DEMARCATION AND BASELINE DATA COLLECTION OF

ASSISTED NATURAL REGENERATION SITES
District Sherani - Balochistan

 
Mohammad Yahya Musakhel1

Reversing deforestation and degradation in high conservation value, Chilgoza Pine Forests in Pakistan

Provincial Office, Divisional Forest Office Complex, Sherani, Balochistan.

 
 
 
 
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),

December 2020
                                                            
1 Provincial Coordinator /Value Chain Development Specialist
 

TABLE OF CONTENTS
i. Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………………………….………………………….ii
ii. Map of District Sherani ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….iii

1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

1.1 INTRODUCTION: ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEY ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
1.3 Material and Methods ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

2 GENERAL SITE LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION ................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

2.1 KAMKAI NESHPA ANR SITE ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

2.2 LANDAI ANR SITE ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.3 ZERH CHAMAZAI ANR SITE ……………………………….. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.4 ZAWARA MENA ANR SITE ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.5 ZARGHOON ZAWAR ANR SITE ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.6 SALAWATA ANR SITE ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.7 SUNAIZAI ANR SITE ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.8 SHAKARZAI ORGHARH ANR SITE ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.9. KANOZAI ORGHARH ANR SITE ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.10 NARAI ORGHARH KAMKAI NESHPA ANR SITE ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.11. RAGHZAI ANR SITE ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.12 SHINSAR ANR SITE ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.13 SLUT ANR SITE ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

3 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF VEGETATION OF ANR SITES .............................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

3.1 VEGETATION SURVEY ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

3.2 FOREST TYPE AND DISTRIBUTION ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.3 DRY TEMPERATE FOREST ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.4. SUB TROPHICAL BROADLEAVE EVERGREEN FOREST ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.5 RANGELANDS ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
 

3.6. ANR SITES FLORAL COMPOSITION ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

3.7. MOTHER CHILGOZA PLANTS IN ANR SITES ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.8. NEW GENERATIED PLANTS STATUS ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.9 FOREST UTILIZATION ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.10 NON TIBER FOREST PRODUCT ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.11 FUEL WOOD ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.12 DRIVERS OF DEGRADATION ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.13 NATURAL CAUSES OF DEGRADATION ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.15 FIRE AND LIGHTENING ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.16. RAIN FLOOD AND EROSION ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.17. INSECTS AND FUNGI ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.18 INJURIES, UNSUSTAINABLE HARVESTING OF TREES ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.19. GRAZING, BROWSING AND WOOD COLLECTION ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

4 MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ....................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

TABLES AND GRAPHS ...................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

TAB. 1. VEGETATION COVER OF ALL ANR SITES SHERANI ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
TAB. 2. CHILGOZA TREES ABUNDANCE IN ANR SITES- SHERANI…………………………………………………………………………………………..ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
GRAPH. 1. REGENERATION OF ALL ANR SITES SHERANI……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
TAB. 3. VEGETATION CONDITION OF ALL ANR SITES SHERA…………………………………………………………………………………………..ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
TAB. 4. FOREST WOOD USE PATTERN ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
TAB. 5. FOREST USE CHART ROUND THE YEAR ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
TAB. 6. EVALUATING FUEL WOOD SPECIES ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
TAB. 7. PRPOSED MANAGEMENT OPTIONS SHERANI DISTRICT ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

ANNEXURES ......................................................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

ANNEX 1. GPS COORDINATES ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

ANNEX 2. DATA COLLECTION FORMAT ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
ANNEX 3. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY/ BASELINE DATA ON ANR ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
ANNEX 4. PCQ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
ANNEX 5. FLORA OF ANR SITES SURVEYES ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
 

Executive Summary

The assisted natural regeneration report of Suleiman range Sherani highlights the objectives, need, importance and management
of selected sites through co-management of Chilgoza Project (FAO), Balochistan Forest and Wildlife Department and Chilgoza
Forest Protection & Conservation Committees (CFPCCs). The “Reversing deforestation and degradation in high conservation value
Chilgoza Pine Forests in Pakistan” project is part of the “The Restoration Initiative” (TRI), with the objective to improve the
livelihoods through increased productivity and enhanced services of the Chilgoza forest in the country and the respective districts.
The project aim is to strengthened regulatory and policy environment for integrated and sustainable management of Chilgoza
forest ecosystems; implementation of Chilgoza Forest Landscapes Conservation, Restoration and Value Chain Development
options at community level specially involvement of women and the bottlenecks in the value chains process ; strengthened local
institutions for integrated and sustainable management of Chilgoza forest ecosystems; knowledge, partnerships, monitoring and
assessment for Chilgoza forest ecosystems.

Promotion of assisted natural regeneration in Chilgoza forest ecosystems through local communities (both wide-scale and/or
mosaic restoration) was an important millstone of the project. The project through Balochistan Forest and Wildlife Department
(BFWD); signed Term of Partnerships (ToP) (annexure 1) with CFPCCs to ensure the project objectives to bring 8,000 hectares area
of Chilgoza forests under sustainable forest management, 900 hectares under Assisted Natural Regeneration and 200 hectare
under agroforestry and farm forestry.

After several meetings and communities consultations, survey conducted between October till December 2020 under objectives of;
demarcation of all selected sites through GPS and stone pillars; carry baseline data of all sites and record regeneration, study
species composition, record deforestation, illicit cutting of trees, exploitation of medicinal herbs and mushroom, control grazing;
extent of soil erosion and landslides, identify management options of highly degraded areas; nomination of Negehbans through
community endorsement; to possible extent took fix point photography and make videos and to carry out phytosociological
analysis and species diversity of each site and outside of the ANR sites through Quadrat method. Studied and demarcated selected
 

13 sites for Assisted Natural Regeneration consisting on 630 Hectares i.e. Kamkai Nishpa, Landai (Shinghar CFPCC), Zerh
Chamazai, Zwara Mena, Zarghoon Zawar, Salawata Zerh Narai, Kunay Zawar Sunaizai, Shakarzai Orgharh, Kanozai Orgharh,
Raghzai Khan Mohammad, Narai Orgharh Abdulsalam (CFPCC Koh-e-Suleiman), Slut and Shinsar (CFPCC Torghar). Field data
have been collected in accordance with survey methodology developed.

