CHURCH HISTORY

toif ; awmf o rk d i f ; tusOf ;

tcef; taMumif;t&m
(1) wrefawmfrsm; acwf
(2) rmwk&rsm; acwf
(3) EkdifiHawmfESifh toif;awmfaygif;zufaom acwf
(4) ykyf&[ef;rif; toif;awmf acwf
(5) jyefvnfjyKjyifa&; toif;awmf acwf
(6) omoemxGef;um; jyefYyGm;aom acwf
(7) toif;awmfacwf ed*kH;

wrefawmfrsm;acwf
The Age of the Apostles 33 to 100 AD

ocifa,½Ic&pfaojcif;rS &SifjyefxajrmufNyD; aumif;uifEkdifiHokdY jyefvnf<uoGm;aomt

cg usef&pfcahJ om ,kMH unfol &maygif;tenf;i,fcefY teuf wpf&mhEpS q f ,fonf ud,k af wmfred Yf awmf
rlcJhonfhtwkdif; a,½I&SvifNrdKUü apmifhaecJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYtay: oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmf <uqif;
vmonftxd xkdae&mrS apmifh&ef a,½Ic&pf rdefYawmfrlcJhonf/ xkdoefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfonf
a,½Ic&pftaMumif;udk olwpfyg;tm; ajymMum;&ef wefcdk;ay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ a,½Ic&pftaMumif;
ajymMum;oufaocHjcif;onf oefY&iS ;f aom 0dnmOfawmf&aom olwYkd\ tvkyjf zpfvmrnf/ (wrefawmf
1;4-8)/
xdkYaMumifh udk,fawmf\ wynfhawmfwdkYonf wnDwnGwfwnf; a,½I&SvifNrdKUü
pka0;qkawmif;aeMuonf/ udk,fawmf aumif;uifEkdifiHodkY wuf<uNyD; q,f&uftMum? yifaw
ukawåaeYwGif avjyif;rkefwkdif; wkdufcwfoHuJhokdYaom toHESifhtwl oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfonf
wynfhawmfrsm;tay:odkY qif;oufvmonf/ xkdtcsdefrSpí toi;awmf pwifcJhonf/
ppfrSefaom toif;awmfqkdonfrSm oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmftm;jzifh c&pfawmfxHodkY
,kHMunfolrsm;wpfvkH;wpf0wnf; pka0;vmMujcif;jzpfí olwdkYtxJwGif oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf
touf&iS af eonf/
þodkY toif;awmf pwifay:xGef;csdefü tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;rS *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;onfvnf;
a,½k½vS ifNrdKUü a&muf&adS eMuonf/ olwYkdtm;vk;H ajy;vTm;pk½;Hk vmum bmjzpfonfukd 0dik ;f Munfvh m
MupOf csufcsif;yif ayw½konf olwdkYtm; ocifa,½ItaMumif; pwifa[mMum;awmhonf/
]]ocifa,½Ionf uREkfYwdkYtjypftwGuf taocHí aojcif;rS &Sifjyefxajrmufum
aumif;uifay:odYk wuf<uvsuf ,cktcsed w f iG f t&mcyford ;f udk tpd;k &aom t&Sit f &mü bk&m;ocif
cefYxm;awmfral Mumif;odrw S Mf uavmh? oifwYkd \ tjypfukd vTwaf pjcif;iSm aemifw&í wpfa,mufrQ
r<uif; a,½Ic&pf\ emrü AwÅdZHudk cHMuavmh? odkYjyKvQif oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfqk aus;Zl;udk
cH&Muvdrfhrnf/}} [k oufaocHvQif xkdaeYü vlokH;axmifrQ ocifa,½Iudk ,HkMunfaMumif;0efcHNyD;
AwÅdZH cHMu\/ (w 2;14-41)/
xkdaeYrSpí c&pfawmfudk ,kHMunfol wynfhawmfwdkYonf c&pfawmf\ u,fwifjcif;
taMumif;udk vlrsKd;wumtm; oufaocHa[majymMuawmhonf/
a&S;OD;c&pf,mefwYkdonf wpfO;D udw k pfO;D tvGecf spMf u\/ tb,faMumifq h adk omf olwYkd onf
ocifa,½Iudk tvGefcspfaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf cspfMuonfh tavsmuf
rnfuJhokdY rpulnDMuonfudk uREkfyfwdkY awGU&onf (w 4;32-35)/ ,kHMunfajymif;vJ
oltaygif;wkYdonf pdwEf v S ;Hk wnDwnGww f nf;&Sv d suf ighOpöm[lí oabmrxm;bJ &So d rQaom Opömudk
tcsif;csif; a0iSay;urf;ok;H aqmifMu\ toif;awmftwGi;f ü&Sad om r&Sq d if;&Jom;wdYk ukd Opöm&Sad om
olrsm;u vdktyfovdkapwemxufoefpGm ay;a0Muay\/}} þodkYjzifh toif;awmf wGif
qif;&Jaomolwpfa,mufrQr&Sd [k rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/
rnfoYkd qadk p pmwefrm&fewfonf rMumrD ¤if;wdYk tm; pwiftaESmift h ,Suf ay;awmhon/
c&pfawmftoufjyef&SifaMumif; a,½Ic&pf\ wynfhawmfrsm; pwifoufaocHMuaomtcg
ocifa,½Iudk aoaMumif;MuHcJhaom *sL;bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm; tBuD;tus,ftHhtm;oifh
Muonf/ c&pfawmf\ wefcdk;awmfudk olwdkYjrif&aomfvnf; olwdkYonf wrefawmfwdkYtm; wdwf
qdwfae&ef yxrwGif wm;qD;ydwfyifMuonf (w 4;15-18)/ wynfhawmfwdkYonf wdwfqdwfr
aebJ wm;jrpfydwfyifrIudk zDqefum qufvufoufaocHMuolwdkYwGif tcsKdU½kdufESufESdyfpufcH&NyD;
tcsdKUaxmifoGif;tusOf;cs cH&Muonf/ tcsdKU owfjzwfcH&onf (wref 5;17-18ç 40)/
xkdYjyif pmwefonf toif;awmukd tjypfxJodkY aoG;aqmifBudK;yrf;jyefonf/ odkYaomf
bk&m;ocifonf tjypfomudk csujf cif;tjypfay; z,f&mS ;ypfaomtcg pmwef½;HI edr&hf jyefonf/ (wref
5;11)/
pmwefonf wynfhawmfrsm; tjiif;yGm; uGJjym;ap&ef zefwD;BudK;pm;jyefonf (w 6;1)/
þenf;rsKd;pkHjzifh uREkfyfwdkYvnf; BuKHawGUae&onf/ pmwefonf acwfumv wpfavQmuf
vkH; toif;awmfudk enf;aygif;rsKd;pkHjzifh qefYusifwkdufcdkuf NzdKcGif;aeMumif; awGU&onf/
tu,fí bk&m;ocif\ vludk t&mwpfckESifhvrf;vTJír&vQif tjcm;t&mwpfckjzifh
BudK;yrf;jyefavonf/ pmwef\ ab;&efukd uREkfyfwdkYtNrJwef;umuG,fwGef;vSefzdkY vkdtyfaeonf/
toif;awmfwiG f rkq;kd rtcsKd Utm; yHyh ;kd ulno D ifyh gvsuf olwYkd&oifah om tultnDr&aMumif; vlwcsKUd
a0zefajymqdkaeMuonf/
þjyóemudk ajz&Sif;ukdifwG,f&ef toif;awmftwGif;rS 0dnmOfawmfESifh jynfh0onfh vl
(7) OD;udk a&G;cs,fcefYxm;vkdufMuonf/ (w 6;2*6)/
toif;awmfudk pDrHcefYcGJonfh vlBuD; (7)a,mufxJrS oawzefudk owfaom tcsdefrSpí
BuD;rm;aom ESdyfpufn§if;yef;rIrsm; tpjyKcJhonf/ olonf *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;tm; ocifa,½I toufjyef
&SifaMumif; oufaocHaomtcg *sL;wdkYonf olYudk NrdKUjyifodkY ESifxkwfí ausmufcJjzifh aygufowf
vkdufMu\ (w 7;54-60)/ oawzef aoqkH;NyD;aemuf ,kHMunfolrsm;onf *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;\
qkd;0g;&ufpufonfh jyKrlqufqHjcif;udk cH&onf/
a&Smvkqkdolu ,kHMunfolc&pf,mefrsm;tay: tjyif;txef vkdufvHESdyfpufn§Of;yef;jcif;
aMumifh c&pf,mefrsm; a,½k&v S ifNrdKUrS xGuaf jy; yke;f a&SmifMu&onf/ wrefawmfrsm;omvQif usef&pf
cJhMuonf/ c&pf,mefrsm;onf olwdkYa&mufav&m t&yfwkdif;ü c&pfawmfbk&m; touf&SifaMumif;
oufaocHMujyefonf/ xkYd aMumifh c&pfawmf\ 0rf;ajrmufz, G &f m u,fwifjcif; owif;aumif;onf
a,½k&Svif\ ywf0ef;usif tjcm;a'orsm;odkY ysHUESHUa&muf&SdoGm;awmhonf (w 8;1-8)/
xkdtcsdefü a&Smvk (Saul) onf oawzefudk owfcJhpOf jrifawGUcJhaomtjzpfaMumifh ¤if;\
pdwfxJü rNidrfrouf 'ku©a0'emcHpm;ae&onf/ xdktcsdefü c&pfawmfudk ol ,kHMunfrI r&Sdao;ay/
olonf c&pf,mefrsm;udk &SmazGzrf;qD;ESyd pf ufni§ ;f yef;&ef tjcm;NrdKUrsm;odYk yif a&mufco hJ nf/ odYk aomf
ocifa,½Ionf olYtm;udk,fxif&Sm;jyí qkH;raomtcg udk,fawmftay: ol ,kHMunfvmonf (w
9;1-9)/
odYk EiS hf a&Smvkonf ocifa,½I\ wynfah wmfwpfO;D jzpfvmonf/ aemiftcg olYtm; aygvk
(Paul) [k ac:qkdcJhMuonf/
,kMH unfojl zpfvmaom aygvkonf ae&mtESUH c&D;vSnv hf nfí u,fwifjcif;{0Ha*vdw&m;
udk a[mMum;vsuf ,kHMunfol tpkta0;rsm; odkYr[kwf toif;awmfrsm; jzpfvmaponfh t"du
wrefawmfjzpfonf/ toif;awmf wnfaxmifonfh ae&mrsm;wGif ,kHMunfolwdkYudk OD;aqmif&ef
toif;awmfvBl uD;rsm;udk cefYxm;NyD;rS tjcm;ae&mrsm;ü {0Ha*vda[mMum;&ef ol qufvuf xGucf mG
oGm;onf/
oludk,fwkdif {0Ha*vdw&m;a[mMum;jcif;aMumifh ESdyfpufn§if;yef;cH&onf/ odkYaomf
xdEk ydS pf ufni§ ;f yef;rIrsm;aMumifh olY\ oufaocHa[majymjcif;udk r&yfay/ ocifa,½Ic&pfukd cspv f suf
olwpfyg;tm; udk,fawmftaMumif; a[majymoufaocHjcif;ESifh udk,fawmftm; tapcHjcif; udk ol
cspfjrwfE;dk onf/
a&S;OD;toif;awmfü trIaqmifjcif;onf tvGefyif &Sif;vif;jywfom;ygonf/
toif;awmfü omoemhacgif;aqmifrsm; &So d nf/ ¤if;wdYkukd Elders toif;vlBuD;rsm; odYkr[kwf
Bishops trIawmfaqmifrsm; odYk r[kwf Overseers toif;awmfukd Munf½ h o
I rl sm; odYk r[kwf Superin-
tendents tuJtrSL;rsm;[k ac:qdkcJhMuonf/
xkd toif;awmfvlBuD;rsm;onf ,kHMunfolrsm;udk oGefoifjcif;? vrf;nTefjcif;ESifh OD;aqmif
Mu&\/
toif;awmftay: t&SifocifuJhokdY rjyKMuyg/ w&m;a'oema[mjcif; oufoufvnf;
rvkyMf uyg/
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf ,kHMunfolwpfOD;csif;tm; gifts twwfynm qkaus;Zl;ay;
xm;onfhtavsmuf tcsdKUwdkYtm; vlrIa&; tvkyfvkyf&ef? tcsdKUwdkYtm; {0Ha*vdw&m;a[mMum;&ef?
tcsdKUudk ,kHMunfolwdkYtm; EIwfuywfawmf oifMum;ay;&ef? tcsdKUudk odk;xdef;uJhodkY xdef;odrf;
umuG,af pmifah &Smufonfo h if;tkyrf sm;tjzpf tpGr;f owÅu
d kd ,kMH unfot l oD;toD;tm; ay;xm; onf/
,kHMunfolwdkif; bk&m;ocif\ tvkdawmfESifhtnD bk&m;ocifay;xm;onfh tpGr;ftwkdif;
toif;awmfBuD;xGm;&ef vdktyfovdk yg0ifulnDEkdifygonf/
tpyxrü ,kMH unforl sm;udk wynfah wmfrsm;[k ac:onf/ aemiftcg tEÅt d w k Nf rdKUü aygvkEiS hf
AmeAwdkY {0Ha*vdw&m; a[mMum;aomtcg r,kHMunfolrsm;udk Christians c&pf,mefrsm; [k
ac:a0:orkwMf u\/ t"dygÜ ,frmS Christ-ones c&pfawmfEiS q hf idk af om olrsm;[k qkv d o kd nf (w 11;26)
olwpfyg;u orkwfaom ,aeYwkdif c&pf,mefqkdaomemrnf wGifusef&pfcJhonf/
aygvk\ trIaqmiftcsdefü tjcm;tjiif;yGm;rIwpfck tpjyKcJhonf/ ¤if;rSm arma&S\
w&m;rsm;udk vkdufavsmufzdkYvkdaMumif;? bk&m;ocifonf *sL;vlrsKd;rS wyg; tjcm;rnfonfhvlrsKd;rQ
u,fwifrnfr[kwf[k *sL;bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u oGefoifMuonf/
a&S;OD;c&pf,mef tmvkH;rSm *sL;vlrsKd;rsm; jzpfMuonfhtavsmuf wyg;trsKd;om;rsm;udk
tjypfom;rsm;jzpfonf[k olwdkYxifrSwf,lqcJhMuonf/
tu,fí wpfyg;trsK;d om;wpfO;D u,fwifjcif; &&Sv d v kd Qif xko
d ol nf yxrOD;qk;H *sL;xk;H pH
vkdufavsmuf&ayvdrfhrnf[k *sL;bmom tpGJ&Sdolrsm;u oGefoifMu\/
odkYaomf bk&m;ocifonf b,fvlrsKd;udkyJ jzpfjzpfcspfoem;í u,fwifjcif;ay;aMumif;
c&pf,mef*sL;wkdYtm; tcsdefrsm;pGm ,lNyD; zGifhjycJhonf/
wpfyg;trsKd;om; rsm;pGmwdkYonf c&pfawmfudk ,kHMunftm;udk;jcif;jzifh u,fwifjcif;udk
&cJhMuonf/ odkYaomf tcsdKUaom *sL;vlrsKd;pJG c&pf,mefwdkYu wyg;trsKd;om;rsm; u,fwifjcif;&&ef
OD;pGm yxr ta&zsm;vSD;jzif;cH&rnf/ xkdYjyif arma&S\ w&m;rsm;udkvnf; vkdufemapmifhxdef;zdkY
vdkaMumif; ajymqdkMuonf/
odkYaomf bk&m;ocifjyonfh trSefw&m;udk aygvkqkdol awGUjrifem;vnfvmonf/
xkt
d csderf pS í aygvku bk&m;ocif\ ajzmifrh wfjcif;ESihf uREkyf w f Ykd \ trSm;udk odjrifap&ef
ynwfw&m;ay;xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; oGefoifa[mMum;awmhonf/
vlom; tm;vkH;tjypfom;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
wyg;trsKd;om;a&m? *sL;vlrsKd;a&m tjypfom;rsm;jzpfMuonf/
rnfolwpfOD; wpfa,mufrQ ynwfw&m;udk jynfhpkHpGm vkdufavQmufEkdifpGrf; r&Sday/
 ynwfw&m;tm;jzifh rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ ajzmifhrwfjynfhpkHjcif; r&Sday/ xdkYaMumifh
ynwfw&m;usifhavQmufjcif;jzifh rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ u,fwifjcif;r&Ekdifay/ vlom;rsm;
u,fwifjcif;&&ef c&pfawmfjyKcJhonfh aus;Zl;ESifh c&pfawmfudk ,kHMunftm;udk;jcif;tm;jzifhom
&Ekid o
f nf/
*sL;vlrsK;d a&; tpG&J adS om c&pf,mefrsm;onf wyg;trsK;d om;c&pf,mefrsm;tm; rSm;,Gi;f aom
oGefoifcsufjzifh jyóemjzpfyGm;apcJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh þta&;tudpötwGuf a,½k&S vifNrdKUwGif
rsufESmpkHnD pnf;a0;cJhMupOf (w 15;1) ayw½ku bk&m;ocifonf ,kHMunfol wyg;
trsKd;om;rsm;tay: oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfcsay;aMumif; oufaocHNyD;aemuf aygvkESifh AmeA
wdkYuvnf; olwdkYw&m;a[majympOf wyg;trsKd;om;rsm;udk bk&m;ocif u,fwifjcif;ay;aMumif;
oufaocHajymMum;jyefonf/ xkdtcsdefu a,½k&SvifwGif OD;aqmifaeolrSm ocifbk&m;\ nDawmf
,mukyfjzpfonf/ olu xm0&bk&m;\ emrawmfudk ,kHMunfaom wyg;trsKd;om;rsm;udk bk&m;
ocifvufcHaMumif; axmufcHajymqkdNyD; wyg;trsKd;om; ,kHMunfolrsm;tm; ynwfvdkufavQmufzkdY
'ku©ray;oifhbJ? ½kyfwk rudk;uG,f&ef? rw&m;aom arxkefa&Smif&ef ESifh aoG;rpm;&efom tBuHjyK
cJhonf/ tjcm;olrsm;tm;vkH;uvnf; oabmwlMuí at;aq;oGm;onf/
rnfokdYqkdap þt&monf tjiif;yGm;rI\ tqkH;r[kwfao;ay/ aemiftcg vlwdkYonf
u,fwifjcif;&&ef ynwfw&m; vkdufavQmuf&rnf[laom oGefoifcsufjzifh rMumcP tjiif;yGm;
Mujyefonf/
xdktcsuf rrSefuefaMumif; txl;ojzifh aygvka&;aom a&mrMo0g'pmESifh *vmwdMo0g'
pm wdkYwGif usKd;aMumif;jyNyD; pepfwus azmfjyxm;onf/ odkYaomf ,aeYwkdif olwdkYudk,folwdkY
c&pf,mefyg [k ajyqkdMuolrsm;onfvnf; xdktrSm;twkdif;yif u,fwifjcif;&zdkY ynwfw&m;\
tusifhvkdufavsmufzdkYvdkaMumif; oGefoifaeMuqJyif&Sdonf/
xkdrSm;,Gif;aom oGefoifcsufrsm; rnfuJh vGJacsmfaeaMumif; "r®opfusrf;wGif Mo0g'pm
apmif tawmfrsm;rsm;ü azmfjya&;om;xm;onf/
rSm;,Gif;aom oGefoifcsufrsm;onf {0Ha*vdw&m;udk aESmifh,SufzsufqD;&ef pmwef
rm&fewf\ enf;AsL[m wpf&yfjzpfNyD; c&pf,mefrsm;udk ysufpD;jcif;vrf;xJ vGJacsmfapjcif;vnf;
jzpfonf/
aemufqkH;ü aygvkonf tusOf;om;tjzpfESifh a&mrodkY tydkYcH&onf/
eD½kd;bk&if vufxufusrS a&mrNrdKUü ol towfcH&onf/ {u&mZfrif;eD½kd;onf c&pf,mef
rsm;udk ESyd pf ufnOf;yef;owfjzwfonfh yxrOD;qk;H aom a&mr{u&mZfjzpfonf/ aemiftcg c&pf,mef
rsm;udk n§Of;qJonfh tjcm;{u&mZfrsm;vnf; &SdcJhao;onf/
eD½kd;{u&mZfonf c&pf,mefrsm;udk tvGef&ufpuf,kwfrmaom enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh ESdyfpuf
owfjzwfcJhonf/ xkdYjyif c&pf,meftajrmuftjrm;udk owfjzwfap&ef zefwD;aqmif&GufcJhonf/
 ra&S;raESmif;wGif a,½I&SvifNrdKUESifh ,k'jynfü &Sdaom *sL; vlrsKd;wkdYonfvnf; rsm;pGm
'ku©a&mufMu&avonf/
taMumif;rSm . . .
ocifa,½I towfcH&ap&ef olwdkY zefqD;vIHUaqmfcJhaom tjypfaMumifh jzpfonf/
a,½Ic&pf\ wynfhawmf oawzefudkvnf; olwdkYyif owfcJhMuonf/
a,m[ef\ tpfudk ,mukyf towfcH&jcif;ESifh tjcm;,kHMunfolrsm;udk owfonfh
tjypfaMumifhvnf; yg0ifonf/ aygvkudk owfzdkYvnf; olwdkY BudK;pm;chJao;onf/ ocifa,½I\
nDawmf,mukyfukdvnf; olwdkYyif owfypfvkdufMuonf/
xdkYaMumifh olwdkYudk bk&m;ocif uwday;ajymMum;cJhonfhtwkdif;yif jypf'Pfay;&ef
qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkufonf/
*sL;vlrsKd;wdkYonf tkyfpkd;ola&mrtpdk;&udk qefYusifykefuefMuawmhonf/
xkt d cg a&mrPu&mZfonf ol\wyfrawmfukd a,½k&v S ifNrdKUodYk apvTwí f ykeu f eforl sm;
udk wkdufcdkufarSmufvSefapcJhonf/
,kMH unfocl &pf,mefrsm;onf ocifa,½I ajymMum;cJah om pum;udk jyefvnfowd&Mujcif;
aMumifh bk&m;ocif\ pDrHrIjzifh a,½k&SvifNrdKUrS xGufajy;pGefYcGmEkdifcJhMuonf/
xdYk aMumifh a&mrwyfrawmfu a,½k&v S ifNrdKUudk wku
d cf u
dk of rd ;f ydu
k v f u
dk af omtcg c&pf,mef
wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ towfrcHcJh&ay/
odkYaomf a&mrtpdk;&udk awmfvSefykefuefMuonfh *sL;vlrsKd;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm towfcH
cJ&h onf/
xdok w l Ykd txJrS rsm;pGmaom olwYkd tm; a&mrwdYk u vuf0g;uyfwidk af y: wifowfcMhJ uonf/
*sL;vlrsKd; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmudvk nf; uReftjzpf a&mif;pm;Muonf/ olwYkd ud;k uG,0f wfjyK
&m AdrmefawmfESifh aetdrfrsm;udkvnf; NzdKzsuf rD;½IdUjcif;udk cH&onf/ (róJ 24;2) wGif ocifa,½I
ajymcJo
h nft h wkid ;f ausmufwpfv;Hk ay:wGif aemufwpfv;Hk rwifusecf o hJ nftxd zsuq f ;D cH&av onf/
aemiftcg xkdae&mü xyfrHNrdKUopfwnfaqmufcJhMuaomfvnf; ESpftawmfMumonfh
tcsdefwkdifatmif *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;udk xkdNrdKUwGif;odkY 0ifcGifhrjyKcJhay/
tjcm;wrefawmfrsm; bmjzpfonfukd usrf;pmu razmfjyonft h wGuf uREkyf w f Ydk wdwud sus
rod&ay/ olwdkYESifhywfoufí trsKd;rsKd; ajymMuaomfvnf; rnfonfht&mu rSefonf rSm;onf[k
rajymEkdifay/ olwdkYonf {0Ha*vdw&m;a[m&if; EkdifiHrsm;pGmodkY a&mufcJhMuonf/
ayw½konf ,kMH unfocl &pf,mefrsm;udk tm;ay;uln&D efEiS hf ae&mwumodYk ysHUvGiahf eaom
*sL;vlrsKd;rsm;udk w&m;a[m&ef AmAkvkefodkY a&mufcJhaMumif; uREkfyfwdkY od&onf/ (1ay5;13)/
&Sifa,m[efrSwyg; wrefawmftm;vkH; &efol\ owfjzwfjcif;cH&onf/
wrefawmf a,m[efonf touft&G,Bf uD;&ifNh yD;rS uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ olonf c&pfawmf\
{0Ha*vdw&m;a[mMum;aomaMumifh zrf;qD;cH&NyD; ywfrkuRef;odkY ydkYaqmifcsKyfaESmifcH&onf/ (Asm
1;9)/ xdak e&mü ½lyg½k&H NyD; uREyfk w f Ykt
d wGuf Asm'dwu
f sr;f udk a&;om;cJo
h nf/ ¤if;usr;f onf c&pfawmf\
bk e f ; awmf E S i f h a&S U jzpf r nf h taMumif ; t&mrsm;ud k zG i f h j yxm;onf / xk d Y aemuf ol Y tm;
jyefvTwfvkdufonfhtcg {zufNrdKUodkY oljyefoGm;onf/ a,m[efonf {zufNrdKUüyif olYtoufwm
ukefqkH;csdeftxd ocifbk&m;\ trIawmfudk aqmif&Gufavonf/
"r®opfusrf;udk wrefawmfrsm;acwfwGif a&;om;NyD;pD;cJhonf/
tpyxrü wrefawmfrsm;onf c&pfawmftaMumif; vSnfhvnfa[majymMu\/
xkdtaMumif;t&mudk aemifvmaemufom;rsm; zwf½I? qifjcif? ,kHMunfEkdif&ef usrf;tjzpf a&;om;
jyKpkcJhMuonf/
a,½Ic&pf\ wynfhawmfrsm;teuf róJESifh a,m[efwdkYonf a,½Ic&pf\ aqmif&GufrI
rsm;ESifh ajymqkdcsufrsm;udk olwdkYjrifawGUMum;odcJhonftwkdif; jyefvnfa&;om;wifjycJhMuonf/
vkumrSm aq;q&m0efwpfOD;jzpfonf/ olonf aygvkESifhtwl {0Ha*vdc&D;pOf rMumcP
oGm;cJo h w
l pfO;D jzpfNyD; ocifa,½I\ oufawmpOf taMumif;pmtkyw f pftyk af &;om;jyKpkco
hJ nf/ xkYdjyif
toif;awmfpwifvmyk?H toif;awmfysHUESUH BuD;xGm;vmyk?H wrefawmf &Siaf ygvk\ {0Ha*vd c&D;pOfEiS hf
awGUBuKH&aomtcuftcJrsm;udk atmifjrifausmfvTm;cJhykH? c&pfawmfudk ,kHMunfolrsm; olwkYd\
,kHMunfjcif;aMumifh 'ku©qif;&JcH&jcif;taMumif; xyfrHpmtkyfwpftkyf a&;om;jyKpkchJonf/
xkdpmtkyfxJwGif rSm;,Gif;aom oGefoifcsufrsm;udk azmfjyowday;cJhNyD; rnfuJhodkY ydkif;jcm;z,f&Sm;
&rnfudkvnf; jyocJhonf/ wrefawmfrsm;\ owday;oGefoifcsufrsm;udk vkdufemjcif;tm;jzifh
ysufpD;jcif;vrf;rS a&SmifMuOfapEkdifrnf/
"r®opfusrf; a&;om;olrsm;rSm oefY&Sif;olrsm;jzpfMuonf/ olwdkY bmtaMumif; a&;om;
&rnfudk oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfu olwdkYtxJrS EId;aqmfvrf;nTefrIwfoGif;chJaMumif; bk&m;ocif
ajymMum;m;onfudk uREkfyfwdkY rSwfusKH;ESvkH;oGif;&rnf/
xkdYaMumifh xkda&;om;csufrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywfawmfjzpfonf/
vlomrefa&;om;onfh tjcm;pmtkyfrsm;ESifhrwlay/
wrefawmfacwf toif;awmfonf a,½Ic&pfudk tcspfqkH; jzpfonf/ a,½Ic&pf wpfyg;
wnf;udkom opöapmifhvsuf tapcHMuonf (Asm 2;1-7)/
odkYaomf xkdacwf ausmfvGefvmonfESifhtrQ c&pfawmftay:xm;&Sdonfh c&pf,mefwdkY\
a&S;OD;arwÅmvnf; ,kwfavsmhat;pufvmonf (Asm 2;4)/ xkdtaMumif; toif;awmforkdif;
wpfavQmuf rnfuJhodkY a&GUavsmh azmufjyefcJhonfudk þpmtkyfwGif a&SUquftusOf;csKH; azmfjy
oGm;ygrnf/
 rmwk&rsm; acwf
The Age of tile Martgrs B 1 to 325 AD
rm&wk Martyrs tmZmenf pum;vkH;\ t"dyÜg,ftppftrSefrSmoufaocH (Witness) [k
qkdvkdonf/ ,aeY uREkfyfwdkY\ tawG;tac:ü rmwk& qkdolonf ocifa,½Ic&pfudk ,kHMunfí
toufcH&aom oltjzpfrSwf,lonf/
acwfumvwkdif;ü c&pfawmfudk ,kHMunfjcif;aMumifh vltcsdKU towfcHcJhMu&onfhtwGuf
acwftqufqufwGif rmwk&rsm; &Sdonf/
oawzef (Stephen) onf yxrOD;qkH; rmwk&jzpfonf/ wrefawmfaygvktygt0if
c&pf,mefrsm;pGmudk c&pfouú&mZf 67 ckEpS cf efYwiG f a&mr{u&mZfe½D ;dk (Nero) owfcahJ Mumif; uREyfk w
f Ykd
odMuNyD/
,ck uREyfk w
f Kd Y pOf;pm;ok;H oyfrnfh acwfonf txl;enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh axmifaomif;rsm;pGm aom
c&pf,mefrsm;udk owfcJhjcif;aMumifh þacwfudk rmwk&rsm;acwf[k ac:qdkEdkifonf/
þtcsdefü c&pf,mefrsm;udk ESdyfpufnOf;yef;owfjzwf&jcif;taMumif;rSm atmufygtwkdif;
jzpfygonf/

