B.2.

6
SENSE

BIOLOGY ABORATORY

STELLA DUCE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1

Yogyakarta

2009-2010

I. Introduction:
 Between the five senses, eye functioned to see thing. To see things the shadow of the
object must focused in yellow spot. When the shadow fall in blind spot so we can not see
think shadow.

When we get influenza, the olfactory sense not functioned well. Finally a delicious food
cannot be smelled. It is a relationship between olfactory sense and taste.

Taste/gustatory sense can feel assorted taste sensation among others sweet , bitter,
sour and salty. Where high strung bud location in tongue and connection between olfactory
sense high strongly.

II. Problems:
a. How much is sight sharpness and sight difference in each student?
b. Where high strung bud located in tongue surface?
c. How does the connection between olfactory sense and gustatory sense?

III. Objective:
a. To detect sight sharpness and sight difference for each student in tongue.
b. To detect high-strung bud located in tongue surface.
c. To detect the connection between olfactory sense with gustatory sense.

IV. Literature:

Anatomy and Structure of Human Sense Organs

As far back as the 1760's, the famous philosopher Immanuel Kant proposed that
our knowledge of the outside world depends on our modes of perception. In order to
define what is "extrasensory" we need to define what is "sensory". Traditionally, there
are five senses: sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing. Each of the senses consists of
specialized cells that have receptors for specific stimuli. These cells have links to the
nervous system and thus to the brain. Sensing is done at primitive levels in the cells and
integrated into sensations in the nervous system. Sight is probably the most developed
sense in humans, followed closely by hearing.
  

Sight.

The eye is the organ of vision. It has a complex structure consisting of a

transparent lens that focuses light on the retina. The retina is covered with two basic
types of light-sensitive cells-rods and cones. The cone cells are sensitive to color and are
located in the part of the retina called the fovea, where the light is focused by the lens.
The rod cells are not sensitive to color, but have greater sensitivity to light than the cone
cells. These cells are located around the fovea and are responsible for peripheral vision
and night vision. The eye is connected to the brain through the optic nerve. The point of
this connection is called the "blind spot" because it is insensitive to light. Experiments
have shown that the back of the brain maps the visual input from the eyes.

The brain combines the input of our two eyes into a single three-dimensional
image. In addition, even though the image on the retina is upside-down because of the
focusing action of the lens, the brain compensates and provides the right-side-up
perception. Experiments have been done with subjects fitted with prisms that invert the
images. The subjects go through an initial period of great confusion, but subsequently
they perceive the images as right side up.

The range of perception of the eye is phenomenal. In the dark, a substance

produced by the rod cells increases the sensitivity of the eye so that it is possible to
detect very dim light. In strong light, the iris contracts reducing the size of the aperture
that admits light into the eye and a protective obscure substance reduces the exposure
of the light-sensitive cells. The spectrum of light to which the eye is sensitive varies from
the red to the violet. Lower electromagnetic frequencies in the infrared are sensed as
heat, but cannot be seen. Higher frequencies in the ultraviolet and beyond cannot be
seen either, but can be sensed as tingling of the skin or eyes depending on the
frequency. The human eye is not sensitive to the polarization of light, i.e., light that
oscillates on a specific plane. Bees, on the other hand, are sensitive to polarized light,
and have a visual range that extends into the ultraviolet. Some kinds of snakes have
special infrared sensors that enable them to hunt in absolute darkness using only the
heat emitted by their prey. Birds have a higher density of light-sensing cells than
humans do in their retinas, and therefore, higher visual acuity.
 Color blindness or "Daltonism" is a common abnormality in human vision that
makes it impossible to differentiate colors accurately. One type of color blindness
results in the inability to distinguish red from green. This can be a real handicap for
certain types of occupations. To a colorblind person, a person with normal color vision
would appear to have extrasensory perception. However, we want to reserve the term
"extrasensory perception" for perception that is beyond the range of the normal.

Hearing.

The ear is the organ of hearing. The outer ear protrudes away from the head
and is shaped like a cup to direct sounds toward the tympanic membrane, which
transmits vibrations to the inner ear through a series of small bones in the middle ear
called the malleus, incusand stapes. The inner ear, or cochlea, is a spiral-shaped
chamber covered internally by nerve fibers that react to the vibrations and transmit
impulses to the brain via the auditory nerve. The brain combines the input of our two
ears to determine the direction and distance of sounds.

The inner ear has a vestibular system formed by three semicircular canals that
are approximately at right angles to each other and which are responsible for the sense
of balance and spatial orientation. The inner ear has chambers filled with a viscous fluid
and small particles (otoliths) containing calcium carbonate. The movement of these
particles over small hair cells in the inner ear sends signals to the brain that are
interpreted as motion and acceleration.

