Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Systematic Study
2006-2007
. BIO SKETCH
© 2007- Habitat & Species Conservation Project, SUSG-CAsia: All Rights Reserved.
All materials appearing in this Study report are copyrighted and may be reproduced
with permission. Any reproduction in full or in part of this publication must be credit
to Habitat and species conservation project, SUSG-CAsia as the copy right owner.
Prepared by: Mohammad Yahya Musakhel, Conservation Officer, SUSG- C Asia/ UNDP
Design, Layout and Formatting by: Mohammad Yahya Musakhel and Mahlaqa Qamar, SUSG- C Asia
Photographs: Mohammad Yahya Musakhel, SUSG- C Asia/ UNDP
Citation: Musakhel, M. Y (2007): An Ethnobotanical Study Report of Toghar Area, District Qilla
Saifulla Balochistan, Systematic survey Report. Pp 45
Technical Report
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents i
List of Maps ii
List of Figures and Tables iii
List of Plates and Annexure iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi
1. BACKGROUND 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Brief description of the Project Area 1
1.3. Rationale and objectives of Ethno botanical survey 2
1.4. Survey plan and Methodology 6
1.5. Limitation of Study 7
2. Basic Information of Households and Villages 8
2.1 Physical and Climatic Conditions 8
2.2. Demographic and Social characteristics 8
2.3. Income and Poverty Level 10
2.4. Livestock Situation 10
2.5 Wildlife Situation 10
3. Marketing of Medicinal plants of Torghar 13
4. Plants Inventory and Uses 14
5. Enumeration 18
GLOSSARY 43
REFERENCES 44
LIST OF MAPS
1. Map of Balochistan 3
FIGURES
TABLES
ANNEXURE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Background
1.1 Introduction
1
The PC 1 of the project.
2
The black Mountain (Pashto term)
Jogezai and Sardar Naseer A. Tareen, in consultation with wildlife biologists from the
United States of America. Torghar Conservancy mainly considered of a chain of three
parallel sandstone mountain series and allied ridges that rise out of the arid plains
located with the south- eastern border of Afghanistan in Toba Kakar Range have long
been known inhabiting important wild species, most striking and valued are called
Sulaiman Markhore (Capra falconeri, jerdoni) and Afghan Urial (Ovis vignei cycloceros).
Flora of the area includes trees like Juniparus excelsa, Pistacia kinjul, P. cabulica and
Fraxinus xanthoxylides etc.
5. John Harshberger used the term ethnobotany for the first time in 1896, to study the
plants used by the primitive and aboriginal people. Since then it has been defined as the
traditional knowledge of indigenous communities about surrounding plant diversity and
as the study of how the people of a particular culture and region make use of indigenous
plants. Ethnobotany includes all sorts of relationships between people and plants. The
definition of ethnobotany can be sum up in four words i.e. People, Plants, Interactions and
Uses. "Ethnobotany is the study of how the people of a particular culture and region
makes the use of indigenous plants", while the ethnobotanist explores how plants are used
as food, shelter, medicine, clothing, hunting and in religious ceremonies. It is the science,
which studies "the relationship between a given society and its environment and in
particular the plant world"
6. Ethnobotany deals with the study of the interaction between plants and people,
with a particular emphasis on traditional tribal cultures. Ethnobotany is a branch of
botany, the study of plants, and is closely related to cultural anthropology, the study of
human societies. An important branch of ethnobotany called economic botany focuses
on the commercial use of plants, especially in industrialized societies. Further avenues
were explored by other researchers who began to develop quantitative methods for
estimating amounts of products used, the distribution of useful species, or the relative
importance of different values of products to people (Prance et al., 1987; Phillips and
Gentry, 1993 a and b; Caballero, 1992; Hoft et al., 1999). Besides developing quantitative
methods, ethnobotany has moved towards a wider approach, including other aspects of
the natural world. Ethnobotanists quite often identify themselves more and more as
ethnobiologists because these disciplines offer more opportunities to analyze human
interactions with the overall environment as well as people’s relation to external factors
such as the impact of trade systems on local economies and ways of life (Lama et al.,
3
Torghar conservation plan
2002). In the last 100 years, the science of ethnobotany has progressed and the trend is
shifting from mere documentation process to a more practical one with emphasize on
conservation and sustainable use of plant resources.
9. Pakistan is divided into nine major ecological zones, which are endowed with
over 6000 unique plant species (Map 3). Due to its salubrious climate, Pakistan is quite
rich in medicinal herbs which are scattered over a large area. These herbs are growing
in the wild and no methodical attempt has been made to collect and cultivate them.