Out of thirteen; five sites found good vegetation cover and mother trees of Chilgoza; Zarghoon Zawara (4800 trees/h) Kamkai
Neshpa (3078), Landai,(2688) , Slut (2349) and Salawata (3564) seems less natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Shinsar (833),
Zerh Chamaza (1620)i, Kanozai Orgharh (666), Raghzai (1728), Narai Orgharh (576); all mentioned sites were degraded and
exposed to natural and anthropogenic disturbances (Table 1). Regeneration status recorded good in all sites; Zarghoon Zawar
found good regeneration sites (1600 seedlings per hector, followed by Slut (1539), Kamkai Neshpa (1377), Salawata (1296), while
five sites need more attention Shinsar (294), Kanozai Orgharh (392), Narai Orgharh (396) and Sunaizai orgharh (441). (Table 2 and
Graph 1).

The custodial management of the all sites except two i.e. Shinsar and Zerh Chamzai in entire forest are possible because of
population inside the whole forests less than 90 families. (The average joint family size is about 9). Some 500 families or about
70% is considered priority custodians as they live in the exterior part of forests in plains (Shinki kona, Ahmadi Darga, Adil Abad,
Sangar, Karhama, Mala Ragha, Surlakai etc. Rotational grazing out of ANR sites and control grazing inside ANR sites agreed with
communities.

 
 
 

 
 

1. Background
1.1. Introduction

The Chilgoza forests of Suleiman Range are not only unique ecologically but also have tremendous socio-economic significance in
perspectives of local communities. In addition to being the only available largest chunk of Chilgoza forests in the region, these
forests provide natural habitats to certain wildlife species of global significance. These are also vital to the economic survival of
Sherani and other tribal communities. Because of these forests, perennial streams and springs exist that are the only source of
water for drinking and agriculture. The traditional practices like Pargorh (Rotational grazing system), Fateha (Decision of harvesting
of NTFPs after Jirga orders), Hashar (collective action) and Pal (control thieves) were the good options prevailing in the past. Due
to system break down, these best practices are no longer in practice however recently a Chilgoza forests, protection committee
is said to be constituted by the Chilgoza farmers on their own and for the last ten year, the committee prove effective in
conservation and livelihoods improvement. Prior to this Chilgoza forest has been facing a number of threats of degradation and
deforestation. From 1985 to 2014, the inhabitants cut more than 100,000 mature trees. The forests are declining due to
anthropogenic disturbances, unsustainable harvesting, illicit cutting, open grazing, fuel wood collection and lack of governmental
laws. Several factors are affecting the Chilgoza forest degradations like; high increase in nuts price, accelerated population growth
rate and age distribution, illiteracy, lack of awareness, traditional harvesting patterns, lack of technological innovations, marketing,
branding, transportation and storing facilities.

These factors challenges the natural regeneration and results in gradual degradation of forest stands. Standing trees are getting
old and over-mature, while the number of younger trees is, lower in most Chilgoza forest stands. Heavy cone collection does not
allow trees to release enough seeds onto the forest floor to create new cohorts of Chilgoza trees.

The proposed project is working with communities and established effective protection measures from overgrazing and fire, and
increase stocking densities (from approximately 25% to 50%) through site rehabilitation and afforestation. Areas for assisted
 

natural regeneration are selected based on their potential to produce carbon sequestration benefits, and their importance as areas
of previous and/or potential critical habitat for globally significant species. The project in collaboration of Forest and wildlife
Department selected 13 sites for assisted natural regeneration, these forest sites/ areas will be prioritized under the FMPs as areas
for monitoring and protection from human and grazing impacts. The project is following the KP Billion Tree Afforestation Project
approach for enhancing assisted natural regeneration through establishment of closures with the help of the local
communities/Forest Protection and Conservation Committees. Negotiated grazing exclusion options with the help of local
communities to encourage natural regeneration in Chilgoza ecosystems with, in particular, implementation of ANR based on
grazing management plans at community level including protection through community watch and ward systems.

1.2. Objectives of the Survey

2. Demarcation of all selected sites in each region through GPS and stone pillars;
3. To carry baseline data of all sites and record regeneration, change in species composition, deforestation, illicit cutting of
trees and over exploitation of medicinal herbs and mushroom, -
4. To identify management options of highly degraded areas;
5. Nomination of Negehbans through community endorsement;
6. To conduct fix point photography, videos and community views on the such interventions;
7. Record data of deforestation and depletion through overgrazing.
1.3. Materials and Methods

Participatory data collection techniques were used to collect and analyze the socioecological data of the area. A detailed
questionnaire was also designed to collect the required information to ensure the quantitative as well as qualitative aspects of the
gathered information. For floral baseline survey, Quadrat method circular plots having an area of 0.01 ha per plot radios radius
with a sampling intensity of 0.5 %. From fixed area sample plot data collected. Extensive field visit made to each area. The ANR
sites demarcated by GPS and loose stone pillars.
 

2. General Sites Location and Description

Studied and demarcated selected 13 sites for Assisted Natural Regeneration consisting on 630 Hectares i.e. Kamkai Nishpa, Landai
(Shinghar CFPCC), Zerh Chamazai, Zwara Mena, Zarghoon Zawar, Salawata Zerh Narai, Kunay Zawar Sunaizai, Shakarzai Orgharh,
Kanozai Orgharh, Raghzai Khan Mohammad, Narai Orgharh Abdulsalam (CFPCC Koh-e-Suleiman), Slut and Shinsar (CFPCC
Torghar). Geographically the project area is located in arid and semiarid region making its rigid and rough terrain. The local
inhabitants dwell in the mud hatched roof houses always expose to severe climatic conditions are living desperate life to cope with
certain social, climatic challenges in the mountains of Suleiman Range, while keeping tribal traditions, values and customs
intact. Shin Ghar is located opposite to Kaisa Ghar towards west. Various sub tribes of Hassan Khel second most populated tribe
of Sherani Tribe neighboring Oba Khel towards the west and south.