bmaMumifh c&pf,mefrsm; towfcH&oenf;/

eD½kd;rif;BuD;onf olYEkdifiHom;rsm;u olYtay: trsufa'oxGufjcif;aMumifh rdrdudk,fudk
umuG,fvGwfajrmuf&ef c&pf,mefrsm;udk ESdyfpuf nOf;yef;owfjzwf&jcif;jzpfonf/
eD½rdk if;BuD;onf a&mrNrdKUBuD;udk omí aumif;rGeaf om enf;vrf;jzifh jyefvnfwnfaqmuf
vdkaomaMumifh {&mrNrdKUBuD;udk ol rD;wif½IdUcJhavonf/ wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;onf olwdkY rSDwif;ae
xdkifaom aetdrftaqmuftODrsm; rD;avmifysufpD;oGm;ojzifh olYtay: rsm;pGm a'goxGufMu
awmhonf/ xdt k cg eD½;dk rif;u rD;½dUI olrsm;rSm c&pf,mefrsm;jzpfNyD; ol r[kwaf Mumif; jiif;qdck o hJ nf/
jynfov l xl \
k trsuaf 'goajy&ef arQmv f ifch sujf zifh c&pf,meftajrmuftjrm;udk pepf wus
owfjzwf&ef ol pDrHaqmif&GufcJhonf/
c&pf,mefrsm;onf ae&mwumü {0Ha*vdw&m;udk a[mcJhMuonf/ a[m&m ae&ma'o
wkdif;wGif axmifaomif;rsm;pGmaom vlrsm; ,kHMunfajymif;vJMuonf/ ajymif;vJolrsm;onf ½kyfwk
udk;uG,faom Adrmefrsm;odkY roGm;Muawmhay/ þtcsufonf ½kyfwkudk;uG,folrsm;u c&pf,mef
rsm;tay: tvGet f rsufa'goxGuaf pcJo h nf/ c&pf,mefrsm;onf rnfonfb h &k m;udrk Q r,kMH unfol
rsm; (bk&m;rJhrsm;) jzpfonf[k tjcm;olrsm;u ajymqdkpGyfpGJMuawmhonf/
taMumif;rSm c&pf,mefwdkYonf rjrifEkdifaom bk&m;udk udk;uG,fMuNyD; tjcm;olrsm;rSm
txift&Sm;jrifEkdifaom ½kyfwkbk&m;udk udk;uG,fMuonf/
 ½kyw
f u
k ;kd uG,af om olwYkd\ tBuD;tuJrmS a&mr{u&mZfrif; ud, k wf idk jf zpfavonf/ olonf
(Priests) ,Zfya&m[dwfwkdY\ (Chief) tBuD;tus,fcsKyfjzpfí olYudk (Pontfex Maximus)
r[m,Zfya&m[dwfrif;[k *kPfjyKcsD;ajr§mufac:qdkavonf/
ol\ tvkrd mS vlwikd ;f udk ½kyw
f rk sm; ud;k uG,af pvdo
k nfomru {u&mZfuv kd nf; bk&m;[k
ac:xl;apNyD;? ol\ ykHwl½kyfwkudkvnf; udk;uG,faponf/
rSm;,Gi;f aom bk&m;rsm;udk ud;k uG,zf Ykd c&pf,mefrsm;u jiif;qefMuonf/ xdrk Qru {u&mZf
rif;\ ykHwl½kyfwkudkvnf; b,fawmhrS OD;rnGwfEkdifMuay/ xkdYjyif olwdkYonf wpfqlwnf;aom
ppfrSefonfh bk&m;ocifESifh bk&m;ocif om;awmf ocifa,½Ic&pfrSwpfyg; tjcm;rnfonfhbk&m;
udkrQ rudk;uG,f 0wfrjyKMuay/
þtcsufrsm;aMumifh c&pf,mefrsm;udk EkdifiHawmfopömazmfrsm;[k tcsdKU{u&mZfrsm;u
owfrSwfajymqdkMuonf/ odkYESifh olwdkYu c&pf,mefrsm;udk bk&m;rJh? opömazmufrsm;[k pGyfpGJNyD;
nnf;yef;ESdyfpufowfjzwfMuawmhonf/
c&pf,mefrsm; axmifaomif;csDí owfjzwcHMu&onf/

owfenf;rsKd;pkH
tcsdKUudk vuf0g;uyfwkdif wifí owfMuonf/ tcsdKUudk wd&pämeft&nfcGHjzifhtkyfNyD; om;&J
wd&pämefrsm;twGuf tpmtjzpf auR;owfMuonf/ vlxky&dowftm;vkH;udk Munfh½Iapum tcsdKUudk
jcaoFhpmauR;jyonf/ tcsdKUudk uRJ½kdif;ESifh acGUowfaponf/ tcsdKUudk jrif;rsm;jzifh tydkif;ydkif;? qGJNzJ?
qGJjzwf aponf/ tcsdKUudkrl rD;½IdU owfMuonf/
{u&mZfwpfOD;url c&pf,mefrsm;udk a'goxGufvGef;ojzifh c&pf,mef[laom trnfudk
þurÇmajrBuD;ay:rS vk;H 0aysmufu, G o
f mG ;onftxd okwo f if&iS ;f vif;ypfrnf[k Budr;f 0g; cJo
h nf/
olonf c&pf,meftajrmuftrsm;udk n§Of;yef;ESdyfpuf owfjzwfcJhonf/ tcsdKUudk BudK;ESifhcsnfí
t½kd;tqpfrsm; jyKwfjywfxGufonfhtxd vrf;wpfavQmuf 'vMurf;w&Gwfwkduf qGJapcJhonf/
c&pf,mefrsm; ydkifqkdiforQ Opömypönf;tm;vkH;udkvnf; odrf;qnf;ypfonf/ vltcsdKU\ t½kd;rsm;
usKd;onfhtxd ½dkufESufxkaxmif;Mu\/ tcsdKUudk tvGefjrifhaomae&mrS wGef;csowfypfcJhonf/
{u&mZfwpfOD;u c&pf,mefrsm;udk ESdyfpufn§if;yef;NyD;aemuf tjcm;{u&mZfopfwpfOD;
wufvmonft h cg c&pf,mefrsm;udk at;csr;f pGm aexkid cf iG hf ay;jyefonf/ xkYd aemuf tjcm;rif;wpfyg;
wufvmonft h cg wzefc&pf,mefrsmudk xyfrEH ydS pf ufni§ ;f yef;jyefonf/ þodYk tBudrBf udrf ESyd pf ufjcif;
(10) Budrf&SdcJhonf[k qdkMuonf/ odkYaomf wdusrSefuefpGm a&wGuf&ef rvG,fay/
{u&mZfwpfOD;onf c&pf,mefrsm;udk rkef;wD;vGef;ojzifh olYvufatmufcH EkdifiHrsm;xJwGif
&So
d rQ c&pf,mefrsm;udk zsuq f ;D &ef tm;oGecf eG pf u
kd f BudK;yrf;cJoh nf/ axmifaomif;csí D ESyd pf ufnO§ ;f yef;
owfjzwfcH&onf/ olwdkY\ aetdrfrsm;ESifh pka0;0wfjyK&m ae&mrsm;udk rD;½dIUzsufqD; ypfonf/
toif;awmfudk enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh zsufqD;&ef pmwef\ BuHpnfBudK;yrf;rIonf urÇmtESHUodkY
vsefjrefpGm ysHUESHUcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif c&pf,mefwdkYonf tvGefBuD;rm;rsm;jym;aom 'ku©a0'em cHpm;
Mu&aomfvnf; ,kMH unfryI sujf y,fpeG Yfypfjcif; r&SMd uacs/ odYkjzpfí bk&m;ocif\ trIawmfukd pmwefu
wm;qD; [efYwm;&yfwefYEkdifjcif; r&SdcJhay/
c&pf,meftcsdKUom pdk;&drfxdwfvefY aMumuf&GHUaomaMumifh tnHhcHt½IH;ay;NyD; ½kyfwkrsm;udk
jyefvnfudk;uG,fcJhMuonf/ tu,fí c&pf,mefwpfOD;u ½kyfwkudk udk;uG,f&ef 0efcHuwdjyKvQif
olYtm; oGm;vdk&moGmcGifhjyKEkdifrnf[k a&mrtpdk;&rif;u uwdjyKaomfvnf; trsm;pkrSm ½kyfwkudk
uk;d uG,&f ef jiif;qdck MhJ uonf/ c&pfawmftwGuf 'kua© 0'emESihf aojcif;udk olwYkd 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
cH,lEkdifMuonf/
taMumif;rSm c&pf,mefwYkdonf c&pfawmftwGuf rmwk&tjzpf taocH&onfukd BuD;pGmaom
*kPfjyKcH&jcif;tjzpf rSwf,lMuonf/ n§if;yef; ESdyfpufjcif;rsm; BuD;rm;us,fjyefY jyif;xefqkH;
tcsd e f t cgüyif &maygif ; rsm;pG m aom vl r sm;rS m c&pf , mef j zpf v mqJ y if & S d o nf / tvG e f
BuD;rm;jyif;xefaom 'ku©a0'em cHpm;&vifhupm; c&pf,mefrsm;ü&Sdonfh onf;cHjcif;ESifh Nidrfowf
jcif;udk MunfNh yD; vltcsdKU ajymif;vJvmMuonf/ tcsdKUrSmrl c&pf,mefrsm;u n§i;f yef;ESyd pf ufaeolrsm;
twGufyif qkawmif;ay;Muonfudk Mum;&í ajymif;vJcJhMuonf/

ESdyfpufjcif;\ tusKd;aus;Zl;
þESdyfpufn§if;yef;rIrsm;onf tdyfaysmfat;pufaeonfh c&pf,mefrsm;udk EId;qGay;ovdk
jzpfonf/ trSefrSm taxmuftulESifh wGef;tm;ay;ovdk jzpfonf/ trSefrSm taxmuftulESifh
wGe;f tm;ay;&m a&mufonf/ þt&mrsm;onf olwYkdukd ppfreS w f uf<uvmatmif rD;ESihf ppfaq;vdu k f
onfESifh wlonf/ trSefwu,f,kHMunfjcif; r&SdbJESifh rnfolrQ c&pf,mefjzpfcsifrnfr[kwfay/
þtjzpfqkd;umvwGif rdrdudk,fudk c&pf,mefyg[k rnfolrQ rjzpfcsif? rajymqkd&Jay/ c&pfawmfudk
wu,fcspfaom olwpfOD;r[kwfygu n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif; a&mufvmaomtcg olonf &yfwnf
Ekid pf rG ;f r&SEd idk af y/ rnforl qkd c&pf,mefwpfO;D jzpfvydk gu avmuESihf rdrt
d oufukd pGeYf vw
T v
f adk om
qE´&Sd&rnf/ þqkd;0g;aom acwfumv wpfavQmufwGif toif;awmftrsm;pkrSm ppfrSefNyD; wefckd;
tpGrf;ESifh jynfhpHkjcif;&Sdonf/

toif;awmfü rSm;,Gif;aom vkyf&yfrsm;/

rnfoYdkqadk p wrefawmfrsm;acwf vGeNf yD; rMumrDrmS yif toif;awmfrsm;twGi;f ü rSm;,Gi;f onfh
vkyfaqmifajymif;vJrIrsm; pwifay:aygufvmonf/
 tpyxrwGif toif;awmfvBl uD;rsm; (odYk r[kw)f trIawmfaqmifrsm; &Scd ahJ Mumif; uREkyf w f Ydk
awGUjrifcJhMuonf/
odkYaomf rsm;rMumrDyif c&pf,mefrsm;onf toif;vlBuD;ESifh trIawmfaqmifrsm;wkdYudk
tqifhcGJjcm; owfrSwfvmMuonf/ toif;awmfwkdif;wGif trIudpörsm; pD&ifqHk;jzwfay;rnfh
trIawmfaqmif vlBuD;wpfOD;udk a&G;cs,fcefYxm;Muonf/ toif;awmfwkdif;ü trIawmfaqmif
wpfOD;om &Sdawmhonf/ useftoif;awmfvlBuD;rsm;rSm olYudk ulnDrpolrsm; tjzpf toif;awmfü
wm0efESdrfhusoGm;\ tpyxrwGif trIawmfaqmifonf toif;awmfudk apmihfxdef; OD;aqmifolom
jzpfonf/ toif;awmf\ t&Sifocif r[kwfay/ tjcm;toif;awmfrsm;tay:vnf; vTrf;rkd;cs,f
vS,fjcif;r&Sday/ odkY&mwGif umva&GUvsm;vmonfESifhtrQ trIawmfaqmif\ tcef;u@onf ydkí
ydkí ta&;BuD;onfxuf BuD;vmonf/ aemufqHk;ürl olYudk,fol toif;awmf\ bk&ifi,f
wpfyg;ozG,f xifrw S jf yKrlvmonf/ xkYd aemuf ydí
k ta&;ygaom NrdKUBuD;rS trIawmfaqmif rsm;onf
NrdKUe,fuav;rS trIawmfaqmifrsm;tay: MoZmvTrf;rkd;jcif; pwifvmawmhonf/ a&mrNrdKUonf
tifyg,m\ NrdKUawmfjzpfonfhtavsmuf a&mrtrIawmfaqmifonf tjcm;NrdKUi,frsm;rS
trIawmfaqmifrsm;xuf ydkí ydkí ta&;ygt&ma&mufcJhonf/
wrefawmfrsm;acwfu toif;awmfwpfck\ trIawmfaqmif wpfOD;onf tjcm;trIawmf
aqmifrsm;tay: pD&iftkyfcsKyfjcif;r&Sday/ odkYaomf umva&GUavsmhvmonfhtcg NrdKUe,fawm&GmrS
trIawmfaqmifrsm;ü wpfcgwpf&H jzpfay:wwfaom tjiif;yGm;rI jyóemrsm;udk a&mrNrdKU&Sd
trIawmfaqmifxH csOf;uyf ajz&Sif;wwfMuNyD; xkdqHk;jzwfcsuf aumif;rGefaomtcg olwkdYtay:
av;pm;MunfndKvmMuonf/
Mumvmaomtcg a&mrNrdKUBuD;rS trIawmfaqmifrsm;onf tjcm;trIawmfaqmif
tm;vkH;twGuf Oya'rsm;a&;qGJpD&ifjy|mef;jcif; pwifcJhonf/ tjcm;toif; awmftm;vkH;uvnf;
olwdkYcsrSwfaom Oya'rsm;udk vkdufemcJhMuonf/
rmwk&rsm;acwfü trIawmfaqmif? toif;vlBuD;rsm;ESifh (deacons) oif;axmufvlBuD;rsm;
wdYk ukd (Clergy) trIawmfaqmifrsm;[k oD;jcm;ac:a0:yku H kd Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh tqift
h wef;cGjJ cm;onf
udk awGU&\/ trIawmfaqmif tac:cHolrsm;uvnf; vlrsm;\ av;pmtxifBuD;cHvdkMuonf/
xkdYaemuf toif;awmf\ trIaqmiftac:cHolrsm;uvnf; vlrsm;\ av;pm;txifBuD; cHvdkMu
onf/ xkdYaemuf toif;awmf\ trIudpötm;vkH;udk olwdkYu taumiftxnfazmfMuolrsm;[k
rSm;,Gif;pGm cH,lvmMuonf/
a&S;toif;awmfü ,kMH unfot l m;vk;H onf trIawmfaqmif,Zfyak &m[dwrf sm; jzpfMuonf[k
usrf;pmtwkdif; cH,lNyD;tm;vkH; bk&m;ocif\ trIawmfwGif wpnf;wvkH; yg0ifvkyf aqmifMu\/
qkdvdkonfrSm ,kHMunfoltm;vkH;onf 0wfjyKudk;uG,f&mü bk&m;ocif\ a&SUawmfodkY
tqD;twm;r&Sd tm;vk;H 0ifa&mufEidk Mf uonf/ tjcm;olrsm;twGuv f nf; qkawmif;ay;Ekid Muonf/
bk&m;ocif\ trIawmfjrwfxJwGifvnf; vlwkdif;yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh &SdMuonf/ a&S;toif;awmf ü
vltqifhtwef; cGJjcm;jcif;r&Sday/
odkYaomf ,cktcgwGif (Clergy) trIawmfaqmifrsm;rSm (Priests) ,Zfyka&m[dwfae&m,lNyD;
av;pm;txifBuD;cHvsuf omref,MHk unforl sm;xuf oefY&iS ;f ajzmifrh wfí bk&m;ocifEiS hf ydrk ekd ;D uyf
oa,mif toGifaqmifaeMuonf/
þ"r®opfacwfwGif trIawmfaqmifwkdif; tdrfaxmifjyKcGifh&Sd&m trsm;pkvnf; tdrfaxmifjyK
aeMuygonf/ odkYaomf aemiftcg tdrfaxmifrjyKonfh trIawmfaqmifrsm;udk pwifí ydkrdkav;pm;
*kPfjyKvmchJMuNyD; tdrfaxmifrjyKrS rSefuefonf[k ajymqdkvmMuonf/
þacwfwiG f c&pf,mef tajrmuftjrm;onf c&pfawmfb&k m;wpfyg;wnf;udk ,kMH unfjcif;
oufoufjzifo h m u,fwifjcif;&aMumif; arhavsmv
h mMuonf/ olwYkdonf c&pfawmf\ u,fwifjcif;
aus;Zl ; xuf trI a wmf a qmif r sm;tay:üvnf ; aumif ; ? toif ; awmf u sif h x k H ; ES i f h rd r d \
ukodkvfusifhpOftay: ydkí rSDcdktm;udk;vmMuonf/
trIawmfaqmifwdkYonf olawmfpifjzpfzkdY usifhBuHBudK;pm;Muonf/ olwdkYonf vltrsm;ESifh
oD;jcm;cGJcGmvsuf awmawmifESifh oJuEÅ&BuD;rsm;wGif wpfudk,fxD;xD;aexkdifusifhBuHMuonf/
tdrfaxmifrjyKzdkY oH"d|mefcsMuonf/ tpm;taomufvnf; NcdK;NcHMuonf/ olwdkYpdwfESvkH;xJrS
tjypfudkvnf; z,fxkwf&ef BudK;pm;Muonf/ olwdkY\ cE¨mudk,fudkvnf; ESdyfpufn§Of;yef;Muonf/
þenf;rsm;jzifh tjypfudk z,fxkwfzdkY BudK;pm;Muaomfvnf; r&Muay/
trSefrSm ocifa,½IudkvufcHjcif;jzifhom tjypfuif;&Sif;Ekdifonf/

toif;awmfü rSm;,Gif;onf Mo0g'rsm;