Most of these plants have remarkable medicinal and economic value, often only
known to indigenous communities of Pakistan. In Pakistan, medicinal plants are
primarily used by tibbi dawakhanas4. Unfortunately, very little attention has been paid
to the ethnobotanical aspect of plants as hakims are only concerned with the floral and
vegetative parts of medicinal plants without any regard to their botanical
characteristics, or distribution in the various ecological zones of Pakistan. Herbs are
not only used in the Hikmat system of treatment but in the preparation of many
allopathic and homeopathic drugs: no wonder these herbs are now being commercially
exploited for the extraction of various ingredients.
10. Balochistan Province of Pakistan with unique and diverse biodiversity due to the
presence of mountains, desert and plain ranges are under tremendous pressure from
locals because of illicit cutting of valuable plants, poor collection and storage methods of
medicinal plants, smuggling of timber wood, over grazing, week forest laws and their
applications, illiterate population with no sense or lust for conservation and above all
passive and non practical policies of government as well as of NGO’s working in the area
(Yehya and Tareen, 2003).
11. The Ethno botany study has therefore been planned to collect primary data,
using suitable methodology and appropriate survey instruments, from the communities
living in the PA, and establish a baseline database for development of the area and the
local communities in accordance with the project objectives.
4
Medical centers of indigenous physicians known as hakims
12. The ethno botany survey was carried out during May through October 2006 in
representative central and peripheral areas of Torghar Conservancy. During this time the
project area was visited once a month for collection of data pertinent to ethnobotany,
conservation and plant diversity of the area. Each study trip was well planned and
executed effectively. The study was completed in three phases. These include literature
collection, field trips for data collection and documentation of the data obtained from field
areas.
13. Field work was carried out in order to investigate the ethno botany, plant diversity
and conservation status of the flora of Torghar conservancy. The field work includes
interviews, observations and guided field walks / transects walks. Two methods were
frequently used during the field work; observation and interviews. Observations in
biological studies play an important role. These observations were made while visiting
different villages. During this process, local methods of medicinal plants collection,
storage, drying, harvesting time, processing and utilization were observed and noted. In
the mean time all the plants during flowering/fruiting stage, were collected, pressed and
preserved.
14. During field work, interviews were conducted with the local inhabitants, selected
informants, the herbalists ‘hakims’ (local physicians of eastern system of medicine),
pansaries (medicinal plants sellers in the local markets). Questionnaires were adopted
during the surveys in order to get qualitative and participatory approach about the plant
resources and their utilization by the local people (Annexure 1). Questions concerning the
utility of different plants, quantity of plants used, rate of consumption, availability,
economics/market value and fuel wood /fodder head loads had been asked.
15. The survey, preceded by a rapid reconnaissance survey of villages across the
protected area, was conducted by the Conservation Officer, and Community wildlife
watchers team of the SUSG- C Asia and STEP.
16. A number of factors limited and constrained progress of the ethnobotany study.
These had significant effects on the survey schedule as well as quality of data. The
survey schedule suffered essentially from: i) limited number of Researchers staff, social
mobilization staff, ii) constrained mobility in the field due to inaccessibility in most of
the protected area; iii) sparseness of settlements and households spread in a vast area;
and iv) nature of occupations of the conservancy inhabitants resulting in their
unavailability during most of the survey period.
17. The Torghar Conservancy, abode of the largest chunk of Sulaiman Markhor and
Afghan Urial in the world, comprises of Khaisor valley, Tanishpa, Kunder and
Torghabarg in Union council Sharan Jogizai, thesil and District Qilla Saifullah
Balochistan Province of Pakistan.
18. Torghar forms the northern most part of Toba Kakari Range, a chain of rugged
sandstone mountains approximately 300 sq. km. The altitude varies between 2,500 to
3,300 meters. Johnson (1997a). It is bounded on the north by Kunder river valley and on
the south by the Khaisore Valley.
20. The climate of the conservancy is subject to little bit variations. It is characterized
by strong seasonality both in the temperature and precipitation. Summer temperatures
are hot, up to 35ºC. Winters are cold, some times as low as -15 ºC, further more there is a
strong variation between day and night temperatures (Plate 1 ) .
21. Rainfall is sparse and generally occurs in summer during June through August.
Precipitation during the winter mostly occurs as snow. Rainfall is light and variable,
with the annual average about 180- 270 mm/yr (Map 4). March and April are the rain
Set months, and some summer rain fall is received in July and August.
