14.31
13.94
13.56
13.12
12.81

.2190
.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4380
.4690
.5000
.6250
.6560
.7500
.8440
1.031
1.219
1.438
1.594

WE IGHTS
f.rnply
Watr.rlJlled
IIhllll
IIblltl

37.00
42.16
47.29
52.40
57.66
62.73
72.98
77.99
82.98
102.9
107.8
122.5
137.0
165.2
192.9
224.2
245.9

119.4
123.9
128.3
132.8
137.4
141.8
150.8
155.1
159.5
176.9
181.1
194.0
206.6
231.3
255.5
282.8
301.7

-_~.-.

------------

18

SOl 10

API
API
API
SOl 20
API
SID API
API
API
SOl 30
API
API
XS
sal 40
API
API
SClI 60
API
API
SOl 00
SClI 100
SUI 120
SClI 140
SOl 160

18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00

17.50
17.44
17.38
17.31
17.25
17.19
17.12
17.06
17.00
16.88
16.75
16.50
16.12
15.69
15.25
14.88
14.44

.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4300
.4690
.5000
.5620
.6250
.7500
.9380
1.156
1.375
1.562
1.781

20

API
API
API
API
SClI 20 SID API
API
API
API
SClI 30 XS API
SOl 40
API
SOl 60
API
sal 00
SOl 100
srn 120
sm 140
sal 160

20.00 19.50
20.00 19.44
20.00 19.38
20.00 19.31
20.00 19.25
20.00 19.19
20.00 19.12
20.00 19.06
20.00 19.00
20.00 18.81
20.00 18.75
20.00 18.38
20.00 17.94
20.00 17.44
20.00 17.00
20.00 16.50
20.00 16.06

.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.4690
.5000
.5940
.6250
.8120
1.031
1.281
1.500
1.750
1.969

603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2
603.2

586.7
584.3
582.0
579.7
577.2
574.9
570.2
567.8
565.5
556.1
553.7
546.6
539.5
525.5
511.3
494.8
483.0

190.2 10.86
188.7 12.37
187.2 13.88
185.7 15.38
184.1 16.92
182.7 18.41
179.6 21.41
178.2 22.88
176.7 24.35
170.9 30.19
169.4 31.62
165.1 35.93
160.9 40.19
152.6 48.48
144.5 56.61
135.3 65.79
128.9 72.14

338.1
383.7
428.7
473.2
518.6
562.1
648.7
690.6
731.9
893.5
932.3
1047
1157
1364
1556
1761
1894

42.26
47.%
53.59
59.16
64.83
70.26
81.09
86.33
91.49
111.7
116.5
130.9
144.7
170.6
194.5
220.1
236.8

5.580
5.569
5.558
5.548
5.537
5.526
5.504
5.494
5.483
5.440
5.430
5.398
5.367
5.305
5.244
5.173
5.124

37.6
39.4
40.9
42.2
43.4
44.5
46.4
47.2
47.9
50.3
50.7
52.0
52.9
54.3
55.2
55.8
56.0

.034
.041
.048
.055
.061
.068
.081
.087
.093
.114
.119
.132
.144
.163
.178
.192
.199

.101
.136
.171
.207
.243
.279
.352
.388
.424
.571
.608
.720
.833
1.06
1.30
1.57
1.78

.335
.453
.571
68"
.811
.930
1.17
1.29
1.41
1.90
2.03
2.40
2.78
3.54
4.32
5.25
5.92

--

47.51 151.7
53.31 156.7
59.09 161.8
65.03 167.0
70.76 172.0
76.48 177.0
82.36 182.1
88.03 187.0
93.68 192.0
104.9 201.8
116.3 211.7
138.5 231.1
171.3 259.8
208.5 292.2
244.7 323.8
274.9 350.2
309.3 380.2

678.6 659.7 240.5

678.6 657.4 238.8
678.6 655.1 237.1
678.6 652.6 235.4
678.6 650.3 233.7
678.6 648.0 232.0
678.6 645.6 230.3
678.6 643.2 228.6
678.6 640.9 227.0
678.6 636.2 223.7
678.6 631.5 220.{~
678.6 622.0 213.8
678.6 607.9 204.2
678.6 591.4 193.3
678.6 574.9 182.7
678.6 560.8 173.8
678.6 544.3 163.7

13.94
15.64
17.34
19.08
20.76
22.44
24.17
25.83
27.49
30.79
34.12
40.64
50.28
61.17
71.81
80.66
90.75

549.1
614.0
678.2
743.8
806.6
868.8
932.2
993.0
1053
1171
1289
1515
1835
2180
2498
2749
3020

61.02 6.276
68.23 6.265
75.36 6.255
82.65 6.244
89.63 6.233
%.53
6.222
103.6 6.211
110.3 6.200
117.0 6.190
130.2 6.168
143.2 6.147
168.3 6.105
203.9 6.041
242.2 5.969
277.6 5.898
305.5 5.838
335.6 5.769

40.1
41.7
43.2
44.5
45.7
46.7
47.7
48.6
49.4
50.8
52.0
54.0
56.0
57.6
58.6
59.1
59.4

.035
.041
.047
.053
.059
.065
.071
.077
.082
.093
.103
.120
.143
.163
.179
.189
.198

.121
.152
.183
.216
.248
.279
.312
.344
.376
.440
.506
.638
.838
1.08
1.32
1.53
1.78

.402
.507
.612
.720
.826
.931
1.04
1.15
1.25
1.47
1.69
2.13
2.79
3.58
4.39
5.10
5.94

52.86
59.33
65.77
72.39
78.79
85.17
91.74
98.07
104.4
123.4
129.6
166.8
209.4
256.7
297.1
341.9
380.1

754.0 735.1 298.6 15.51

754.0 732.8 2%.8
17.41
754.0 730.5 294.9 19.30
754.0 728.0 292.9 21,24
754.0 725.7 291.0 23.12
754.0 723.4 289.2 24.99
754.0 721.0 287.2 26.92
754.0 718.6 285.4 28.78
754.0 716.3 283.5 30.63
754.0 709.2 277.9 36.21
754.0 706.9 276.1 38.04
751 0 692.8 265.2 48.95
754.0 676.2 252.7 61.44
754.0 657.4 238.8 75.33
754.0 640.9 227.0 87.18
754.0 622.0 213.8 100.3
754.0 605.5 202.6 111.5

756.4
846.3
935.3
1026
1113
1200
1288
1373
1457
1706
1787
2257
2772
3315
3754
4216
4587

75.64 6.983
84.63 6.972
93.53 6.962
102.6 6.951
111.3 6.940
120.0 6.929
128.8 6.918
137.3 6.907
145.7 6.897
170.6 6.864
178.7 6.854
225.7 6.790
277.2 6.716
331.5 6.634
375.4 6.562
421.6 6.482
458.7 6.413

40.8
42.5
44.0
45.4
46.6
47.8
48.8
49.8
50.6
52.9
53.6
56.6
59.0
60.7
61.6
62.3
62.6

.030
.035
.041
.046
.052
.057
.063
.068
.073
.088
.093
.118
.142
.163
.177
.190
.198

.109
.137
.165
.194
.223
.251
.281
.309
.338
.425
.454
.631
.841
1.09
1.30
1.56
1.79

.362
.456
.550
.648
.742
.837
.936
1.03
1.13
1.42
1.51
2.10
2.80
3.62
4.35
5.20
5.96

---

sa1 10

Code Pressur~
Design
Bursting
(kPSII
(kPSIl

182.2
187.8
193.4
199.2
204.8
210.4
216.1
221.6
227.2
243.8
249.2
281.7
318.8
360.2
395.4
434.5
467.9

PIPE DATA
PIPING CODES ,nd
MANUFACTURERS'
WEIGHTS

22

~-

0.0.
(ill.1

DIMENSIONS
1.0.
(in.)