þrmwk&acwfwiG f toif;awmfrsm;ü rSm;,Gi;f onfh Mo0g'rsm;? usiphf Ofrsm;udk oGeo
f ifonfh
"r®q&mrsm; tajrmuftjrm;ay:vmonf/ olwdkYonf c&pf,mefrsm;udk n§Of;yef; ESdyfpufjcif;
rpcifuyif ay:aeNyD/
xkdpOfu pwifxif&Sm;cJhonf rSm;,Gif;aom oGefoifcsufrsm;onf ,aeY uREkfyfwdkYMum;
&onfh rSm;,Gif;aom oGefoifcsufrsm;ESifh qifwlonf/ rSm;,Gif;aom oGefoifcsufrsm;udk Mum;cgp
wGif ESpfoufzG,fjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkY teuftcsdKUrSm wrefawmfBuD;rsm; acwfuyif pwifay:ayguf
cJhNyD; xkdrSm;,Gif;aom oGefoifcsufwdkYudk Mo0g'pm tcsdKUwGif ajz&Sif;a&;om;cJhonf/
trSm;tcsdKUrSm - ocifa,½Ionf bk&m;ocifr[kwfaMumif;? bk&m;ocif zefqif;xm;
onfh aumif;uifwrefBuD; wpfyg;omjzpfaMumif;? aumif;uifwrefrsm;udk udk;uG,foifhaMumif;
rSm;,Gif;pGm oGefoifcJhMuonf/
tcsdKUu ocifa,½Ionf vlom;wpfOD;rQom jzpfaMumif;? bk&m;ocifonf okH;yg;r[kwf
aMumif; u,fwifjcif;&&ef tusifhtm;jzifh BudK;pm;&efvdkaMumif;? tdrfaxmifjyKjcif;onf vludk
npfnL;apaMumif; ponfh trSm;rsm; oGefoifcJhMuonf/
xkdrSm;,Gif;aom oGefoufcsufrsm;onf or®mw&m;udkrysufjy,fapEkdifyg/
rmwk&rsm;acwfonf r[m'ku©jyóemtcsdefumvjzpfonf/ odkYaomf r[matmifyGJrsm;
&onfhtcsdefvnf; jzpfonf/ wrefawmfBuD;rsm; a&;om;cJhonfhMo0g'pmapmifrsm;rSm &Sif;vif;pGm
zwf½Iem;vnfEkdifNyD; vkdufavsmuf&efvnf; vG,fulonf/ þacwfwGif omoemh acgif;aqmif
rsm;onf EIwfuywfawmfudk OD;pm;ray;bJ vlYMo0g'udkom oGefoifajymqdk vmMujcif;aMumifh
½IyfaxG;awGa0 cufcJvmonf/
þacwfudk rmwk&acwf[k ac:&jcif;rSm toif;awmfü rSm;,Gif;aom Mo0g'trsKd;rsKd;udk
oGefoifonf q&mrsm; acwfpm; vlBudKufrsm;onfhtcsdefwGif bk&m;udk cspfaom oltcsdKUonf
or®mw&m;ppfppfuo kd m ,kMH unfvu
dk af vsmufjcif;aMumifh n§O;f yef;ESyd pf ufjcif; cH&Muonf/ rSm;,Gi;f
aom q&mrsm;\ Mo0g'w&m;xuf c&pfawmf\ pum;udk em;axmif,kHMunfvkdufavsmufjcif;
aMumifh towfcH&ojzifh xkdolrsm;udk rmwk&[kac:onf/ xdkacwfudk rmwk&acwf [k ac:onf/
Asm'dwuf sr;f (2;8-11) onf rmwk&acwf toif;awmftajctaeESiw hf o
l nf/ þacwfwiG f
ppfrSefaom ,kHMunfolwdkYonf ESdyfpufn§if;yef;cH&aomfvnf; aoonfwkdifatmif opömapmifhMu
onf/ olwYkd twGuf c&pfawmfu toufo&zl jyifqifxm;aMUmif; ,kMH unf arQmfvifjh cif;&SMd u onf/

tcef; (3)
EkdifiHawmfESifh toif;awmf aygif;zufaomacwf
The State Church 312-590 AD.
c&pfouú&mZf 312 ckEpS w f iG f (Constantine) uGepf wifwidk ;f onf a&mrtifyg,m\ {u&mZf
jzpfvmonf/ uGepf wifwidk ;f eef;wwfonft h cg c&pf,mefrsm;tay: n§O;f yef;ESyd pf ufowfjzwfjcif;
rSeforQudk &yfqkdif;ypfvkdufNyD; c&pf,mefbmoudk EkdifiHawmfbmomtjzpf owfrSwfvdkufonf/
tu,fí olYEidk if o H m;tm;vk;H udk bmomwpfcw k nf; ud;k uG,af pvQif tifyg,mBuD;twGi;f
&Sd EkdifiHrsm;udk wpfpkwnf;jzpfatmif vkyf&ef ydkrdkvG,fulrnf[k olxifonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;vnf;
ydrk v
kd ,
G uf al prnf[k ol,q l cJo
h nf/ olYu, kd o f l c&pf,mefwpfO;D jzpfaMumif; 0efcaH Munmaomfvnf;
aovkeD;csdeftxd AwådZH rcHcJhay/
we*FaEGaeYukd trsm;jynfol tm;vyf&uftjzpf owfrw S af y;cJoh nf/ n§i;f yef;ESyd pf ufcH &onfh
umvwGif tEkdiftxuf odrf;qnf;cHvkduf&aom (okdYr[kwf) zsufqD;cH&aom c&pf,mefwdkY \
taqmuftOD;rsm;udu k eG pf wifwidk ;f u jyefvn f ay;tyfcohJ nf/ zsuq f ;D cH&aom taqmuftOD; rsm;udk
jyefvnfwnfaqmufay;cJhonf/
wefzkd;BuD;rm;aom toif;awmf taqmuftOD;opfwdkYudk wnfaqmufay;cJhonf/ crf;em;
xnf0gaom toif;awmftaqmuftODrsm; þacwfwGif aqmufvkyfMuonf/ trIawmfaqmifrsm;
aiGtajrmuftjrm;&NyD; csrf;om<u,f0vmMuonf/ olwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\ trIawmfudk
aqmif&Guf&zdkYxuf olwdkY\ csrf;om<u,f0rIudk ydkrdkí OD;pm;ay;vmMuonf/

ESdyfpufrcH&jcif;\ qkd;usKd;rsm;
þacwfwGif c&pfawmfudk u,fwif&Sifbk&m;tjzpf ,kHMunfaomaMumifh c&pf,mefjzpfvm
jcif; r[kwaf y/ c&pf,mefjzpfvmolrsm;rSm tcGit hf a&; &csifaomamUmif?h &mxl;wufcsifaomaMumif?h
rsufEmS &vdak omaMumif?h c&pf,mefbmomxJu;l ajymif;vmolrsm;jcif; jzpfonf/ c&pf,mefbmomxJ
ul;ajymif;vmolrsm;jcif;jzpfonf/ c&pf,mefrsm;tay: ESyd pf ufni§ ;f yef;jcif;vnf; r&Sad wmhaom aMumifh
c&pf,mefrsm;\ bmoma&;cH,cl suEf iS hf ,kMH unfjcif;onf ayghysu, f w
k af vsmah t;puf ysi;f &dvmMuNyD;
bk&m;ocif\ omoemawmf pwif,dk,Gif;vmonf/
,cifu c&pf,mef jzpf&onfrSm rsufESmi,f&NyD; c&pfawmfaemuf vkdufcsifol tvGefenf;
onf/
,ckrl c&pf,mef jzpf&onfrSm *kPf,lzG,f&m jzpfojzifh vltrsm;uvnf; c&pf,mefjzpf
aeaomaMumifh c&pf,mefbmomxJ 0ifMujcif;jzpfonf/ olwYkdonf aemifw&Mujcif; r&S/d c&pfawmf
udk oduRrf;,kHMunfjcif;vnf;r&Sd/ olwdkY\ pdwfESvkH;ESifh toufwmvnf; ajymif;vJrI r&Sdacs/
toif;awmfwGif rSm;,Gif;aom udk;uG,frIrsm; a&m>yrf;jynfhESufvmonf/
taMumif;rSm þacwfwGif c&pf,mefbmomodkY tpkvkduf tNyKHvkduf ul;ajymif;vmMu&m
wGif olwdkY,cifu udk;uG,faom ½kyfwkrsm;vnf; wpfygwnf; ygvmMuonf/ rSm;,Gif;aom
tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;udkvnf; aemifw&pGefYypfjcif; r&SdbJ c&pf,mefabmiftwGif;odkY
,laqmifvmMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh toif;awmfü rSm;,Gif;aom udk;uG,frIrsm; a&m>yrf;vmonf/
{u&mZf uGefpwifwkdif;u urÇmavmuBuD;udk c&pf,mefjzpfatmif vkyfEkdifrnf[k pdwful;
,OfcJhonf/ trSefwu,fol vkyfvkdufonfrSm c&pf,meftoif;awmfudk avmuESifhwlatmifom
(avmuDqef) vkyfEkdifcJhonf/ rMumrD c&pf,mefwpfOD;ESifh ½kyfwkqif;wk ukd;uG,fol wpfOD;udk
cGJjcm;r&Ekdifaom tajctaeodkY a&mufoGm;onf bk&m;ocifom toufr&SifvQif or®mw&m;onf
avmurS &Sif;&Sif;aysmufuG,foGm;Ekdifonf/
okdY&mwGif bk&m;ocifonf touf&Sifvsuf vkyfaqmifvsuf &SdaomaMumifh ppfrSefaom
,kHMunfolrsm;udk bk&m;ocifumuG,fapmifhxdef;xm;onf/ acwftqufqufwkdif;wGif
,kHMunfolrsm;rSm tenf;i,fom&Sdaomfvnf; rSm;,Gif;aom t,l0g'ESifh w&m;rsm;udk MuHBuHcH
jiif;qefvmcJhMuNyD; u,fwif&Sif a,½Ic&pfudkom opöapmifhodaomaMumifh aysmufuG,froGm;acs/
(3 &m 19;18/ a&mr 11;4)
{&mrNrdKU trIawmfaqmif MoZmBuD;xGm;vmjcif;
EkdifiHawmfESifh toif;awmf aygif;zufaom acwfwGif {&mrNrdKU&Sd trIawmifaqmifrsm;u
tjcm;NrdKU&Sd trIawmfaqmifrsm;tay: pwifí MoZmvTrf;rkd;vmonf/
uGepf wifwidk ;f bk&ifonf a&mrNrdKU ta&SUbuf&dS bkid Zf efwidk ;f (Byzantium) NrdKUudk tifyg,m\
NrdKUawmftjzpfajymif;a&TUcJhonf/ xkdNrdKUudk uGefpwifwDEkdy,f(Constantinopie) trnfodkY ajymif;vkduf
onf/ t"dyÜg,frSm (City of Constantine) uGefpwifwkdif;\ NrdKUawmf[k qkdvdkonf/ xkdNrdKUudk ,aeY
(Istanbul) tDpwefb;l vf[k ac:onf/
a&mrNrdKUrS {u&mZf uGefpwifwkdif; ajymif;a&TUNyD;aemuf tifyg,m\ taemufbufjcrf;wGif
use&f cdS ahJ om a&mrNrdKU\ trIawmfaqmifonf wefc;dk tmPmtBuD;qk;H yk*Kd¾ vfjzpfvmonf/ ESpMf umav
MoZmtmPmtBuD;qk;H yk*Kd¾ vfjzpfvmonf/ ESpMf umav MoZmtmPmBuD;xGm;vmavonf/ a&S;{u
&mZf tqufqufc, H v
l maom ½kywf q k if;wk ud;k uG,o f wl Ydk\ ,Zfya&m[dwtf BuD;tuJ&mxl; (Chief
priests) &mxl;ukd a&mr{u&mZf uGefpwifwkdif;u tjcm;{u&mZfenf;wl qufcHcJhonf/ xkdbJGUemr
udk (Pontiffex Maximus) r[m,Zfyak &m[dwrf if;[k ac:onf/
c&pfouú&mZf 366 ckESpfwGif eef;wufvmaom {u&mZf *a&&Sef (Gratian) u c&pfawmfudk
,kMH unfow l pfO;D jzpfaomaMumifh xkb d UJG emrukd jiif;y,fco hJ nf/ c&pf,mefwpfO;D onf tjcm;bmom
\ bGJUESifh&mxl;udk qufcHjcif;onf rSm;aMumif; olu ajymonf/
okYdaomf c&pfouú&mZf 378 ckEpS w f iG f (bishop of Rome) a&mrNrdKU\ trIawmfaqmifu xkb d UGJ em
rukd pwifvufcv H mcJo
h nf/ xkt
d csed rf pS í a&mr\ trIawmfaqmifukd yGew f pf (Pontiff) [k ,aeYwidk f
ac:a0:Muonf/ (Pope) ykyf[kvnf; ac:onf/ (fatgher) tz[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ xkdokdY cH,lac:
a0:jcif;rsm;onf or®mw&m;ESifh vGJacsmfaeaMumif; usrf;pmü zwf½I&vdrfhrnf/ (róJ 23;9)/

rSm;,Gif;aom udk;uG,frI wkd;yGm;jcif;/

yxrajrmufykyfvD,kd Pope Leo the first (c&pfouú&mZf 400 rS 460) onf vltrsm;udk rSm;
,Gif;pGm pwifoGefoifcJhonf/
olu . . .
]]ayw½konf wrefawmftm;vkH;\ acgif;aqmifjzpfaMumif;? a&mr\ yxrOD;qkH; ykyfvnf;
jzpfaMumif;? ayw½kwHrS omomemhOD;pD;acgif;aqmif&mxl;udk aemifwufvmonfh a&mr\trIawmf
aqmif&mxl;udk aemifwufvmonfh a&mr\trIawmfaqmifrsm;u tarGqufccH ahJ Mumif;? xkYd aMumifh
a&mrtrIaqmif\ pum;udk tjcm;trIawmfaqmifrsm;u emcH&rnf . . .}} [k oGefoifcJhonf/
ykyv
f ,D o
kd nf uGepf wifwED ydk ,fNrdKU bdad &Smyh t
f m; olUpum;udk emcHatmifBudK;pm;cJah omfvnf;
ratmifjrif olUpum;ukd emcHatmifBudK;pm;cJhaomfvnf; ratmifjrifay/ ykyfvD,du tjcm;bda&Smyfh
rsm;tay: MoZmtmPmvTrf;zdkY BudKpm;rIukd tjyif;txefqefYusifcJhMuonf/ þonfrSm
a&mrumodkvdyf toif;awmf\ tpjzpfonf/
þacwfwiG f c&pfawmfEiS yhf wfoufí ½Iyaf xG;tjiif;yGm;rIu tajrmuftjrm;&Scd o hJ nf/ xk½d yI f
axG;rI tcsKdUrSm . . .
c&pfawmfonf bk&m;ocif jzpfonf/ odkYaomf crnf;awmfESifh tqifhrwlaMumif; . . .?
crnf;awmfbk&m;rSm tptOD;uyif &SdaMumif;? odkYaomf om;awmfrSm tpu&Sdvmjcif;r[kwf . . .
ponfh rSm;,Gi;f onfh Mo0g'rsm;aMumifh c&pf,mefrsm;tMum; tjiif;yGm;rIEiS hf uGjJ ym;rIjzpfay:vmonf/
tifyg,m ta&SUjcrf;ESifh taemufjcrf;ay:rlwnfNyD; toif;awmf*kdPf; (2)*kdPf;uGJoGm;onf/
or®musr;f ay: tajcrcHaom vl\tawG;tac: Mo0g'rsm; oGeo f ifajymqkjd cif;aMumifh tjiif;
yGm;rIESifh ½IyfaxG;rIrsm;pGm jzpfapcJhonf/
t&Siaf ,½I\ bk&m;ZmwdawmfEiS hf ywfoufí rsm;pGmtjiif;yGm;cJo h nf/ ok;H yg; wpfqt l aMumif;
vnf; tjiif;yGm;Muonf/ vltaMumif;ESifh ywfoufívnf; jiif;ckefMuonf/ tcsKdUu vlonf
qkd;npfrkdufrJí vkH;0raumif;[k wpfbufowfajymMuonf/ tcsKdUu aumif;wmvnf; &Sdonf[k
ajymonf/ xkdYaMumifh vl\ vkdtyfrIudk bk&m;ocifu rprnfqkdvQif ydkí aumif;vmEkdifaMumif;
ajymMuolvnf;&Sdonf/
Mo*wfpwif; (Augustine) u vlonf tjypfaMumifh qk;d npfru dk rf aJ eaMumif;? bk&m;ociftay:
,kHMunftm;udk;jcif;jzifhom vlonf aumif;vmEkdifonf[k ajymonf/ odkYaomf ,aeYwkdifatmif
vlwkdYonf bk&m;ocifajymonfhtwkdif; r,kHbJ ]vl[m odyfrqkd;ygbl;} [k vl\ tajymudkom rSm;
,Gif;pGm cH,laeMuonf/
or®musr;f udk vltrsm;em;vnfajymqdak eonfh vufwifbmomodYk þacwfwiG f jyefqcdk o hJ nf/
onfrh wkid cf ifu usrf;pmrSm [Db½l;ESihf *&dbmompum;jzifo h m a&;omxm;&So d nft h wGuf vltrsm;
em;rvnfacs/
okYd jzpfí or®musr;f ukd bmomjyefjcif;onf tvGet f a&;BuD;aom tvkyjf zpfvmonf/ bk&m;
ocifaumif;BuD;ay;aom tvkyfvnf; jzpfonf/
olawmfpifjzpfvadk omolrsm;pGm þacwfwiG af y:vmonf/ bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;[k ac:aom
oD;oefYtaqmuftODwGif pka0;aexkdif usifhBuHBudK;pm;Muonf/ olwkdYudk (monks) bkef;awmfBuD;[k
ac:onf/ olwkdYonf vltrsm;ESifh a&maESmaexkdifjcif; r&SdMuay/ tdrfaxmifvnf; rjyKMuay/
qkawmif;0wfjyKjcif;ESifhom tcsdef,lcJhonf/ ¤if;wkdYteuf usrf;pmukd pl;pkdufavhvmolrsm;vnf; &Sd
onf/ xkdYaMumifh ynmwwfrsm;? usrf;wufrsm;? rsm;pGm ay:xGufvmonf/ olwdkYteuf tajrmuf
tjrm;rSm EkdifiH&yfjcm;okdY omoemjyKrsm;tjzpf xGufcGmoGm;Muonf/
0wfjyKud;k uG,yf u Hk ;dk uG,ef nf;rsm; þacwfwiG f t,lvo JG mG ;Muonf/ t,lvyJG rHk mS . . . olwYdk
onf wrefawmfBuD;rsm;ESihf c&pfawmf twGuaf Mumifh taocH&aom rmwk&rsm;udk owd&av;pm;*kPf
jyKjcif;jzifh pwifvmMuonf/ wpfpwpfpESihf wrefawmfrsm;ESihf rmwk&rsm;udk tm;ud;k rScDS o dk nfh tqifh
odYk a&mufomG ;NyD; xko d wl YdkrS wqifh bk&m;ocifxH qkawmif;Muonf/ tpwGif ,kMH unfol c&pf,mef
tm;vk;H udk oefY&iS ;f ol (Saints) olawmfpif[k EIwu f ywfawmfEiS t hf nD ac:a0:Muonf/ taMumif;rSm
oefY&iS ;f aom bk&m;ocifudk ,kMH unfu;kd uG,o l m;vk;H wkYd onf (Holy to the Lord) bk&m;ociftzkYd
f t
oefY&iS ;f &rnf (1 aum 1;1)/ aemifwiG f c&pfawmftwGuf taocH&aomolrsm;udo k m (Saints) oefY&iS ;f
olrsm;[k csD;ajr§mufac:a0:vmMuonf/ xkdYjyif olwkdYrSwqifh bk&m;ocifxH qkawmif;Muonf/
olwkdY\ qkawmif;csufudk bk&m;ocif vufcHrnf[k ,kHMunfxifrSwfvmMuonf/
r,fawmfrm&duv dk nf; pwifu;kd uG,v f mcJMh uonf/ rm&dudk (Mother of God) bk&m;ocif\
r,fawmf[k pwifo;Hk pGaJ c:a0:vmMuonf/ &nf&, G cf surf mS t&Siaf ,½Ic&pfukd bk&m;pifppf jzpfaMumif;
oufaocHtajymMum;vkdjcif; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ESpfMumvmonfhtcg owkdYu ]]rm&donf bk&m;
ocif\ r,fawmfjzpfjcif;aMumifh ½kad oav;pm;oifo h nf}} [k ajymqkv d mMuonf/ r,fawmfrw S qifh
bk&m;ocifxH qkawmif;0wfjyKvmMuonf/ a&S;oefY&Sif;olrsm; xkduJhodkY ,lqawG;ac:ajymqkd vkyf
aqmifjcif;r&Sad cs/ þ,lqcsufonf ½kyw f u
k ;kd uG,o f rl sm;\ t,ltqrS ul;pufvmjcif; jzpfonf/
½kyfwkukd;uG,folrsm;onf (goddess) bk&m;rukd ukd;uG,fonf "avh&Sdonf/ bk&m;ronf
tysKdunmjzpfonf[k olwkdYajymMuonf/ þacwfwGif c&pfawmfukd r,kHMunfbJ toif;awmfxJ
0ifvmjcif;aMumifh olwkdY\ rSm;,Gif;aomt,lrsm; wpfygwnf; ,loGif;vmMuonf/ rlvu olwdkY
onf rd½kd;zvm½kyfwkudk ukd;uG,folrsm; jzpfMuonf/ olwkdYonf toif;awmfodkY 0ifvmonfhtcg
c&pfawmfudk ,kMH unfvufcjH cif;r&Sb d J c&pf,mef jzpfvmMuonf/ xk0d ifvmolwYdkonf rm&dukd bk&m;
r tjzpf udk;uG,fMuonf/ olwdkYu rm&donf a,½Iukd arG;zGm;NyD;aemuf tysKdunm qufvufjzpf
aeao;aMumif;? olrü bmtjypfrQ r&Sad Mumif;? a,½Ic&pfudk arG;zGm;NyD;aemuf tysKdunm qufvuf
jzpfaeao;aMumif;? olrü bmtjypfrQ r&Sad Mumif;? a,½Ic&pfuo hJ Ykdyif aoNyD;aemufo;Hk &ufajrmufaom
aeYwiG f &Sijf yefxajrmufcahJ Mumif; . . . ,kMH unfajymqkMd uonf/ xkYd aemuf olrukd (Queen of Heaven)
aumif;uifbk&ifr[k *kPfjyKcsD;ajr§muf ac:a0:Muonf/ þ,lqcsufonf ½kyfwkudk;uG,folwkdYxH
\ cH,cl sufom jzpfonf (a,&rd 44;15-30)/ xkYd jyif or®musrf;wGif t&Siaf ,½Itm; rSnahf c:onfh
*kPfyk'frsm;pGmukdvnf; olwkdYu rm&dukd *kPfjyKac:a0:Muao;onf/
xkdYaemuf olwkdYonf oefY&Sif;olwkdY\ ½kyfwkESifh yef;csD½kyfykHrsm;udk ukd;uG,fMuao;onf/
þvky&f yfrsm;tay: EIwu f ywfawmfukd ,kMH unforl sm;u jyif;jyifxefxef wm;qD;uefYuu G Mf uaomf
vnf; ratmifjrifcJhay/ xkdtcsdefü u,fwifjcif;r&ao;aomolrsm;rSm toif;awmfü tiftm;rsm;
aomaMumifh aemufqkH;ü qefYusifolrsm; uG,faysmufoGm;cJhonf/
aoqk;H NyD;aom oefY&iS ;f olrsm;\ t½k;d udv k nf; ud;k uG,Mf uonf/ c&pfawmf\ vuf0g;uyf
wkid [
f k olwYdk,q l onfh opfom;prsm;udv k nf; taqmifvufzUJG tjzpf tok;H jyKMuonf/ þtaqmif
vufzGJUwGif tHhMozG,ftrIjyKEdkifonfh wefcdk;&Sdonf[k olwkdY,kHMunf,lqMuonf/ þ,lqcsufrsm;
onf ½kyw f uk ;kd uG,o f rl sm;\ "avhx;Hk pHrsm; jzpfonf/ þusifx h ;Hk rsm;onf bk&mocifxrH S vmjcif;
r[kwaf y/
ocifbk&m;\ npmESifh ywfoufívnf; olwkdYrSm;,Gif;pGm ,lqvmcJhMuonf/ olwkdYonf
ocifbk&m;\ npmukd vQKdU0SufvkyfMuonf/ AwdåZHrcH&ao;oltm; Munfh½IavhvmcGifh ray;acs/
tptOD;wGif ocifbk&m;\ npmonf udk,fawmfukd atmufarh0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif; jzpfonf/ ,ck
olwYdku ocifb&k m;\ yGaJ wmfpm;jcif;onf c&pfawmf\ tom;tppfEiS hf taoG;tppfukd ok;H aqmifjcif;
jzpfaMumif; ,lqoGeo f ifvmMuonf/ tjypfajzvTw&f ef yGaJ wmf,jl cif;jzpfaMumif; vGrJ mS ;pGm ,kMH unf
oGeo f ifvmMuonf/ þt&mudk (Mass) [k a&mrumokv d yd tf oif;awmfu ac:onf/ c&pfawmfu
olwYdktwGut f BudrBf udrt f zefzef taoG;oGe;f ay;qyfjcif;[k ,lqaeMuonf/ tu,fpifppfc&pfawmf
onf wpfBudrfwpfcgwnf; taocHtaoG;oGef;jcif;tm;jzifh tjypfajzvTwfay;qyfNyD;aMumif; usrf;
pmu ajymxm;ygonf/ (a[NAJ 10;12-14)/
aovGeNf yD;aomolrsm;twGuv f nf; þacwfwiG f pwifqak wmif;cJo h nf/ or®musr;f u þodYk
roGefoifyg/ wrefawmfrsm;ESifh a&S;OD;c&pf,mefrsm;vnf; rusifhokH;cJhyg/
vlwpfO;D onf c&pfawmfukd ,kMH unftm;uk;d ygu u,fwifjcif;&NyD; aovGeo f nfth cg c&pf
awmfEiS t hf wl&NdS yD/ xkYd aMumifh oltwGuf xyfqak wmif;p&m rvdak wmhay/ odYk aomf þ,HMk unfcsufudk
c&pf,mefrsm;arhavsmhoGm;onf/ c&pf,mefwpfOD; aoqkH;NyD;vQif olonf aumif;uifEkdifiHawmfokdY
csucf si;f 0if&ef pifMu,frI rvkaH vmufaomaMumifh ol aumif;uifEikd if H 0ifEidk &f ef 0kid ;f 0ef;qkawmif;ul
zkdYvkdaMumif; rSm;,Gif;pGm oGefoifvmMuonf/
c&pf,mefrsm;aovGefvQif (purgatory) i&Jav;odkYom t&ifoGm;&NyD; aumif;uifEdkifiH0if&ef
oifah vsmo f nft h csed wf idk af tmif rD;jzifah 0'emcHpm;p&m &Sad o;aMumif; ,lqoGeo f ifMuonf/ þ,lq
csufonf ½kyfwkdudk;uG,folwkdY\ t,lom jzpfonf/ usrf;pmu xkdodkYroGefoifyg/ c&pfawmf\
tjypfvTwfjcif;aus;Zl;udk qefYusifaom pmwef\xkd;ESufoGefoifcsufom jzpfonf/ a,½Ic&pf\
taoG;awmfuom tjypfajzvTwaf y;Edik Nf yD; aumif;uifEidk if 0H if&ef vkaH vmufaMumif; þacwfvrl sm;
arhavsmhaeMuonf/ avmuü qk;d npfjcif;rsm;wk;d yGm;rsm;jym;NyD; 'kp½ku d t
f arSmifz;Hk vTr;f onfh enf;wl
toif;awmfüvnf; rSm;,Gif;aomt,l0g'ESifh w&m;rsm;vTrf;rkd;ydwfzkH;oGm;onf/ odkYaomf þacwf
twGi;f üyif c&pfawmfukd wu,f,MHk unfopöm&Sad om oltcsKdU &Sad o;onf/ olwYdk onf ae&mwum
wGif u,fwifjcif;w&m; a[mvsuf&Sdonf/
*smrefvlrsKd;wkdY qif;oufvmonfh olwkdY\ bkd;ab;rsm;onf c&pfouú&mZf 500 ckESpfwGif
a&mrtifyg,m\ awmifbufrS 0ifa&mufwu dk cf u
dk o
f rd ;f ydu
k af tmifjrif oGm;Muonf/ bk&m;ocif\
EIwfuywfawmfwefckd;udk olwkdYcHpm;oGm;Mu&onf/ ppfatmifolrsm;onf a&mrtwGif;ü&Sdaom
,kHMunfolwkdYxHrS u,fwifjcif;w&m; Mum;&NyD; c&pf,mef jzpfvmMuonf/ a&mrü rSm;,Gif;aom
Mo0g'ESihf w&m;arSmifz;Hk vTr;f onfh umvüyif bk&m;ocif\tvif;udk xkpd pfatmiforl sm;u awGUjrif
cHpm;oGm;&onf/ pmwef\ wefc;dk ? vl\ qk;d oGr;f rIrsm;xuf bk&m;ocif\ wefc;kd u om;íBuD;rm;
onf r[kwfygavm/

