HIGHER LEVEL CELL

ORGANIZATION AND
TISSUE
SPECIALIZATION

Plant and Animal

Tissues
PLANT TISSUES

Meristems

Simple Tissues

Complex Tissues
ORGANIZATION OF THE PLANT
TISSUES
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES –
LOCALIZED REGIONS OF CELL
DIVISION
 Apical Meristems
 Primary or Transitional Meristem  Primary
growth
 Protoderm  gives rise to epidermis
 Ground meristem  gives rise to ground tissue
o
 Procambium  gives rise to 1 vascular tissue
 Lateral Meristems
o
 Vascularcambium  2 vascular tissue
 Cork cambium or phellogen  periderm
 Intercalary Meristems (found in the nodes
of grasses)
SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM
ROOT APICAL MERISTEM
1. Root cap
initials
2. Protoderm
3. Ground
meristem
4. Procambium
5. Root cap
LATERAL MERISTEMS –
SECONDARY GROWTH IN WOODY
PLANTS
INTERCALARY MERISTEMS IN
GRASSES
SIMPLE TISSUES – CONSISTING OF
ONE CELL TYPE
 Parenchyma – thin walled & alive at
maturity; often multifaceted.
 Collenchyma – thick walled & alive at

maturity
 Sclerenchyma – thick walled and dead at

maturity
 Sclerids or stone cells – cells as long as they are
wide
 Fibers – cells longer than they are wide
 Epidermis – alive at maturity
 Trichomes – “pubescence” or hairs on epidermis
 Root Hairs – tubular extensions of epidermal cells
PARENCHYMA
COLLENCHYMA
SCLERENCHYMA
EPIDERMIS – STOMA, TRICHOMES,
& ROOT HAIRS
COMPLEX TISSUE
 Xylem – water conducting tissue; parenchyma,
fibers, vessels and/or tracheids, and ray cells.
 Phloem food conducting tissue; sieve-tube
members (no nucleus at maturity, cytoplasm
present), companion cells, fibers, parenchyma,
and ray cells.  In flowering plants, sieve-tube
members and companion cells arise from the
same mother cell. 
 Periderm – protective covering; composed of
cork and parenchyma.
 Secretory structures – responsible for making
latex, resins, nectar and other substances
produced and stored in channels inside the plant
body.
XYLEM
PHLOEM
 VASCULAR BUNDLES WITH XYLEM
& PHLOEM

Alfalfa – vein in cross section

Maize or Corn – vein in cross section
PERIDERM – CORK & PARENCHYMA

TWIG WITH LENTICELS

SECRETORY STRUCTURES
 nectar (flowers) from nectaries
 oils (peanuts, oranges, citrus) from
accumulation of glands and elaioplasts.
 resins (conifers) from resin canals
 lacticifers (e.g., latex - milkweed, rubber
plants, opium poppy)
 hydathodes (openings for secretion of water)
 digestive glands of carnivorous plants
(enzymes)
 salt glands that shed salt (especial in plants
adapted to environments laden with salt).
FOUR TYPES OF ANIMAL
TISSUES
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
(COVERING)
 Tightly-joined closely-packed cells
 One side of epithelium exposed to air or
internal fluid, other side attached to a
basement membrane, a dense mat of
extracellular matrix (connective tissue)
 Covers the outside of the body and lines
the internal organs and cavities
 Barrier against mechanical injury, invasive
microorganisms, and fluid loss
 Provides surface for absorption, excretion
and transport of molecules
TYPES OF
EPITHELIAL
TISSUE
 Cell shape
 Squamous
 Cuboidal
 Columnar
 Number of cell
layers
 Simple
 Pseudostratified
 Columnar
 RELATE
STRUCTURE TO
FUNCTION!
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(FRAMEWORK)
 Main function:
binding and support
other tissues
 Large amount of
extra-cellular matrix
with fewer cells
 Connective tissue
cells secrete the
extra-cellular matrix
 Extracellular matrix
consists of network of
fibers in liquid, jelly-
like or solid matrix
  Composed of long cells
MUSCLE TISSUE called muscle fibers
(MOVEMENT)  Contraction  movement
NERVOUS TISSUE
(CONTROL)
 Senses stimuli and
transmits signals
called nerve
impulses from one
part of an animal
to another Axon
 Consists of a cell
body and long
extensions called Dendrite
dendrites (towards
cell body) and
axons (towards Cell body
another cell or an
effector)
 Tissue Type Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve

Cell Shape Flattened, cuboidal, Irregular or round Elongated Cell appendages

columnar branched

Cell Arrangement Single  Scattered in matrix In sheets or bundles Isolated or

multilayered networked

Location Body covering or Supports other Lining internal Concentrated in

lining organs or organs organs, make brain and spinal
cavities skeletal muscles cord + all over the
body
Surface Feature of Cilia, microvilli - - -
Cells

Matrix Type Basement Varied – protein - -

membrane fibers + liquid,
gelatinous, firm to
calcified
Matrix Amount Minimal Extensive Absent Absent

Unique Feature No direct blood Cartilage has no Can generate Can generate
supply, except for blood supply electrical signals, electrical signal
glands force and
movement