TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

Introduction

• A Power Transformer is a vital link in a power transmission

system and impact of a transformer fault is more serious
than a transmission line outage.

• Following are important.

• High quality transformer.
• Operating the transformer within specified limits of
temperature and voltage.
• Proper checking and maintaining OLTC.
• Providing suitable protective relays and monitoring devices.
Insulation Breakdown
Main causes of this are
• Aging of insulation due to over temperature during long time.
• Contaminated oil.
• Corona discharges in the insulation.
• Transient overvoltages due to thunderstorms or switching
in the network.
• Current forces on the windings due to external faults with
high current.

Aging of Insulation
• Aging of insulation is a function of time and temperature.
• Part of the winding operated at highest temperature undergoes
greatest deterioration.
• Improved cooling of transformer helps avoid accelerated
aging of the insulation.
Overheating due to overexcitation

• The overexcited transformer flux is forced through metal tank

and other unlaminated parts of the transformer and result in
heating up.

• Curve shows IEEE general guide for permissible short time

over excitation.
• To get correct representation V/Hz relay should be connected
to PT measuring voltage of an untapped transformer winding.

Oil contamination and leakage

• Quality of oil should be checked to ensure dielectric strength
at site.

• Silica get breather helps avoid moisture.

• Oil level monitored to avoid breakdown of insulation.

Fundamental of differential protection

Basic consideration

Type of transformer

Vector

Requirement of CT

Type of differential
Fundamental of differential
protectionBasic
consideration
TYPE of transformer

Generator transformer

Sub station transformer

Furnace transformer

Rectifier transformer
Fundamental of differential
protection
Basic
consideration
Vector

Phase shift
Fundamental of differential
protection
Basic
consideration
CT
Ratio

Class

Polarity

Connection
Fundamental of differential
protection Types of differential
High impedance differential::Here a high
impedance is added to relay circuit to prevent relay
operation due to CT saturation under through fault
conditions.This is very sensitive and fast operating for
internal faults.
Biased differential :Here the operation depends
upon differential current exceeding the bias current.
The bias characteristics is variable so that it is
applicable to a wide variation in transformer design
and configuration. This bias slope is set to stabilize
The protection for small differential currents,which
flow due to tap changer variation and CT tolerance
under through fault conditions.
Harmonic restraint
Harmonics present in transformer charging in rush current
Reduced Cooling

• Forced cooling systems should be supervised to get alarm.

• Oil temperature should be watched and appropriate action
taken if transformer gets overheated.
Under Impedance Relay

• Overcurrent relays are not suitable for system transformer

connecting two networks or in networks with a large difference
between maximum and minimum short-circuit fault MVA.
• Under impedance relay used should be having same reach
for two and three phase faults.

Harmonic Restraint Overcurrent

Relay
• Overcurrent relay with second harmonic restraint can be
used which will be stable for magnetizing inrush.
Ground Fault Protection

• Low impedance residual overcurrent relays or harmonic

restraint overcurrent relays can be connected according
to connection A.
• Should be delayed to give chance for other protections in
the network to operate.
• They act as slow back up for transformer differential relays.
High Impedance Restricted Earth fault
Relay

• Provides sensitive high speed restraint protection.

• Vk > 2 Us.
• CT’s should be dedicated and having identical turns ratio.
• The combination of relays on the same CT core should be
avoided.
• Due to impedance of REF relay differential relay may not
get enough current for operation for a phase-ground fault.
• Non-linear resistors should be connected in parallel with
high impedance relay. This reduces the high peak voltage
which can be developed during an internal fault.
• The interconnected secondary circuit of the CT should be
grounded at only one point.
 Overexcitation
Protection

• Overexcited transformers become overheated and damaged.

• V/Hz overexcitation relay is required for transformers which

may be operated at too high voltage or low frequency.

• Especially GT can be overexcited during acceleration and

deceleration of turbine.

• Ratio should not exceed 1.1 times the ratio of rated voltage
and frequency of the transformer.
Monitors

• Monitors are very important devices which detect faults and

abnormal service conditions which may develop into fault.