EkdifiHawmfESifh toif;awmf aygif;zufjcif;\ qkdusKd;

þacwfwiG f toif;awmfEiS ahf vmu tay;t,lvyk Mf uonf/ c&pf,mefbmomudk Ekid if aH wmf
bmomtjzpf {u&mZfrif;u owfrw S af y;NyD; toif;awmfxo J Ydkvnf; or®musr;f ESirhf nDaom rSm;,Gi;f
onfh Mo0g'rsm;ESifh xkH;wrf;"avhrsm;udk vufcHusifhokH;cJhMuonf/ þvkyf&yfukd oefY&Sif;aom
bk&m;ocifu toif;awmfü rw&m;aomarxket f jypf (okYdr[kw)f azmufjyefjcif;jzpfaMumif; jyif;jyif;
xefxefajymxm;onf/ þacwftoif;awmf\ tajctaeudk Asm'dwfusrf; (2;12-17)wGif zwf½I
awGUjrifEkdifonf/
rnfoYkd qadk p þacwfwiG f ppfreS af ombk&m;ukd ,kMH unfu;kd uG,o f nfh ppfreS o f nfh c&pf,mef
rms;vnf; &Syd gonf/ olwYdkonf toif;awmfEiS hf avmuwGi&f adS om npfnL;jcif;? rSm;,Gi;f jcif;trsK;d rsK;d
udk ausmjf zwfatmifjrifEidk cf o
hJ nf/ bk&m;ocif\ pum;ukd em;axmifNyD; vl\ rSm;,Gi;f onft h ,l0g'
rsm;udk em;axmifNyD; vl\rSm;,Gif;onfht,l0g'rsm;ukd jiif;y,fNyD;aMumifh avmuudk atmifEkdifjcif;
jzpfonf/

ykyf&[ef;rif; toif;awmf acwf

The Papal Church
590 to 1517 AD
þacwfonf (Islam) tpövmrfomoem ay:xGef;BuD;xGm;vmcsdefvnf; jzpfonf/
tpövmrfomoem BuD;xGm;vmjcif;aMumifh ta&SUydik ;f &Sd toif;awmfrsm;tm; enf;,kwaf vsmhvm&nf/
c&pfouú&mZf 570 wGif tma&;Asm; (Arabla) EdkifiHü rdk[mruf (Mohammed) arG;zGm;vmcJhonf/
olYudk bk&m;ocifu pum;ajymonf[k vltajrmuftjrm;u ,kHMunfNyD; olYaemufvkduf Muonf/
ol t&G,fa&mufaomtcg olYudk,fol ya&mzufjzpfaMumif; bk&m;ocif wpfqlwnf;om &SdaMumif;
a,½Ionf bk&m;r[kwaf Mumif;? ya&mzufwpfyg;omjzpfaMumif;? bk&m;ocif\ om;r[kwaf Mumif;?
vuf0if;uyfwidk w f iG f taorcHcahJ Mumif;? ½kyw
f q
k if;wk rud;k uG,o
f ifah Mumif; ---- oGeof ifco
hJ nf/
rd k [ mruf u vl o m;rsm;onf ol \ oG e f o if c suf r sm;ud k emcH v k d u f a vsmuf r S o m
u,fwifjcif;&EkdifaMumif; oGefoifa[mMum;onf/ rdk[mrwf\ oGefoufa[mMum;csufrsm;
a&;om;xm;aom pmtkyfudk (Koran) [k ac:onf
c&pf,meftay: bk&m;ocif\ qHk;rjcif;/
tpydkif;ü rdk[mrufonf c&pf,mefrsm;ESifh oifhoifhjrwfjrwf jzpfcsifonf/
aemufyikd ;f wGif ol\ oGeo f ifcsurf sm;udk vufrcHorl sm;tm; &Si;f &Si;f zsuq f ;D ypfzYkd cH,v
l monf/
olYaemufvu dk rf sm;onf tifyg,m ta&SUjcrf; Ekid if rH sm;udk wku d cf u dk o
f rd ;f ,lEidk o
f nfomru tmz&du
ajrmufyikd ;f Edik if rH sm;ukyd g vTr;f rk;d Ekid cf o
hJ nf/ rlqvifjzpfzYdk jiif;qefol axmifaomif;rsm;pGm towfcH
&onf/ c&pf,mefrsm;ukd rlqvifrsm; rkef;onfhtaMumif;wpfckrSm c&pf,mefrsm;onf rdrdudk,fukd
bk&m;ukd;uG,fol[k ajymNyD; ½kyfwkukd;uG,faejcif;yif jzpfonf/ rlqvifrsm;onf ½kyfwkukd;uG,fol
tm;vkH;udk rkef;onf/
rlqvifrsm;u c&pf,mefrsm;tay: ppfatmifEidk jf cif;rSm rlqvifrsm;ukd bk&m;ocif tok;H jyK
NyD; toif;awmf\ tjypfudk qkH;rjypf'Pfay;jcif; jzpfonf/
rlqvifrsm;onf Oa&mywkid af tmif odr;f yku d vf rT ;f rk;d Ekid cf MhJ uonf/ xkYdaemuf jyif;xefMum&Snf
aom wkdufyGJrsm; tBudrfBudrfjzpfNyD; aemufqkH;ü jyefvnfarmif;xkwfjcif; cHcJh&onf/

toif;awmf tm;enf;jcif; taMumif;&if;/

ta&SUjcrf;toif;awmfrsm;onf tvGet f m;enf;csed YJNyd; tcsKUd toif;awmfrsm; vk;H 0aysmufu,
G f
oGm;onf/ ta&SUjcrf;toif;awmf\ 0dnmOfa&; tm;enf;&jcif;\ taMumif; (2) csufrSm-
(1) olwkdYonf wrefawmfBuD;rsm;oGefoifcJhaom ½kd;&Sif;onfh or®mw&m;ü wnfMunfckdifNrJjcif;
r&S/d
(2) olwkdYü or®musrf; r&Sd/
okYd jzpfí ckid Nf rJaom ,kMH unfcsufEiS hf Munfvif&iS ;f vif;aom arQmfvifch suf r&Sad y/ xkYd aMumifh
rlqvifrsm; 0ifa&mufvmaomtcg ta&SUjcrf; toif;awmfrsm;onf olwkdY\ ,kHMunfcsuf rckdifrm
onfhtwGuf c&pf,mefbmomukd pGefYvTwfvkdufMuawmhonf/
c&pfouú&mZf (700)wGif ½kyfwkukd;uG,fjcif;onf toif;awmfBuD;rm;aom qkd;npfjcif;jzpf
vmonf/ xkt d rSm;udk odjrifonfh tcsKdUc&pf,mefrsm;u &yfwefYpeG Yf ypfzYdk BudK;pm;cJMh uonf/ odYk aomf
(clergy) trIawmfaqmifrsm;ESifh (monks) bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;u BuHUBuHUcH umuG,fcJhMuonf/
a&mr{u&mZf (2)OD;onf toif;awmftaqmuftODtwGif;&Sd ½kyfwkqif;wkrsm;ukd xkwfy,f
zsufqD;&ef trdefYay;cJhMuonf/ odkYaomf {u&mZfrif;wdkY\ rdzk&m;rsm;u toif;awmftaqmuftOD
wGif;odkY jyefvnf,loGif;cJhMuonf/
tifyg,m taemufjcrf;wGif a&mrtoif;awmfonf ½kyfwkudk;uG,fjcif;udk pGJpGJNrJNrJ qkyfukdif
xm;onf/ þtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí jyif;xefonfh jiif;ckHrIrsm; tBudrfBudrf jzpfcJhNyD; ½kyfwkudk;
uG,folrsm;uom vTrf;rkd;BuD;pkd;cJhMuonf/
(Gregory the first) yxrajrmuf *a&*&Donf c&pfouú&mZf 590 wGif a&mrNrdKUü yky& f [ef;rif;
jzpfvmonf/ xkdtcsdefwGif uGefpwifwDEkdy,fvf bda&SmyfhcsKyfjzpfaMumif; aMunmomnf/ xkduJhodkY
rajymoifhaMumif; *a&*&Du axmufjyonf/ *a&*&Duvnf; olUukd,fol xkduJhodkY rajymqkday/ okdY
aomf ol\ MoZm tmPmonf tvGeBf uD;rm;us,jf yefYonf/ umvMumjrifh vmonfEiS t hf rQ ykyw f Ydk\
MoZmtmPmvnf; bk&if{u&mZfwpfyg;uJo h Ykd vTr;f rk;d BuD;xGm;vmonf/ ykyrf sm;u olwYdk onf urÇm
ajray:wGif bk&m;ocifukd ud, k pf m;jyKolrsm;jzpfonf[k cH,al MunmMuonf/ avmuudk tkypf ;kd onfh
bk&ifrsm;udk cefYtyfyikd cf iG Ehf iS hf z,f&mS ;ykid af om wefc;dk tmPm&Sad Mumif; aMunmMuonf/ xkt d csed rf pS í
yky&f [ef;rif;ESihf {u&mZfrsm;tMum; MoZmtmPmvTr;f rk;d &ef tmPmvkyrJG sm; BudK;pm;,SONf ydKif vmMu
onf/

ykyfrsm; MoZmtmPm BuD;rm;vmjcif;/

(innocent the third 1198-1216 AD) wwd,ajrmuf tif;Edkpifhykyf&[ef;rif; vufxufusrS
{u&mZfrsm;xuf ykyfrsm;u ykdrkdMoZmtmPmBuD;rm;vmonf/
þacwfü jynfov l x
l rk sm; todw&m; tvGeaf cgif;yg;uif;rJah om tcsed jf zpfonf/ ,cifacwf
u xGe;f um;cJah om ynmw&m;rsm;vnf; aysmufu, G u
f ek o
f nf/ þacwfwiG f vlBuD;rsm;yif pmrwwf
Muawmhacs/ jynfov l x
l rk ukd vrf;ñTeyf jhJ yifonfh bke;f awmfBuD;rsm;yif pmrwwfMuolu rsm;onf/
jynfolrsm;ü zwfp&musrf;pm r&SdMu/ usrf;pm&SdvQifvnf; zwfEkdifvdrfhrnfr[kwf/ xkdYaMumifh bk&m;
ocif\ EIwfuywfw&m;twkdif; vkdufavQmuftouf&Sifol r&SdawmhbJ vlpum;rsm;ukd em;axmif
touf&SifMuawmhonf/
odYk jzpfí vlUtouf&iS rf rI sm; rSm;,Gi;f qk;d npfaomacwf jzpfaeonf/ trIawmfaqmifrsm;ESihf
bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; udk,füuyif tusifhpm&dwÅ ,dkd,Gif;qkd;npfcJhonf/ olwkdYonf tvSL'ge Opömrsm;
jzifh csrf;om<u,f0vmcJMh uonf/ avmuDpnf;pdrEf iS fh tcGit hf a&;&&ef ykyrf sm;ESihf ½Iyaf xG;cJMh uonf/
wwd,ajrmufyyk \ f tjzpfrmS qk;d 0g;vGe;f aomaMumifh aemufq;Hk ü {u&mZfrif;u olYudk odum© cs&yf
qkid ;f cJ&h onf/

ynwfjzifh tjypfudk rupm;Ekdif/

wwd,ajrmuf*a&*&D (Hidebrand) onf 1073 AD wGif ykyf&[ef;rif; jzpfvmaomtcg
omoem oefY&Sif;a&; vkyfawmhonf/
olu . . . trIawmfaqmifrsm;ESifh bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;onf rdef;r r,l&? rw&m;aom arxkef
rjyK&[k wm;jrwfywd yf ifvu
dk \
f / rw&m;aom arxkerf jyK&[k wm;jrwfyw d yf ifjf cif;onf rSeu
f efoifh
avsmf aumif;rGefygonf/ odkYaomf rdef;rr,l&[k ajymjcif;rSm usrf;pmESifh rnDay (1 wd 3;2)/
xkdodkYOya'uJhodkY jyif;jyif;xefxef ynwfpnf;urf;csaomfvnf; trIawmfaqmifrsm;\
tjypfusL;vGefaejcif;udk &yfwefYEkdifpGrf; r&SdcJhay/
bk&m;ocif wpfyg;wnf;omvQif vl twGif;ü &Sdaomtjypfoabmukd &yfwefYz,f&Sm;Ekdif
aMumif; olwkdYrodMuay/ bk&m;udkvnf; rod/ w&m;udkvnf; rodonfhtwGufaMumifh vlUenf;?
vlYoabmjzifo h m BudK;pm;vkyaf qmifaeMuonf/ vufxyfjcif;onf npfnL;aomvky&f yfjzpfaMumif;
cH,o l nfh t,ltqrSm ½kyw f u
k ;kd uG,o
f w
l Ydk\ tawG;om jzpfonf/ vlYtwGi;f pdwEf v
S ;Hk onf tpuyif
qkd;npfaomaMumifh bmomw&m;udkif;½Idif;vkdufpm;aom olyifvQif azmufjyefwwfonf/
bmomw&m;udkif;½Idif;jcif;jzifh qkd;npfaom vlYpdwfESvkH;udk rukpm;Ekdifay/ olckd;? vlowform;?
udavom npfnrf;olrsm;onf bmomw&m;usiBhf uHvyk af qmifjcif;jzifh tjypfukd rzk;H Ekid &f m/ vla&SUwGif
zkH;uG,f&Ekdifoa,mif&Sdaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifa&SUwGif &Sif;&Sif;ay:vGifvsuf &Sd\/

bmomul;ajymif;jcif;ü tusKd;r&Sd/
þacwfwGif omoemjyKolrsm;pGm ay:xGufcJhonf/ olwkdYonf ae&mwumokdY pGefYpm;oGm;
Muvsuf w&m;a[mMuonf/ odkYaomfc&pfawmfudk vufcH,kHMunfzkdY a[mMum;jcif;r[kwfbJ
a&mrtoif;awmfxJ 0if&efom BudK;pm;jcif; jzpfonf/ xkYd aMumifh bmomxJajymif;0ifvmolwYdk onf
rnfonft h &mu u,fwifjcif;ay;aMumif; rodem;rvnfay/ olwYdk onf u,fwifjcif;twGuf c&pf
awmfudk ,kHMunftm;ukd;&rSef; rod? toif;awmfusifhxkH;vkdufavQmufjcif;? AwdÅZH cHjcif;? rm&dESifh ol
awmfpifrsm;\ ukd,fpm;jyK qkawmif;ay;jcif;udk tm;udk;jcif;ESifh rdrd\ ukodkvfusifhpOf . . . .rsm;udk
tm;ukd;rSDckdaeMuonf/
olwkdYtm;udk;aom xkdt&mrsm;onf olwkdYudk ru,fwifEkdifay/
c&pfawmfwpfyg;wnf;omvQif u,fwifEkdifonf/

tarSmif zkH;vTrf;jcif;/
xkdtcsdefu vlwef;pm;tm;vkH;ü ppfrSefaom or®mw&m;ESifh bk&m;taMumif;udk rMum;rod
Muacs/ todacgif;yg;uif;rJhvGef;aomaMumifh xkdtcsdefumvudk (The Dark Ages) tarSmifacwf[k
ac:cJoh nf/
tarSmifacwftwGi;f ü bk&m;ppf? w&m;ppfukd odaomol wcsKdU&Syd gonf/ a&mrtoif;awmfü
yif bk&m;udkodaomol wcsKdU&Sdonf/ olwkdYu toif;awmf\trSm;ESifh qkd;npfjcif;rsm;udk jyKjyifzkdY
BudK;pm;Muonf/ odkYaomf toif;awmfü qkd;oGrf;rSm;,Gif;olu rsm;aejcif;aMumifh olwdkYu toif;
awmfudk qufvuf vTrf;rkd;xm;Muonf/ rSm;,Gif;aomt,ludk oGefoifa[majymMuonf/ xkdtcg
ppfreS af om ,kMH unforl sm;onf toif;awmfrS xGucf mG um or®mw&m;udk jyefvnfavhvm oGeo f ifMu
onf/ olwkdYu toif;awmf\ trSm;ESifh qkd;npfjcif;rsm;udk jyKjyifzkdY BudK;pm;Muonf/ odkYaomf
toif;awmfukd qufvufvTrf;rkd;xm;Muonf/ rSm;,Gif;aom t,lukd oGefoifa[majymMuonf/
xkdtcg ppfrSefaom ,kHMunfolrsm;onf toif;awmfrS xGufcGmum or®mw&m;udk jyefvnf
avhvmoGefoifMuonf/ olwkdYu a&mrtoif;awmf\ rSm;,Gif;aomt,lESifh oGefoifcsufrsm;ukd
vufrcH jiif;y,fMuNyD;vlwidk ;f usr;f pmESihf wrefawmfrsm;\ oGeo f ifcsurf sm;udk jyefvnfavhvmvku d f
avQmuf&rnf[k oGeo f ifa[majymMuonf/ olwYkdu or®mw&m; tppftrSeu f odk m a[majymMuaom
aMumifh a&mrtoif;awmf\ &uf&ufpufpuf ESyd pf ufnO§ ;f qJ owfjzwfjcif;udk cH&onf/ ppfreS af om
,kMH unforl sm; rSm;,Gi;f qk;d npfaom t,lukd vufrcHbJ at;aq;pGm aeMuolrsm;tay:vnf; ykyu f
rkef;wD;ESdyfpufcJhonf/ olwkdYudk &Sif;&Sif;zsufqD;zkdY BudK;pm;Muonf/ þppfrSefaom ,kHMunfolrsm;
,aeYwkdif usef&Sdaeao;onf/ olwdkYonf ppfrSefaom EIwfuywfw&m;udkom ,kHMunfa[majymMu
onf/
c&pfouú&mZf 1232 ckEpS w f iG f a&mrtoif;awmfonf (Inquisition) ac: pkpH rf;ppfaq;pD&ifonfh
bmoma&;vTw½f ;Hk \ &nf&, G cf surf mS a&mrtoif;awmf\ oGeo f ifcsurf sm;udk oabmrwl? vufrcH
olrsm;tm; pkHprf;&SmazG ppfaq;pD&ifNyD; jypf'Pfay;&ef jzpfonf/ a&mrtoif;awmfudk remcHonfh
olrsm;ukd pkHprf;&SmazGpD&ifNyD; jypf'Pfay;&ef tkyfpdk;ol tmPmykdifvufodkY ay;tyfcJhMuonf/
tmPmykid rf sm;uvnf; olwYdkapckid ;f onft h wkid ;f jypf'Pfay;Muonf/ ppfreS af om ,kMH unforl sm;tay:
&ufpufMurf;MuKwf owfjzwfcJhonfhtrSm;ukd aemufxufvmonfh vTwf½kH;t&m&Sdrsm; odjrif
vmMuonf/
þacwfwiG f ykEH ydS jf cif;twwf ray:ao;ay/ ppfreS af om or®mw&m;ukd odoel nf;yg;vSonf/
rSm;,Gif;aom t,l0g'ESifhw&m;arSmifrsm; zkH;vTrf;onfh acwfjzpfaomfjim;vnf; w&m;tvif;
ay:xGe;f &ef bk&m;ociftvkyv f yk af eonf/ pmtkypf may rSeo f rQ vufa&;jzifh ul;,l&onf/ usr;f pm
udv k nf; bke;f awmfBuD;rsm;u ul;,lMu&onf/ ul;,lNyD;aom usrf;udk bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;ü odr;f
qnf;xm;Muonf/ þtenf;i,faom usrf;pmudk ul;&if;jzifh bk&m;ocif\ tvif;udk bkef;awmf
BuD;rsm; awGUjrifoGm;Muonf/ xkdrSwqifh ppfrSefaom or®mw&m;tvif;udk vlwkdY Mum;odoGm;Mu
onf/
pmwefrm&fewfu w&m;tvif;udk rSm;,Gi;f aom t,l0g'tarSmifjzifh zk;H &eftpGr;f ukeBf udK;pm;
cJhonf/ ESpftwefMumtxd vlrsm;udk ol\ rSm;,Gif;aom t,l0g'tarSmifjzifh zkH;xm;EkdifcJhaomfjim;
vnf; bk&m;ocifonf vlrsm;udk cspfoem;vsuf xkdtarSmifxJrS tvif;jrifap&ef bk&m;ocif vkyf
aqmifcJhonf/ odkYaMumihfyif or®mw&m;udk oduRrf;,kHMunfolrsm; u,fwifjcif; cHpm;oGm;Mu&av
onf/
 þacwf toif;awmf\ toGio f @mefukd Asm 2;18-29 wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ a&mrtoif;
u udk,fhukd,fukd bk&m;ocif\ ya&mzufjzpfonf[k ajymqkdonf/ trSefrSm vlom;rsm;ukd bk&m;
ocifxaH wmfrS ½kyx f uk ;dk uG,jf cif;bufoYkd vrf;vTaJ paom rdpmä 0g'Drsm; jzpfMuonf/ tjcm;bk&m;ESihf
½kyw
f uk ;dk uG,jf cif;udk bk&m;ocif tvGe&f UHG &SmaomaMumifh þacwftoif;awmf\ azmufjyefrmS ;,Gi;f
jcif;udk bk&m;ocifu rw&m;aom arxkefjyKjcif;[k ykHckdif;vsuf aemifw&pGefYypfzkdY Murf;wrf;aom
pum;rsm;jzifh qkH;rxm;onf/
pmwef\ rSm;,Gif;aomw&m;rsm; oGefoifvdkufavQmufolwkdYudk pD&ifrnf[k bk&m;ocif
owday;xm;onf (Asm 2;21-23)/
toif;awmf\ tarSmifacwftwGif;ü pmwef\ rSm;,Gif;aom oGefoifcsufudk vufrcHbJ
t&Sifa,½Iudkom ,kHMunfopömapmifhaom olrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/
jyefvnfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; toif;awmfacwf
The Reformation Chruch
1517 AB to
uREkfyfwkdY ,ckavhvmNyD;aomacwfwGif urÇmavmuBuD;wpfckvkH;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm rdpäm
tarSmifxkzkH;vTrf;cJh&aMumif; uREkfyfwkdY awGUcJh&NyD/ xkdtarSmifxkxJwGif toif;awmfvnf;tvif;
rvif;Ekdif/ vl tenf;i,fom bk&m;ESifh bk&m;ocif\ w&m;udk &&SdcHpm;Muonf/

