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Basic Training
PETROLEUM STORAGE TANKS - Basic Training
1. Background
2. Tank Design
Day One - Types of vertical tanks
- Selection of vertical tanks
3. Tank Structure & Assembly of Tank
4. Tank Fittings
- Operational fitting
- Fittings common to all vertical tanks
- Additional fitting for floating roof tanks
- Special fittings and accessories for floating
5. Tank Inspection
6. Tank Farm Safety
…………………………………………………………………………………...
7. Measurement
Day Two 8. Internal & external incident learning
9. Field trip
STORAGE TANKS- Basic Training
1.0 Background
Tanks have been around since the beginning of hydrocarbon
production. Tanks vary considerably, in the type and size based on
the type of products to be stored and the volume involved.
The failure of a tank can have several undesirable effects such as
endangering personnel, affecting the environment and interrupting
the Operator’s business.
Companies therefore, require a consistent approach for assessing tank
integrity and maintaining compliance with industry and regulatory
standards, (that is community requirements). Such an approach must;
• Ensure tanks are not leaking and will not leak before next inspection
• Reduce the potential for releases
• Maintain tanks in safe operating conditions, and
• Make repairs and determine when replacement is necessary.
PETROLEUM STORAGE TANKS Basic Training
TANK
While in the storage tanks, these products may settle out undesirable
substances such as;
a) Water
b) Emulsions
c) Dirt etc.
Broadly, the storage tanks can be divided into two basic types:
Atmospheric storage
Atmospheric storage is a term applied to tanks operating at or near atmospheric
pressure. This type of tank is used to hold liquid which will not vaporize at
ambient temperature. Tanks used in this category are primarily the open top,
fixed roof (cone & dome) and floating roof.
Pressurized storage
Pressurized storage applies to those vessels (mounded bullets) which are
designed to withstand pressure sufficient to keep the liquid stored, from
vaporizing. High vapor pressure hydrocarbons such as propane, butane,
iC5 are the types of products requiring pressurized storage vessels (Mounded
Bullets).
Internal
Floating Roof Floating
Tank roof tank
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.0 The design of the tank
Standard vertical tanks are available in several types, which differ in
vapor-saving efficiency and in cost.
2.1 Vertical tanks
2.1.1 Open top tanks
This type of tank has no roof and shall be used for storing city water,
fire water and cooling water (All water tanks in PPMSB are with roofs).
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Fixed roof tanks
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hydrocarbons as per product classification as given for example in
and may be used l to store hydrocarbons as per product classification as given for example
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STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.1.3 Fixed roof tanks with floating covers (internal floating roof tanks)
In a fixed roof tank a floating cover can be installed to give a further
reduction of vapor losses. These tanks are fitted with breather vents
either at the top course of the shell plate or on the roof edge.
Typical feedstock/ products stored are: DPK (Kerosene, Jet A1)
2.1.4 Floating roof tank
This type of tanks are designed to work at atmospheric pressure. The
diameter of a floating roof tanks shall at least be equal to its height to
enable the use of a normal rolling ladder for access to the roof.
Typical Products stored are: Crude oil, Gasoline and Gasoline
components, Solvents……
2.1.5 Bullets
The very volatility & high vapor pressure product such as Isopentane, LPG &
Butane will be store in a vessel that will withstand product pressure and prevent
any product vaporization. Due to high volatility & high vapor pressure the vessels are
Mounded underground to prevent thermal radiation in case of any fire nearby.
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
Internal Floating
Roof Tank
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.3 Stability
Advantages are:
> It provides better distribution of the concentrated load of the shell
to produce a more uniform soil loading under the tank
> It provides a means of leveling the tank grade, and it is capable
of preserving its contour during construction
> It retains the fill under the tank bottom and prevents loss of material
as a result of erosion
> it can more smoothly accommodate differential settlement
because of its flexibility
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.4 Tank Foundation
At least a Min.
25 mm 600 mm
6 mm
ANNULAR
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.0 Tank Structure
3.3 Attachment to shell
The connection between the bottom edge of the lowest course
of the shell plates and the bottom annular plates shall be
continuous fillet weld on both side of the shell plates.
3.4 Joints in tank bottom plates
All joint in bottom plates shall be lapped. The minimum lap shall
be five times the thickness of the plate.
There shall be a minimum lap of 65 mm between the bottom
plates and the bottom annular plates.
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.0 Tank Structure
3.5 Pad Plates
Pad plates fixed to the tank bottom shall be used at all supports.