The landscape of the project area is mainly consists of barren spread over hundreds of miles and pastures land that feed large
no. of animal herds. Most of the village settlements are along the foothills comprising not more than 30 houses excluding
Ahmadi Dargah and Surlakai having more than 50 houses. Generally people have two settlements for summer and winter
seasons. They prefer to reside in summer camps for the reason to have an easy access to browse their animals in high
pastures.

The above social map provides an overview of the settlements by clearly portraying that project area is deprived of many
social & community amenities including health units, education institutions, post offices, water supply & sanitation and other
village communication and development infrastructure. Each village has its own mosque and grave yard except for Lakai,
Ghundi Kuna and Niazi Kot.

2.1. Kamkai Nishpa

 

Kamkai Neshpa located in Toghundi Union council near Shinki Kona (Shinghar CFPCC) area located about 50 Km in the east of
Zhob city having altitude of 8680 – 8950 feet ASL. The area is un- approachable through vehicle because the target area is 10 KM
away from the village Shinki Kona, 153 households and a population of 1300. The area is thinly populated with scattered
settlements. The entire population consists of Pashtoon and the major tribe is Hassan Khel. Tribal system has very strong hold in
the area. The Malak provide local leadership and responsible for conflict resolution and decision-making. Malik Meran Gul is the
head of the target area.

There is school, electricity line but not functional, no health facilities and water supply but one small shop is in the village.
Mountains surround the area and two valleys are present in the center. Nomadic culture is common in the entire community (in
summer they move to the top hills for grazing of livestock). National Park, wildlife sanctuary or game reserve and in the entire area
and no sensitive archeological sites exists. Sub-surface water is available in the sufficient quantity but surface water resources are
scare. In the whole village only on small spring is situated at a distance of 1.5 Km, which fulfill the requirements of human being
and livestock. The women of the area fetch water on their head for domestic use.

The area is well known for its thick Chilgoza forest. The forests mainly consist of Chilgoza pine forests Olea ferrugenia, Prunus
eburana, Ficus carrica, and Pistacia khinjuk. It was the habitat of Sulaiman Markhore, Urial and Chinkara but now extinct from area.
Common birds are Seessi partridges, Chakoor partridges, wild pigeon, ovals and eagles are common.

2.2. Landai ANR Site

Landai area is located at about 1.5 Km in the east of Kamkai Neshpa, belongs to Hassan Khel tribe having altitude of 8760 to
8862 ASL. The approach road shingle and black top, up to Shinki Kona. The target area is 9.5 Km away from Shinki Kona,
which is not jeep able. The whole site area come in the territory of Hassan Khel tribe. Malik Meran Gul is the Malak of the
tribe.
 

The custodian community live in Shinki Kona, use the area for grazing in the month of May till 1st of August, while visiting
whole tribe between Sep-October each year for Chilgoza harvesting. The area is thinly populated with scattered settlements
and mainly nomadic.

The area is well known for its thick forests. The forests mainly consist of Chilgoza pine foresta while in foothills Olea ferrugenia,
Prunus eburana, Ficus carrica, and Pistacia khinjuk. Previously, it was the habitat of Sulaiman Markhore, Urial and Common
leopard but now very rare. Sessi partriges, Chakoor partriges, wild pigeon and falcons are common birds in the area.

2.3. Zerh (Chamazai)

Zerh- Chamazai valley is an isolated area located in the south eastern reaches of Zhob city at the distance of about 50 Km
having altitude of 6900+ feet ASL. The road is black top till Surlaki village and 7 Km shingle road till top of Chamzai ANR site.
The village has 30 households with a population of 300 people. It is thinly populated with scattered settlements. No School,
water supply and electricity but the area is connected to mobile communication. Nomadic culture is common in the entire
community (in winter they move to the warmer areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Sub-surface water is available in the sufficient
quantity but only one surface water source.

Livestock, NTFPs and Overseas employments are the main source of livelihood. The livestock population consist of 3,000
sheep, 2,500 goats. The average herd size is 100 and above. It is almost all hilly and agricultural lands are very small.

2.4. Zawara Mena

Zawara Mena area located about 72 Km in the South east of Zhob City having altitude of 6250 feet above the sea level. The
black top till Surlakai and further 5 km road is shingle while 10 km is not accessible by jeep. The inhabitants of the area live in
 

Surlaki village while use for wood and livestock grazing in summers. 60 household with average household size of five utilizing
these forests for livestock grazing and NTFPs.

The forest was completely cut down during 1990s but now again scattered forests appeared in the ANR site. The associated
species are Olea ferrugenia and Pistacia khinjuk while in lower slopes Fraxinus xanthoxylides.

2.5. Zarghoon Zawar

Zarghoon Zawar ANR site is located about 20 Km in the East of Chamzai and 75 Km from Zhob city. From Chamazai to
Zarghoon Zawar no road or access through vehicle. Located on 8480 feet ASL with good forest cover. The custodian
communities of the forest live in Ahmadi Darga and Kota area while some families utilizing the area in hot summers. Total
population of the area is about 3800. Thick forests and the area is well-known habitat of Suleiman Markhor.

2.6. Salawata

Salawata area is located about 10 Km in the North-east of Chamazai area and 67 Km from Zhob having altitude of 6,993 feet
above the sea level. The area is approachable from Surlaki. The area is inhabited by 200 households and the average
household size is 7. It is thickly populated with scattered settlements. Thick forests and the area is well-known habitat of
Suleiman Markhor.