w&m;a[mjcif;jzifh tvif;&vmjcif;/
þuJo h Ykd ESprf sm;pGm tarSmifvrT ;f NyD;aemuf tvif;ay:xGuo f nfh tcsed Ef iS t
hf wl tcGit
hf a&rsm;
vnf; ay:aygufvmonf/ tb,faMumifq h adk om ppfreS o
f nfh ,kMH unfov l el nf;pku &J&ifph mG trSef
w&m;udk a[mMum;vmMuonf/ ocifa,½Iwpfyg;wnf;udk ,kHMunfudk;pm;jcif;tm;jzifhom u,f
wifjcif;&aMumif; a[majymoGefoifMuonf/ toif;awmf usifhxkH;vkdufavsmufjcif;tm;jzifh u,f
wifjcif; r&Ekid af Mumif;? r,fawmfrm&dEiS hf oefY&iS ;f olrsm;\ ud, k pf m;jyK qkawmif;jcif;jzifh u,fwifjcif;
r&Ekid af Mumif; &J&&J if&h ifh a[majymMuonf/ vlrsm;pGm c&pfawmfukd ,kMH unfNyD; u,fwifjcif;&Muonf/
ajymif;vJolrsm; Edk;Mum;wuf<uvmMuonf/ þodkY w&m;a[mjcif;onf wpfnvkH;arSmifaeNyD;
eHeufaexGuv f m ouJo h Ykd jzpfonf/ þacwfukd (Reformation) jyefvnf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;acwf[k
ac:onf/

ajymif;vJa&; b,fvdkpovJ/
jyefvnfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk vlwpfOD;wpfa,muftm;jzifh pwifvkyfaqmifvmonf[k
vlwcsKdUu xifonf/
xkd,lqcsuf rrSefuefyg/
 ae&mtESHYwGif&Sdaom u,fwifjcif;&&SdNyD;olrsm;tm;jzifh jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk bk&m;ocif
vkyfaqmifcJhonf/ ae&ma'o toD;oD;wGif&Sdaom vlpm;trsKd;rsKd;? enf;vrf;toG,foG,fudk tokH;
jyKonf/
jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; tppftrSefrjzpfay:rD tjcm;t&mrsm;jzifh bk&m;ocif pwifjyifqifvkyf
aqmifvmcJEh iS Nhf yDonf/
yxrOD;qkH; toif;awmfwGif;&Sd rSm;,Gif;qkd;npfaomt&mrsm;ESifh trIawmfaqmifrsm;\
csdKU,Gi;f csufukd awGUjrifpwd yf sufvmaponf/ toif;awmf acgif;aqmifrsm;tay: ,kMH unftm;ud;k rI
avsmhenf;pdwfysufaponf/ xkdYaMumifh pmayusrf;*efrsm;ukd udk,fwkdifukd,fuszwf½Iavhvmvkdpdwf
wzGm;zGm; ay:aygufvmaponf/ pmayavhvm&if; usrf;pmzwfrdvmaomtcg 0dnmOfrsufpdyGifhNyD;
tvif;&vmonf/ þenf;jzifh bk&m;rSe?f w&m;rSeu f kd awGUjrifvmMuonf/ bk&m;ocif\ enf;vrf;
rSm c&pfawmfüom u,fwifjcif;&Sad Mumif; olwYdk awGUjrifvmMuonf/ olwYdk awGUjrifvmonfh bk&m;
ocif\ enf;vrf;udk pwifa[mMum;vmawmhonf/

jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif bk&m;ocif tokH;cH&olrsm;/

or®musrf; zwf½jI cif;tm;jzifh u,fwifjcif;cH&aom t*FvefEidk if rH S (John Wycliffee 1320 to
1384 A.D) *Ref0kdufuvpf (zf) onf bkef;awmfBuD;wpfyg; jzpfonf/ ol u,fwifjcif;&onfhtcg
ppfrSefaom u,fwifjcif;w&m;ukd pwifa[mMum;awmhonf/ olUpum;ukd Mum;&aom olrsm;onf
bk&m;pum;ukd Mum;&ouJhodkY cHpm;&NyD; aysmf&TifMuonf/ tjcm;olrsm;udk ol oGefoifNyD; olwkdYudk
tjcm;olrsm;tm; xyfqifhw&m;a[m&ef t*FveftESHUokdY apvTwfvkdufonf/ a&mrtoif;awmfu
olUtay:jyif;pGm trsufxGufNyD; olYudk jypfwifpGyfpGJMuonf/ okdYaomf olonf EIwfuywfawmfjzifh
jyefvnf ajzMum;onft h wGuf a&mrtoif;awmfu olUtay: qufvuftjypfaxmufjyacsyEkid pf rG ;f
r&Sad wmhacs/
olonf or®musr;f udk t*Fvyd b f momodYk jyefqcdk o hJ nf/ t*Fvyd v f dk jyefqx
dk m;onfh EIwu f ywf
awmfukd vufa&;jzifh ul;,lNyD; ae&mtESHYodkY rsm;pGm qifhyGm;jzefYa0cJhonf/ vufa&;jzifh ul;a&;aom
xkud srf;pmtkyrf sm;udk a&mrtoif;awmfu vku d vf &H mS azG rD;½dUI zsufq;D cJMh u\/ odYk aomf vufa&;pmrl
tkyaf & 150 use&f cdS ahJ vonf/ bke;f awmfBuD; 0dik uf vpfukd a&mrtoif;awmfu owfjzwfvadk omfvnf;
ol\ rdwaf qGrsm;u uG,u f mapmifah &Smufco hJ nf/ olonf touft&G,Bf uD;&ifNh yD;rS uG,v f eG t
f edpö
a&mufc\ hJ / aemifwiG f olUt½k;d ukd a&mrtoif;awmfu wl;xkwf rD;½IUd zsufq;D Mu\/ olUaemufvu kd f
rsm;ukdvnf; vkdufvH&SmazG zrf;qD;ESdyfuGyf rD;½IdUowfMu\/
wpfcsed w
f nf;rSmyif (Bohemia) Ekid if üH bke;f awmfBuD; (John Huss 1373 to 1415 A.D) *Re[ f wfpf
onf ppfrSefaom u,fwifjcif;w&m;udk olwyg;tm; a[majymoGefoifvsuf&Sdí rsm;pGm u,fwif
jcif;&cJhMuonf/
olu ocifbk&m;\ yGJawmfr*Fvmü rkefYESifh pyspf&nfwkdYonf c&pfawmf\ tom;awmfppf?
taoG;awmfppf jzpfroGm;aMumif;? yky&f [ef;rif;wGif vlrsm;tjypfukd cGiv hf w
T Ef idk af om wef;cd;k r&Sad Mumif;
a[majymoGefoifcJhonf/ ol\ oGefoifcsufESifh ywfoufNyD; vma&mufajz&Sif;zkdY umodkvdyftoif;
awmfu olUtm; qifhac:cJhonf/
]]rnfonfah b;tEÅ&m,f xdcu dk ef musifrrI Q rjzpfap&yg}} [k bke;f awmfBuD; *Ref[yfpu f kd bk&if
u uwdu0wfjyKNyD; tmrcHonf/ okdYjzpfí olonf a&mrodkY oGm;cJhonf/ bk&ifu uwdzsufonfh
twGuf olonfaxmifoGif;tusOf;cscH&NyD; aemufqkH;ü a&mrtoif;awmf\ rD;½IdUowfjcif;cHvkduf&
onf/
þt&mrsm;jzpfNyD;aemuf *smrPDEkdifiHü (Gutenburg) *lwifbwfcsfqkdolwpfOD;u ykHESdyfpuf
wDxGifvdkufonf/
ykHESdyfpufonf bk&m;ocif\ BuD;rm;aom aumif;BuD;r*FvmxJwGif wpfyg;jzpfonf/ ,ck
ykEH ydS pf uf&vdS maomtcg pmtky&f maygif;rsm;pmudk ykEH ydS yf mG ;rsm;ysUH ESYH apNyD; pmtkyu f vdk nf; aps;EIe;f csKo d m
pGmjzifh a&mif;csEidk cf ahJ omaMumifh vlrsm;pGm zwf½cI iG &hf vmMuonf/ ,cifu vufa&;ESihf ul;,lpOfuvkd
tvGefcufcJ &Sm;yg;aMumufvefYonfhtjzpfrsKd;ukd ausmfvGefEkdifcJhonf/
c&pfouú&mZf 1483 ckEpS üf *smrPDEidk if w H iG f (Martin Luter) rmwifvo l m zGm;jrifco hJ nf/ ol
i,fpOfuyif oli,fcsi;f wpfO;D ½kww f &ufaoqk;H oGm;onfukd awGUjrif&½ko H mru olu, kd wf idk v f nf;
rk;d BudK;ypf cH&jcif;aMumifh aoab;BuKHawGUcJ&h onf/ xkt d csderf pS NyD; aojcif;ESiihf &Jonf tvGeef ;D uyf
aMumufrufzG,f jzpfaMumif; olcHpm;rdonf/ okdYESifh olonf omoemabmifxJ0ifNyD; olY0dnmOfudk
tjypfrS u,fwifjcif;&&ef BudK;pm;cJo h nf/ olonf tpma&Smif qkawmif;jcif;? 'kup© &d,usifjh cif;wkYd
jzifh bk&m;ocifxrH S tjypfvw T jf cif;*½kPm cHpm;&rnf[k ,lqxifjrifco hJ nf/ tvGet f rif;usifMh uH
BudK;pm;jcif;aMumifh olYcE¨muk, d tf m;enf;csed YJ vmonf/ olü Nidro f ufjcif;ESihf aemifwrvGeb f 0twGuf
pdwcf srIr&Sad y/ olYuo hJ Ydk yif u,fwifjcif;&&ef usifph Ofjzifh BudK;pm;ol b0azmfrsm;pGmvnf; xked nf;wl
Nidro f ufjcif;ESihf pdwcf srrI &Sad y/ taMumif;rlum; olwYdkonf bk&m;ocif\ EIwu f ywfawmfukd rodjcif;
aMumifhaywnf;/
rmwifvo l m aexkid o f nfh bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;wGif vufwifbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom
or®musrf;wpftkyf &Sdonf/ usrf;pmudk olzwf½Iavhvmonfhtcg olUukdk,fpm; c&pfawmftaocH
tjypfa<u;qyfay;cJNh yD;aMumif;? c&pfawmfjyKonfh aus;Zl;udk ol,MHk unfjcif;tm;jzifh ajzmifrh wfjcif;&
EkdifaMumif;? ol\ aumif;rIukokdvfjzifh tjypfvTwfjcif; r&EkdifaMumif;? a,½Ic&pfukd ol,kHMunfjcif;
jzifo h m olUtjypftm;vk;H ukd bk&m;ocify,fzsufjcif;jzpfaMumif; . . . ol awGUjrifem;vnfvmonf/
xkt d csderf pS í olU0dnmOfxw J iG f Nidro
f ufjcif;ESihf touf&vmonf/ olawGUjrifo&d v dS maom
ppfrSefonfh u,fwifjcif;w&m;udk olwpfyg;tm; a[majymawmhonf/ vlrsm;pGm c&pfawmfukd ,kH
MunfaomaMumifh u,fwifjcif;ESifh 0rf;ajrmufjcif; cHpm;Mu&onf/
rmwifvlomonf umokdvdyftoif;awmfrS xGufzkdY rpOf;pm;cJhay/ toif;awmfxJü aeNyD;
bk&m;ocif\ ppfreS af om or®mw&m;udk a[mMum;oGeo f ifjcif;jzifh toif;awmfukd ol ulnED idk v f rd hf
rnf[k xifcJhonf/
olonf a&mrNrdKUodkY oGm;cJh\/
xkdtcg 0rf;enf;zG,f jzpf&yfrsm;ukd ollawGUjrifcJh&onf/ bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; touf&Sifjcif;
rSeu f efaumif;rGejf cif;r&S/d toufwmtwGuf w&m;awmfü ,kMH unfjcif;r&S/d tvSLaiG &Smpm;tm;jzifh
touf&SifMuonfudk olawGUjrif&onf/ xkdtjzpfqkd;rsm;ukd olawGUjrifaomfvnf; toif;awmfrS
xGuv f pdk w
d f ay:rvmcJah y/ olonf bke;f awmfBuD;wpfyg;taeESihf toif;awmfxw J iG f qufvufae
NyD; bk&m;ocif\ tvkyu f kd ydrk v
dk yk Ef idk v
f rd rhf nf[k ol ,kMH unfxm;qJ&o dS nf/ ppfreS af om bk&m;ocif\
w&m;pum;udk olqufa[majymcGi&hf NyD; yky&f [ef;rif;uvnf; olUudk tok;H jyKrnf[k ,kMH unfpw d cf s
xm;qJ &Sdonf/
a&mrNrdKUü tvGefBuD;us,fcrf;em;aom toif;awmftaqmuftODBuD;wpfck aqmufvkyf&ef
ykyf&[ef;rif;u aiG tvGefvkdtyfaeaom tcsdefESifh BuKHawGUae&onf/ xkdYaMumifh bkef;awmfBuD;
(Tetzel) wufZv J u
f kd *smrPDoYdkomG ;í (indulgences) tmywfajzjypf'Pfvw T v f mT rsm; a&mif;csNyD; aiG&mS
&ef ykyf&[ef;rif;u apvTwfvkdufonf/
yky&f [ef;rif;onf vlrsm;\ tjypf'PftcsKdUtykid ;f udk cGiv hf w T af y;Ekid af Mumif;? Purgatory i&J
av;xJ usa&mufaeolaqGrsK;d om;csi;f rsm; aumif;uifbaHk &muf&ef aiGay;í olwYdktwGuf tmywfajz
jypf'PfvTwfvTmrsm; 0,f,lEkdifaMumif; . . . . a&mrtoif;awmfu a[majymoGefoifonf/ ckd;0Suf
jcif;tjypfrSpí . . . rw&m;aom arxkefjyKjcif;ESifh vlowfrItxd tjypftrsKd;rsKd; vTGwf&ef tmywf
ajzpm&GufvTm 0,f,ljcif;jzifh tjypfvTwfEkdifaMumif; oGefoifonf/ (Tetzel) \ xkdodkYa[majymjcif;
onf xkdpm&Guftm;jzifh tjypfqufvkyfcGifh&ovdk jzpfaponf/ aiGrsm;rsm;ay;í tmywfajz pm&Guf
rsm;rsm;0,fxm;olonf tjypfukd pdwBf udKufusL;vGeEf idk o f nfovkd t"dygÜ ,fa&mufonf/ þa[majym
csuu f Mkd um;onfh rmwifvo l mrSm tvGew f ek v
f yI t
f MhH opdwxf cd u
kd o
f mG ;onf/ þenf;onf vlrsm;xHrS
aiGaMu;vdrv f nf,jl cif; wpfrsK;d jzpfonfomru w&m;vrf;rSvnf; vGaJ paomaMumifh bke;f awmfBuD;
vlom tvGefpdwfxdckdufrdonf/
þokYdjzifh wpfaeYwiG f vlomonf toif;awmfa&SUwHcg;wGif pm&Guw f pf&u G uf kd oHEiS ½hf idk w
f , G f
xm;vkdufonf/ pm&Gufay:wGif . . . rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ rdrdtjypfudk ajzvTwfcGifh&zkdY aiGjzifh
0,f,lay;acsí r&EkdifaMumif;/
bk&m;ocifwpfyg;wnf;omvQif tjypfvTwfydkifaMumif;/
 a,½Ic&pfudk ,kHMunftm;ukd;jcif;jzifhom tjypfvTwfEkdifaMumif; . . . ponfh tcsuf (95)
csufudk pm&GufwGif a&;om;xm;onf/
xkpd m&Guu f kd vlrsm;zwfNyD; ykEH ydS uf m *smrPDjynftESYH oYkd jzefYa0cJo h nf/ vlxu k vnf; (Tetzal)
\ tmywfajz pm&Gufudk r0,fMuawmhay/ xkdtcg wufZJvfonf vlomudk qefYusifajymqkd
awmhonf/
rmwifvo l monf yky&f [ef;rif;udk ,kMH unfpw d cf sqJyif&odS nf/ wufZv J \ f vky&f yfudk ykyrf
od[k olxifco hJ nf/ þjyóemudk ykyx f aH vQmufMum;ajz&Si;f vQif ajyvnfrnf[k vlom xifco hJ nf/
olxifovdkr[kwfbJykyfu wufZJvf\ vkyf&yfukd tm;ay;aMumif; awGU&aomtcg tvGefYtvGef
tHMh opdwx f cd u
kd rf o d nf/ yky&f [ef;rif;\ vlrsm;ESihf olonf tBudrBf udrt f cgcgMumjrifph mG jiif;ckecf MhJ u
onf/ vlom rSm;,Gif;aMumif; olwkdYu usrf;pmjzifh axmufrjyEkdifcJhay/ olwkdYu vlomudk rdrdrSm;
aMumif;0efcH&efom twif;"r®vkyfaqmifBudK;pm;Muonf/ olwkdYu ykyf&[ef;rif;onf EIwfuywf
awmfxuf omíBuD;jrwfaMumif; ajymMuonf/ xkt d cgusrS yky&f [ef;rif; rSm;,Gi;f aeaMumif; vlom
odvmawmhonf/ vlomonf ykyEf iS hf bke;f awmfBuD;rsm;tm; w&m;rSeo f vd matmif EIwu f ywfawmfjzifh
jyñTefzkdY BudK;pm;ao;onf/
ykyfu vlomudk toif;awmfrS xkwfy,fypfvkdufonf/
yky&f [ef;rif;onf or®mw&m;tppftrSeu f kd vufrcHEidk af Mumif; xkt d csderf pS í vlom odjrif
NyD;ykyfESifh bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;tm; w&m;rSefjyzkdY BudK;pm;jcif;udk vufavsmhvkdufawmhonf/
xkYd aMumifh yky&f [ef;rif;udk olav;pm;aMumuf&UHG jcif;r&Sad wmhay/ olUudk &[ef;rif;u toif;
awmfrS xkwfy,faMumif;pmudk ,lNyD; vlxka&SUü rD;½IdUjyvkdufonf/
yky&f [ef;rif;ESihf aemufvu dk rf sm;u vlomudt k vGef pdwq f ;dk rke;f wD;Muonf/ jzpfEidk u f olYukd
owfvkdMuonf/ okdYaomf *smrPDEkdifiHü vlom&Sdaejcif;aMumifh vkyfydkifcGifhr&ay/ xkdtcsdefüvnf;
*smrPDbk&ifwpfyg;u vlomukd &efolab;rS uG,fumrIay;xm;onf/
vlomonf pmtkypf mapmifrsm;pGm a&;om;ykEH ydS Nf yD; ae&mtESYH jzefYcsad &mif;csco hJ nf/ ol xkwaf 0
aom pmtkyrf sm;xJwiG f a&mrESihf *vmwdMo0g'pmapmifrsm;ukd teufziG hf &Si;f vif;onfh pmtkyrf sm;rSm
tausmMf um;qk;H jzpfonf/ olxw k af 0aom pmtkyu f kd zwf½&I aomaMumifh vlrsm;pGm c&pfawmf,MHk unf
í u,fwifjcif;&oGm;Muonf/ bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;pGmvnf; zwf½I&NyD; ajymif;vJoGm;Muonf/ c&pf
awmfukd ,kMH unfjcif;jzifh u,fwifjcif;&aMumif;? trIawmfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh tjypfrvTwEf idk af Mumif;
olwkdYodjrifvmonf/ xkYdaMumifh tcsdKU bkef;BuD; b0udk pGefYvTwfMuonf/ c&pfawmfukd ,kHMunfol
taeESihf taumif;qk;H touf&iS Mf uonf/ oDv&Sirf sm;vnf; ajymif;vJNyD; vltjzpfEiS hf touf&iS Mf u
onf/ tdraf xmifrjyKyg[k wpfcsed u f uwdopömqkcd jhJ cif;rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\ EIwu f ywfawmfEiS hf
rnDaMumif; odvmMuonfhtcg tcsKdU tdrfaxmifjyKMuonf/
 vlomonf usrf;pmudk *smrefbmomodkY jyefqkdNyD; ykHESdyfjzefYcsdcJhonf/ *smrefvlrsdK;rsm;onf
rdrd\ wkdif;&if;om;bmompum;jzifh usrf;pmzwf½I&aomaMumifh vlrsm;pGm ajymif;vJMuonf/
ESpftwefMumvmaomtcg tdrfaxmifjyKzkdY ollYudkvnf; rdwfaqGrsm;u wkdufwGef;Muonf/
tdraf xmifjyKjcif;ESihf ywfoufaom rSm;,Gi;f onft h awG;tac: &So d rl sm;tm; yko H ufaoaumif;jzpfap&ef
olYudk wkdwfwGef;Mujcif; jzpfonf/ tpyxrwGif vlomu oabmrwlacs/ odkYaomf aemufydkif;wGif
u,fwifjcif;&NyD; oDv&Sirf x S uG of nfh trsK;d orD;wpfO;D ESihf vufxyfvu dk o
f nf/ xkt d cg or®mw&m;
udk &efbufjyKolrsm;u vlomtay: trsKd;rsKd;r[kwfrrSef wkdufckdufajymqkdMuawmhonf/
tcsKdUu olonf rde;f r,lvakd omaMumifh umodv k yd t
f oif;awmfrS xGujf cif;jzpfonf[k pGypf JG
Muonf/ xkdpGyfpGJcsuf rrSefay/
olonf rSm;,Gi;f onfh vlYtawG;tac: oGeo f ifcsufxuf rSeu f efonf bk&m;ocif\ or®m
w&m;bufü &yfwnfjcif;aMumifh umokv d yd t
f oif;awmfrS xkwyf ,fjcif; cHc&hJ onfukd uREkyf w f Ykd od&
NyD/ tdrfaxmifjyKzkdY olYrdwfaqG wkdufwGef;NyD; 5 ESpfcefYMumrS r*Fvmaqmifjcif; jzpfonf/ ol\ tdrf
axmifa&;rSm tqifajyonf/ olwkdYonf toufxufqkH; bk&m;ocif\ w&m;awmfudk oufao
cHa[m Mum;cJhonf/
or®mw&m;twkid ;f ,kMH unfvu dk af vQmufow l Ykd onf (Protestants) [k ac:cH&Muonf/ þokYd
ac:a0:cH&jcif;taMumif;rSm . . .
EIwfuywfw&m;awmfudk vlrsm; Mum;emNyD; ajymif;vJjcif;rsm; &yfwefYoGm;atmif wpfckck
ta&;,lvyk af qmifomG ;rnf[k umokv d yd t f oif;awmfu qk;H jzwfvu dk of nf/ {u&mZfrif;u tpnf;
ta0; ac:,lNyD; c&pf,mefrsm; (xdt k csed u f Lutherans) [k ac:aomolrsm;tm; umokv d yd ,f MHk unforl sm;
&S&d mae&mü w&m;a[mjcif;? toif;awmfwnfaxmifjcif; rjyK&[k wm;jrpfyw d yf ifvu dk of nf/ xkYd jyif
umodkvdyf ,kHMunfolrsm;vnf; rdrdtoif;awmfrS xGufNyD; vlom&if c&pf,mefxJr0if&[k wm;jrpf
ydwyf ifvu dk of nf/
þynwfcsufonf vlrsm; u,fwifjcif;r&atmif vky&f ma&mufaomaMumifh rif;nDrif;om;
rsm;? NrdKUvlBuD;rsm;u xkdrSm;,Gif;onfh qkH;jzwfcsufudk jiif;qefMuonf/ þokdY jiif;qefolrsm;udk
umodkvdyfrsm;u (Protestants) jiif;qkdolrsm;[k a c:a0:orkwfvkdufonf/
ppfreS af om c&pf,mefrsm;onf rSm;,Gi;f onfh t,lukd jiif;qko d ifo h nf r[kwyf gavm/ rSm;,Gi;f
aom t,ludk rjiif;qkdygu oefY&Sif;aom bk&m;tay: rnfodkY opömapmifhEdkifrnfenf;/
wrefawmfBuD;rsm;onf rSm;,Gif;aom t&mrsm;udk jiif;qefzkdY owday;a&;om;cJhonf/
u,fwifjcif;twGuf a,½Ic&pftay: ,kMH unftm;ud;k olrsm;udk "r®opfc&pf,mefrsm;[kvnf;
ac:onf/
xkdwpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif tjcm;wkdif;EdkifiHrsm;üvnf; bk&m;ocif tvkyfvkyfaeonf/
 qGpZf mvefEidk if rH S (Zwingll 1484 to 1531 A.D) onf or®musr;f udk zwf½aI vhvm&mrS u,fwif
jcif;&&Sd oGm;onf/ xkdtcsdefrSpí olonf EIwfuywfawmfudk a[majymoGefoifawmhonf/
olu . . . ]]vlESifh bk&m;ocifpyfMum; trIaqmifocifjzpfaom a,½Ic&pfwpfyg;wnf;om
&Sad Mumif;? ud, k af wmfukd ,kMH unftm;uk;d jcif;jzifo h m tjypfvw T jf cif; cHpm;&rnft h aMumif; yGaJ wmfpm;
jcif;onf rdrt d wGuf ud, k af wmftaocHjcif;udk atmufarhowd&jcif;jzpfaMumif;? tjypf'PfrS vGw&f ef
wpfckwnf;aomenf;rSm rdrdukd,fpm; c&pfawmftaocHay;qyfNyD;aMumif; ,kHMunfjcif;jzpfonf}} [k
a[majym&m vlrsm;pGm c&pfawmfudk ,kHMunfvsuf u,fwifjcif; cHpm;&&SdoGm;Muonf/
olu ] . . . usrf;pmwGif purgatory &Sdonf[k rajymaMumif;? oefY&Sif;olrsm;udk udk;uG,fjcif;
onf ½kyfwkudk;uG,f&ma&mufaMumif; . . .}} oGefoifa[majymonf/ ppfrSefonfh w&m;udk ,kHMunf
vmolrsm;rSm a&mrtoif;awmf\ ESyd pf ufni§ ;f yef;jcif; owfjzwfjcif; cH&onf/ qGpZf mvefEidk if o H m;
wpf0ufcefY c&pfawmf\ u,fwifjcif;w&m;udk ,kMH unfcpH m;oGm;Muonf/ ,kMH unforl sm;ESiu hf modk
vdyt f oif;awmftMum; ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm ppfwu dk Mf uvQuf ZGi*f vDEiS hf taygif;tazmfrsm;pGm towfc&H
Muonf/ ,aeY qGpfZmvefEkdifiHü umodkvdyftcsKdU &Sdaeao;onf/
*Refuv J Af if (JOhn Calvin 1509-1564) onf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;xJwiG f tjyif;xefq;Hk
tjzpfowfrw S jf cif;cH&onf/ ol\ MuHUMuHUcHNyD;twif;tMuyfBudK;yrf;tm;xkwrf aI Mumifh toif;awmf
onf c&pf,mef\ rlvtajccH ,HkMunfrIokdY jyefa&mufcJhonf/
jyifopfEidk if wH iG v
f nf; usr;f pmzwfNyD; u,fwifjcif;&Muolrsm;pGm &So d nf/ ppfreS af om ,kMH unf
jcif;udk cH,laomaMumifh vlrsm;pGm towfcH&ofn/ odkYyifjzpfvifhupm; bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywf
w&m;udk Mum;&aom olwdkYonf qufvufNyD; c&pfawmfudk ,kHMunfvmonf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;pGm
wdk;vmonf/ vlBuD;vlaumif;rsm;vnf; ajymif;vJvmMuonf/ xkdtcg umodkvdyfrsm;u vQKdU0Suf
oabmwlnDrI,lvQuf wpfaeYwGif ,kHMunfol c&pf,mefrsm;pGmudk owfypfMuonf/
wpfaeYwnf;ü vl (7)aomif;ausmf towfcH&onfh [k qkdonf/ þowif;a&mrodkY
a&mufoGm;onfhtcg ykyfu 0rf;omtm;&jzpfonf/ xkdtowfcH&olrsm;rSm t,lvGJjcif;aMumifh[k
ol,q l onf/ oltvGe0f rf;ajrmufauseyfonft h wGuf trSww f & wHqyd yf ifxv k yk cf o
hJ nf/ jyifopf
EkdifiHü ,kHMunfolrsm;tay: &ufpufowfjzwfrI jyif;xefvGef;onfhtwGufaMumifh tjcm;EdkifiHodkY
xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&SmifMu&onf/ qGpZf mvefEidk if ?H tmz&duwku d Ef iS hf ajrmuftar&duwku d o
f Ykd a&muf&dS
oGm;Muonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh jyifopfEkdifiHwGif vlaygif;rsm;pGm qkH;½IH;oGm;&onf/
pydeEf iS hf tDwvDEikd if wH iG v
f nf; or®musr;f zwf½jI cif;jzifh rsm;pGm ajymif;vJvmonf/ tDwvDEikd f
iHwgif ykyf\tkyfpkd;rIudkrcHaom (Waldenses) c&pf,mefwpfck&Sdonf/ umokdvdyf\ rSm;,Gif;aom
t,l0g'udk jiif;y,fjcif;? c&pfawmfESifh EIwfuywfawmfudkom ,kHMunfjcif;aMumifh ESdyfpufn§Of;qJ
cHUonf/ tcsKdUrD;½IUd owfc&H onf/ tcsKdUrSm tjcm;enf;jzifh &uf&ufpufpufjzwfc&H onf/ xkad cwf\
&ufpufpufowfjzwfc&H onf/ xkad cwf\ &ufpufrrI sm;ukd ajymjy&ygu oifu h kd wkev
f yI af jcmufjcm;
apEdik of nf/
,kMH unforl sm;cH&onfh &ufpufrrI sm;rSm ajymrukeEf idk af tmifyif rsm;vSonf/ þenf;rsm;jzifh
pmwefrm&fewfu or®mw&m;a[majymjcif; &yfwefYatmifvyk cf o hJ nf/ bk&m;ocif\ or®mw&m;udk
olrek ;f onf/ olonf rkom\ tzjzpfí ppfreS o f nfw h &m;tvif;udk vk;H 0ajymqkad [mMum;cGihf ray;
vkday/ olYom;orD;rsm;onfvnf; tbuJhodkYyif pdwfoabm&Sdonf/
ppfrSefaom ,kHMunfolrsm;pGm towfcH&aomfvnf; avsmhenf;aysmufuG,foGm;jcif;r&Sday/
,kMH unforl sm;onf umodv k yd rf sm;\ ESyd pf ufnO§ ;f yef;jcif;ESihf owfjzwfjcif;cH&onf/ &ufpufrrI sm;
rSm ajymraumif;atmifyif qkd;npfvSonf/ bk&ifr wpfOD;\ vufxufü owfjzwfaoG;vGef;jcif;
rsm;vGe;f onft h wGuf olrtm; (Bloody Mary) [kyif ac:Muonf/ wzef y½kw d ufpwifrh sm; tmPmjyef
&onft h cg rdrw d YdkEiS hf ,kMH unfjcif;rwlonfh umodv k yd rf sm;tay: owfjzwfMuonf/ xko d YdkjyKjcif;onf
rSm;,Gif;onfr[kwfygavm/ xkdokdY rw&m;rIrsm;aMumifh at;csrf;pGm udk;uG,f0wfjyKvkdolrsm;onf
t*FvefrS a[mfvefEkdifiHrS ajrmuftar&duwkdufrsm;ü xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifoGm;Mu&aonf/]
a[mfvefEidk if w H iG vf nf; ,kMH unforl sm; ESyd pf ufnO§ ;f yef;rIjyif;pGmcH&onf/ odYk aomf a[mfvef
wpfEidk if vH ;Hk eD;yg; c&pf,mefjzpfvmonf/ xkYd twl 'de;f rwfEidk if ?H aemfa0;Ekid if EH iS hf qG'D ifEidk if w H Ydk vnf;
c&pf,mefjzpfvmMuonf/ þpmtkyfi,fav;wGif tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;ü jzpfysuforQudk azmfjy&ef
ae&mr&Sad y/
þacwfwGif or®musrf;udk vlrsKd;pk? bmompum;toD;oD;odkY jyefqkdcJhMuonf/ or®mw&m;
ukd &efjyKolrsm;&Sdjcif;aMumifh or®musrf;udk vQKdU0SufpGm bmomjyef&onf/
wif'Jvfonf t*FvefjynfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/ olonf a[NAJ? *&d? vufwif? tDwmvsH?
'wfcsfESifh t*Fvdyfbmompum;rsm;udk uRrf;usifydkifEkdifpGm ajymwwfonfh tausmfMum;qkH;? usrf;pm
bmomjyef yk*d¾KvfwpfOD;jzpfonf/
olonf ausmif;wufaepOf ausmif;om;b0ü olwpfyg;ESifh rMumrMum usrf;pm
aqG;aEG; wufonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;wpfOD;u usrf;pm aqG;aEG;p&m rvkd? t½l;tvkyfom
jzpfaMumif;? bke;f BuD;ajymwmtm;vk;H ,k&H ifawmfa&maygh [k ajym&m ol jiif;y,fco hJ nf/ trIawmfaqmif
w&m; a[mq&mrsm;yifvQif usrf;pmrod em;rvnfonfudk jrif&aomtcg a0vD,Hwif',fu
t*Fvefjynf rSm wpfa,mufrusef zwf½eI m;vnf;Ekid w f hJ usr;f pmtkyu f kd wpfaeYus&if uReaf wmfbmom
jyefrnf [k ajymcJhonf/
xktd csed rf pS í a0vD,w H if'vfonf qkawmif;jcif;jzifh tpjyKum usr;f pmukd a[NAJ? a[vo
yg|dawmfrS t*Fvyd b f momodYk bmomjyefqcdk o hJ nf/ xkt d rIt&mukd bke;f awmfBuD;rsm;u vk;H 0rESpo f uf
onft h jyif zrf;qD;&ef BudK;pm;Muonf/ a0vD,w H if'v J \
f rdwaf qGrsm;rSmvnf; olYudk ruln&D aJ wmh
ay/ xkdtcuftcJaMumifh a0vD,Hwif'Jvfonf *smrPDjynfodkY wdrf;a&SmifoGm;cJhonf/
t*Fvdyf "r®opfusrf;udk bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfaMumifh *smrPDjynfwGif yxrOD;qkH;
ykEH ydS x
f wk Ef idk cf ohJ nf/ xko d Ydk xkwv f yk af eonfukd bke;f awmfBuD;wpfyg;u od&o dS mG ;aomtcg a0vD,H
wif'v J t f m; zrf;qD;&ef BudK;pm;cJo h nf/ xkt d aMumif;udk a0vD,w H if'v J f odomG ;aomtcg ta&;BuD;
aomypönf;rsm;ukd ,lí Worms 0rf;NrdKUokdY xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifcJhonf/
1525 ckESpfwGif "r®opfusrf;udk t*Fvdyf bmomjzifh jyefqkdcJhNyD;? 1529 ckESpfwGif "r®a[mif;
ESifh "r®opfwpftkyfvkH;udk t&G,ftpm;ESpfrsdK;jzifh xkwfa0cJhonf/ bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; &SmazGonfhtcg
tvG,w f ulzu G x f m;Ekid &f ef tao;udk xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ xku d sr;f pmtkyrf sm;udk xkEd pS rf mS yif t*FvefjynfoYkd
wifyYkd a&mif;cscJo h nf/ xko d wif;udk bke;f awmfBuD;rsm; Mum;aomtcg &SmazGzrf;qD; rD;½dUI zsufq;D vku d f
onf/
odYk aomfvnf; a0vD,w H if'v J o f nf tm;ravsmhyJ tcuftcJrsm;Mum;rS aiGacs;í xyfrx H w k f
a0NyD; jzefYcsDjyefonf/ usrf;pmtkyfrsm;udk &SmazGodrf;qnf; rD;½IdUonfhtpDtpOf ratmifjrifaMumif;
bke;f awmfBuD; odaomtcg NAdwo d QpD;yGm;a&;orm;wpfO;D tm; bmomjyef t*Fvyd u f srf;pmtkyrf sm;ukd
wpftkyfrusef aiGaMu;jzifh 0,fckdif;vkdufonf/
pD;yGm;a&;orm;u wefz;dk BuD;aMumif;ajymaomtcg aiGaMu;vko d avmufukd xkwaf y;cJo h nf/
jynforl sm;\ vufwiG ;f odYk usrf;pmtkyf wpftyk w f pfavrQ ra&mufzYdk &ef t"duta&;BuD;aMumif;ESihf
0,fNyD;aom usrf;pmtkyfukdvnf; rD;½dIUzsufqD;ypf&ef ñTefMum;vkdufcJhonf/
xkpd ;D yGm;a&;orm;onf wif'v J x f H a&mufvmNyD; usrf;pmtky&f o dS rQukd 0,f,&l m wif'v J u f
usrf;pmtkyfrsm;ukd aps;jr§ifhvsuf aps;EIef;BuD;pGmjzifh a&mif;vkdufonf/ xkdpD;yGm;a&;orm;rSmvnf;
wif'v J \ f rdwaf qGa[mif;wpfO;D jzpfco hJ nf/ wif'v J rf mS þenf;jzifh aiGaMu;rsm;pGm &&Sí d tqifajy
cJo
h nf/ yxrtokwu f sr;f pmtkyf xkwpf Ofu wifcahJ om ta<u;rsm;ukd qyfEidk cf o hJ nf/ 'kw, d tBudrf
xyfrHxkwf&ef t&if;tESD; &&SdcJhonf/ þenf;jzifh t*FvefEkdifiHwgif usrf;pmtkyfrsm; ysHUESHYcJhonf/
a0vD,Hwif'Jvfukd ulnDcJhol wpfOD;tm; bkef;awmfBuD;u zrf;qD;í usrf;pmtkyfysHUESHUykHudk ar;jref;
cJhonf/ þusrf;pmtkyf ysHUESHU&jcif;rSm pD;yGm;a&;orm;tm; bkef;BuD;vTwfxm;onfh &efolrsm;vGef;
onfhtwGuf tjyifrxGufEkdifavmufatmif cufcJMuyfwnf;pGm touf&Sifae&onf/ odkYaomf n
wpfnwGif rdwaf qGwpfO;D u tjyifxu G v f rf;avQmuf&ef ac:aomaMumifh tdrrf x S u G íf vrf;avQmuf&m
vlwpfpk\ zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;jcif; cHcJh&onf/
wif'Jvftm; ykyf&[ef;rif;u ppfaq;jcif; r&SdbJ taoowf&ef trdefYay;cJhonf/ wif'Jvf
onf aemufq;Hk qkawmif;cJah om qkawmif;csufrmS ]]tkt d z? t*Fvefb&k if\ 0dnmOfrsufpu d dk zGiahf y;
awmfryl g}} [líjzpfonf/ qkawmif;tNyD;wGif wif'v J \f vnfyif;udk oHBudK;jzifh csnNf yD; opfwidk af y:
csdwfqGJvsuf atmufü aumuf½kd;ykHxm;onf/ oHBudK;jzifh qGJowfNyD;aemuf aumuf½kd;ykHukd rD;wif½IdY
cJhonf/ 1536 atmufwkdbmv 6 &uf aomMumaeYwGif towfcH&onf/
usr;f pm bmomjyef jzefYcso
d nfh vkyif ef;ESihf bk&m;ocif\ vlukd pmwef\ vlrsm;u atmifjrif
tEkdif,loGm;NyD[k ½kwfw&uf xif&onf/
tu,fpifppf bk&m;ocif\ vkyfief;ESifh bk&m;ocif\ vlomatmifjrifí xm0& wnfNrJ
aMumif; orkdif;u oufaoxlaeonf/
bk&m;ocif\ tvkad wmfEiS n hf aD om tvkyu f kd vlu b,favmufyif BudKpm;zsufq;D apumrl
bk&m;ocif\ tvkyaf wmh ysupf ;D rnf r[kwaf y/ bk&m;tvkyu f kd zsuq f ;D aom olrsm;om tyg,fi&J
ü jypf'Pfxm0&cHae&onf/
usrf;pmjyefqkdjcif;aMumifh vltcsdKU owfjzwfcH&onf/ vltcsKdU xGufajy;ykef;a&Smif&onf/
okYdyif jzpfjim;aomfvnf; ESpaf ygif;Mumvmonft h cg vlrsK;d bmomtoD;oD;ü usr;f pm zwf½cI iG &hf oGm;
Muonf/
usrf;pmzwf&av ,kMH unfajymif;vJov l nf; rsm;vmavyJ? ,kMH unfajymif;vJol tvk;H t&if;
ESifh wkd;wufrsm;jym;vmonfhtwGuf ESdyfpufn§if;yef;rIrsm;vnf; avsmhenf;oGm;NyD; ydkrkdvGwfvyfpGm
ud;k uG,rf &I v
dS monf/ odYkaomf jyifopfEidk if ?H pydeEf idk if ?H tDwvDEikd if w
H YkdwiG f ESyd pf ufowfjzwfrI BuD;rm;cJh
jcif;aMumifh y½kdwufpwifh c&pf,mefrsm; enf;yg;&onf/ þEkdifiHrsm; ,aeYtxdyif tarSmifü &Sdae
ao;onf/ xkdEkdifiHwGif ,aeYxufwkdif y½kdwufpwifh c&pf,mefrsm; ESdyfuGyfjcif; cH&qJ &Sdonf/ odkY
&mwGif bk&m;ocif\ EIwu f ywfawmfukd ae&mwumwGif a[majymNrJ? a[majymvsuf &So d nft h wGuf
vlaxmifaomif;rsm;pGmonf olwYdk\ tjypfukd bk&m;ocif cGiv hf w T af Mumif;? a,½Ic&pfukd ,kMH unfjcif;
tm;jzifo h m u,fwifjcif;&aMumif;? vufc, H MHk unfvmNyD; tvif;ESihf 0rf;ajrmufjcif; &oGm;Muonf/