Wall
lin.l

WEIGHTS
Empty
Waterfilled
Ilb/itl
Ilb/itl

API
API
API
API
Sill 20 SID API
API
API
API
SQI 30 XS API
API
API
Sill60
API
SOi80
API
Sill100
SOi 120
sm 140
SOi 160

22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00

21.50 .2500
21.44 .2810
21.38 .3120
21.31 .3440
21.25 .3750
21.19 .4060
21.12 .4380
21.06 .4690
21.00 .5000
20.50 .7500
20.25 .8750
19.75 1.125
19.25 1.375
18.75 1.625
18.25 1.875
17.75 2.125

58.22
65.34
72.45
79.76
86.82
93.87
101.1
108.1
115.1
170.6
197.9
251.4
303.6
354.5
404.0
452.2

215.4
221.6
227.8
234.2
240.4
246.5
252.9
259.0
265.1
313.6
337.4
384.1
429.7
474.1
517.3
559.3

SOi 10

---_~__ ._~_-

Code Pressures
Design
Bursting
(kPSI)
IkPSII

829.4 810.5
829.4 808.2
829.4 805.9
829.4 803.4
829.4 801.1
829.4 798.8
829.4 7%.4
829.4 794.0
829.4 791.7
829.4 772.8
829.4 763.4
829.4 744.6
829.4 725.7
829.4 706.9
829-" 688.0
829.4 669.2

363.1
361.0
358.9
356.7
354.7
352.6
350.5
348.4
346.4
330.1
322.1
306.4
291.0
276.1
261.6
247.4

17.08
19.17
21.26
23.40
25.48
27.54
29.67
31.72
33.77
50.07
58.07
73.78
89.09
104.0
118.5
132.7

433.7
431.5
429.2
426.8
424.6
422.3
420.0
417.7
415.5
411.0
406.5
402.0
397.6
382.3
365.1
344.3
326.1
310.3
292.9

18.65
20.94
23.22
25.57
27.83
30.09
32.42
34.67
36.91
41.38
45.90
50.39
54.78
70.11
87.24
108.1
126.3
142.1
159.5

510.7
508.2
505.8
503.2
500.7
498.3
495.8
493.3
91+2.5 490.9
937.8 486.0
933.1 481.1
923.6 471.4

20.22
22.70
25.18
27.73
30.19
32.64
35.17
37.62
40.06
44.91
49.82
59.49

1037 594.0
1034 591.3
1032 588.6
1030 585.9
1027 583.2

21.79
24.47
27.14
29.89
32.%

._~_~-~_--_.,._----_ .._,,_._-

2/1

SQi 10

API
API
API
API
SQi 20 SID API
API
API
API
XS API
API
SQi 30
API
SO:! 40
API
API
SO:! 60
SQi 80
SOi 100
sm 120
SQi 140
Sill160

24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
211.00
24.00
24.00
24.00

23.50
23.44
23.38
23.31
23.25
23.19
23.12
23.06
23.00
22.88
22.75
22.62
22.50
22.06
21.56
20.94
20.38
19.88
19.31

.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.4690
.5000
.5620
.6250
.6880
.7500
.9690
1.219
1.531
1.812
2.062
2.344

63.57
71.36
79.13
87.13
94.85
102.6
110.5
118.2
125.8
141.0
156.4
171.7
186.7
238.9
297.3
368.3
430.5
484.3
543.5

251.4
258.2
265.0
272.0
278.7
285.4
292.3
299.0
305.7
319.0
332.4
345.8
358.9
404.5
/155.4
517.4
571.7
618.7
670.3

904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8
904.8

885.9
883.6
881.3
878.8
876.5
874.2
871.8
869.4
867.1
862.4
857.7
852.9
848.2
831.7
812.9
789.3
768.2
749.3
728.0

26

API
API
SQi 10
API
API
SID API
API
API
API
SOl 20 XS API
API
API
API

26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00

25.50
25.44
25.38
25.31
25.25
25.19
25.12
25.06
25.00
24.88
24.75
24.50

.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.4690
.5000
.5620
.6250
.7500

68.92
77.38
85.81
94.49
102.9
111.3
119.9
128.2
136.5
153.1
169.8
202.8

290.1
297.5
304.8
312.4
319.7
327.0
334.5
341.8
349.1
363.5
378.1
406.9

980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2
980.2

961.3
959.0
956.7
954.2
951.9
949.6
947.2
944.8

API
API
SO:! 10
API
API
SID API

28.00 27.50
28.00 27.44
28.00 27.38
28.00 27.31
28.00 27.25

.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750

74.28 331.5
83.39 339.4
92.49 347.4
101.9 355.6
110.9 363.5

1056
1056
1056
1056
1056

28

1010 91.84 7.690

1131 102.8 7.679
1250 113.7 7.669
1372 124.8 7.658
1490 135.4 7.647
1606 146.0 7.636
1725 156.8 7.625
1839 167.2 7.614
1952 177.5 7.603
2830 257.2 7.518
3245 295.0 7.475
4030 366.4 7.391
4759 432.6 7.308
5432 493.8 7.227
6054 550.3 7.146
6626 602.4 7.067
-_._-_~~_--_
..,,-,----_~
1315 109.6 8.397
1473 122.7 8.387
1629 135.7 8.376
1789 149.1 8.365
191+2 161.9 8.354
2095 17/1.6 8.343
2251 187.6 8.332
2/101 200.1 8.321
2%9 212.4 8.310
2843 236.9 8.289
3137 261.4 8.267
3426 285.5 8.246
3705 308.8 8.224
4657 388.1 8.150
5676 473.0 8.066
6852 571.0 7.962
7825 652.0 7.871
8625 718.8 7.790
9458 788.2 7.701
.----_~_---1676 129.0 9.104
1878 144.4 9.094
2077 159.8 9.083
2282 175.5 9.072
2478 190.6 9.061
2674 205.7 9.050
2874 221.1 9.039
3066 235.9 9.028
3257 250.5 9.017
3635 279.6 8.996
4013 308.7 8.974
4746 365.0 8.931
2098 149.9
2350 167.9
2601 185.8
2858 204.1
3105 221.8

9.812
9.801
9.790
9.779
9.768

41.3
43.1
44.7
46.2
47.5
48.7
49.8
50.8
51.8
57.3
59.1
61.8
63.5
64.6
65.2
65.6

.026
.031
.036
.041
.046
.051
.056
.061
.066
.101
.116
.141
.161
.176
.188
.197

41.8
43.6
45.3
46.8
48.2
49.5
50.7
51.7
52.7
%.5
56.1
57.5
58.7
61.9
64.5
66.4
67.5
68.2
68.6

.023
.027
.032
.036
.041
.045
.050
.055
.059
.068
.077
.085
.093
.117
.140
.163
.178
.188
.197

.090
.114
.137
.162
.185
.209
.233
.257
.281
.329
.377
.426
.475
.647
.848
1.10
1.34
1.55
1.79

.301
.379
.458
.539
.618
.696
.778
.857
.937
1.10
1.26
1.42
1.58
2.16
2.83
3.67
4.45
5.16
5.98

42.2
44.1
45.8
47.4
48.8
50.2
51.4
52.5
53.6
55.5
57.1
59.9

.020
.024
.028
.032
.037

.083
.105
.127
.149
.171
.193
.215
.237
.259
.303
.348
.438

.278
.350
.422
.497
.570
.6/12
.718
.791
.864
1.01
1.16
1./16

42.5
44.5
46.3
47.9
49.4

.018
.022
.025

.099
.124
.150
.176
.202
.228
.255
.281
.307
.519
.627
.845
1.07
1.29
1.52
1.76

._._~_--

--

.329
.414
.500
.588
.674
.760
.850
.936
1.02
1.73
2.09
2.82
3.56
4.31
5.08
5.87

--'-"--

..