22. Secondary data on number of villages and households, and population of the
protected area shows that 256 households with the total population 4000. Mostly,
families have permanent houses in the mountains while some family members move
around seasonally with their flocks. The largest village is Tanishpa with about 25
households. The average population per household size is 15.
23. The Torghar Hills lie across several traditional migration routes that are
followed by the local Torghar herdsmen and other Pathan tribes on their seasonal treks
between the Afghan plains, where some of them spend the summer, and the winter
grazing in the Torghar Hills and to the south. The numbers of this transhumant are
24. In the conservancy, the literacy rate is less the 2% as per TCP 1998 report. The
latest data on the area is not available. But it is certain that the literacy rate among men
in CPA is very poor, while among women it is almost zero.
25. The household survey found existence of 05 tribes in the area. Among these,
principal tribes are Sahaizai (126HH), Shabozai (34 HH), Merozai (34 HH), Khudzai (43
HH) and Hakim Zai (19 HH). In many villages, more than one tribe is present. Inter
tribal marriages are common. Inter-tribe feuds are few and far between. The leaders of
the tribes are Nawabs who exert considerable influence on the society and in the
5
Torghar Conservation Plan
protected area. The local people look to them for resolving any dispute and major
decision making.
26. The traditional joint family structure is the prevalent pattern in the protected
area households. Within the household compound however, nuclear type of housing
also emerges based on age and gender considerations. The eldest male member of the
household normally takes decisions on important matters. The small villages of the
protected area known by the names of these household heads. In the settled villages,
houses are made of stone and mud. On the other hand, in the small settlements which
shift their location from one season to another, the traditional nomadic black tents of
goat hair woven materials ; called Kizdai are still used commonly. For cooking, generally
Pistacia, Fraxinus, Carragna leaves and branches are used.
27. Torghar society is marked by extreme poverty. There are almost no sources of
permanent or temporary employment in Torghar, apart from the jobs provided by STEP.
A little agriculture has been developed at Tanishpa where there is some level (terraced
fields) ground and a source of water for irrigation. Crops grown include grains, alfalfa,
almonds and apricots. Many wild products (pistachio nuts, wild rhubarb (Rheum sp.)
and other edible plants are collected. The wild pistachio tree is a main source of fuel,
food and income. Unfortunately the wild pistachio trees are badly damaged by
porcupines, (Hystrix indica), whose population has greatly increased since the local
extermination of its predator, the leopard (Panthera pardus)
28. Livestock is the mainstay in the household economy of the inhabitants of the area
particularly those residing in its interior villages. Households keep five kinds of
livestock such as goat, sheep, camel, donkey and few cattle and horses for specifically
different purposes. Buffaloes are not kept in the area as they are unsuitable in the
prevailing environment. Goats are in highest number in every village, followed by
sheep, for their high profitability and convertibility into instant cash. Camels and
donkeys are used for carrying people and goods throughout the protected area which is
devoid of any road network. Both camels and cattle are used as draught animals, but the
cattle having no utility as transport means are more likely to be gradually reduced in
number with the increased use of tractors particularly in the relatively accessible areas of
the conservancy in the future. However, cows are expected to remain in the household
herds as the indispensable source of milk.
29. Torghar, one of the richest lands of Balochistan in term of its biodiversity of
fauna as well known in the past century. Of those, the Sulaiman Markhor (Plate 1.),
Afghan Urial, common leopard and Indian wolf are significant. Due to hunting in the
past decades before 1980, the common leopard was wiped out from the range. The other
important species are; the wolf (Cains lupus), Hyena (Hyena hyena), Red Fox (Vulpes
vupes), Blandford fox (Vulpes cana), Indian desert Cat (Felis silvestris), Pallas Cat (Felis
manual) and stone Morten (Martes Fiona). Some rodents are very important and playing
a vital role in maintaining the eco-system and releasing predation pressure from large
caprins needed in term of their conservation6.
6
C. M. Shafeeq, Ungulates survey report 2006.
PLATE 1
Sulaiman Markhor
31. Pakistan has a wide floral diversity containing about 6,000 taxa. More then 700
plants species are being used as medicinal and aromatic plants (Pei, 1992).
32. About 71 medicinal plants found in the wild in the community protected area.
Around 10 plants collected and sold by the plants collectors and dealers Table …. The
people have only access to local shop keepers, Mobile shop keepers and Pinsars of Qilla
Saifullah.