ajymif;vJjcif;ü csKdU,Gif;csuf&Sd/
u,fwifjcif;w&m;a[majym ysHUESUH aeaomfvnf; wrefawmfwYdk \ oGeo f ifcsufü wnfMunf
ckdifcHhjcif; r&Sdao;ay/ olwkdYü&SdaomrSm;,Gif;onfh tawG;tac:rsm;pGmukd wpfBudrfwnf;ESifh pGefYypfzkdY
rvG,fulyg/ olwkdYukd OD;aqmif&ef vlwpfOD;OD;udk bkef;awmfBuD;tjzpf owfrSwftm;udk;aeMuao;
onf/ xkYdaMumifh olwYdktoif;awmfü ,aeYwidk f trIawmfaqmifwpfO;D OD;ukd wifajr§mufcefYxm; tm;ud;k
aeMuqJyif &Sdonf/
ppfrSefaom ,kHMunfoltm;vkH;onf (wpfa,mufwpfavr[kwf) ,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;jzpf
aMumif; usrf;pmuajymonfudk olwYkd arhavsmhaeao;onf/ wpfcsdeu f tarSmifxo J Ykd toif;awmfus
a&mufcJhí ,kHMunfolrsm;BuD;pGm 'ku©a&mufcJhaMumif;udk rrSwfaomolrsm; &Sdaeao;onf/ ,aeY xkd
trSm;rsKd;twkdif; bda&SmhyftrIawmfaqmiftm; toif;awmftay: vTrf;rkd;tkyfpkd;cGifh ay;aeMuonf/
rsm;pGmaom ppfrSefaom ,kHMunfolwkdYonf toif;awmf0wfjzpfonfh AwdåZHESifh yGJawmfr*Fvmtay:
,kMH unftm;uk;d onfh t,lrmS ;jcif;rsm;ESihf rvGwuf if;ao;acs/ xku
d sifx
h ;Hk tm;jzifh tjypfvw
T rf nf[k
,lqaeJMuonf/ c&pfawmftay: ,kHMunftm;udk;&rnfhtpm; AwdåZHcHjcif;? toif;awmf0ifjcif;? yGJ
awmfpm;jcif;tay: rScD t kd m;ud;k aeMuonf/ þrSm;,Gi;f onfh t,ltqjzifh vlrsm;ukd pmwefu vrf;
vGaJ ponf/ xkYdaMumifh y½kw d ufpwifh c&pf,meftrnfcrH sm;pGmwkYdonf u,fwifjcif;twGuf c&pfawmf
udk tm;ud;k &rSe;f rodMuacs/ ESpjf cif;cH½EHk iS hf rvkaH vmufyg/ toif;0if½jHk zifh rvkaH vmufyg/ y½dw k uf
pwifh c&pf,meftrnfc½H EHk iS hf rvkaH vmufyg/ u,fwifjcif;&&ef a,½Ic&pfukd ,kMH unftm;ud;k jcif;uvGJ
vkYd wjcm;enf;r&Sad Mumif; oif0efc, H MHk unfzYdkvo
dk nf/ odYk r[kwyf gu oifonf jypf'Pfc&H rnft h jypf
om; wpfOD;om jzpfonf/
vlrsm;pGm y½kw
d ufpwifh c&pf,mefjzpfvmonfh tcg olwYdkonf ao;i,faom taMumif;t&m
rsm;jzifh uGJjym;Muonf/ þuGJjym;rIrsm;onf olwkdY\ tpGJ? twåESifh vla[mif;tawG;tac:rsm;ukd
rpGeYf y,faomaMumifh jzpfonf/ vltcsKdUrSmrl or®musrf;udk aphaphzwf½aI vhvmNyD; vlta[mif;tusifh
ESihf rSm;,Gi;f aom tawG;tac:wkYdukd pGeYfypfMuonf/ vltcsKUd wkYdonf or®musr;f wGif olwYdkavhvmawGU
&So
d nft h wkid ;f tqift h wef; cGjJ cm;jcif;rjyKbJ toif;awmf wk;d wufBuD;xGm;a&;twGuf vlwidk ;f tm;
yg0ifvkyfaqmifcGifhay;Muonf/ vlwcsKdUu vlwpfOD;udk toif;awmf\ trIawmfaqmif bkef;awmf
BuD;tjzpf cefYtyftyk cf sKyfciG hf ay;vko d nf/ þokYd ,lqcsufEiS hf tkycf sKyfenf; uGmjcm;jcif;aMumifh *kP
d ;f
*Prsm;ay:aygufvmonf/ Oyrm- t*Fvu D efEpS jf cif;? rufo'pf --- pojzifh *kP
d *f Prsm;ay:xGuf
vmonf/ odkYaomf u,fwif&Sifa,½Ibk&m;udk oduRrf;olrsm;pGm xkdtzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif &Sdonf/

uGmjcm; aomfvnf; uGJjym; p&m rvkd/

ppfrSefaom ,kHMunfolwpfOD;onf tjcm;,kHMunfolwpfOD;udk awGUygu olUudk nDtpfudk
[k ac:ajym rdwo f [m&zGUJ jcif;&So
d nf/ taMumif;rSm olwYdkEpS Of ;D pvk;H c&pfawmfü &So d nf/ þavmuü
uREyfk w
f Ydk aexkid pf OfumvwGif uREyfk w f Ydk pka0;0wfjyKaomtoif;awmfrsm;rSm ae&ma'o? vlrsK;d tvku d f
uGmjcm;rI&Sdygonf/ odkYaomf uGJjym;p&m rvdkyg/ "r®opfacwfwGif uREkfyfwkdY ,kHMunfol tm;vkH;wkdY
onf c&pfawmf\ ud, k cf E¨m[k ac:aom wpfcw k nf;aom ppfreS o f nfh toif;awmfü ud, k t
f *Fgcsif;
jzpfMuonf/
vGefcJhaom ESpf (100) cefYu t*FvefEkdifiHESifh tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif "r®opfusrf; avhvmjcif;
tm;jzifh ,kHMunfolrsm; trnfemrtrsKd;rsKd;? 0d'g'trsKd;rsKd;jzifh uGJjym;aeonfhtrSm;ukd vlwcsKdUawGU
jrifvmonf/ xkYdaMumifh ,kMH unfou l kd c&pf,mef[k ac:jcif;om rSeu f efaMumif; jrifvmonf/ "r®opf
acwfwiG f trIawmfaqmifEiS hf ,kMH unfo[ l íl tqift h wef; cGjJ cm;jcif;r&Sad Mumif; toif;awmfuvkd nf;
wpfudk,fawmf OD;aqmiftkyfpkd;jcif;r[kwfbJ vlBuD;wpfpku OD;aqmifjcif;jzpfaMumif; . . . . . .
usrf;pmwGif awGUjrifvmMuonf/
a'oEÅ&toif;awmfwpfckwGif ,kHMunfolrsm;ukd oGefoifa[majymjyKpk&ef oefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmftm;jzifh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wnf;udkom tpGrf;ay;jcif;r[kwfbJ vltoD;oD;wkdYtm; tpGrf;
ay;xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; . . .
olwYdkjyefvnf oGeo f ifvu dk af vQmuf vmMuonf/ xkYdaMumifh "r®opfusr;f oGeo f ifonfth wkid ;f
olwkdYemcHvdkufavQmufzkdY pka0;Muonf/ c&pfawmfü nDtpfukdtjzpfpkaygif;NyD; EIwfuywfawmfudk
twlwuG avhvmcH,ljcif;? twlwuGyGJawmf,lNyD; 0wfjyKudk;uG,fMuonf/ olwkdYonf ppfrSefaom
c&pf,meftm;vkH;udk c&pf,meftjzpf vufcHrdwfo[m,zGJUMuonf/ *kdPf;*Pwpfckck\ *kdPf;om;
tjzpf vufcHrdwfo[m,zGJUjcif;r[kwfay/ þokdY vkdufavQmufolwkdYukd bk&m;ocifaumif;BuD;ay;
onf/ olw l Ydk uvnf; vlrsm;pGmudk aumif;BuD;ay;Ekid cf MhJ uonf/ þpmtkyu f kd a&;om;olonf xkcd &pf
,mefrsm;ukd ukd,fwkdifawGUcJh&onf/
xkcd &pf,mefrsm;ukd pmwefu ab;rJv h wT rf xm;acs/ olwYdktwGi;f ü jiif;ckeu f jJG ym;atmif pmwef
u tjyif;txef tvkyfvkyfonf/ uGJjym;jcm;onf pmwef\ tvkyfjzpfonf/ tNrJwrf; xkdokdYvkyf
aMumif; toif;awmf orkdif;wpfavQmuf uREkfyfwkdY awGUjrifcJh&NyD/ tu,fí uREkfyfwkdYor®mowdr&Sd
vQif olUausmhuiG ;f xJ usoGm;Ekid o
f nf/ t&Siaf ,½Ic&pfudk ,kMH unfol uREkyf w f Ydk twGi;f ü pmweftm;
uGJjym;rI vkyfcGifhr&atmif txl;owdjyKzkdY vkdonf/