.()Lll

.045
.049
.054
.062
.070
.085

.029

.033

.077
.097
.118
.138
.159

~-

-.258
.325
.392
.461
.529

PIPE DATA
PIPING CODES
MANUFACTURERS'
WEIGHTS

and

-----

On.I

DIMENSIONS
1.0.

On.l

Wall

lin.l

WEIGHTS
Empty
Waterfilled
IIb/ltl
IIb/ltl

Code Pressures
Design
Bursting
(kPSII
(kPSI)

119.9 371.3
129.3 379.5
138.2 387.3
147.2 395.1
183.2 426.5
218.8 457.6
-- __ ._._~------~
~-------_
.._- ---_._-----------------API
30.00 29.44 .2810 89.41 384.1
SOl 10
API
30.00 29.38 .3120 99.17 392.7
API
30.00 29.31 .3440 109.2 401.4
SID API
30.00 29.25 .3750 118.9 409.9
API
30.00 29.19 .4060 128.6 418.4
API
30.00 29.12 .4380 138.6 427.1
API
30.00 29.06 .4690 148.3 435.5
SOl 20 XS API
30.00 29.00 .5000 157.9 443.9
SOl 30
API
30.00 28.75 .6250 196.6 477.7
API
30.00 28.50 .7500 234.9 511.1
API
API
API
SOl 20 XS API
API
srn 30
API

30

0.0.

28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
28.00

27.19
27.12
27.06
2.7.00
26.75
26.50

.4060
.4380
.4690
.5000
.6250
.7500

._-

API
API
SOl 10
API
API
SID API
API
API
API
SQl 20 XS API
SQI 30
API
srn 40
API
API

32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00

31.50
31.44
31.38
31.31
31.25
31.19
31.12
31.06
31.00
30.75
30.62
30.50

.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.4690
.5000
.6250
.6880
.7500

84.98
95.43
105.9
116.6
127.0
137.3
148.0
158.3
168.6
209.9
230.6
250.9

34

API
API
srn 10
API
API
SID API
API
API
API
SQl 20 XS API
SGi 30
API
srn 40
API
API

34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00
34.00

33.50
33.44
33.38
33.31
33.25
33.19
33.12
33.06
33.00
32.75
32.62
32.50

.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.4690
.5000
.6250
.6880
.7500

90.34
101.4
112.5
124.0
135.0
146.0
157.4
168.4
179.3
223.3
245.4
267.0

422.4
431.6
440.7
450.0
459.1
468.1
477.5
486.5
495.5
531.5
549.6
567.3
-_
472.0
481.7
491.4
501.4
511.0
520.6
530.5
540.1
549.7
588.1
607.4
626.2

36

API
API
SOl 10
API
API
SID API
API
API
API
SQl 20 XS API
API
srn 30
API
SGi 40
API

36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00

35.50
35.44
35.38
35.31
35.25
35.19
35.12
35.06
35.00
34.88
34.75
34.50

.2500
.2810
.3120
.3440
.3750
.4060
.4380
.4690
.5000
.5620
.6250
.7500

95.69
107.5
119.2
131.3
143.0
154.7
166.8
178.4
190.0
213.2
236.7
283.1

524.3
534.6
544.8
555.4
565.6
575.8
586.3
596.5
606.7
626.9
647.4
687.9

580.6
577.8
575.2
572.6
562.0
551.5

35.20
37.93
40.56
43.20
53.75
'64.21

3351
3602
3844
4085
5038
5964

239.3
257.3
274.6
291.8
359.8
426.0

9.757
9.746
9.735
9.724
9.681
9.638

50.8
52.1
53.3
54.3
58.1
61.0

.037
.041
.045
.049
.064
.079

.179
.200
.220
.240
.323
.406

.596
.666
.734
.801
1.08
1.35

1131
1131
1131
1131
1131
1131
1131
1131
1131
1131

1110
1107
1105
1103
1100
1098
1096
1093
1084
1074

680.6
677.8
674.8
672.0
669.1
666.2
663.3
660.5
649.2
637.9

26.24
29.10
32.05
34.90
37.75
40.68
43.51
46.34
57.68
68.92

2897
3206
3524
3829
4133
4445
4744
5042
6224
7375

193.1
213.8
234.9
255.3
275.5
296.3
316.3
336.1
414.9
491.7

10.51
10.50
10.49
10.47
10.46
10.45
10.44
10.43
10.39
10.34

44.8
46.7
48.4
49.9
51.3
52.7
53.9
55.0
58.9
62.0

.019
.023
.026
.030
.034
.037
.041
.045
.059
.073

.091
.110
.129
.148
.167
.186
.205
.224
.301
.378

.303
.366
.430
.493
.556
.621
.684
.747
1.00
1.26

1206
1206
1206
1206
1206
1206
1206
1206
1206
1206
1206
1206

1188
1185
1183
1180
1178
1176
1173
1171
1169
1159
1154
1150

779.3
776.2
773.2
770.0
767.0
764.0
760.8
757.8
754.8
742.6
736.6
730.6

24.94
28.00
31.06
34.21
37.26
40.30
43.43
46.46
49.48
61.60
67.68
73.63

3142
3522
3899
4286
4658
5029
5409
5775
6139
7583
8298
8993

196./1
220.1
243.7
267.9
291.2
314.3
338.1
360.9
383.7
474.0
518.6
562.1

11.23
11.21
11.20
11.19
11.18
11.17
11.16
11.15
11.14
11.09
11.07
11.05

43.1
45.2
47.0
48.8
50.4
51.8
53.2
54.5
55.7
59.7
61.4
63.0

.015
.018
.021
.024
.027
.031
.034
.037
.041
.055
.061
.068

.068
.085
.103
.121
.139
.156
.175
.192
.210
.282
.318
.354

.226
.284
.343
.403
.462
.521
.582
.641
.700
.940
1.06
1.18

1282
1282
1282
1282
1282
1282
1282
1282
1282
1282
1282
1282

1263
1261
1258
1256
1253
1251
1249
1246
1244
1235
1230
1225

881.4 26.51
878.2 29.77
874.9 33.02
871.5 36.37
868.3 39.61
865.1 42.85
861.7 46.18
858.5 49.40
855.3 52.62
842.4 65.53
835.9 72.00
829.6 78.3'.