2.7. Sunaizai (Khunai Zawar)

Sunaizai area is located about 18 Km in the east of Ahmadi Darga and 82 KM from Zhob. Access road till Ahmadi Darga and
further no access through jeep. The area having altitude of 7584 feet above the sea level. The area is approachable from
 
 

Ahmadi Darga. The area is inhabited by 40 households and the average household size is 7. It is thickly populated with
scattered settlements. Sparse forests and the area is good habitat of Suleiman Markhor.

2.8. Shakarzai Orgharh;

Shakarzai Orgharh ANR Site located about 20 Km in the Southern east of Ahmadi Darga and 84 KM from Zhob. Access road
till Ahmadi Darga and further no access through jeep. The area having altitude of 7780 feet above the sea level. The area is
approachable from Ahmadi Darga. The area is inhabited by 35 households and the average household size is 7. It is thinly
populated with scattered settlements. Sparse forests and the area is habitat of Suleiman Markhor.

2.9. Kanozai Orgharh;

Kanozai Orgharh ANR Site located about 2 Km in the South Shakarzai Orgharh and accessible through Ahmadi Darga and 86
KM from Zhob. Access road till Ahmadi Darga and further no access through jeep. The area having altitude of 7402 feet
above the sea level. The area is inhabited by 30 households and the average household size is 9. It is thinly populated with
scattered settlements. Sparse forests and the area is habitat of Suleiman Markhor.

2.10. Narai orghah (Abdul Salam);

Narai Orgharh ANR Site located about 5 Km in the South Kanozi Orgharh and accessible through Ahmadi Darga and 83 KM
from Zhob. The area having altitude of 7102 feet above the sea level. The area is inhabited by 25 households and the average
household size is 10. It is thinly populated with scattered settlements. Sparse forests and the area is habitat of Suleiman
Markhor.

2.11. Raghzai Mohammad Khan

 

Raghzai is located in the west of Zerh Chamazai located in the south east of Zhob city at the distance of about 55 Km having
altitude of 7106+ feet ASL. The road is black top till Surlaki village and 9 Km shingle road till top of Raghzai ANR site. The
village has 20 households with a population of 200 people. It is thinly populated with scattered settlements. The entire
population consists of Pashtoon.

2.12. Shinsar; ANR Site

Shinsar ANR Site located 8 Km from Sangar on the elevation of 6990 feet ASL. The area inhabited by 200 HH. The custodian
communities are dependent for daily use and livestock grazing. The forest area is fully degraded and sparse forests.

2.13. Slut; ANR SITE

Slut forest site is located 18 Km in southeast of Sangar where 5 Km is approachable through vehicle while 13 Km has no road
access. Forest in past between 1990-1995 cleared by communities. Now again forested through community agreements and
natural regeneration. It was abode of wildlife in the past but now again sighted Suleiman Markhor several time in last two
years.

 
 

ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS
 

3. General Description of vegetation of ANR Sites

Chilgoza forests in the project area grow on steep terrain on high plateaus with an approximate area of about 29,000 ha. It forms
upper watershed of the Suleiman Mountain Range, where local community graze their livestock in summers and collect fuel wood,
pine nuts, zera, and wild onions. Lower elevations in the ecosystem support mixed scrub forests that provide fodder for livestock
year round, and produce a variety of non-timber forest products in addition to fuel wood for the local community.

The long flat valleys have, for greater part of the year, a monotonous covering of Jhau (Artimisia maritima) and Haloxyloa Grifithi, of
Lani (Salsola foetida), Arenaria, Halochavis, etc. On the hills, up to an elevation of 6000+ ft ASL, found species of Acantholimun,
Acanthophylom, Salvia, Anygdalus, Spiraea, Gentiana, Eremostachys, Ephedra spp. and Campanula. Southernwood shrub abounds in
the uplands, and Haloxylon salicornicum in the lower valleys. Broad-leaved tree species include Phulai (Acacia modesta), Laghunrd
(Daphne spp.), Sharawan (Pistachio khinjuk), Uzgai (Pistachio cabulica), wild Almond (Prunus eburnea), Shinshab (Peroswskia
abrotanoides), Zara/Makhi (Caragana ambigua), Karkanda (Zizyphus nummularia), wild Rose (Rosa spp.), Showan/wild olive (Olea
ferruginea), and Shang (Fraxinus zanthoxyloides
 
3.1. VEGETATION STUDY

Vegetation was sampled by “Quadrat Method” randomly. In each site 6-10 plots taken of 0.01 hector or 5.64 m radius with a
sampling intensity of 0.5 %. Three transects of 30 meter was laid at random. The distance between plants, basal area, new
seedlings, and height of plants are recorded on a chart with data locality and slope.

3.2. Forest types and distribution

According to species composition, the area can be divided into the following forest types:
 Dry temperate forest
 Sub-tropical broad-leaved evergreen forest /scrub forest
 

 Rangelands
3.3. Dry temperate forest

With elevation ranges from 7,000 to 10,000 feet, the dry temperate forest is represented by Pinus gerardiana (Chilgoza) and Pinus
wallichiana (Kail or Nashtar). Pinus gerardiana is the dominant species of Chilgoza forest ecosystem. It occupies a particularly
waterless tract, chiefly on limestone, growing at times on what appears to be solid rock. The forests are chiefly uneven aged, often
fairly dense.

3.4. Sub-tropical broadleaved ever green forest

On the hills, up to an elevation of 7,000 ft (2150 m) amsl are to be found species of Olea ferrugenia (Showan), Pistachio cabulica
(Ozgai), Pistachio khinjuk (Sharawan), Prunus eburnean (Wild Almond), Peroswskia abrotanoides (Shinshab), Salsola foetida (Lani),
Daphne spp (Laghunrd), Acacia modesta (Phulai), Artimisia maritime (Jhau), Zizyphus nummularia (Karkanda), Fraxinus zanthoxyloides
(Shang) and Monothica buxifolia (Gurgura).

3.5. Rangelands

Rangelands provide maximum feed to livestock throughout the year that is supplemented with lopped fodder from trees and
agriculture produce in winter. Sedentary and semi-nomadic grazing is practiced in the area. In winter when range grasses are dry and
dormant, fodder trees/shrubs are used as livestock feed. The farmers grow wheat for the production of staple food and straw. The
straw is stored in the shed and is used as winter feed to livestock.