touf&Sif[ef &Sdaomfvnf; aoae\/

jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; toif;awmf\ tajctaeudk Asm'dwf 3;1-6 wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;toif;awmfwGif touf&Sifonfh vu©Pmawmh jrifEkdifonf/ þacwftoif;awmfü
bk&m;ocifxHrS toufjzifh vIyf&Sm;touf&Sifonf[k vltrsm; xifMuonf/ okdYaomf trsm;pkrSm
aovsuf&Sdonf/ taMumif;rSm rsm;pGmaom olwkdYonf y½kdwufpwifh trnfcHjcif;? AwdåZHcHjcif;? yGJ
awmf0ifjcif;? toif;awmf usifxh ;Hk rsm;tay:pdwcf s auseyfaeMuNyD; vk;H 0'kw,
d arG;jcif; r&ao;ay/
bk&m;ocifukdvnf; u,fwif&Sif tjzpfoduRrf;jcif; r&Sday/

tpaumif; aomfvnf; rpkHvif/

bk&m;ocifa&SUü þjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; toif;awmf\ ajymif;vJrIrsm;onf pkHvifjcif; r&Sd
ay/ ppfreS af om bk&m;ocif\ u,fwifjcif;w&m;awmfukd &J&&J if&h ifh a[majymcJMh uaomfvnf; t,l
tqa[mif;rsm;ESihf uif;vGwjf cif;r&S/d "r®opfusr;f \ tajccHoeG of ifcsurf sm;ay:ü wnfaqmufcidk f
cHhjcif; r&Sday/
tpaumif;aomfvnf;? taESmif; wdusrSefuefaumif;rGefjcif; r&Sday/
(Protestants) c&pf,mefrsm;pGmwkYd onf bk&m;ocif\ oGeo
f ifcsutf wkid ;f vku
d af vQmuf&rnfh
tpm; vl\ oGefoifcsufESifh tawG;tac:twkdif;usifhokH;aeMuao;onf/
 rnfodkYyif &Sdapumrl ocifbk&m;udk cspfí opömapmifhodaom ppfrSefonfh c&pf,mefrsm; y½kd
wufpwifh tpktoD;oD;twGif;ü &Sdygonf/ olwkdYonf 'kwd,arG;jcif;jzpfNyD; u,fwifjcif; &Mu
ygonf/ uk, d af wmfaemufoYkd vku
d Mf uí avmuDx;Hk pHoYdk rvdu
k af vQmufyg/ ud,
k af wmf\ EIwu f ywf
awmfü arGUavsmfvudk af vQmufMuonf/ olwYdk ukd ud,
k af wmfoo d nf/ olwYdk \ opöm&Srd u
I v
kd nf; ud,
k f
awmfu qkv'fay;rnf/

omoemxGef;um;jyefYyGm;aom acwf
The Missionary Mobement
uREkyf w
f Ydk avhvmaeonfh toif;awmforkid ;f onf ESpaf ygif;Mum&Snpf mG tarSmifz;Hk aom Oa&m
ytwGif;okdY or®mw&m;tvif;jyefvnf xGef;vif;vmonfh taMumif;jzpfonf/ xkdtcsdefumv
wpfavQmuf c&pfawmfudk rodao;aomolrsm; EkdifiHaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmwGif &Sdao;onf/
a&S;OD;toif;awmfü u,fwifjcif;owif;udk ae&mwumwGif a[mMum;cJah omfvnf; u,fwif&iS u f kd
rMum;odao;ol rsm;pGm&Sdao;onf/ wpfcsdefu c&pf,mefpk&Sdaom ae&ma'oüyif ,cktcg
c&pfawmfodol r&Sdoavmuf &Sm;yg;oGm;onf/ ,cktcg EkdifiHaygif;rsm;pGmwGif c&pfawmftwGuf
oufaocHol vHk;0r&Sdoavmufjzpfaeonf/ vlrsm;pGmwkdYonf u,fwif&Sifudk rodbJ tjypfü
aoqHk;aeMuonf/

ajymif;vJolrsm; omoemjyKpdwf &Sdjcif;/

(Bohemia) ü (John sHuss) u or®mw&m;a[mjcif;aMumifh rD;½dIUtowfcH&onfudk oif
rSwrf ad yvdrrhf nf/ a[majymjcif;jzifh ajymif;vJvmolwYdk onf ESyd u f yG f cH&aomaMumifh *smrPDEikd if o H Ykd
xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifMu&onf/ xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifoGm;aom vlpkrsm;tajccsaexkdif&mt&yfudk
(Hurrnhut) [ef(ef)[yf[k ac:jonf/ olwkdYvlpkudk (Moravians) [k ac:onf / ol w k d Y \
acgif;aqmifrsm;xJu wpfOD;onf taemuftif;'D;pfrS Oa&myodkY tv,fvmonfh vlwpfpkESifh
awGUqHrk Md uonf/ xkv d pl rk sm; t&Siaf ,½Ic&pfukd vH;k 0 rMum;zl;l aMumif; od&aomtcg pdwx f cd u dk v
f suf
þtjzpftysuu f kd rdr\
d toif;awmfwiG f jyefajymvku d &f m olwYdktm;vH;k pdwxf cd u
kd f Ed;I aqmfrjI zpfvmNyD;
ouú&mZf 1732 ESpfü taemuftif;'D;pfodkY omoemjyKESpfOD; apvTwfcJhonfh/ xkdYaemuf
rkd&m;AD;,rf;wdkYonf bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmfudk a[mMum;onfhomoemjyK rsm;pGm
apvTwfcJhonf/ (Greenland) *&if;vef;uRef; (Lapland) vufyfvef; awmifESifhajrmuftar&duESifh
awmiftmz&dursm;odkY apvTwfcJhonf/
odYkaomf urÇmBuD;rSm tvGeBf uD;rm; us,jf yefYonft h wGuf urÇmay:&Sd ae&mwkid ;f ? vlrsK;d wkid ;f odYk
rk&d m;AD;,rf;wkYdonf omoemjyKapvTwEf ikd jf cif;r&Sad y/ odYk&mwGif olwYdktpGr;f &So d rQ omoemjyKvyk if ef;
udk pwifcJhonf/ olwkdYvkd tjcm;c&pf,mefrsm;vnf; omoemjyKpdwf"mwf Ekd;Mum;xufoef
vkyfaqmifvmrnf[k olwdkY arQmfvifhMuonf/
xkdtcsdefwGif t*FvefEdkifiHü c&pf,mefrsm;tay: ESdyfpufn§Of;yef;jcif; r&Sdawmhay/
xdkYaMumifh c&pf,mefrsm; NidrfoufaoG;at;vsuf &SdaeMuonf/
xkdtcg bk&m;ocifonf (John Wsiey) *Ref0ufpvDqkdoludk toHk;jyKvsuf u,fwifjcif;
{0Ha*vdw&m;udk a[mMum;apcJo h nf/ ol\ ZG?J vHYk vESihf jyif;xefjywfom;onfh a[majym rIaMumifh
t*FvefEdkifiHwpf0ef;vHk; 0dnmOfa&;bufü Ekd;Mum;wuf<uvmonf/ axmifaomif;rsm;pGmaom
olwYdkonf 0dnmOfouf&iS o f efvmMuonf/ rk&d m;AD;,rf;rsm;\ ,HMk unfjcif;yHo
k ufaoudk bk&m;ocif
toHk;jyKvsuf *Ref0ufpvDudk tjrifrSef&apNyD; Edk;Mum;wuf<uapcJhjcif;jzpfonf/

omoemjyKjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\ tvkdawmf/

t*FvefEikd if üH (William Carey) 0Dv, D u
H ,f&D [laom c&pf,mefwpfO;D &So d nf/ oonf zdeyfcsKyf
orsm;wpfO;D om jzpfonf/ c&pfawmfukd u,fwif&iS f tjzpfrodao;aomurÇmh vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm
taMumif; olpOf;pm;rdonft h cgwkid ;f 0rf;enf;pdwxf cd u
dk rf u
d m olwYdkxH omoemjyKapvTwzf Ydk toif;
awmfü wifjywkdufwGef;ajymqkdcJhonf/
xkod Ydk ajymcH&jcif;aMumifh olpw d yf suftm;avsmhxidk af ejcif;r&Sb d J . . . xvsuf . . . omoemjyK
jcif;onf bk&m;ocif\ tvkad wmfjzpfaMumif;? ,kMH unfow l idk ;f \ wm0efEiS hf tcGithf a&;jzpfaMumif;?
aumif;BuD;r*FvmESit hf oufwm <u,f0jcif;jzpfaMumif;? omoemrjyKygu wm0efysuu f u
G o
f nfth jypf
&Sad Mumif; &Si;f vif;wifjyonfph mwpfapmif ola&;om;ykEH ydS jf zefYa0cJo h nf/ xkpd mtm;jzifh bk&m;udk cspf
aomolrsm;pGmay:aygufvsuf omoemjyKtzGUJ rsm;vnf; zGUJ pnf;NyD; omoemjyKvkyif ef;udk vkyaf qmif
vmcJhMuawmhonf/

omoemjyKjcif;\ tusKd;aus;Zl;/
ouú&mZf 1793 ckEpS w f iG f 0Dvsu
H ,f&u
D dk omoemjyKtzGUJ wpfcu k tdE, ´d jynfoYdk apvTwvf udk f
Muonf/ olonf tdEd́,wkdif&if;om; pum;tcsKdUukd oif,lavhvmNyD; olwkdYbmompum;odkY or®m
usrf;ukd bmomjyefqkd ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/ ausmif;zwfpmtkyfrsm; xkwfa0jcif;? pmoifausmif;rsm;
wnfaxmifjcif;? pmaywwfajrmufa&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;aMumifh tdEd´,vlrsKd;rsm; pmay
wwfajrmufvmMuonf/ vlrsm;pGmvnf; bk&m;ocif\ tjypfvTwfjcif;aus;Zl;udk cHpm;oGm;Mu&
onf/ ykEH ydS w
f u
dk Ef iS hf owif;pm*sme,frsm; ay:xGe;f vmonf/ wkid ;f jynfudk wnfaxmifO;D aqmifEidk o f nfh
ynmwwfrsm; ay:xGef;vmonf/
aemufxyfomoemjyKrsm;pGm ay:xGe;f apvTwv f adk om pdwrf sm;&Sv
d m&ef olonf vkyif ef;atmif
jrifrEI iS hf a'ocHvrl sm;\ vktd yfcsurf sm;taMumif; azmfjyonfh pma&;om;u t*FvefoYkd ydYkvu dk o
f nf/
ol &nf&, G af rQmfvifx
h m;onfh twkid ;f yif omoemjyKvkyif ef;onf ta&;BuD;qk;H jzpfaMumif;? vlom;
rsm;udk tusKd;jyKu,fwifonfh vkyfief;rsm;taMumif; ,kHMunfolrsm; odjrifvmNyD; pdwfapwem
xufoefvmMuonf/

omoemjyKrsm; xyfrH apvTwfjcif;/

omoemjyKvkyif ef;onf tvkt d yfq;Hk ESihf ta&;tBuD;qk;H vnf;jzpfaMumif;? bk&m;ocif tvdk
awmf&o dS nft h vkyjf zpfaMumif; ,kMH unforl sm;odjrifvmMuNyD; Ekid if t H &yf&yfoYkd omoemjyKapvTwMf u
awmhonf/
odkYESifh tmz&duwkduf? tar&duwkduf? tm&Swkduf? w½kwfjynf? jrefrmjynfESifh uRef;pkrsm;okdY
bk&m;ocif\ omoemawmfa&muf&o dS mG ;onf/ bk&m;ocif\ EIwu f ywfawmf oGm;a&mufra[majym
onfEh ikd if H r&So
d avmufyif jzpfonf/ omoemjyKrsm;onf obm0ab;'Pf (&moDOwkEiS hf a&m*grsK;d pk)H
cH&½ko
H mru vlwYdk\ qefYusiw f u dk cf udk nf O§ ;f qJEydS pf ufjcif; rsK;d pku
H vkd nf; awGUBuKHcpH m;&onf/ bk&m;
ocif\ tjypfcGifhvTwfjcif;udk r,kHMunfrcH,lvkdolrsm;u omoemjyKrsm;tm; ESdyfpufowfjzwfMu
onf/ towfc&H aom omoemjyKrsm;\ ae&mwGif aemufxyfomomejyKvlopfrsm;udk ykYd jyefonf/
aemufqkH;wGif c&pfawmfudk vlwcsKdU ,kHMunfvmonf/ rlqvifrsm;yif bk&m;ocif\tvif;udk
jrif&NyD;c&pfawmfukd ,kMH unfvmMuonf/ urÇmtESEH idk if H tm;vk;H eD;eD;ü ,kMH unforl sm; ,aeY&adS eNyD/

,kHMunfjcif;omoem/
omoemjyKrsm;pGmwkdYonf tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;tMum;ü bk&m;ocif\ trIawmfudkaqmifaepOf
rdcifEkdifiHrS ,kHMunfolrsm;u rSefrSefaxmufyHhMuonf/
(Hudson Taylor) qko d o l nf vlxrH S axmufyahH Mu;udk r,lbJ bk&m;ociftay: vk;H vk;H vsm;
vsm; tm;ukd;touf&Sifvsuf w½kwfjynfodkY omoemjyKtjzpf xGufcGmoGm;cJhonf/ ol\ ,kHMunf
rItwkid ;f vdt k yfcsut f m;vk;H ukd bk&m;ocifrpcJo h nf/ ol\ vkyif ef;rSmvnf; wk;d yGm;BuD;rm; atmifjrif
vmionf/ ESpt f enf;i,ftawmtwGi;f w½kwjf ynfw0ef;vk;H ü omoemjyK&maygif;rsm;pGm &Sv d mNyD;
tm;vk;H ykrH eS af xmufyaHh Mu;r&,lbJ bk&m;ociftay: vk;H vk;H vsm;vsm;tm;ud;k vsuf trIawmfaqmif
cJhMuonf/ ,cktcg tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; xkduJhokdY omoemjyK aeaomtzGJUESifh yk*¾dKvfrsm;pGm
&Sad eNyD/ olwYdkukd (faith missions) ,kMH unfjcif;omoemjyKtzGUJ [k ac:onf/ taMumif;rSm xko d moemjyK
wkdYonf ,kHMunfjcif;jzifh touf&SifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ olwkdYonf vl\ykHrSefaxmufyHhaMu;ukd
rrScD bdk J olwYdk\ vkt d yfcsuu f kd bk&m;ocif\rpjcif;tay: tm;uk;d arQmv f ifMh uaomolrsm; jzpfonf/
xked nf;twkid ;f tmz&duwku d üf ,kMH unfjcif;omoemtzGUJ rsm;pGm vkyaf qmifaeonf/ odYkaomf
tm;vk;H awmh r[kwaf y/ awmiftmz&duodYk oGm;a&mufaom omoemjyKrsm;xJwiG f (Robert Moffat
1795 to 1883) a&mbwfrz dk wfqo dk ol nf EI;d aqmfwu dk wf eG ;f rIaMumifh (David Livigstone) vnf; tmz&d
uwkduf\ omoemjyKwpfa,mufjzpfvmonf/ a&mbwfrkdzwf\ orD;ESifh olvufxyfcJhonf/
ae&ma'owkid ;f wGif c&pfawmfukd u,fwif&iS t f jzpf rodao;olrsm;pGm &Sad eao;onft h wGuf
a';ApfvpfAif;pwke;f onf ae&ma'owpfcw k nf;ü pcef;csaexkid v f pdk wd f r&Sad y/ xkYd aMumifh rnfonfh
Oa&mywku d o f m; wpfpw Hk pfO;D rQ ra&mufz;l ao;onfh tmz&duuke;f wGi;f tv,fyikd ;f odYk ola&S;OD;vSnhf
vnf oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ tmz&duwkdufudk ajcvsifjzifh jzwfavQmufcJh&NyD; a&muf&mae&mwkdif;wGif
u,fwifjcif; {0Ha*vdw&m;udk a[mMum;onf/ tmz&duwku d of Ykd tm&yfvrl sKd;rsm; vma&mufvQuf
vlrsm;ukd zrf;qD;uRejf yKí xku d Rerf sm; qif;&J'u k a© &mufNyD; aoyG0J ifonfukd olojd rifonft h cg tvGef
pdwx f cd udk tf rsufxu G rf o
d nf/
uRefukeful;jcif;udk tpGrf;ukef wkdufzsufzkdY oH"dXmefcsNyD; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ aemufqkH;wGif
uRefukeful;jcif;tvkyf tmz&duwkdufü &yfwefYoGm;cJhonf/
a';ApfvpfAif;pwke;f onf tmz&dutv,fyikd ;f rSmyif uG,v f eG tf edpaö &mufco hJ nf/ ol\ ½kysf
tavmif;udk o,faqmiforl sm;u ]]uREyfk w f Ydktmz&duvlrsK;d udk cspw f hJ ESv;Hk om;}} [k ajymum olUESv;Hk
om;ukd xkw, f Nl yD; tmz&duü jr§KyfEx SH m;vku d o f nf/ ol\ ½kyu f vmyfudk yifv,furf;ajca&mufonfh
wkdifatmif a0;vHonfhc&D;udk &ufaygif;rsm;pGmxrf;&onf/ aemufqkH; oabFmjzifh t*FvefEdkifiHodkY
jyefvnfo,f,lNyD; BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm *kPfjyKoN*dK[fMuonf/
tmz&duwkdufwGif a';ApfvpfAif;pwkef;emrnfudk ,aeYwkdif *kPfjyKav;pm;MuqJyif &Sdao;
onf/ ZrfbD,mEkdifiHwGif NrdKUwpfNrdKUudk vpfAif;pwkef;NrdKU[k *kPfjyKrSnfhac:xm;onf/ xkdNrdKU\
a&wHcGefem;wGif olUukd owd&*kPfjyKonfh ½kyfwkBuD; wnfxm;onf/ tmz&duwkduftwGuf ol
pGefYpm;toufay;í jyKcJhonfh BuD;rm;aom tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udk owd&*kPfjyKEkdif&ef pdkufwljcif;
jzpfonf/
tmz&duodkY a';ApfvpfAif;pwkef;ESifh twlomoemjyKxGufoGm;ol rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ xkdolwkdY
txJwGif (Arnot) tmaemh qkdol wpfa,mufwnf; yg0ifonf/ olonfvnf; tmz&dutv,fykdif;
wpfciG o f Ykd vSnv hf nfNyD; u,fwifjcif; owif;aumif; a[majymcJo h nf/ (Zaire) Zkid , f mEkid if H NrdKUawmf
okdYvnf; ola&mufcJhonf/ tmz&duvlrsKd;rsm;\ bk&m;w&m;a&;? ynma&;? vlrIa&; vdktyfcsuf
tajctaersm;udk tar&duefEikd if o H Ykd pma&;wifjycJo h nfh twGuaf Mumifh tmz&duodYk omoemjyKrsm;
pGm apvTwfvmMuonf/ ,cktcg ola&mufcJhaom ae&ma'owkdif;wGif ausmif;ESifhtoif;awmf &Sd
aeonf/ ,aeY tmz&duEkdifiHwGifomoemjyKr&Sdaom EkdifiH[lí r&Sdawmhacs/ tmz&duwkdufukd
wpfcsed u f (The Dark Continent) tarSmifwu dk [ f k ac:cJo h nf/ xko d Ydkac:&jcif;rSm bk&m;w&m;udk odaom
olr&So d avmuf &Sm;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ odYk aomf ,aeYtmz&duwku d wf iG f bk&m;ocifukd odaom
olrsm;rSm vlrsm;pk jzpfaeNyD/ tmz&du wpfwkdufvkH; omoemtvif;xGef;vif;aeNyD/

rSm;,Gif;onfh omoem/
tmz&duwkdufodkY a&S;OD;omoem a&mufcJhpOfu ppfrSefonfh u,fwifjcif;w&m; a[mMum;
onft h wGuf vlrsm;pGm u,fwifjcif;&&Scd pH m;Mu&onf/ odYkaomf umva&TUavsmv h monft h cg tmz&d
uokdY a&muf&Sdvmaom omoemjyKrsm;\ a[mMum;csufvnf; vGJacsmfrSm;,Gif;vmonf/
olwYdk u . . . ]]or®musrf;onf tuket f pifrrSeaf Mumif;? a,½Ic&pfonf bk&m;pifppfr[kwf
aMumif;? ol\ taocHjcif;tm;jzifh vlrsm;u,fwifjcif;r&EkdifaMumif;? i&Jvkdae&mrsKd; r&SdaMumif;}}
ponfh trSm;rsm;pGmukd oGefoifMu\/
tcsKUd u tmz&duwku d o
f m;rsm;ukd ynmoifay;jcif;? ,Ofaus;odraf rGUatmif oifay;&rnf[k
om &nf&G,fkNyD; tmz&duodkY vma&mufjcif;jzpfonf/ þomoemjyKrsm;onf olwkdYudk,fwkdifyif
u,fwifjcif; rcHpm;&ao;onfhtwGuf tjcm;olrsm;udk u,fwifjcif;&atmifenf;rjyEkdifacs/
xkYd aMumifh ,cktcg tmz&duwku d w
f iG f vlajrmufjrm;pGmrSm u,fwifjcif; rcHpm;&ao;vJ rdru d ,
dk u
f dk
c&pf,mef[k xifjrifajymqkad eMuonf/ olwYdktoufwmudk Munfjh cif;jzifh olwYdku,fwifjcif;r&ao;
aMumif; odomxif&Sm;ygonf/
olwYdkonf we*FaEGaeYwiG f toif;awmf0wfjyKpnf;a0;wufjcif;? AwdZÅ cH jH cif;? yGaJ wmfpm;jcif;?
tvSLaiGxnfhjcif; jyKaomfvnf; avmuom;rsm;enf;wl aomufpm;rl;,pfjcif; uyGJoGm;jcif;jzifh
toufwmESprf sK;d &Siaf eMuonf/ olwYdkonf u,fwifjcif;r&í ppfreS af om c&pf,mefrjzpfao;aMumif;
cGjJ cm;odEidk yf gonf/
avmuDvo l m;rsm; u,fwif&iS b f &k m;ukd rodbJ tjypfarSmifü touf&iS af ejcif;rSm tvGe0f rf;
enf;zG,fjzpfygonf/
odkYaomf u,fwif&Sifbk&m;udkrodbJ rdrdudk,fudk c&pf,mefxifNyD; pdwfcsaeolu ydkíydkí
0rf;enf;zG,af umif;ygonf/ xkd pdwcf sro I nf vludk vSnjhf zm;onfph mwef\ vSnu hf u
G w
f pfcjk zpfonf/
vlukd bmomw&m;jzifh zk;H vTr;f auseyfEpS o f rd ahf pjcif;onf pmwef\ vdrrf maom vSnphf m;rIjzpfonf/
wu,fawmh bmomw&m;tay: ,kHMunfpdwfcsaejcif;onf u,fwifjcif;r&Ekdifyg/