Pad plates should be of circular shape; if square or rectangular
plates are used, they shall have their corners rounded (radius at
least 5 times the plate thickness) and continuously welded.
3.6 Shell Design
The bottom course shall have a minimum height of 1800 mm
and a minimum thickness of 8 mm.
The nominal thickness of the shell plates shall not exceed 40
mm. The minimum shell thickness shall be:
> 6 mm for tanks of less than 33 m in diameter
> 8 mm for tanks of 33 m up to and including 60 m in diameter,
> 10 mm for tanks over 60 m in diameter.
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.6 Internal Loading
No course shall have a thickness less than that of the course
above, regardless of the material of construction.
The shell plates for which a minimum thickness has been
calculated and ordered shall not under run (furnished by mill) the
computed thickness by more than 0.25 mm at any place.
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STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
Internal Floating Roof Shoe Seal for aluminum Secondary Wiper Seal
internal floating roofs or steel pans. (with roller for out of round tanks)
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.5 Drains > Roof drain
We could select the most suitable floating roof drains type and size
(capacity), also on the application of the roof sump with the non return valve and with the types of
discharge drain valves at the tank shell. Emergency type drains for double deck and single deck
roof structures are part of the engineering package.
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.6 Foam Dams
> Foam dams collect debris and therefore retain water causing
excessive corrosion of dam/ deck joint, roof annulars and seal
connections. The dam drain holes should always unplugged.`
STORAGE TANKS- Basic Training
4.0 Tank Fittings
4.1 Operational Fittings for vertical Tanks
Standard range of fittings and accessories
Tanks shall be provided with the standard range of fittings and
accessories. Optional fittings shall be supplied only when specified by
the owner.
4.1.1 Breather valves (pic) and free vents
The number and sizes of breather valves and free vents required
should be specified separately due to large variations is
pumping rates, etc.
When deciding on the number of free vents required, their capacity
shall be taken into account.
Note: If the storage capacity of an existing tank is increased by
fitting additional courses of shell plates, the venting capacity
of the enlarged tank shall be checked, and increase if
necessary.
STORAGE TANKS- Basic Training
Flame Arrestor
Introduction
Flame arrestor is designed to stop the propagation of flame from ignited flammable liquid vapors with low flash points.
They prevent flame propagation by absorbing and dispatching heat thereby reducing the temperature of the flame front
preventing ignition behind the cell element. Flame Arrestor can be installed either vertically or horizontally and is
available in aluminum, carbon steel or stainless steel. The cell element is available in stainless steel and special materials
are available on request.
Design Features
Because of the safety critical nature of the progress, designing and specifying flame arrestors requires great care and
consideration. There is a wide range of volatile gaseous compounds and mixtures, each having its own unique
combustion characteristics.
Careful consideration also needs to be given to the corrosive nature of these compounds, as the element and housing of
any arrestors will needs to be constructed of materials resistant to this corrosion.
The World Bridge manufacture elements from stainless steel 304, 316 or 316L as standard.
The World Bridge Flame Arrestor is passive device with no moving parts.
They prevent the propagation of flame from the exposed side of the unit to the protected side by the use of wound
crimped metal ribbon type flame cell element. This construction produces a matrix of uniform openings that are carefully
construct to quench the flame by absorbing the heat of the flame. This provides an extinguishing barrier to the ignited
vapor mixture.
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.1 Operational Fittings for vertical Tanks (cont)
Caution: Always have one hand free to hold the railing while
using the tank stairways.
STORAGE TANKS- Basic Training
4.2.2 Roof nozzles for breather valves, free vents, dip hatch and slot
dipping devices
> Fixed roof tanks shall be fitted with roof nozzles suitable for cone or
dome roofs, to enable these fittings to be mounted vertically and to
provide clearance when roof insulation is fitted.
4.2.3 Manholes
> Fixed roof tanks are usually equipped with the following manholes:
- Screws-down, gas tight hinged-cover roof manholes
- Bolted-cover shell manholes
- Sliding/tight fitting cover for pontoon manholes in floating roof tanks
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.2 Fittings Common to All Vertical Tanks
4.5.2 Fittings
All floating roof shall be equipped with a complete set of
accessories required for the proper functioning of the floating roof.
> Support legs
Adjustable supporting legs are provided on which the roof rests in
its lowest position during operation and in its highest position during
maintenance operations.
Pad plates shall be located on the bottom for each supporting leg.
STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.5 Special fittings and accessories for floating roof