33. The medicinal plants of Torghar are collected entirely from the wild. There is no
tradition of cultivation of medicinal plants due lack of awareness. The collectors get very
little remuneration from the sale of medicinal plants which are considered a low-income
product. The collectors have a very limited access to the markets of Quetta, Lahore as
well as herbal manufacturers.
Table: Rates of some important medicinal plants of Torghar Area.
S. No. Scientific name Local Name Parts Sell Buyer Price (Rs.)
Fruit Local Shop keepers 20/Kg.
1 Pistacia cabulica Wana
Gum Local Shop keepers 70/ Kg
2 Cramb cordifolia Pashai Leaves Qilla Saifulla Market 6/ Dozen
3 Bunium prsicum Tora Zera Seed Qilla Saifulla Market 170/Kg.
4 Onozma Spp. Larilanag Roots Mobile Shop keepers 60/ Kg
5 Astragalus sp. Miswak Root Local Shop Keepers 1.5/ feet
6 Berberis balochistanica Zarlog Roots Mobile Shop keepers 45/ kg
7 Prunus eburana Zarga Fruit Qilla Saifullah 65/Kg
8 Achillea santolina Zawal Whole plant Qilla Saifullah 40/Kg
9 Ferula Sp. Oshai Zalga Gum Mobile Shopkeeper 400/Kg
34. A large quantity of plants wasted between collection and ultimate customer. The
exact wastage is difficult to quantify. No proper methodologies has been applied, e.g.
Cramb cardifolia need to reach market in flash and fresh condition almost in between 8
hour after harvesting, while Miswak need the keep in a straight place beneath a heavy
stones or items in order to keep it straight, otherwise it loose its 75% price etc.
35. On the other hand the collectors us unsuitable equipments and unsustainable
harvesting of medicinal plants. Due to lack of awareness of proper collection of desired
plant parts, some collectors harm to the whole plant as well as nearby plants (Plate 2).
36. The inhabitants of Torghar earn a nominal income from wild plants. Annually
500 mond Pisacia's fruit, 10-15 mond gum of Pistacia Sp. 2,00,000 ft of Miswak plants,
near about 100 monds of Cumin etc. detail is given in the Figure 1. Sense of awareness,
capacity building of local communities regarding wise and sustainable use of natural
resources and linkages with related pharmaceutical companies is necessary for growth
in income of local communities.
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
-200000 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
37. Pakistan; with a vast heritage of diverse ethnic groups and rich biodiversity is a
great emporium and treasure house of ethno botanical wealth. The herbal remedies are
the world’s primary therapeutic arsenal to fight diseases. The medicinal plants have
been used since ancient time for the treatment of human ailments. It is reported that
more than 150 pure chemical compounds, derived from higher plants, find their place in
modern science. In Pakistan; till in 1950s, up to 84% of the total population dependent
on traditional medicine for all or most of their medical needs. (Goodman 1992).
38. In Balochistan especially, hilly and remote areas folklore medicine continue to
play an important role in the health care system of the population at large. Various tribal
and aboriginal populations of Qilla Saifullah District of Balochistan still practice the
herbal remedies for treatment of their common disease and disorders. This vast
knowledge of tribal people needs to be scrutinized and evaluated pharmacological for
the development of herbal medicines based on tribal claims
39. During the survey and studies among the tribal populations of Torghar
conservancy, attention was given to document ethno-medicinal plants having potential
utilization for the treatment of different diseases by medicine men and healers (Details
presented in the Figure 2). The survey and studies were conducted in Torghabarg,
Kunder, Tanispa and Khaisore valleys.
Poison Tonic
Blood Head
Bones Skin 3% 1% 3% 8%
1% 3%
Stomach Miscilleneus
12% 27%
Intestine
8%
Liver
1% Chest Asthama
7% Teeth Eye 3%
Narcotic
1% 3%
1% Fever
18%
40. The flora of Torghar area is dominated by annual and perennial herbs followed
dwarf bushes details in the Figure 3. They grow on the onset of summer on mountain
slopes and pastures give a spectacular view of varieties of flowers in the month of April
and May. During the rest of the year the plant species remain dormant, most of the
plants got medicinal value and these plants are utilized by the local inhabitants of
Torghar for human diseases as well as veterinary practices from the very beginning.
Shrubs
30%
Trees
7%
Herbs
63%
41. In present study about 71 plants species represents the common most
conspicuous and most utilized species in Torghar with known uses. This number
probably represent the 60- 70% of the all species. Although some species without
reported use include in this report. It is estimated that the floral diversity of Torghar
could be four to five times greater than shown here.