The human ear can perceive frequencies from 16 cycles per second, which is a
very deep bass, to 28,000 cycles per second, which is a very high pitch. Bats and
dolphins can detect frequencies higher than 100,000 cycles per second. The human ear
can detect pitch changes as small as 3 hundredths of one percent of the original
frequency in some frequency ranges. Some people have "perfect pitch", which is the
ability to map a tone precisely on the musical scale without reference to an external
standard. It is estimated that less than one in ten thousand people have perfect pitch,
but speakers of tonal languages like Vietnamese and Mandarin show remarkably precise
absolute pitch in reading out lists of words because pitch is an essential feature in
conveying the meaning of words in tone languages. The Eguchi Method teaches perfect
pitch to children starting before they are 4 years old. After age 7, the ability to recognize
notes does not improve much.

Taste.

The receptors for taste, called taste buds, are situated chiefly in the tongue, but
they are also located in the roof of the mouth and near the pharynx. They are able to
detect four basic tastes: salty, sweet, bitter, and sour. The tongue also can detect a
sensation called "umami" from taste receptors sensitive to amino acids. Generally, the
taste buds close to the tip of the tongue are sensitive to sweet tastes, whereas those in
the back of the tongue are sensitive to bitter tastes. The taste buds on top and on the
side of the tongue are sensitive to salty and sour tastes. At the base of each taste bud
there is a nerve that sends the sensations to the brain. The sense of taste functions in
coordination with the sense of smell. The number of taste buds varies substantially from
individual to individual, but greater numbers increase sensitivity. Women, in general,
have a greater number of taste buds than men. As in the case of color blindness, some
people are insensitive to some tastes.
Smell.

The nose is the organ responsible for the sense of smell. The cavity of the nose
is lined with mucous membranes that have smell receptors connected to the olfactory
nerve. The smells themselves consist of vapors of various substances. The smell
receptors interact with the molecules of these vapors and transmit the sensations to the
brain. The nose also has a structure called the vomeronasal organ whose function has
not been determined, but which is suspected of being sensitive to pheromones that
influence the reproductive cycle. The smell receptors are sensitive to seven types of
sensations that can be characterized as camphor, musk, flower, mint, ether, acrid, or
putrid. The sense of smell is sometimes temporarily lost when a person has a cold. Dogs
have a sense of smell that is many times more sensitive than man's.

Touch.

The sense of touch is distributed throughout the body. Nerve endings in the skin
and other parts of the body transmit sensations to the brain. Some parts of the body
 have a larger number of nerve endings and, therefore, are more sensitive. Four kinds of
touch sensations can be identified: cold, heat, contact, and pain. Hairs on the skin
magnify the sensitivity and act as an early warning system for the body. The fingertips
and the sexual organs have the greatest concentration of nerve endings. The sexual
organs have "erogenous zones" that when stimulated start a series of endocrine
reactions and motor responses resulting in orgasm.

Beyond our five senses.

In addition to sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing, humans also have
awareness of balance, pressure, temperature, pain, and motion all of which may involve
the coordinated use of multiple sensory organs. The sense of balance is maintained by a
complex interaction of visual inputs, the proprioceptive sensors (which are affected by
gravity and stretch sensors found in muscles, skin, and joints), the inner ear vestibular
system, and the central nervous system. Disturbances occurring in any part of the
balance system, or even within the brain's integration of inputs, can cause the feeling of
dizziness or unsteadiness.

Kinesthesia is the precise awareness of muscle and joint movement that allows
us to coordinate our muscles when we walk, talk, and use our hands. It is the sense of
kinesthesia that enables us to touch the tip of our nose with our eyes closed or to know
which part of the body we should scratch when we itch.

Synesthesia.

Some people experience a phenomenon called synesthesia in which one type of

stimulation evokes the sensation of another. For example, the hearing of a sound may
result in the sensation of the visualization of a color, or a shape may be sensed as a
smell. Synesthesia is hereditary and it is estimated that it occurs in 1 out of 1000
individuals with variations of type and intensity. The most common forms of synesthesia
link numbers or letters with colors.