Grasses include Chrysopogon aucheri, Cymbopogon jawarancusa, Eleulopsis binata, Pennisitum sp., Eleusine sp., Bothriochloa sp.,
Bromus sp., Sadium sp. include Lectoca sp., Vicia sp., Polygonum sp., Artemisia maritina, Salsola festida, Ephedra dulgahs.

3.6. ANR Sites Floral Composition;

  

Due to season limitations, the flora not completely surveyed. However according to the signs, leaves and also revealed the
secondary data. Detailed list of plants is given in Appendix 3. Based on ANR sites species composition, Chilgoza is dominant
species in the entire area Table 1.

Table 1. Vegetation Cover of All sites in Sherani District- Balochistan

S. ANR Site CFPCC Total Sampling Plot Area Dominant Tree Sp. Shrub Avg. Total Avg. Total
No. Area Plot Size Studied Chilgoza Fraxinus Pistacia Berberis Reg. plots Reg. per Regeneration
(h) taken in (h) in 1 site per Reg. ha (CFP) in ANR Site
each site (h) Plot studied
1 Kamkai Neshpa Shinghar 45 9 0.01 0.09 9 2 1 5 17 153 1377 61965
2 Landai Shinghar 50 8 0.01 0.08 8 2 1 4 15 120 960 48000
3 Zerh Chamzai Koh-e-Sul 40 9 0.01 0.09 5 1 1 6 13 117 1053 42120
4 Zawara Mena Koh-e-Sul 50 10 0.01 0.1 2 2 2 5 11 110 1100 55000
5 Zarghoon Zawar Koh-e-Sul 55 10 0.01 0.1 9 1 1 5 16 160 1600 88000
6 Salawata Koh-e-Sul 50 9 0.01 0.09 9 0 0 7 16 144 1296 64800
7 Sunaizai Koh-e-Sul 50 7 0.01 0.07 2 2 1 4 9 63 441 22050
8 Shakar Zai Orgh Koh-e-Sul 55 9 0.01 0.09 3 2 1 5 11 99 891 49005
9 Kanozai Orgha Koh-e-Sul 45 7 0.01 0.07 2 1 1 4 8 56 392 17640
10 Raghazai Koh-e-Sul 50 8 0.01 0.08 4 1 1 5 11 88 704 35200
11 Narai orghar Koh-e-Sul 45 6 0.01 0.06 2 3 1 5 11 66 396 17820
12 Shinsar Torghar 45 7 0.01 0.07 1 2 1 2 6 42 294 13230
13 Slut Torghar 50 9 0.01 0.09 8 1 1 9 19 171 1539 76950
3.7. Mother Chilgoza Plants in ANR Sites

Out of thirteen; five sites found good vegetation cover and mother trees of Chilgoza based on ages groups; Zarghoon
Zawara (4800 trees/h) Kamkai Neshpa (3078), Landai,(2688) , Slut (2349) and Salawata (3564) seems less natural and
  

anthropogenic disturbances. Shinsar (833), Zerh Chamaza (1620)i, Kanozai Orgharh (666), Raghzai (1728), Narai Orgharh
(576); all mentioned sites were degraded and exposed to natural and anthropogenic disturbances (Table 2).

Table 2. Chilgoza Trees abundance in ANR sites in Sherani District

S. ANR Site CFPCC Total Sampling Plot Area Chilgoza Trees Avg. Total Avg. Total Trees
No. Area Plot taken Size Studied in Below Above Above Above Trees/ plots Trees in ANR Site
(h) in each site (h) 1 site (h) 5Y 10 Y 15 Y 20 Y Plot Trees Per (h)
1 Kamkai Neshpa Shinghar 45 9 0.01 0.09 9 7 10 12 38 342 3078 138510
2 Landai Shinghar 50 8 0.01 0.08 8 8 15 11 42 336 2688 134400
3 Zerh Chamzai Koh-e-Sul 40 9 0.01 0.09 8 4 3 5 20 180 1620 64800

4 Zawara Mena Koh-e-Sul 50 10 0.01 0.1 5 3 2 5 15 150 1500 75000

5 Zarghoon Zawar Koh-e-Sul 55 10 0.01 0.1 9 20 6 13 48 480 4800 264000
6 Salawata Koh-e-Sul 50 9 0.01 0.09 10 15 8 11 44 396 3564 178200
7 Sunaizai Koh-e-Sul 50 7 0.01 0.07 7 4 2 4 17 119 833 41650
8 Shakar Zai Or Koh-e-Sul 55 9 0.01 0.09 5 4 2 3 14 126 1134 62370
9 Kanozai Org Koh-e-Sul 45 7 0.01 0.07 5 2 3 4 14 98 686 30870
10 Raghazai Koh-e-Sul 50 8 0.01 0.08 12 4 4 7 27 216 1728 86400
11 Narai orghar Koh-e-Sul 45 6 0.01 0.06 4 5 2 5 16 96 576 25920
12 Shinsar Torghar 45 7 0.01 0.07 4 6 3 4 17 119 833 37485
13 Slut Torghar 50 9 0.01 0.09 14 4 3 8 29 261 2349 117450

3.8. New Regenerated Plants status

Regeneration status recorded good in all sites; Zarghoon Zawar found good regeneration sites (1600 seedlings per hector,
followed by Slut (1539), Kamkai Neshpa (1377), Salawata (1296), while five sites need more attention Shinsar (294), Kanozai
Orgharh (392), Narai Orgharh (396) and Sunaizai orgharh (441). (Graph 1).
 