3774
4231
4685
5151
5599
6046
6504
6945
7383
9128
9992
10832

222.0 11.93
248.9 11.92
275.6 11.91
303.0 11.90
329.4 11.89
355.6 11.88
382.6 11.87
408.5 11.86
434.3 11.85
536.9 11.80
587.7 11.78
637.2 11.76

43.4
45.5
47.4
49.2
50.8
52.3
53.7
55.0
56.2
60.4
62.2
63.8

.013
.016
.019
.022
.025
.028
.031
.034
.038
.051
.057
.063

.064
.080
.097
.114
.130
.147
.164
.181
.198
.265
.299
.333

.212
.267
.323
.380
.435
.490
.547
.603
.659
.884
.998
1.11

1357
1357
1357
1357
1357
1357
1357
1357
1357
1357
1357
1357

1338
1336
1334
1331
1329
1327
1324
1322
1319
1315
1310
1301

989.8
986.3
982.9
979.3
975.9
972.5
968.9
965.5
962.1
955.3
948.4
934.8

4486
5029
5569
6124
6659
7191
7737
8263
8786
9825
10868
12906

249.2
279.4
309.4
340.2
369.9
399.5
429.8
459.0
488.1
545.8
603.8
717.0

12.64
12.63
12.62
12.61
12.60
12.59
12.57
12.56
12.55
12.53
12.51
12.47

43.6
45.7
47.7
49.5
51.1
52.7
54.1
55.5
56.7
59.0
61.1
64.6

.012
.014
.017
.020
.023
.026
.029
.032
.035
.041
.047
.059

.060
.076
.091
.108
.123
.139
.155
.171
.187
.218
.250
.314

.201
.253
.305
.358
.411
.463
.517
.569
.622
.727
.834
1.05

------------------------

32

1056 1025
1056 1023
1056 1020
1056
1018
1056 1008
1056 999.0

..

----

j-----

----

28.08
31.53
34.98
38.53
41.97
45.40
48.93
52.35
55.76
62.57
69.46
83.06

CHARTp2

PERSONNEL CLEARANCES
Cl[ARANC[S
OVERH EAD VALVES
FOR VALVE OPERATION
6'6"or2m,REFER

INVERTED VALVES
REFERTO 6.1.3. UNDER
'ORIENTATION OF

ABOVE

TO 6.1.3,

UNDER 'OPERATING
TO VALVES

VALVE STEM'

ACCESS

DATA FHOM nil: CODE OF FEDERAL

REGULATIONS

{-I'"",.

-+,-1-, _.

'-"

__ "._.

l;f

ABOVE

1<

l;f

J;J.

__ "'____

{{

l;f

__

({;(

, "

>:}

4'3"

or 13

Minimum width of
stairway is 22" or
or 560 mill

'

','

J1-

Or 1.401-"-_._

11984).

'I I:

(:

CD-----'I'

FLOOR or PLATFORM

46

191O--"OCCUPAIIONAl

SAFETY AND HEAL TH STANOAHDS"

/~

6'6"Or2m-----lT"-kE
MINIMUM

Cl[ARANC[S AROUN 0
STAIRWAYS & lADD[RS

TO MAN UAl VAlV[S

\'

~I
.... ,'

O1DJ1~-'~ /

<<::]-

ft

4'6"or14m-g",:9<i?'~"'~

,"~","mm'20J:~.rr / '"m,","mm:: ~ 1\
'"~","mm~:~y
,"m",""m~~:~;
\,
'}Y
~~ffi~J~"'''P/

j \ \

{r ~

~~

~'
0'-0"--M---41-1-8~-or

',:'\

I'

-1t.

~>:}~
}-<'

'1'7/'/7/ 7

0'-0"

MinilllUlll
d.stillICI~S

i i

.1}1

fllllCJS

1.1

bn._ ._n-~T7/777
: 18" or I
1460 mmj

460 m~ni {.;\

f----,
0
Max.

~-_.o-;

01

f10lll

obstruction
ill rear

~
....
j

{.;\2

r JY{"14umm

I__

Max:.

[J
[iJ

4%" or
115mm

LEG OR HEAD HAZARD, UNLESS

PROTECTION GIVEN BY RAILING,
PIPING, EQUIPMENT, Etc.

(1)

TAKE CHAiNS TO 3'0" (OR gOO nn11) FROM OPERATING

FLOOR LEVEL. DO NOT HANG CHAINS IN A WALKWAY.

(2)

DIMENSION

(3)

IF A RAILING
IS PRESENT, COMFORTAllLE
ELEVATION IS 5'0" TO 5'6" (or 1.5 TO 1.7m).

APPLIES IF A RAILING

is pnESENT.

(4)

GENERAL CLEARANCE FORMULAS ARE:

(a) 5.5 - (pitch angle/301 It
(b) 1.68 - (pitch angle/l0o)

OPEnATING

m.

COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION OF DIFFERENT PIPING MATERIALS (in inches/degree/inch

MATERIALS

FAHRENHEIT

CELSIUS

Aluminum

0.000 012 8

0,000 023 1

Carbon steel

0.000 006 5

0,000 all 7

Cast iron

0,000 005 9

0,000 010 62

Copper

0.000 009 3

0.000 016 8

Stainless steel

0,000 009 9

0,000 017 82

~lATER IALS
AGS: ACrylonltrlle-butadiene-styrene
HOPE: HI gll-density polyethylene
PE: Polyethylene
CPVC: Chorinated polyvinyl cnloride
PVC: PO]YVlny] chloride

of length)

FAHRENHEIT

CELSIUS

0,000 035

0,000 063

0,000 067

0,000 12

0,000 083

0,000 15

0,000 044

0,000 079 2

0,000 028

0.000 050 4

SPANS Of HORIZONTAl PIPE

TABlE

THESE TABLES GIVE SPANS SUITABLE FOR PIPE

ARRANGED IN PIPEWAYS. AND APPLY WHEN THE
SPAN IS PART OF A STRAIGHT PIPE. WITH TWO
OR MORE SPANS AT EACH END.

PIPE SPAN'

NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE
Ft.

1.0-INCH
1. 5-1 rICH
2.0-INCH
2.5-IIICH
3.0--1
NCH
/1.0 .. 1 Nell
5.0-INCII
8.0-INCH
10.0-INCH
12.0--INCH
14.0-INCH
1G.0-INCH
lS.0-INell
20.0-INCH
211.0-INCI1

23
25
2')
35
/11
45
50
52
5G
:; ~J
52
G8

20.0-INCH
24.0-INCH

2.0"INCH
2.5--INUI
3.0-INCH
II.O-INCH
5.0-IIJCH
S.O-INCH
10.0-INCH
12.0-INCH
14.0-lljCH
15.0-IIJCH
18.0-INCH
20. 0 .. I IICH
24.0"INCH

0.99
5.13
8. 17
7. 74

Ft.

In.

1G

1. 05

4. 2:J
G.49
9.02

21

23
25
29
35
39
43
47
43
52
55
59
G II

O.GIi
3.07
0.22
/L 57
8. 21
5. 25
9.95
10. 78
0.58
O. C 2
5. /18

PIPE SPAN'

NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE

J.. 0--1 NUl

J..5 .. IIICH

8.77
3. 28
5. 79
9. 87
3.55
9. SO
2. 01
2. 8')
11 . 75
0.110
II. 57

PIPE SPAN-

NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE

1.0-INCH
1.5-INCH
2.0-INCH
2. 5 -I ~ICH
3.0-INCH
4.0-INCH
G.O-INCH
8.0-lljCH
10.0-INCH
12.0-INCH
14.0-INCH
15. 0-1 IjCH
J.8.0--INCH

In.

15
19
21

Ft.

In.

lG
1 ')
20
23

1.07
O.ljJ

25
28
32

36

11. S:3
3.20
3. G ,;
1. 01
10.37
7.40
0.55
11.48
11. '; 2

40
42
41,
117 10.
50 10.
52 11.