42. The plants of ethno botanical importance were collected and classified on the basis
of their utility in the area. Local people including plant collectors and other on the basis of
age group were interviewed for ethno botanical information of the area. The timings for
field work were selected according to the growth and collection season of the plants.
Population size and its distribution, languages, ethnic affiliation, history of settlement,
major social groups or classes, productive activities, subsistence crops, migration trends
etc. were also explored during the field work.
PLATE 2
Enumeration
43. In the enumeration plants used by the tribal to cure various diseases and for other
purposes have been dealt.
Family: Boraginaceae
Local Name: Zar Gulai (Pashtu)
Flowering period: March-April
Locality: Khaisore(Torghar),
Habit: Annual herb
Uses: The pretty spotted flowers are fragrant and give an
additional beauty to the area.
PLATE 3
PLATE 4
PLATE 5
Juniperus excelsa
PLATE 6
Coriandrum sativum L.
Family: Papailonaceae
Local name: Sas-sai (Pashtu), Chukipith (Brahovi)
Locality: Tanishpa (Torghar)
Flowering period: March-May
Uses: Used as fodder, fuel wood and fencing, asthetic
Family: Ephedraceae
Eng. name: Ephedra/ Ma-haung
Vernacular name: Oman (Pashto)
Type; Shrub
Flowering period: April-June
Parts used: Whole plant
Occurrence: Common
Uses: Extract with addition of sugar used in hard cough. Extract
with addition of raw sugar (Ghur) used in cattle’s cough.
Grinded branches in capsulated form with DesiGhee for
PLATE 7
Pistacia khinjuk
PLATE 8
Family: Chenopodiaceae
Local Name: Surgul (Pashtu), Pirkai (Brahovi)
Flowering period: April-May
Habit: Shrub
Locality: Lawa (Torghar)
Uses: Used as fuel wood, mainly browsed by camels
Iris songarica
Family: Solanaceae
Local Name: Spaira Zaralog
Habit: Shrub
Locality: Kunder
Flowering Period: March-June
Uses: White to light purple flowers increasing the beauty of area.
Branches used as fencing material, and fuel wood
Mentha longifolia Pl. 4
Occurrence: Torghabarg
Parts used: Roots
Uses: Roots burn and ashes used as powder for cleaning teeth.
Root paste is used in Scorpion sting and Snake bite, bark is
used in skin diseases especially in Leprosy, highly
poisonous.
Peganum harmala Linn. Pl. 4
Family: Rosaceae
Local name: Zarga (Pashtu) Karoskai (Brahovi)
Locality: Tanishpa (Torghar)
Habit: Shrub
Flowering period: March-April)
Uses: Used as fodder, gum obtained from the plant used for cure
of spinal card and bones weakness. Seed and gum having
economic value. It also use as fuel wood and fence in area.
PLATE 9
PLATE 10
PLATE 11
Family: Rosaceae
Local Name: Nangah(Pashtu)
Habit: Shrub
Locality: Natu, Obashtai (Torghar)
Flowering period: April-May
Uses: Fruit is appetizer, branches used as fencing. It is fodder sp.
preferable by goats and camels.
Rheum sp. Pl. 10
Family: Poligonaceae
Local name: Sakhar-yaie
Common name: Gawozaban
Locality: Tanishpa, Khaisoe and Torghabarg (Torghar)
Flowering period: June-August
Uses: 10-40cm broad leaves, Root of the plant have economic
value. Stalks (Narlai) used as vegetable. It is camel’s
favorite fodder.
Rosa lacerans L. Pl.
Family: Compositae
Local name: Zharh Zarhai (Pashtu)
Type: Herb
Flowering period: March-April
Locality: Khaisore (Torghar)
Uses: Used as fodder species. The plant have aesthetic value
Type: Shrub
Uses: Roots burn used for Gums diseases, Branches used in
Shelter making, Plant used as fuel wood, increasing
fertility of area. Pods are favorite hay of donkey.
Tamarix aphylla Pl. 9
Family: Tamaricaceae
Local Name: Ghaz (Pashtu), Gazz (Barahovi - Balochi)
Locality: Common in conservancy
Flowering period: February-August
Parts used: Branches
Uses: Evergreen tree increase the fertility of area. Branches of
plant used in shelter making also used as fuel wood.
Thymus linearis Benth.