Graph 1. Regeneration of all ANR Sites in Sherani District

Regenration Status of All ANR sites in Sherani District‐
1800
1600
1400

Regeneration per H
1539 1600 1200
1296 1377 1000
1100 1053 800
891 960 600
704 400
294 396 392 441 200
0

ANR Sites

Vegetation condition overall better except Shinsar, Kanozai Orgharh, nari orghar and Sunaizai. (Table

Table 3. Vegetation condition of all ANR Sites survey Sherani;

Condition Description
Pristine Sharghalai upper side to Ghayas(Pristine or nearly so, with no obvious signs of disturbance)
Excellent Slut (shna Chirhga) and Khurchin and Arh Ghashai; in Zarghon Zawar (Vegetation structure intact, disturbance affecting
individual species and weeds are non- aggressive species)
Very good Kamkai Neshpa, Ferangi Ghundai-Salawata, Sharghalai (Vegetation structure altered; obvious signs of disturbance. For
example, disturbance to vegetation structure caused by repeated fires, the presence of some more aggressive weeds,
dieback, logging and grazing).
Good Raghzai top, Shakarzai top, Kanozai top and Narai orgharh (Vegetation structure significantly altered by very obvious signs
 

of multiple disturbances. Retains basic vegetation structure or the ability to regenerate it. For example, disturbance to
vegetation structure caused by very frequent fires, the presence of some very aggressive weeds at high density, partial
clearing, dieback and grazing).
Degraded Zarha zai and Nishpai in Zerh Chmazai, Kanozai, Raghzai Shakarzai Orgharh, Zawar mena lower riches (Basic vegetation
structure severely impacted by disturbance. Scope for regeneration but not to a state approach good condition without
intensive management. For example, disturbance to vegetation structure) caused by frequent fires, the presence of very
aggressive weeds, partial clearing, dieback and grazing).
Completely Shinsar, Slut Lower patches, Zawara Mena eastern side, Orgharh, Sunaizai orgharh, Zharhzai in Zerh. (The structure of the
degraded vegetation is no longer intact and the area is completely or almost completely without native species. These areas are often
described as ‘parkland cleared’ with the flora comprising weed or crop species with isolated native trees or shrub)

3.9. Forest Utilization

The forest wood resources utilization according to four criteria. Chilgoza and Nashtar are considered as cash trees and are
cut to earn money or use in home construction. Scrub vegetation is used as fuel wood; however it also serves to support
livestock feeding in additional to its consumption in construction of houses (Table 4).

Table 4. Forest Wood use pattern

 

3.10. Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)

Chilgoza forest ecosystem supports a wide range of NTFPs benefiting local communities at large. Although Chilgoza tree
produces poor and low quality timber while its nuts are precious and are precious because of its high demands and low
availability both inside and outside the country. Few people are engaged in collection of medicinal and aromatic plants
and its marketing. Out of 34, 03 species were dominant, 05 species were abundant, 19 were common, 6 species were rare
and 01 specie was very rare.

Table 5. Forest Use Chart round the year ,

The above table depicts a broad picture of local forest

use practices. Chilgoza forest grants fodder and fuel
wood in large quantities to its users. These two work
categories are highly industrious and laborious works
which go round the year to meet the energy and
 

fodder demands. Most of community time is taken by grazing animals high up in the mountains and collection of NTFPs
mainly wild fruits and vegetables. Forest activities are usually limited to only spring and summer seasons proves to be the
hectic and long working hour’s days as winter is harsh and dry. Grasses usually use in making hatch roofs and for fodder
purposes.
3.11. Fuel Wood

The estimated average daily consumption of fuel wood is 3 kg per head. Project area population depends heavily on olive
for its fuel wood requirements as shown in below table 5. Fuel wood consumption rate is lower in summer and goes high
during winter due to bad and harsh winter. During summer, most of domestic fuel wood demands are met with scrub or
twigs and branches carried by floods. This is rarely observed that scrub forests are axed solely for selling purposes.

Table -6: Evaluating Fuel Wood Species

Showan (Olea Sharawan (Pestachio Shung (Fraxinus Ozgai (Pestachio Chilgoza (Pinus
ferrugenia) khanjiki) zanthozylo oides) kubolica) girardiana)
Less Distance oo ooo  oo oo  oo oo  oo oo  ooo 
Less Smoke oo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo
Burns Longer oo oo  oo ooo  ooo  ooo  oo oo 
Total 14 12 10 10 13
*(o) Letter denotes no. of stones used by community

The preferred fuel wood is olive being for its readily availability, less harmful health impacts and produces heat for longer
time, follow by Chilgoza tree and pistachio species. The preference is made in terms of its accessibility and transportation.
However, in hard times Chilgoza tree is usually preferred as fuel wood.
 

3.12. Drivers of Degradation

Forests in Sherani have suffered both natural and anthropogenic

disturbances, resulting in deforestation, forest degradation and barriers to
regeneration. The direct and indirect drivers of this deforestation and
forest degradation;

3.13. Natural Causes of Degradation

3.14. Snow and Wind

In 2019-2020 winter season, snow and wind damaged 200 trees in Kamkai
Neshpa, 50 trees in Zarghoon Zawar, 35 trees in Shinghar state forests, 20 in
Chamazai, 50 in Sharghalai, 30 in Salawata as per community elder’s
record and latter on field verification.

3.15. Fire and Lightening

The natural occurrence of fire due to lightening is rare. Lightening frequently

occurs especially in the upper reaches of the forests on mountain tops.
Chilghoza trees are often victims of lightening. Trees can be seen standing
dry or top broken as a result of lightening. This damage is beyond the control
of human and is a part of the ecosystem In December 2014, four forest areas
fully damaged by fire including Slut. Due to non-availability of firefighting
system and far-flung areas, people of the area played important role by self-
help and save more areas from burning.
 

3.16. Rain, Flood and Erosion

The area has a very rugged topography. The only insurance against erosion and landslides is an effective vegetation cover. As a
result of steady decimation of the forests by excessive grazing and forest cutting, the hillsides are subjected to erosion. The
problems spots such as areas excessively trampled by grazing animals and those close to nallah beds either slide down or are
washed away by the sudden rush of huge quantities of water during monsoon. In 2018 July-August, more than 120 matured trees
damaged by flood and soil erosion in Salawat, 55 in Sharghalai, 30 in Zarghoon Zawar, 20 in Shinghar and 18 trees in Chamazai.
 