57

83
G',
02

5 . 811

WEIGHT OF
WATER-FILLEO
PIPE SPAN
ILbl

48
105
182
275
1,33
7 ') S
J., ') 70
3, 732
5, /155
'),801
12,18G
15, B75
22,582
29, 25 Ii

45,923

WEIGHT OF
WATERFILLEO
PIPE SPAN
ILbl

40
85
135

225
3/12
581,
1,3'15
2, 1189
4,172
5,290
7, 883
10, 931;
14,545
18,785
2:J, 3111

WEIGHT OF
WATER.FllLED
PIPE SPAN
ILbl

33
59
107
183
273
/158
1.. 035
J., 83G
2,987
4, 38 G
5, I) 5 3
7, G 40
10, 28tJ
12,880
19, 8411

MAXIMUM
OEFLECTION'

Ft.

IIn.1

0.2311
0.243
O. 243
O. 245
O. 245
O. 245
0.2/15
0.2115
0.2/14
O. 2111,
0.243
O. 244
O. 244
0.211/1
O. 2411

MAXIMUM
DEFLECTION'
Iin.)

O. ;'114
0.245
O. 243
0.2111,
O. 241
0.235
0.230
0.223
O. 220
0.219
0.22
U
O. 2 J. 7
0.217
O. 215
O. 215

MAXIMUM
OEFLECTIDN'
IIn.)

O. ;'114
0.237
0.230
0.231,
O. 227
0.218
O. 202
.J.9 3

O. 185
O. ISO
0.17:.J
0.178
0.179
0.17/1
O. 171

PIPE SPAN'

NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE

In.

31,

8. O' I NUl
10.0-INCH
12.0-INCH
14.0-ltJCH
15.0-II'CH
13.0--ltJCH
20.0-INCH
2/,.0
-I NCH
30.o-INCfI

5.45
4. 22
3G
37
9.18
111
O. G /,
1;.07
42
2.92
43
7. 22
4G
118
2. 35
5/1 11.58

NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE

PIPE SPAN'
Ft.

1.O-INCH
1. 5-1 NCH
2.0-INCH
2.5-INCH
3.0-INCH
11.0-1 NCH
G. 0-1 riCH
8.0-I"CH
10.0-INCH
12. 0- II,CH
1I+.0-IIICH
1G.0--INCH
18.0-IIICH
20.0--INCH
211.0-INCH

15
18
19
21
22
24
27
29
32
33
38
39
40
1,0
41

Ft.

NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE

1.0-INUI
1.5--INCH
2.0-INCH
2.5-INCH
3.0-INCH
4.0-INCH
G.O-INCH
8.0-INCH
10.0-INCH

J.1.

14

5.52
11. 77
7. 2 I,
10.G3
5. 31
5. 75
9.72
0.93
11. 37
5.23
4.50
1. 82
8.77
9.43

PIPE SPAN'

NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE

1. 0--1 ~;CH
1.5-INCH
2.0-INCH
2.5-INCH
3.0--INCH
4.0-INCH
G.O-INCH
8.0--IIICH
10.0-1
NUl

In.

In.

17
20
22
24
25
22
33
37
39

4.G7
2. 2 G
0.19
5. 2 G
4. 25
11.94
11. 59
6.3]
8.112

PIPE SPAN

------Ft.
In.
15
18
20
22
211
26
29
32
35

8. 12
11. 07
3.81
10.19
/) . OG
4.46
10.1G
8.17
3. 12

WEIGHT OF
WATERFllLEO
PIPE SPAN
ILbl

1, 551
2, 324
3,199
If

,38:';

5,593
5, oJ g /,
gJ 5S3
1.), /;37
24, tl15

WEIGHT OF
WATERFILLED
PIPE SPAN
ILb)

29
55
31,
127
182
288
632
J., 103
1, 732
2, 5'12
3, S 09
4,88G
5,087
7, 454
10,530

WEIGHT OF
WATERFlLLEO
PIPE SPAN
ILb)

18
41
GG
110
IG9
295
719
1,30G
1,93G

WEIGHT OF
WATERFlLLEO
PIPE SPAN
ILbl

16
34
55
33
]112
2411

5G9
1,029
1,6%

MAXIMUM
DEFLECTION'
IIn.1

O. 172
O. J. 5 2
0.139
0.149
0.139
O. 129
O. US
0.120
O. 125

MAXIMUM
OEFLECTION'
!In.1

0.2/10
0.223
0.209
0.202
0.18
G
0.1511
O. 141
O. 128
0.119
O. 112
0.131
0.120
0.111
0.103
O. 090

MAXIMUM
DEflECTION'
!In.1

O. /1111
0.385
0.367
0.3711
0.357
0.335
0.3111
0.294
O. 254

MAXIMUM
DEFLECTiON'
IIn.1

0.381

0.339
0.313
O. 327
0.305
O. 278
O. 2/12
0.223
0.208

S-l

CHARTS 5-2

SPANS OF HORIZONTAL PIPE

WITH 3-FT. RISE OR FALL
30

25

15

20

10

+It 1111+1+1-++. t;

~~

~T

-r

~
I~

~~
~

~~

ALUMINUM
PIPE
SCHEDULE
80
(WATER FILLED)

I~

II

i-III1
t

IJl:

i
I

j
I

.[

20

3:

20

o
.....

25

u..

::I:
...

TKi:

15

Cl

z
w

,in

.....

I,ll!

~.

I.
~i'
ALUMINUM
PIPE
SCHEDULE
40
(WATER FILLED)

LOWER CHART:

SCH 40, ALUMINUM

Data for wilter-tilled

steel pipe are based on a
at supports
and due to bending by the weight
the resultant
tensile stresS. These data apply
tensile modulus of elasticity of 29,000,000
similarly
based on a stress of 2000 PSI and

1l1uximum b~nding streSS of 4000 PSI, occurring

at pipe plus water: applied stresses lTlay increase
to carbon-steel
and stainless-stl~el
pipe having a
PSI. For water filled aluminum pipe, spans are
a modulus
of 10,000,000
PSI.

UPPER CHART:

SCH 80, ALUMINUM

CHARTS S-2:

SPANS OF HORIZONTAL PIPE

WITH 3-FT. RISE OR FALL

THESE CHARTS GIVE THE MAXIMUM lENGTH

PERMISSIBLE FOR EITHER H081ZQNTAL LIMB

~Nppl~Ew~:~~NH~Rs~~~Gl~~~I~1,~~OfHNE
~~~
OR FALL IS CONTINUOUS WITH TWO OR MORE
STRAIGHT SPANS AT EACH END.

CARBON STEel OR
STAINlESS
STEEL
PIPE
SCH 160
lWATER FILLED}

60 ~

'iL1

1'1\
!,

I :'\.

, .jl
.11
',I I,

IlJ/1 I
,
ltil-:

"ml

"t

20

r
15

35

I}..j'\.

II'} I

li

I,

j'

(f \

Ii

I' I'II I
,' 11,
!Ii 'f{
!
I

II j
11

H 1,11,11
"I!
'

Ii W
N"
t

I,

5
CARBON STEEL OR
51 AINlESS STEEl
PIPE
SCH 40
(WATER FILLED)

40

]--

Il,fih

Ill'

')

I'

~'

'I

10

1\

"

30

I,

t!
I!,~ }if ,I
i',

"l.

II!h

10

LOWER CHART:

SCH 40, STEEL

Ji

} t

15

20

Data for water~fil1ed steel pipe

at supports
and due to bending

are based on a maximum

bending
by the weight of pipe plus water:

stress of 4000 PSI, occurring

applied stresses may increase

the resultant tensile stress. These data apply to carbon-steel and stainless-steel pipe having a
tensile modulus of elasticity of 29,000,000 PSI. For water filled aluminum pipe, spans are
similarly

based on a stress 01 2000

PSI and a modulus

01 10,000,000

PSI.

UPPER CHART:

SCH 160, STEEL

SPANS OF HORIZONTAL PIPE

WITH 3..FT. RISE OR FALL

CHARTS S-2
Illt:,t
\:jU,lIn.
1,IVI:
I In- M;,l\IMIfM
IU1l'111
I'" lirJw.:':!!II!
1111\ (!IlH II !lll!lltlMI AI
Ilr.lll
III 1111nl'lll"
1'11ltrljid"IIU
Iii ill'lyllJ.
,r.iI:
::1;

1"1;

,u;j~ I!

fill

.i(~~:J:,~~I;:/I';I,I'::!;i
,';:' 01::,,;,1

FEDERAL
REGULA liONS
FOR
FIXED INDUSTRIAL
STAIRWAYS

STAIRWAYS

Information presented graphically is taken

from: US Department of Labor 'Part 1910Occupational Safety and Health Standards:
Subpart 0', The Federal Regulations restrict
the pitch of industrial stairways to a range
30 thru 50 degrees.
A

vertical

maximum

allowed

by

the

distance

Uniform

issued by the International

Building

of 12

Building

ft

is

Code

Conference of

Officials.

,II
I

ii'

II

Ut

I 'I

f,

,[

1 i I:

'1 !

r
I

"

Ii

R:
RISE IN INCIIES,
IN INCIIES. LINE (AI

R
TilE FEDERAL

T~

T" TREAD RUN

BASED ON ..

IS

17.1,$,

REGULA liONS SUGGEST

LINE (AI COMBINATIONS

OF RISE AND

TREAD RUN

SeIer: I most
convefllelll

scale

J_
T

TREAD
RUN

f------

------j
~~ING

(lJLANDING.TO.LANDING
ESTABLISHED.
DIVIDE
WHOLE
NUMBERS
OF

HEIGHT
IS USUALLY
THIS
'<EIGHT
INTO
RISES.

@SELECT
ONE OF THE LINES
A, B, m C lOR
OTHEIl
COMPANY
PREFEIlENCEJ
AND MARK
VALUES
FOR RISES ON THE LINE.
(j)CONSTRUCT
LINES
FIlDM THESE POINTS TO
THE BOTTOM
LEFT CORNER OF THE LAnGER
GRAPH.
THIS GIVES THE CHOICE OF ANGLES
AND RUNS FOR THE STAIRWAY.

THIS LINE IS BASED DN R

CD

TIllS

LINE

IS BASED

ON

T:

15

211IT:

25

IIJ""o..",
WIDTH

STRUCTURAL STEEL
DESIGNATION
NOM. SIZE
x 1b/ ft

DEPTH

\-11
DTH

D I~IENSIONS:

THICK
ll1Cll(,5

DESIGNATION
NOH. SIZE
x lb/ft

36.75
36.50
36.25
36.12
36.00
35.88
36.75
36.50
36.38
36.12
36.00
35.88
35.50

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

241
240
221
220
201
200
152
141
130
118

34.12
33.50
33.88
33.25
33.62
33.00
33.50
33.25
33.12
32.88

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

211
210
191
190
173
172
132
124
116
108
99

31.00
30.38
30.62
30.12
30.50
29.B8
30.25
30.12
30.00
29.8B
29.62

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

178
177
161
160
146
145
114
102
94
B4

27.75
27.25
27.62
27.12
21.3B
26.BB
27.25
27.12
26.BB
26.75

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

162
160
146
145
131
130
120
117
110
104
100
94
94
84
76
6B
62
61
55
55

25.00
24.75
24.75
24.50
24.50
24.25
24.25
24.25.
24.12
24.00
24.00
24.25
24.25
24.12
23.BB
23.75
23.75
23.75
23.62
23.50

6.62
6.62
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00

1.69
1.56
1.44
1.38
1 .38"
1.25
1.38
1.25
1.19
1. 12
1.00
0.94
0.81

15.88
15.B8
15.75
15.75
15.75
15.75
11.62
11. 50
11. 50
11.50

1.38
1.38"
1.25
1.25"
1.12
1.12"
1.06
0.94
0.88
0.75

15.12
15.12
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
10.50
10.50
10.50
10.50
10.50

1.31
1 .31"
1. 19
1.19"
1.06
1.06"
1.00
0.94
0.8B
O. 75
0.69

14.12
14.12
14.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
10.12
10.00
10.00
10.00

1. 19
1.19"
1.06
1.06"
1.00
1.00"
0.94
0.81
0.75
0.62

13.00
14.12
12.B8
14.00
12.88
14.00
12.12
12.75
12.00
12.75
12.00
9.12
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
1.00

1.25
1.12"
1.06
1.00"
0.94
0.88"
0.94"
O.BB
O.BB"
0.75
0.75"
O. B8
0.88"
0.75
0.69
0.56
0.56
0.56"
0.50
0.50'"

W 33

W 33

\" 21 x 147
x 142
X 132
X 127
X 122
X 112
X 111
X 101
X
96
X
93
X
83
X
82
X
73
X
68
X
62
X
57
X
55
X
50
49
X
X
44

Iv 18

W 27

W 27

D II'IENS
IONS:

1nClleS

INDICATES
A DIMENSIONAL
OR SHAPE WAS DISCONTINUED

CHANGE
(1978)

22.00
21.50
21.88
21 .25
21 .62
21.00
21. 50
21.38
21.12
21.62
21.38
20.88
21.25
21.12
21.00
21.00
20.75
20.88
20.88
20.62

1.12
1.12"
1.06
1.00"
0.94
0.88"
0.88
0.81
0.94"
0.94
0.81
0.81"
0.75
0.69
0.62
0.62
0.50"
0.56
0.56"
0.44

119
114
106
105
97
96
86
85
77
76
71
70
65
64
60
55
50
46
45
40
35

19.00
18.50
18.75
18.38
18.62
18.12
18.38
18.38
18.12
18.25
18.50
18.00
IB.38
17.8B
18.25
18.12
IB.OO
18.00
17.88
17.88
17.75

11.25
11.88
11.25
11. 75
11. 12
11. 75
11.12
8.88
8.75
11.00
7.62
B.75