V. Hypothesis:
a. The sight sharpness of students are variants and can be assumed as normal if they reach
visus 6/6 (100%)
b. High strung bud location:
i. Front end of tongue: sweet
ii. Front edge of tongue: salty
iii. End edge: acid
iv. Rear base: bitter
c. The olfactory sense responds to gas and taster sense respond to liquid.
VI. Tools and Materials:
a. Activity A:
i. White manila paper
 ii. Wood ruler 1m
iii. Ballpoint
iv. Scissor
b. Activity B:
i. Apple, potato and onion extract
ii. NaCl solution 1%
iii. Sucrose Solution 5%
iv. Acetate acid solution 1%
v. Kina Sulfate solution 0,1%
vi. Cotton bud
vii. Aqua

VII. Working procedure:

a. Activity A:
i. Head of student in line with optotip Snellen student
ii. Use eye glasses
iii. To test your sight right eye:
1. Read the optotip Snellen with closed left eye.
2. The tester should consider how far the student can read. Then note it.
iv. Too test your sight left eye:
1. Read the optotip Snellen with closed right eye.
2. The tester should consider how far the student can read, then note it.
Formula to count the sight acuteness:

V = d/D

V = visus = sight acuteness

d= a distance between the student and the optotip snellen.
D= a false guess distance words from the student
Unnecessary calculation result is abstracting enough declared smaller, same or
bigger than one.
v. Student sight sharpness less or more than 100% or has sight, sharpness near or
far investigation furthermore corrected with positive lens or negative with
procedure as follow:
1. Put card snellen 6 meters in front of the patient.
2. Patient sit to look out on card snellen .
3. One eye is closed continuously with close left eye to test the right eye.
4. With opened right eye student asked to read the smallest line words.
5. Put “+” or “-“ lens according by little until got sight sharpness 6/6.
VIII. Observation data:
IX. Discussion:
a. To know the sight sharpness and sight abnormality each student.
To know how sharp all students have, first we have to test their eyes on optotype
Snellen monitor. That looks like below:

A Snellen chart is an eye chart used by eye care professionals and others to

measure visual acuity. Snellen charts are named after the Dutch ophthalmologist of
Herman Snellen who developed the chart during 1862. Visual acuity = Distance at which
test is made / distance at which the smallest optotype identified subtends an angle of
5 arcminutes. “20/20" (or "6/6") visionis is a normal human eye. Snellen defined
“standard vision” as the ability to recognize one of his optotypes when it subtended 5
minutes of arc. Thus the optotype can only be recognized if the person viewing it can
discriminate a spatial pattern separated by a visual angle of 1 minute of arc.
Outside of the US, (include Indonesia) the standard chart distance is six meters,
normal acuity is designated 6/6, and other acuities are expressed as ratios with a
numerator of 6. Many rooms do not have 6 meters available, and either a half size chart
subtending the same angles at 3 meters, or a reversed chart projected and viewed by a
mirror is used. Acuity charts are used during many kinds of vision examinations, such as
"refracting" the eye to determine the best eyeglass prescription. During such
examinations, acuity ratios are never mentioned.
The largest letter on an eye chart often represents an acuity of 20/200 (6/60),
the value that is considered "legally blind." Many people with refractive errors have the
misconception that they have "bad vision" because they "can't even read the E at the
top of the chart without my glasses." But in most situations where acuity ratios are
mentioned, they refer to best corrected acuity. Many people with
moderate myopia "cannot read the E" without glasses, but have no problem reading the
20/20 line or 20/15 line with glasses. A legally blind person is one who cannot read the
E even with the best possible glasses.
And we have the result; I divide it into 2 categories:
 Right eye:

o Up to 100%:
 Dion (6/5)
 Ellen (6/3)
 Yani (6/3)
 Pheb (6/5)
 Chyntia (6/3)
 Mello (6/3)
 Marcella (6/6)
 Nia (6/6)
 Bezty (6/6)
 Tami (6/3)
 Fani (6/3)
 Gabby (6/3)
 Sarah (6/6)
 Silvi (6/6)
 Arsi (5/3)
 Dyah (6/5)
 Chya (6/5)
  Vidya (6/6)
 Icha (6/3)
 Monic (6/6)
 Novi (6/5)
 Siwi (6/3)

o Below 100%: Lauren, pingkan, Riska, Yunita, Winda, Feli, Nopek,

Tika, Maya, Rebecca, Linda. Shiro, Nana, Ocha, Tata, Wita, Lisa.

Then the left eye:

 Up to 100%: Dion, Ellen, Pingkan, Pheb, Chyntia, Mello,
Marcella, Nia, Bezty, Tami, Fani, Nita, winda, Gabby, Sarah, Arsi,
Dyah,Chya, Shiro, Icha, Monic, Novi, Siwi.
 Below 100%: Yani, Lauren, Riska, Feli, Silvi, Nopek, Tika, Maya,
Rebecca, Linda, Shiro, Nana, Ocha, Vidya, Tata, Wita, Lisa.
We can see that each of students has their own characteristic of eyes. Each is
different for left eye and right eye. And its very variant because we can see that Nopek
used a glasses for left eye: -3,5 and right eye: 4,25. And also Rebecca that known has a
positive glasses for 0,25.
Each of students has a really variants sight sharpness and abnormality on eye.
Like myopia or even hyperopie like Rebecca. There are some causes that made us like
that, such as:
Myopia: Myopia is often caused by excessive lengthening of the eye during
childhood. In other words, the eye grows too long. Recent studies have shown that a
parental history of myopia is the strongest risk factor for the development and
progression of myopia. Close-up work, such as reading, computer work and close
television viewing may influence the development of myopia. There are currently no
approved drugs or devices to prevent myopia from progressing. Children with myopia
wear glasses or contact lens to enable them to see distant objects clearly. Surgical
correction of myopia (RK, PRK and LASIK) is not available for children because of the
ongoing growth of the child's eye. Myopia is often called "nearsightedness". People with
myopia can see close objects clearly while objects farther away appear blurred. All
images that the eye can see have light rays that come from the image and enter the eye
to allow us to see. In normal vision, light rays (depicted by the black lines in the
diagrams) from an object are bent by the cornea and lens at the front of the eye so they
focus on the retina, where the image is transmitted to the brain for 20/20 vision.
Hyperopie: the condition of the eye where incIf the eyes are focusing for
distance and now the person is looking at a near object, the eyes need to accommodate
further. This may result in blurry near objects or headaches during near work.
Depending upon the amount of hyperopia, symptoms can range from none to clear
distance vision but blurry near vision, to blurry distance and near vision. Headaches and
 eyestrain may also occur, particularly when doing near tasks. An eye turned in
(esotropia) may be a result of hyperopia, particularly in children. However, because a
turned eye may be a result of more serious causes it is very important to have it checked
out. But actually this disorder happens with old people because their fovea is already
blurred. But, it has possibility for youngsters that they may have some disability that
causes them into hyperopie.

b. To know where the high-strung bud located in tongue surface.

As we can see the observation data above, we use some of the substance to
represents the taste, such as: NaCl 1%= acid, sucrose 5%= sweet, Ch3COOH 5%= salty,
and Quinine sulfate 1%=bitter.
There are four types of taste receptors: (1) sweet, as produced by table sugar; (2)
sour, as produced by vinegar; (3) salty, as produced by table salt; and (4) bitter, as
produced by caffeine or quinine. Each of these taste receptors is most highly
concentrated in certain regions of the tongue's surface. "Sweet receptors" are mostly on
the tip of the tongue (noted in a child's preference to lick a candy sucker rather than
chew it). "Sour receptors" occur primarily along the sides of the tongue and are
stimulated mainly by acids. "Salt receptors" are most common in the tip and upper front
portion of the tongue. They are stimulated mainly by inorganic salts. "Bitter receptors"
are located toward the back of the tongue. They are stimulated by a variety of chemical
substances, most of which are organic compounds, although some inorganic salts of
magnesium and calcium produce bitter sensations too.
When I tried to taste NaCl , first thing that I felt is my back edge of tongue. I could
feel other taste in my mouth just a second after the side one.
When I tried to taste sucrose, it was totally sweet. And I can`t decide which part of
my tongue can effectively detect this sense. But, surely with unconscious the tip of the
tongue felt it really deeply than others.
Then in my third trial I sense salty in my tongue, especially in edge front of my
tongue. It was really an intense one.
In my last trial, I had to taste quinine sulfate taste. And I felt insecure about my tip
of tongue, but sure my back of tongue felt really intense in tasting bitter.

c. To detect a connection between olfactory sense with gustatory sense.

We taste three different things; there were potato, apple, and onion. Each of
them we sense very intensely.
In my first sense test, I tasted potato. But I couldn’t feel any taste of potato.
Neither closed eye nor nose or closed eye opened nose.
In my second sense test, I tested apple, which definitely sense of sweet. And I
taste the sweet without smelling. But after I open my nose, finally I can smell the sweet
of apple.
In my last sense test, I tested onion. I don’t know what kind of taste is this, but I
know if this sense of sensation is the taste of Onion. It has salty but a bit bitter for me.
 So it’s a mixed between several taste. And I can smell it clearly, that its not sweet smell,
salty, bitter or acid smell. It was just different than other.

X. Conclusion:
a. The sight sharpness for each student is variants, and it can be admitted as normal one if
they at least have visus up to 100% or 6/6.
b. Location of high strung bud:
i. Tip of tongue: sweet.
ii. Front edge: salty
iii. Back edge: acid.
iv. Back of tongue: bitter.
c. The smelling sense accepts gas as their stimulus and tasting sense accepts liquid taste as
their stimulus. And the connection between those two is if the smelling and the tasting
sense have the same line. That makes other if the tongue taste acid then maybe the
smelling sense smells kind of orange fruit sensation.

XI. References:
a. http://www.innerbody.com/image/nerv12.html
b. http://science.pppst.com/fivesenses.html
c. www.wikipedia.org
d. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

Guide, Yogyakarta, March 15/ 2010

 Student,

Ms. Artha Yunita Punarisma