3.17. Insects and fungi

Last year the locust damaged the coming year crop

badly. Chilgoza trees and cones are attacked by insect
borers. The tree borer infests the bark of twigs,
branches and trunk thus hindering the flow of sap
which ultimately causes dryness of the parts of trees or
death of the whole tree. Cone borers (Dioryctria
abietella) infest cones by boring in to the cones and
feeding on the seed pulp resulting in the reduction of
the fruit production.

3.18. Injuries, Unsustainable harvesting of trees

The unsustainable harvesting

of Chilgoza cone is still an
issue prevailing in the area.
Several trees damaged in
this exercise. The project has
provided innovative tolls, but
traditionally the people using
unsustainable harvesting
tools. Sevela trees found
damaged during honey
 

collection. Some trees barks and branches cut by people to extract rasins (Zanrha). The regeneration issue is just because of
unsustainable grazing of livestock. The principal underlying cause of these threats is the poverty of the local community.

3.19. Grazing, browsing and Wood Collection

Poor livestock management practices are leading to ecosystem and habitat degradation at many points. Grazing is concentrated
into small areas, and is allowed in areas where forests need to regenerate. This leads to land degradation and stops forest
regeneration. Due to no alternate, people use to cut trees, bushes for fuel wood.

 
 

 
 
 

4. Management Options and Recommendations

The Chilgoza forest ecosystem is composed of depleted and open canopy with deficiency of regeneration and young age crop.
Therefore any type of extraction under any silviculture system could be dangerous for the future of these precious forests.
However, there do exist dead, drying, diseased and deteriorated trees in some parts of the forest. It is, therefore, considered
imperative to make appropriate prescriptions for these forests so as to save the dead, drying and diseased trees from rotting in
suit provided some economic respites to the locals. To overcome following are the short term initiatives to be taken; Table 7).
 

Long term Management options

Long term management includes;

1. Strengthening of Chilgoza forest protection and conservation committee to ensure sustainable grazing and harvesting system
prevailed from their ancestors;[

2. Help the communities in diversifying the local livelihoods reduce forest dependency by making tribal arable lands which are
under tribal conflicts.

3. Provide Reforestation and upgrading of Chilgoza forests would contribute to production increase and sustainability. It also
requires campaigning for the advantage of re-planting and providing the necessary planting material.

4. The quality of Chilgoza nuts is determined by size, shape, weight, external appearance (disease, spotted, shriveled), acceptable
moisture content (not exceeding 10 %) and kernel quality. The kernel quality includes color, size (related to grade), shape
(whole or broken). Improving the nut quality is key to raising smallholder incomes and enhancing the competitiveness of the
country Chilgoza nut industry.

5. Likewise past, last year in most of the areas Torghar, Shinghar, Banzai, Karhama, Parai and Shinsar immature cones collected
7-10 days before ripening, and communities went in deficit. Data monitoring on Chilgoza nut quality (post-harvest handling,
drying, grading, packing, storage) as well as good practices at district and regional levels is an important first step to set up a
system of product traceability. A collaborative board consist on (FWD, FPCC, district Government and Trade union) may be
mobilize to set up a quality programme and provide training, advice and guidance for quality improvement measures on all
levels of the chain.

6. Watershed management in degraded areas must be carried out to decrease forest cover loss.
 
  

Annexures
Annex 1. GPS Coordinates of the Study area

GPS Coordinates ANR Sites Sherani 

S. No.  District  ANR Site CFPCC Point No. N E Elevation. (Ft)

1  Sherani  Kamkai Neshpa  Shinghar  1  31° 36.  530  069° 44.  138  8648 

2  31° 36.  618  069° 44. 049  8680 

3 31° 36.  624 069° 43.  958 8813

4 31° 36.  872 069° 44.  029 8887

5  31° 36.  731  069° 44.  227  8670 

6  31° 36.  478  069° 44.  228  8526 

Total Area (Hector)  45 
2  Sherani  Landai  Shinghar  1  31° 36.  5654  069° 43.  16.27  8760 

2  31° 36.  5294  069° 44. 1686  8772 

3  31° 36.  5325  069° 43.  2268  8862 

4 31° 36.  5853 069° 44.  2618 8840

Total Area (Hector) 50 
3  Sherani  Zerh (Chamazai) Koh‐e‐ 1 31° 29.  472 069° 53.  274 6553
Suleiman 
2 31° 29.  455 069° 53.  440 6914

3  31° 29.  447  069° 53.  616  6971 

  

4 31° 29.  875 069° 53.  284 6595

5 31° 29.  866 069° 53.  177 6684

Total Area (Hector)  40 
4  Sherani  Zawara Mena Koh‐e‐ 1 31° 32.  828 069° 53.  971 5986
Suleiman 
2 31° 32.  355 069° 53.  723 6214

3  31° 32.  307  069° 54.  020  6217 

4  31° 32.  804  069° 54.  088  6141 

Total Area (Hector)  50 
5  Sherani  Zarghoon Zawar  Koh‐e‐ 1  31° 31.  784  069° 55.  150  8353 
Suleiman 
2  31° 31.  801  069° 55.  199  8356 

3  31° 32.  000  069° 55.  617  8092 

4 31° 32.  000 069° 55.  392 8472

5 31° 31.  890 069° 55.  519 8480

Total Area (Hector)  55 
6  Sherani  Salawata (zarh Narai) Koh‐e‐ 1 31° 30.  940 069° 54.  172 6795
Suleiman 
2 31° 31.  0767 069° 54.  138 6951

3  31° 31.  105  069° 54.  171  6993 

4  31° 31.  128  069° 54.  203  6858 

5  31° 30.  868  069° 54.  435  7385 

6 31° 30.  30779 069° 54.  327 7330

  