7.62
8.75
7.50
7.50
7.50
6.00
7.50
6.00
6.00

1.06
1.00"
0.94
0.94*
0.88
0.81"
0.75
0.94"
0.81"
0.69
0.81
0.75"
0.75
0.69"
0.69
0.62
0.56
0.62
0.50"
0.50
0.44

vi 16

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

100
96
B9
BB
7B
77
71
67
64
58
57
50
45
40
36
31
26
26

17.00
16.3B
16.75
16.12
16.3B
16.50
16.12
16.38
16.00
15.BB
16.3B
16.25
16.12
16.00
15.B8
15.BB
15.75
15.62

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

730
730
665
605
605
550
500
455
426
426
398
398
370
370

22.3B
22.50
21.62
20.BB
21.00
20.25
19.62
19.00
IB.62
IB.75
18.25
1B. 25
17.8B
IB.OO

10.3B
11.50
10.38
11.50
B.62
10.25
8.50
10.25
8.50
B.50
7.12
7.12
7.00
7.00
7.00
5.50
5.50
5.50

1.00
0.8B"
0.B8
O.BP
O. B8"
0.75
O.Bl"
0.69
0.69*
0.62"
0.69
0.62
0.56
0.50
0.44
0.44
0.38
0.38"

7.BB
7.BB
I. 62
7.38
7.38
7.25
7.00
6.BB
6.75
6.75
6.62
6.62
6.50
6.50

4.94
4.94"
4.50
4.19
4.19"
3.Bl
3.50
3.19
3.06
3.06"
2.BB
2.BF
2.69
2.69"

W 14

W 14

x 342
x 342
X 320
X 314
X 311
X 287
X 2B3
X 264
X 257
X 246
X 237
X 233
X 228
X 219
X 211
X 202
X 193
X 184
X 176
X 167
X 159
X 158
X 150
X 145
X 142
X 136
X 132
X 127
X 120
X 119
X 111
X 109
X 103
X
99
X
95
X
90
X
87
X
84
X
82
X
78
X
74
X
74
X
68
X
68
X
61
X
53
X
53
X
4B
X
4B
X
43
X
3B
X
34
X
30
X
26
X
22

17 .50
17.50
16.75
17 ,25
17 ..12
16.75
16.75
16.50
16.38
16.25
16.12
16.00
16.00
15.88
15.75
15.62
15.50
15.38
15.25
15.12
15.00
15.00
14.88
14.75
14.75
14.75
14.62
14.62
14.50
14.50
14.38
14.38
14.25
14.12
14.12
14.00
14.00
14.12
14.25
14.00
14.12
14.25
14.00
14.00
13.88
13.88
14.00
13.75
13.75
13.62
14.12
14.00
13.BB
13.BB
13.75

336
305
279
252
230
210
190
170
161
152
136
133
120
106
99
96
92
87
B5
79
72
65
5B
53

16.BB
16.38
15.BB
15.38
15.00
14.75
14.3B
14.00
13.8B
13.75
13.38
13.3B
13.12
12.BB
12.75
12.75
12.62
12.50
12.50
12.3B
12.25
12.12
12.25
12.00

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

THICK
lnclles

W 12

16.38
16.38
16.75
16.25
16.25
16.12
16.12
16.00
16.00
16.00
15.88
15.8B
15.B8
15.88
15.75
15.75
15.75
15 .62
15.62
15.62
15.62
15.50
15.50
15.50
15.50
14.75
14.75
14.75
14.62
14.62
14.62
14.62
14.62
14.62
14.50
14.50
14.50
12.00
10.12
12.00
10.12
10.12
10.00
10.00
10.00
8.00
8.00
B.OO
8.00
B.OO
6.75
6.75
6.75
5.00
5.00

2.50
2.44"
2.06"
2.31"
2.25
2.06"
2.06
1 .94"
1.88
1.81"
1.75"
1.75
1.69"
1.62"
1.56
1.50"
1.44
1.38"
1.31
1.25"
1.19
1.19"
1.12"
1.06
1.06"
1.06"
1.00
1.00"
0.94
0.94"
O. B8'"
0.88
0.81"
0.75
0.75"
0.69
0.69"
0.75"
O.BB
0.69"
O.Bl
0.81"
0.75
0.69"
0.62
0.69
0.69"
0.G2
0.56"
0.50
0.50
0.44
0.38
0.44
0.31

13.38
13.25
13.12
13.00
12.BB
12.75
12.62
12.62
12.50
12.50
12.3B
12.3B
12.3B
12.25
12.25
12.12
12.12
12.12
12.12
12.12
12.00
12.00
10.00
10.00

2.94
2.69
2.50
2.25
2.06
1.88
1.75
1.56
1.50"
1.3B
1.25
1 .25"
1. 12
1.00
0.94"
O.BB
0.8B"
O.Bl
O.BF
0.75
0.69
0.62
0.62
0.56

x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

50
45
40
36
35
31
30
27
26
22
19
16.5
16
14

12.25
12.00
12.00
12.25
12.50
12.12
12.38
12.00
12.25
12.25
12.12
12.00
12.00
11.88

8.12
8.00
8.00
6.62
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00

0.62
0.56
0.50
0.56"
0.50
0.44"
0.44
0.38"
0.38
0.44
0.38
0.25*
0.25
0.25

10.38
10.38
10.25
10.25
10.25
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.12
10.00
10.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
5.75
5.75
5.75
5.75
5.7
5.7')
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00

1.25
1. 12
1 .00"
1.00
0.88
0.81"
0.75
0.75"
0.69
0.62
0.56
0.62
0.50
0.50"
0.44
0.50
0.50"
0.44
0.44"
0.38
0.31"
0.38
0.31
0.25
0.19
0.19"

8.25
8.25
B.12
8.12
B.OO
B.OO
6.50
6.50
5.25
5.25
5.25
5.25
4.00
4.00
4.00

0.94
O.Bl
0.69
0.56
0.50
0.44
0.44
0.3B
0.38
0.3Blf
0.31
0.31*
0.31
0.25
0.19

6.12
6.00
4.00
6.00
6.00
4.00
4.00
4.00

0.44
0.3B
0.3B
0.25*
0.25
0.25
0.19
0.19"

5.00
5.00
5.00

0.44
0.44"
0.3B

4.00

0.3B

W 10

vi 10

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

112
100
89
88
77
72
6B
66
60
54
49
45
39
39
33
30
29
26
25
22
21
19
17
15
12
11. 5

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

67
5B
48
40
35
31
2B
24
21
20
1B
17
15
13
10

\v 6

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

25
20
16
15.5
15
12
9
B.5

X
X
X

19
IB.5
16

13

11.38
11. 12
10.88
10.88
10.62
10.50
10.3B
10.38
10.25
10.12
10.00
10.12
9.88
10.00
9.75
10.50
10.25
10.38
10.12
10.12
9.B8
10.25
10.12
10.00
9.88
9.88

r)

WB

W 12

\~ 12

\~IDTH

DIMENSIONS:

1l1clws

W 14

12.50
13.12
12.50
13.00
12.38
13.00
12.38
12.25
9.00
8.38
8.38
9.00
8.25
8.25
8.25
6.50
8.25
6.50
6.50
6.50

W 16

W 24

W 24

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

TABLE 5-4

DEPTH
DIMENSIONS:

W 18

W 30

W 30

DEPTH

W 21

W 36

\~ 36 x 300
x 280
X 260
X 245
X 245
X 230
X 210
X 194
X 182
X 170
X 160
X 150
X 135

W SHAPES

9.00
8.75
B.50
B.25
8.12
8.00
8.00
7.BB
B.25
B.12
B.12
B.OO
B.12
8.00
I.BB
W6

6.3B
6.25
6.25
6.00
6.00
6.00
5.B8
5.88
W5

5.12
5.12
5.00
W4

4.12

AI'IERICAN

DESIGNATION
Depth
(nom)
x wgt Ib/ft

WEIGHTS

STAND~RD

DIMENSIONS
DEPTH

IN

POUNDS

IN INCHES

PER

LINEAR

U N E QUA

I WIDTH I THICK

FOOT

LEG

TABLES 5

51

T H I C K N E S S

S
C l',x!,1)

x40
x33.9

C 12x30
x25
x20.7

15.1)1) 3.7!i
15.00
3.50
15.00
3.38

12.00
12.00
12.00

3.12
3.00
3.00

0.62