Family: Lillaceae
Local name: Khatole
Habit: Herb
Part used: Tuber, flower
Locality: Tanishpa, Torghabarg and Khaisore
Uses: It is an ornamental plant, tuber is edible
Family: Zygophyllaceae
Local name: Sukrondai (pashtu)
Locality: Kunder
Habit: Succulent herb
Uses: infusion of leaves applied to eye in ophthalmia and
leucoma. Use as fodder species.
Local name
S.# Scientific name Family Type Uses
(Pashtu)
1 Achillea santolina Linn. Zawal Astraceae Herb Cure for fever, stomachic, abdominal pain
cooling medicine
2 Alhagi maurorum Zoz Fabaceae Herb Flowers edible, fodder specie
3 Allium griffithianum Bioss. Makoka Alliaceae Herb Indigestion, eaten raw as salad.
4 Amaranthus spinosus Skhin- a-pnrhi Amaranthaceae Herb Used as vegetable
5 Arnebia griffithii Zair Gullai Boraginaceae Herb Aesthetic, Fragrant
6 Artemisia meritima Tarkha spaira Astraceae Herb Antiperiodic, aperient, tonic, respiratory and
cardiac stimulant.
7 Artemisia stenocephala Turkha Astraceae Herb Anthelmintic, stomachic, carminative, malaria
Krasch ex Poljakove fever.
8 Astragalus leucocephalus Miswak Papilionaceae Shrub Oral hygiene, marketing value
9 Berberis balochistanica Zarlog Berberaceae Shrub Chest infection, human cough, animal cough,
Ahrendt. body pain.
10 Berberis calliobotry Aitch. KharZarolg Berberaceae Shrub Jaundice
Ex Koehne
11 Buddleja crispa Bth. Sparawangi Buddlegaceae Herb Tooth ache, throat swelling
12 Bunium persicum (Boiss) Tora zera Apaceae Herb Carminative, condiments
Fedtsch
13 Bupleurum grcillimum k I. Gara Zera Umbelliferae Herb Used as condiments, spice
14 Calotropis procera Spalmai Asclepiadaceae Shrub diaphoretic, expectorant, emetic, used in
dysentery
15 Capparis spinosa L Kumarah Capparaceae Herb Tooth ache, rheumatism
16 Caragna ambigua Stocks. Makhai Papilionaceae Shrub Internal injury of goat and sheep
17 Cerasus rechingerii Darmundi Herb Tonic, fruits are edible
Browicz.
18 Coriandrum sativum L. Dhania Apaceae Herb Carminative
19 Cotoneaster afghanica Sharovga Rosaceae Shrub Tonic, fruits are edible
Klotz.
20 Cotoneaster vulgaris Sara Sharovga Rosaceae Shrub Fruit is edible
21 Crambe cordifolia Pashai Cruciferae Herb Edible leaves, used for digestion regulatory
22 Daphne mucronata Royle. Laghoni Thymelaceae Shrub Tooth ache, wounds of live stock
23 Descurania sophia (L) Khakshir Brassicaceae Herb Abdominal pain of children
Webb. & Benth.
24 Diplotaxis griffithii Thrikh sag Brassicaceae Herb Vegetable, fodder
25 Ebenus sttelata Sassai Papalionaceae Shrub Fodder, Ornamental
26 Ephedra prcera Fisch & Nari oman Ephedraceae Shrub Cough asthma , chest infections.
Mey
27 Ephedra gerardiana Nari oman Ephedraceae Shrub Cough asthma , chest infections.
Wall. Ex Stapf.
28 Ephedra intermedia Parar oman Ephedraceae Shrub Cough asthma , chest infections.
Schhrenk & Meyer
63 Tamerix aphylla (L). Karst Ghaz Tamaricaceae Tree Timber, fuel wood
64 Teucrium stocksainum Karpola Lamiaceae Herb Malaria, typhoid, heart diseases
Boiss.
65 Thymus linearis Bth. Tora mori Herb Chest infections, cold, fever, stomachic.
66 Tribulus terrestris L. Kandi Zygophyllaceae Herb Tonic, cooling medicine
67 Withania coagulans Khamazori Solanaceae Shrub Cooling medicines
68 Ziziphora clinopodioides Spina mori Lamiaceae Herb Cold, swelling of body, typhoid
Lam.
69 Z. tenuir L. Mouri Lamiaceae Herb Fever, carminative
70 Zygophyllum simplex Sukrondai Zygophyllaceae Herb applied to eye in ophthalmia, fodder
71 Zygophyllum sp. . Ghrha-wangai Zygophyllaceae Shrub Fodder, fuel wood
Glossary
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