bk&m;ocif aumif;BuD;ay;aom pmayvkyfief;/

omoemhvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk uREkfyfwkdYzwf½IavhvmcJh&NyD/ ,ckusrf;pmtoif;rsm;ESifh pmayt
aMumif; zwf½IqifjcifMuygpdkY/
vlom;wkdYtm; bk&m;ocifu EIwfuywfawmf ay;xm;onf/ EIwfuywf awmfa&;om;
xm;onfh pmtkyfudk usrf;pm[k ac:onf/ usrf;pmudk vlom;rwsm; zwf½INyD; bk&m;ppf? w&m;ppf
odjrif,kHMunfzkdY bk&m;ocif tvkdawmf&Sdonf/ bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywfawmfonf vlom;wkdY\
tvif;jzpf\/ EIwfuywfawmf zwf½Ijcif;tm;jzifh avmuarSmifrkdufrS xGufajrmuf&mvrf;udk odjrif
vmEkid o f nf/
c&pf,mefwidk ;f ud, k yf idk f usrf;pmtkyx f m;&SNd yD; zwf½?I ,kMH unf? vku d af vQmuf&rnf/ ,kMH unf
olrsm;udk oGefoifvrf;jyzkdY vla&;aom tjcm;pmtkyfrsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf/ Oyrm-,ck oifudkif
aqmifzwf½Iaeaom pmtkyfonf vla&;onfh pmtkyfrsm;xJwGif wpftkyfjzpfonf/
tmz&duwku d o f Ykd omoemjyK rvma&mufcifu tmz&duwku d o f m;wkYd onf pmtkypf mayr&S?d
ra&;wwf? rzwfwwfMuay/ tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;vnf; tmz&duwkdufuJhodkYyif ESdrfhuscJhbl;onf/ ,ck
tmz&duwkduftaMumif; qufpOf;pm;MuygpkdY/
tmz&duwku d o f Ydk yxrOD;qk;H a&muf&v dS monfh omoemjyKrsm;onf bmomjyeftaxmuftul
r&S?d pmtkypf mayr&Sbd J tmz&duvlrsK;d pkrsm;\ pum;udk cufcufccJ J oif,al vhvmMu&onf/ oif,l
avhvmNyD;aompum;udk pmtkyjf zpfatmif a&;om;xkwaf 0&onf/ NyD;aemuf tmz&du vlrsKd;pkrsm;ukd
olwYdk pum; a&;wwf? zwfwwfatmif oifay;&onf/ okYd ro S m olwYdk pmwwfvmrnf/ wkid ;f &if;om;
pum;ESihf pmtkypf may xkwaf 0ay;&onf/ pmoifausmif; xlaxmifNyD; pmwwfatmif oifay;&onf/
ta&;BuD;qk;H ? tvkt d yfq;Hk uawmh or®musrf;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;onf 0dnmOfpum;vnf;
jzpf? tvGefBuD;rm;aom pmtkyfvnf;jzpfjcif;aMumifh or®musrf;udk bmomjyef&onfhtvkyfrSmvnf;
tvGecf ufcMJ um&Smaom tvkyjf zpfonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh c&pf0ifusr;f pmapmifrsm;udk a&S;OD;pGm bmom
jyefNyD; wpfapmifcsi;f xkwaf 0&onf/ wpfapmifNyD;wpfapmif xkwaf 0NyD;rS "r®usr;f tjzpf wpftyk w f nf;
pkaygif; xkwv f u
dk o
f nf/ xkYdaemuf "r®a[mif;usr;f udk bmomjyefxw k af 0&onf/ wpfcsed w f nf;rSmyif
a[majymjcif;? oGefoifjcif;? vlrrm;rsm;udk Munfh½IjyKpkjcif;ESifh pmaywwfajrmufa&; vkyfief;rsm;ukd
vkyf&onf/ xkdYaMumifh "r®a[mif;usrf;wpftkyfvkH;NyD;zkdY ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm Mumonf/
tmz&duwku d o f m; tawmfrsm;rsm;u or®musr;f wpftyk v f ;Hk udk jrefjrefrxkw&f aumif;vm;[k
omoemjyKrsm;ukd jypfwifMuonf/ wu,fawmh tvsiftjrefbmomjyef NyD;pD;cJhygonf/ ,cktcg
tmz&duvlrsKd ;pk tawmfrsm;rsm;ü olwYdkvrl sK;d pkbmompum;ESihf or®musr;f wpftyk v f ;Hk zwf½cI iG &hf aeNyD;
usrf;pmbmom jyefjcif;udk vlwkdif;rvkyfEkdif? rvkyfwwfMuyg/ bk&m;ocifa&G;aumufaomolom
vkyfEkdifygonf/ pmay ykHESdyfjzefYcsdjcif;vkyfief;udk qufavhvmMuygpkdY/

usrf;pmtoif;\ ta&;BuD;ykH/
pmayykHESdyfjzefYcsdonfh vkyfief;onf tvGefBuD;rm;aom vkyfief;wpfckjzpfonf/ pmtkyfykHESdyf
jcif;vkyif ef;onf vlxifonfxuf aiGaMu;rsm;pGm &if;ES;D ukeu f s&onf/ Oyrm "r®opfusrf;wpftyk f
udk ykHESdyfonf qkdygpkdY/ wpftkyf 150 usyf ukefusvQif tkyfa& 5000 twGuf usyf 750000 ukefus
vdrrhf nf/ or®musr;f wpftyk v f ;Hk udk ykEH ydS &f ygu tb,frQavmuf aiGuek af Mu;usrsm;rnfenf;/ omo
emjyKrsm;ukd,fwkdifusrf;pm xkwfa0&ygu rnfolrQ usrf;pmzwf&rnf r[kwfawmhay/
xkYdaMumifh usr;f pmtoif;rsm; (Bible Societies) udk t*FvefEidk if ?H tar&duefEikd if EH iS hf tjcm;Ekid f
iHrsm;wGif bk&m;ocifu ay:aygufaponf/ usrf;pmtoif;BuD;rsm;u bmomjyefolrsm;xHrS ykHESdyf
cGifhawmif;cHjcif;? bk&m;ocifudk cspfaomolrsm;xHrS tvSLaiGaumufcHjcif;jzifh ykHESdyfp&dwfrsm;ay;acs
vsuf or®musr;f rsm;udk ykEH ydS Nf yD; Ekid if t
H oD;oD;odYk jyefvnfyYkday;vkud o
f nf/ omoemjyKrsm;u vufcH
vsuf a'ocHrsm;odYk ukeu f sp&dww f efz;kd xuf rsm;pGmavsmNh yD; a&Mif;&onf/ odYkro
S m usr;f pmudk vlwidk ;f
0,f,zl wf½EI idk of nf/
usrf;pmtoif;BuD;rsm;tm;jzifh vlom;rsm;udk aus;Zl;jyKcJah om bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfukd
csD;rGrf;a&wGufí rukefEkdifyg/
"r®opfusrf;ESifh or®musrf; a&mif;&aiGudk rnfokdY tokH;csrnfenf;/
usrf;pma&mif;&jcif;rS tjrwfaiG r&yg/
usrf;pm a&mif;&jcif;rS &aomaiGukd yxrOD;qk;H usrf;pm o,f,yl Ykd aqmifa&; p&dwu f kd ay;acs
&onf/ usefaiGurkd S ukeu f sp&dwx f J jyefxnf&h onf/ omoemjyKrsm;u aiGtjrwfr&yg/ olwYdk u, kd f
wkid yf if zwfrnfu h srf;pmtkyu f kd olwYkd 0,f,&l onf/ usrf;pmtoif;BuD;onf a&mif;orQ usrf;pmtkyf
wGif aiGt½IH;ay:onf/ usrf;pmtoif;BuD;rsm; qufvufNyD; usrf;pm ykHESdyfEkdifjcif;rSm bk&m;ocifudk
cspfaom ,kHMunfolrsm;\ ay;vSLjcif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/

wHcg;ydwfEkdifiHwGif;odkY pmayESifh a&'D,dkjzifh 0ifjcif;/

omoemjyKrsm;udk vufrcHbJ wHcg;ydwaf om Ekid if rH sm;pGm &Syd gao;onf/ uGejf rLepfEidk if rH sm;?
rlqvifEkdifiHrsm;? [dE´Ludk;uG,fonfh eDaygvfEkdifiHrsm;wGif vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh? u,fwif&Sif
a,½Ibk&m;taMumif; a[majym,kHMunfcGifh r&Sdacs/ uGefjrLepf ½k&Sm;EkdifiHqkdvQif bmomw&m;udk
tvGefrkef;wD; ESdyfuGyfxm;onf/ u,fwifjcif;w&m; ,kHMunfa[majymolrsm;udk tvGefat;onfh
vGifwD;acgift&yfodkY ydkYNyD;tvkyfMurf;vkyfaponf/ c&pfawmudk cspfaomolrsm;pGm ESdyfpufn§if;yef;
towfc&H onf/
c&pf,mefrsm; n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufcH&jcif;onf olwkdY\ ,kHMunfjcif;ukd pifMu,fppfrSef Ekd;Mum;
wuf<uvmatmif vkyaf qmif&ma&mufonf/ u,fwifjcif; ysUH ESUH zkYd taumif;qk;H enf;vnf; jzpfonf/
wpfcsed u f uGejf rLepf w½kwEf idk if w
H iG v
f nf; omoemjyKrsm;udk ESyd u
f yG Ef iS x
f w
k cf o
hJ nf/ ,kMH unf
ol c&pf,mefrsm;onfvnf; ESyd pf ufni§ ;f yef;cH&onf/ olwYdku omoemjyKrsm;udk axmufvrS ;f a&;[k
xifrwS pf yG pf MJG uonf/ omoemjyKrsm;r&Sv d Qif c&pf,mefomoemvnf; arS;rSed af ysmufu, G o
f mG ;rnf[k
xifjrif,lqMuonf/ odkYaomf olwkdYxifovkd rjzpfbJ ,aeY w½kwfjynfwGif ,kHMunfolrsm;pGm
n§Of;yef;ESdyfuGyfcHvsufyif wkd;yGm;ysHUESHYvsuf&Sdonf/
 eDaygvfEikd if EH iS hf rlqvifEidk if w H Ydk wiG f c&pfawmfukd ,kMH unfvmolwYdk onf tvkyjf zKwfc&H jcif;?
axmifusjcif;? rdom;pkaqGrsKd;rsm;u 0kdif;MuOfjcif;cH&vsufyif wkd;yGm;vsuf&Sdonf/
tdE, ´d Edik if w
H iG f c&pf,mefomoemudk qefYusiyf w d yf ifrrI sm; &Sad omfvnf; bk&m;ocifukd cspNf yD;
u,fwifjcif;w&m;a[mMum;olrsm; &Sdaeonf/
pydefEdkifiHwGif tpkd;&u c&pf,mefrsm;tm; u,fwifjcif;taMumif; vlxka&SUwGif a[mMum;
oufaocHciG rhf ay;yg/ tjcm;vlwpfO;D tm; c&pfawmftaMumif; a[majymonfjzpfap? Mum;emzkYd ac:
zdwfonf jzpfap zrf;qD;'PfaiG½kdufjcif; cH&onf/ c&pf,mefrsm;udk rw&m;pD&if ESdyfuGyfMuonf/
odkYyifjzpfjim;aomf pydefEdkifiHwGif ,kHMunfolvlpkrsm; ay:xGufwkd;yGm;vsuf&Sdonf/ pydefEkdifiHwGif;odkY
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS a&'D,kdESifh pmayjzifh u,fwifjcif;w&m; a[mMum;jcif;aMumifh pmayjzifh u,fwif
jcif;w&m; a[mMum;jcif;aMumifh vlrsm;pGmMum;odajymif;vJvmMuonf/ rMumcifu c&pf,mefrsm;tm;
vGwfvyfpGm ukd;uG,fcGifhudk pydeftpdk;&u wkd;ay;vmonf/
awmiftar&duwku d wf iG f a&mrumodv k yd f toif;awmfonf ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm BuD;pk;d vmcJo
h nf/
xkdt&yfodkY omoemjyKrsm;pGm oGm;a&mufjcif;aMumifh vlrsm;pGm u,fwifjcif;w&m;Mum;&NyD; ajymif;
vJoGm;onf/ b&mZD;vf EkdifiH? tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiHrsm;wGif vlrsm;pGm ajymif;vJNyD; c&pf,mefjzpfvm
onf/ odkYaomf udkvHbD,mEkdifiHwGifrl c&pf,mefrsm; n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufowfjzwfjcif; cH&qJ&Sdonf/
bk&m;&Scd ;dk ausmif;rsm; rD;½IYdzsuq f ;D cH&onf/ c&pf,mefjzpforl sm;rSm rw&m;pGypf pJG &D ifc&H onf/ odYkaomf
tpd;k &u xkrd w&m;rIrsm;ukd &yfwefYatmif rpGr;f aqmifay;acs/ taMumif;rSm tpk;d &tmPmydik w f Ydkonf
umokv d yd rf sm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh c&pf,mefrsm;udk t,lvo JG rl sm;jzpfonf[k xifrw S Mf uonf/ þodYkcufcJ
onfh EkdifiHrsm;twGif;okdY pmtkyfpmapmifESifh a&'D,kdtm;jzifhom omoemjyKEkdifonfh tcGifh&Sdonf/
pmwef\ wm;qD;ESyd u f yG jf cif;Mum;u vltrsm; c&pfawmfukd ,kMH unfajymif;vJvmMuonf/ Ekid if aH wmf
tpk;d &uvnf; tMurf;zwfjcif;jzifh ratmifjrifaMumif; awGUjrifvmNyD; vufavsmhvsuf vGwv f yfpmG
udk;uG,fcGifhjyKvmonf/

qkawmif;jcif; urÇm/
c&pfawmftwGif; ESdyfuGyfjcif;cH&olrsm;udk owd&vsuf olwkdY\ ,kHMunfjcif;ckdifNrJwkd;yGm;
vmatmif uREkfyfwkdY qkawmif;ay;oifhonf/
c&pf,mefrsm;ukd qD;wm;ESyd u
f yG o
f rl sm;twGuv f nf; uREyfk w f Ydk qkawmif;ay;zkYdvo
dk nf/ ppfreS f
aom bk&m;ppfreS af om w&m;udk olwYdkawGYjrifvmzkYd qkawmif;ay;&rnf/ jynforl sm;tm; vGwv f yfpmG
udk;uG,fcGifhESifh w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD tkyfcsKyfEkdif&ef tpdk;&rif;twGufvnf; qkawmif;ay;&rnf/
xkYd jyif rdrt
d wGuvf nf; qkawmif;&rnf/ uREkyf w f Ydk c&pf,mefta,mufwidk ;f omoemjyKrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ rdrdonf c&pfawmf\ oufaocHjzpfaMumif; rarhtyfay/ olwpfyg;tm; c&pfawmf\
u,fwifjcif;ESifh tjypfvTwfjcif; arwÅmtaMumif;udk oufaocHajymMum;ae&onf/
 BuD;rm;aumif;jrwfaom bk&m;ocif\ arwÅmawmftaMumif;onf a[maumif;aom owif;
aumif;wpfy'dk f jzpfonft
h wGuaf Mumifh ra[mrajymbJ aeygu uREyfk w f Ydktay: tr*Fvmua&mufvm
rnf/ qD;wm;ydwfyifol tay:vnf; usdefjcif;tr*Fvm usa&mufvdrfhrnf/
bk&m;ocif\ arwÅmESit hf jypfvw
T jf cif;taMumif; a[mMum;onfh {0Ha*vdEiS hf omoemjyKvyk f
ief;onf bk&m;ocifu uREkyf w f Ydk tm; ay;xm;aom wm0efEiS hf tcGit
hf a&; jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\
om;orD;wkdif; a[majymzkdY wm0ef&Sdonf/ a[mydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ a[mrSrSefonf/ 'gaMumifh a[mukd
a[m&rnf/
þacwftoif;awmf\ tajctaeudk Asm 3;7-13 wGif zwf½IawGUjrifEkdifonf/

toif;awmfacwf ed*kH;
The Close of the Church-age Zoo
vGefcJhaom ESpf 2000 cefYu yifawukawÅaeY rSpí toif;awmf ay:aygufpwifvmcJhykHudk
uREyfk w
f Ydk zwf½aI wGUjrifcNhJ yD/ xkt
d csed rf pS wifNyD; toif;awmfukd zsuq
f ;D &ef pmwefu BudKpm;vkyaf qmif
cJhykHudkvnf; zwf½IawGUjrifcJh&onf/ pmwefu rnfuJhodkYyif qD;wm;ESdyfuGyfwkdufckdufzsufqD;aomf
vnf; bk&m;ocif\ wefckd;uk ausmfvGefatmifjrifEkdifpGrf;r&SdaMumif; awGUjrif&onf/ þ&Snfvsm;
aom wkdufyGJrnfuJhodkY tqkH;owfrnfenf;/
toif;awmfacwf xm0&wnfvdrfhrnf r[kwf[k usrf;pmü ajymxm;onf/ rMumrD toif;
awmfacwf ukefqkH;awmhrnf/

vlwkdif;udk u,fwifjcif;owif;ajymyg/
,ck tcsed t
f cgonf urÇmv h ol m;wkid ;f tm; u,fwif&iS af ,½Ic&pfukd ,kMH unftm;ud;k zkYd bk&m;
ocif ac:zdwfaecsdefjzpfonf/
c&pfawmfudk ,kMH unfvufco H rQaom olwYdk onf bk&m;ociftm;jzifh topfarG;zGm;jcif;&NyD;
c&pfawmf\ toif;awmfü wnf&Sdvmonf/
,cktcg ,cifacwfrsm;xufyif vlrsm;pGmusr;f pmudk zwf½aI vhvmcGi&hf NyD; bk&m;rSe?f w&m;rSef
udk odjrifvmMuNyD/ odYkaomf c&pf,mefEidk if [
H k ac:aom e,fajra'orsm;wGif vlrsm;pGmrSm c&pfawmfudk
rodMuNyD/ odkYaomf c&pf,mefEkdifiH[k ac:aom e,fajra'orsm;wGif vlrsm;pGmrSm c&pfawmfudk rod
Muao;ay/ xkdolwkdYtm; toif;awmfacwf ukefqkH;csdeftxd c&pfawmf\ u,fwifjcif;owif;
qufvufa[mMum;oufaocHae&OD;rnf/

vlom;rsm; ydkqkd;vmrnf/
or®mw&m;udk pmwefu qufvufq;D wm; wku
d cf u
dk rf rI sm; jyif;xefw;dk yGm;vmOD;rnf/ olu
vlrsm;udk rSm;,Gi;f aom oGeo f ifcsufrsm;jzifh vrf;vTaJ pOD;rnf/ ta,miftaqmifEiS hf vlq;dk rsm;onf
vnf; wkd;í wkd;í qkd;oGrf;Muvdrfhrnf/ (2 wd 3;13)/
rSm;,Gif;onfh w&m;udk oGefoifaom q&mrsm;onfvnf; vlrsm;ukd ysufpD;jcif;xJokdY jzm;
a,mif;vrf;vGaJ ponf/ wpfcsed u f u,fwifjcif;w&m;ukd odNyD;olrsm;yifvQif azmufjyefNyD; jyefvnf
pGefYypfqefYusifvmMuvdrfhrnf/ (2 ouf 2;3)/
urÇmwpfckvkH; ajymif;vJaumif;rGefvmrnfr[kwf/ qdk;onfxuf qkd;npfvmrnf/ bk&j;
w&m; arhavsmhausmckid ;f vmMurnf/ ppfreS af om c&pf,mefrsm;yifvQif pdwEf v S ;Hk rylrat; jzpfvmMu
vdrrhf nf/ ½kyyf pön;f ydik ;f wk;d wufqef;jym;vmjcif;aMumifh vlrsm;wkYd onf Opömpnf;pdru f kd ydí
k ydí
k ruf
arm,pfrl;vmMuonf/ a,½Ic&pf\ w&m;awmftwkdif; vkdufavQmufzkdY rvG,fbJ ykdí ydkí cufcJ
vmrnf/

bk&m; w&m;a&;ü avsmh&Jrnf/

bk&m; w&m;a&;ü ,kHMunfolyifvQif pdwfESvkH;rylrat;jzpfrnf[k usrf;pmu Asm'dwfay;
xm;onf/
xkYd aMumifh b,favmufyif tzk;d tc ay;&ay;& c&pfawmftay: opömapmifo h ad om ,kMH unf
jcif; ckdifcHh&ef qufuyfqkawmif;zkdY vkdygrnf/ c&pfawmftm; t<uif;rJh cspfEkdifaom a&S;OD;arwÅm &SdzdkY
vkrd nf/
toif;awmf\ ed*kH;xJ ,ck uREkfyfwkdY a&muf&Sdaeonfudk rsufarSmufxifxif jrifae&NyD/
toif;awmfacwf ed*kH;onf rnfrQtcsdefusefaeao;ovJ/ odkYr[kwf b,faeY ukefqkH;rvJ
qko
d nfukd uREyfk w f Ydk rod&yg/ odYk aomf toif;awmfacwf ukeq f ;Hk aeonfh vu©Pmawmh rsu0f g;xif
xif jrifae&NyD/ uREkfyfwkdY xifxmxuf eD;uyfapmpD; vQifjrefpGm ukefqkH;aeNyD/
toif;awmfacwf rnfuo hJ Ykd ed*;Hk csKyfrnfudk uREkyf w
f Ydk tm; usrf;pmu twdtus wifBudKajym
xm;ygonf/ (1 ouf 4;13-18)/ aovGeNf yD;aom axmifaomif;rsm;pGmaom c&pf,mefwYdk\ ½kycf E¨m
onf ocsKØi;f xJü &Sad omfvnf; olwYdk \ 0dnmOfrmS ocifb&k m;ESit hf wl y&d'o
d b
k üHk &So
d nf/ 0dnmP
cE¨mjzifh jyef&SifrnfhaeYudk apmifhaeMuonf/

a,½Ic&pf <uvmawmhrnf/
rMumrD toif;awmfudk csDaqmifodrf;qnf;&ef t&Sifa,½Ic&pf <uvmawmhrnf/
ppfrSefaom ,kHMunfoltm;vkH;udk txHawmfodkY odrf;qnf;rnf/ a&S;OD;pGm aovGefNyD;aom
,kHMunfolrsm;onf rtdk? rem? raoEkdifaom 0dnmPcE¨mopfjzifh jyef&SifvmMurnf (zd 3;21/ 1
aum 15;51-58)/
 raoao;bJ touf&Sifusefaeaom ,kHMunfolrsm;onfvnf; wrk[kwfcsif; 0dnmPcE¨m
ajymif;NyD; c&pfawmfuo hJ Ykd jzpfMuvdrrhf nf/ odYkjzpfNyD;rS toif;awmfwpfcv k ;Hk aumif;uifboHk Ykd csaD qmif
odrf;qnf;oGm;vdrfhrnf/ þt&mtm;vkH; rsufpdwpfrSdwf? vQyfwpfjyuftwGif; jzpfrnf/ ppfrSefaom
c&pf,meftm;vkH; urÇmavmurS vQyfwpfjyuftwGif; aysmufuG,foGm;Muvdrfhrnf/
uREyfk w
f Ydkukd cspNf yD; taocHonft h &Siu f kd uREyfk w
f YdkawGUjrifaomaeYwiG f tb,frQ tHMh o0rf;om
rnfenf;/ uREyfk w f Ydkonf ud, k af wmfEiS hf wlonfukd awGU&onft h cg tb,frQ yDwad omreó jzpfrnf
enf;/
toif;awmfacwf aemufyikd ;f wGif bmjzpfrnfukd þpmtkyüf qufajymzkYd r&nf&, G yf g/ odYkaomf
tenf;tusO;f wifjyygrnf/ ,kMH unforl sm; csaD xmiford ;f qnf;jcif;xJ ygoGm;NyD;aemuf urÇmajrBuD;
ay:wGif BuD;pGmaom qif;&J'u k c© &H rnft
h csed f a&mufvmvdrrhf nf/ ab;'PfBuD;jzpfNyD;aemuf t&Siaf ,½I
onf aumif;uifrS bkef;wefckd;jzifh <uqif;vmonfukd wpfavmuvkH; awGUjrifMu&vdrfhrnf/

r,kHMunfolrsm; pD&ifcH&vdrfhrnf/
ukd,fawmfonf r,kHMunfolrsm;udk pD&if&efESifh avmuwGif bk&iftjzpf tkyfpkd;&ef <uvm
vdrfhrnf/ xkdtcg urÇmol urÇmom;rsm; Nidrfoufjcif;ESifh aumif;BuD;cHpm;&vdrfhrnf/ udk,fawmfjyef
<uvmonftcg toif;awmfvnf; ud, k af wmfEiS hf twl vku
d yf gvmNyD; urÇmavmuBuD;ukd tkypf ;dk rnf/
ydkrdkodvdkygu or®musrf;wGif zwf½Iavhvmyg/
uk, d af wmfEiS hf jyefawGUonfah eYwiG f t&mtm;vk;H udk uREyfk w
f Ydk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; awGUjrifvmMu
vdrfhrnf/ ,ck uREkfyfwkdYrodao;aom t&mrsm;pGm &Sdygao;onf/
xkdYaMumifh igcspfaom nDtpfudkwkdY? oifwkdYonf ocifbk&m;\ trIawmfudk aqmif&Gufí
tusKd;BuD;onfukd odrSwfojzifh wnfMunfaompdwfESifh jynfhpkHí ra&GUavsmh? rwdrf;,drf;bJvsuf?
ocifbk&m;\ trIawmfudk BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuavmh (1 aum 15;58)/

trSwfr[kwfaom ajymqkdcsuf
wpfOD;wnf;aom om;av . . . &SpfESpfajrmuf (8-10-1985) \ arG;aeYtwGufESifh . . .
uG,fvGefcJhaom rdbrsm; jzpfonfh OD;azmf,l;cg;? a':vZGefcGef'GJwkdY atmufarhowd&jcif;ESifh
uREkfyf\ uavmifudk jyefí &Sifjyefxajrmufapjcif; jzpfonf/