0.62
0.62

0.50
0.50
0.50

I Z

E
1

"

10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00

3.00
2.88
2.75
2.62

0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44

3/4

4 x

8 x 6 x

44.2

8 x 4 x

37.4

39.1

33.8

2~.2

9.00
9.00
9.00

2.62
2.50
2.38

0.44
0.44
0.44

26.3

23.8

28.5

25.7

23.0

21. 9

19.6

22.1

23.6

20.0

18.1

8x18.75
x13.75
x11.5

8.00
8.00
3.00

2.50
2.38
2.25

0.38
0.38
0.38

3/8

7x14.75
x12.25
x 9.8

7.00
7.00
7.00

2.25
2.25
2.12

0.38
0.38
0.38

14.3

15.3

6x13
x10.5
x 8.2

6.00
6.00
6.00

2.12
2.00
1.88

0.31
0.31
0.31

5x 9
x 6.7

5.00
5.00

1.88
1.75

0.31
0.31

3/16

1/8

12.3

10.3

11. 7

9.8

13.6

12.0

10.4

8.7

7.0

15.7

12.8

11.3

9.8

8.2

6.6

14.7

11.9

10.6

9.1

7.7

6.2

13.6

11.1

9.8

3.5

7.2

5.8

10.2

9.1

7.9

6.6

5.4

3 1/2 x 2 1/2 x

9.4

3.3

7.2

6.1

4.9

3 x 2 1/2 x

8.5

7.6

6.6

5.6

4.5

3.39

3 x 2 x

7.7

6.8

5.9

5.0

4.1

3.07

5.3

4.5

3.62

2.75

3.92

3.19

2.44

2.77

2.12

2 x 1 1/4 x

2.55

1.96

1 3/4 x 1 1/4 x

2.34

1.8

1.23

1/4

3/16

1/8

5 x 3 1/2 x

19.8

4 x 3 x

16.8

2 1/2 x 1 1/2 x
EXAMPLE

2 x 1 1/2 x

1/4

13.6

2 1/2 x 2 x
C

5/16

20.2

16.2

3 1/2 x 3 x

7/16

17.9

6 x 3 1/2 x

4 x 3 1/2 x
9x20
x15
x13.4

1/2

9/16

21. 3

26.2

5 x 3 x
C

5/8

28.7

7 x 4 x
6 x 4 x

C 10x30
x25
x20
x15.3

7/8

DESIGNATION:

E QUA

L 2 x 1 1/2 x 1/4

LEG

1.44

T H I C K N E S S

S I Z E
1 1/8
C

4x 7.25
x 5.4

4.00
4.00

1.75
1.62

3.00
3.00
3.00

1.62
1.50
1.38

0.31
0.31

8 x 8 x
6 x 6 x

3x 6
x 5
x 4.1

0.25
0.25
0.25

5 x 5 x

56.9

9/16

3/8

5/16

5/8

51. a

45.0

38.9

32.7

29.6

26.4

37.4

33.1

28.7

24.2

21. 9

19.6

17.2

14.9

12.4

27.2

23.6

20.0

16.2

14.3

12.3

10.3

12.8

11.3

9.8

8.2

6.6

11. 1

9.8

8.5

7.2

5.8

3 x 3 x

9.4

8.3

7.2

6.1

4.9

3.71

2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x

7.7

5.9

5.0

4.1

3.07

4.7

3.92

3.19

2.44

1.65

2.77

2.12

1.44

2.34

1.80

1.23

1 1/4 x 1 1/4 x

1.92

1.48

1.01

1 x 1 x

1.49

1.16

0.80

4 x 4 x

18.5

15.7
.

[[~:~~,~~~
WIDTH

7/16

3/4

3 1/2 x 3 1/2 x
AMERICAN STANDARD CHANNELS

1/2

7/8

2 x 2 x

1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x

DEPTH

1 1/2 x 1 1/2

EXAMPLE

DESIGNATION:

L 3 x 3 x 3/8

3.35

The following dimensional

data for copper
Seamless Copper Alloy Pipe and Tube.

tube

conform

to ASTfII 8-88,

which specifies

general

requirements

for Wrought

TYPE K TUBE
Heavy wall thickness, hard or soft, is furnished for interior plumbing and underground service; steam and hot water
heating systems; fuel oil lines; industrial process applications carrying liquids, air and gases; air conditioning,
refrigeration, and low pressure hydraulic lines. Hard copper tube is used for gas service lines because its rigidity
eliminates traps caused by sagging lines.
NOMINAL
Nominal
Size

';4

Outside
Diameter
(Inches)

THEORETICAL
ON NOMINAL

DIMENSIONS

Wall
Thickness
(Inches)

Inside
Diameter
(Inches)

.375
.500
.625
.875
1.125

.305
.402
.527
.745
.995

.035
.049
.049
.065
.065

1%
1'/2
2
2V2
3

1.375
1.625
2.125
2.625
3.125

1.245
1.481
1.959
2.435
2.907

.065
.072
.083
.095
.109

%
V~
%

AREAS BASED
DIMENSIONS

Theoretical
Weight
(Pounds
Per Foot)

Cross
Sectional
Area of Bore
(Sq. Inches)

External
Surface
(Sq. Ft.
Per Un. Ft.)

Internal
Surface
(Sq. Ft.
Per Un. Ft.)

.073
.127
.218
.436
.778

.098
.131
.164
.229
.294

.080
.105
.138
.195
.261

0.145
0.269
0.344
0.641
0.839

.360
.425
.556
.687
.818

.326
.388
.513
.638
.761

1.04
1.36
2.06
2.93
4.00

1.22
1.72
3.01
4.66
6.64

TYPE l TUBE
Medium wall thickness, hard or soft, is used for medium pressure interior plumbing and for steam and hot water
house-heating systems, panel heating, plumbing vent systems, industrial and process applications.
NOMINAL
Nominal
Size

THEORETICAL
ON NOMINAL

DIMENSIONS

Outside
Diameter
(Inches)

Inside
Diameter
(Inches)

.375
.500
.625
.875
1.125

.315
.430
.545
.785
1.025

.030
.035
.040
.045
.050

1'/4
1V2
2
2V2
3

1.375
1.625
2.125
2.625
3.125

1.265
1.505
1.985
2.465
2.945

.055
.060
.070
.080
.090

%
V2

Wall
Thickness
(Inches)

AREAS BASED
DIMENSIONS

Theoretical
Weight
(Pounds
Per Foot)

Cross
Sectional
Area of Bore
(Sq. Inches)

External
Surface
(Sq. Ft.
Per Un. Ft.)

Internal
Surface
(Sq. Ft.
Per Un. Ft.)

.078
.145
.233
.484
.825

.098
.131
.164
.229
.294

.082
.113
.143
.206
.268

0.126
0.198
0.285
0.455
0.655

.360
.425
.556
.687
.818

.331
.394
.520
.645
.771

0.884
1.14
1.75
2.48
3.33

1.26
1.78
3.09
4.77
6.81

TYPE M TUBE
Light wall thickness, hard only, furnished for applications requiring little or no pressure or tensions on the lines.
NOMINAL
Nominal
Size

1';4
1'/2
2
2'/2
3

THEORETICAL
ON NOMINAL

DIMENSIONS

Outside
Diameter
!Inches)

Inside
Diameter
(Inches)

Wall
Thickness
(Inches)

1.375
1.625
2.125
2.625
3.125

1.291
1.527
2.009
2.495
2.981

.042
.049
.058
.065
.072

Cross
Sectional
Area of Bore
(Sq. Inches)

1.31
1.83
3.17
4.89
6.98

AREAS BASED
DIMENSIONS

External
Surface
(Sq. Ft.
Per Un. Fl.)

Internal
Surface
(Sq. Ft.
Per Un. Ft.)

.360
.425
.556
.687
.818

.338
.400
.526
.653
.780

Theoretical
Weight
(Pounds
Per Fool)

0.682
0.940
1.460
2.030
2.680