Total Area (Hector) 50 
7  Sherani  Sunaizai (Khunai  Koh‐e‐ 1  31° 34.  007  069° 54.  826  6400 
Zawar)  Suleiman 
  2  31° 33.  616  069° 54.  928  7017 

3 31° 33.  669 069° 55.  245 7530

4 31° 33.  702 069° 55.  461 7584

5  31° 33.  808  069° 55.  333  7190 

Total Area (Hector)  50 
8  Sherani  Shakarzai Orgharh  Koh‐e‐ 1 31° 35.  989 069° 54.  985 6795
(Adil)  Suleiman 
  2  31° 36.  687  069° 55.  195  7480 

3  31° 35.  971  069° 55.  460  7402 

4  31° 35.  875  069° 55.  405  7705 

5 31° 36.  064 069° 55.  197 7118

Total Area (Hector) 55 
9  Sherani  Kanozai Orgharh  Koh‐e‐ 1  31° 35.  599  069° 54.  951  6475 
(Fateh Khan)  Suleiman 
2 31° 35.  569 069° 55.  053 6582

3 31° 35.  577 069° 55.  490 7402

4  31° 35.  619  069° 55.  4397  7305 

Total Area (Hector)  45 
10  Sherani  Raghzai Khan  Koh‐e‐ 1 31° 29.  207 069° 53.  844 7106
Mohammad  Suleiman 
2  31° 29.  305  069° 53.  788  6826 
  

3 31° 29.  210 069° 53.  679 6897

4 31° 29.  194 069° 53.  757 7002

5  31° 29.  181  069° 53.  820  7024 

  Total Area (Hector)  50 
11  Sherani  Narai orghah (Abdul  Koh‐e‐ 1 31° 36.  16.734 069° 55.  18.594 7106
Salam)  Suleiman 
        2       

        3       

        4       

      5

  Total Area (Hector) 45 
12  Sherani  Shin Sar  Torghar  1  31° 21.  2103  069° 50.  992  6505 

2 31° 20.  986 069° 50.  740 6590

3 31° 21. 1446 069° 50.  195 5901

4  31° 21.  336  069° 50.  231  6230 

  Total Area (Hector)  45 
13  Sherani  Slut  Torghar 1 31° 25.  540 069° 56.  304 6979

2  31° 25.  500  069° 56.  532  7634 

3  31° 25.  502  069° 56.  526  7626 

4  31° 25.  478  069° 56.  614  7690 

  Total Area (Hector) 50 
 

Annex 2. Data Collection format

Name of Propose ANR Site: ____________________________Village:   __________________________ 

Union Council: ____________________________CFPCC: ________________________________________ 

District: ___________________________________________________________________________________ 

Name of Propose Negahban: ____________________________Contact No: _____________________ 

Date: ___________________________  Total area of ANR Site: __________________________________ 

Location of ANR Site: N__________________________________ Total No. of plots: ________________ 

      E: _________________________________ 

Plot number  Species  Number of  Avg. height  Damage to 

seedlings  regeneration or 
trees  

     

         

     

         

         
 

Annex 3.: Technical feasibility/baseline data on ANR

BASE LINE 

Establishment of Assisted Natural Regeneration site of Chilghoza Forest Ecosystem for increasing Natural Regeneration and restoration of landscape 
ecosystem under the Project ‘Reversing deforestation and degradation in high conservation value Chilgoza Pine Forests in Pakistan” 

Compartment Name  Species

GT Sheet No.    

Total Comptt Area    

No. of Closures to be    
established 

Forest Beat     Mean Elevation    

Forest Block     Aspect    

Sub Division/Range     Soil Condition  Good  Fair  Poor 

Slope  Plain  Gentle  Steep 

  Crown Density
GPS Coordinates  X    

Y    

Boundaries  Status of 
 

East  Advance 
Growth 
West    

North    

South    

Area Description  Degradation Causes 

Scope of ANR site  Need of ANR site  

     

               
 

Annex 4.  

    

PCQ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 

Tree Species Name   Distance (m)  DBH 

     

     

Number of cut stem‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 

Number of Bad shape Trees‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐    Number of burn trees‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 

Number of disturb trees‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐       

Signs of disturbance if any ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐  

Circular Plot Data 

Ground flora, Herb, shrub and Climbers  
  

Annex 5. Flora of ANR Sites surveyed (LIST OF TREES, SHRUBS, FORBS AND GRASSES)

No. Botanical Name Local Name Type

1 Achyranthus aspera Warkharray H

2 Viola serpens Banafshah H

3 Calotropis procerra Spalmai H

4 Berberis baluchistanica Kwarray S

5 Cynoglossum spp Ghwajaba H

6 Onosoma hispida Tarray H

7 Nasturatium officinale Talmera H

8 Morchella esculenta Guchi Fungi

9 Polygonatum verticillatum Nooryalam H

10 Euphorbia helioscopa Prawatai H

11 Millilotus phillipinensis Kambela T

12 Bergenia ciliate Gat parna H

  

No. Botanical Name Local Name Type

13 Ajuga bracteosa Boti H

14 Mentha longifolia Valeny H

15 Valeriana jatamansi Mushkai bala H

16 Plectranthus rogosus Sperkai S

17 Pistacia khinjik Ushgai T

18 P. cabulica Do T

19 Ficus carica Inzar T

20 Pegnum hermala Halam H

21 Olea ferruginea Khuna T

22 Oxalis corniculata Tarukay H

23 Plantago lanceolata Jabai H

24 Bistorta amplexicaule Bandakai H

  

No. Botanical Name Local Name Type

25 Rumex nepalensis Shalkhay H

26 Geranium spp Sra zeal H

27 Podophyllum hexandrum Kakora H

27 Cotoneaster miccrophylla Karwarra S

28 Rubus fruticosus --- S

29 Dodonea viscose Ghowaraskai S

30 Verbascum thapsus Khardag H

31 Cynodon dactylon Kabal H

32 Pinus geradiana Chilghoza T

33 Hedra nepalensis Praivata Cl

34 Ephedra nebrodensis Uman S