Gas Detector
Relay
• During fault, arching occurs releasing gas.

• Gas collected in alarm device gives alarm.

• Can detect a slowly developing fault before it becomes

more serious.
• Trip devices responds to the high flow of oil which occurs
during the sudden occurrence of a serious fault.
Temperature Monitoring

• Transformer can stand short time overload upto

1.5 times the rated.

• Overcurrent relays cannot be used for overload monitoring

as they have to be set above the set short time overload.

• Oil temperature and winding temperature therefore

provide better monitoring.

• Static thermal relays with characteristic matching can

also be used.

• Other devices used include

• Pressure relay for OLTC
• Oil level monitor
• Silica gel dehydrating breather.
Fault Currents

• The reactance decreases rapidly for fault close to neutral.

• Primary fault current for ground fault between 0-40% from

neutral is below 1.5In and therefore O/C relay will not be
able to detect this.

• Primary current is approximately proportional to square

of the short circuited fraction of the winding.
Turn-to-turn Faults

• Turn to turn faults between a few turns is difficult to detect

by current measuring relays. Fault current is of the order of
rated current when 2 to 4% of the turns are short circuited.

• The current in the short circuited loop is high (50-100 times In)
and causes local damage and release of gas.

• Therefore rate of rise of pressure relay may detect this fault.

Protective Relays Used

Protective relays limit the damage in case of fault and monitors

to prevent the fault. Therefore fast and reliable protective relays
should be used.

Normal protections used are

For transformers larger than 5 MVA Transformers smaller than 5 MVA

• Gas detector relay (Buchholz) - Gas detector relay (Buchholz)

• Overload protection (thermal relays - Overload protection

or temperature monitoring relays) - Overcurrent protection
• Overcurrent protection - Ground fault protection
• Ground fault protection
• Differential protection
• Pressure relay for tap-changer compartment
• Oil level monitor
Differential Relay
• The protective zone of a Differential relay includes faults in
transformer, faults on Buses or cables between the CT and
transformer. Therefore it has a large protective zone than a
gas detector relay.
• A transformer differential relay must be able to cope with the
following conditions.
1. Magnetizing inrush current:
This is developed when voltage is returning to normal after a
line fault and depends on
- The size of the power transformer
- The source impedance
- The magnetic properties of the core material
- The remanence of the core
- The moment when the transformer is switched in
The magnitude can be 5-10 times the rated current when switching
is done on outer winding of the transformer and 10-20 times rated
current when done on the inner winding.
• Damping of inrush current depends on total resistance of
source network and lasts for few seconds.

• Inrush can also develop in an energized transformer when

a parallel transformer is switched. (The damping of the
combined inrush current will then be less than normal and
inrush may last for several minutes)

• 2nd harmonic restraint prevents unwanted operation

of the relay due to inrush is prevented.
Inrush current test
2. Normal service:
• Differential current flows due to excitation current of transformer,
ratio errors in CT and predominantly due to position of tap changer.
• A setting 15% higher than mismatch is usual.

3. Internal Faults:
• Operating time of typical differential relay(ABB RADSB relay ) for a
fault current of 5 times the rated current is 27ms.

• Unrestrained operation circuit to speed up the operation for

a high fault current 8ms at 10 times the set operating current.
Recommended Setting for Unrestrained Operation:

Power Rated Power Recommended setting

Transformer *In when energizing from
Connection (1)
HV Side LV Side
<10 MVA 20 10
Yy 10-100 MVA 13 13
Yy >100 MVA 8 8
Yd - 13 13
Dy <100 MVA 13 20
Dy >100 MVA 8 13

Setting of 20*In required when large through fault currents can

saturate the CTs and causes a large differential current for 1 & 1/2
CB arrangement.
4. External Faults:

• For faults outside the protective zone of the relay a relatively large
differential current can occur due to position of the tap changer and
differences between the CTs.

• The differential relay should not operate for this differential current.

• The differential relays are provided with a through-fault restraint

circuit which makes the relay operate for a certain % differential

current related to the current through the transformer.

Restraint characteristic
Use of Auxiliary CTs:

• Aux. CTs of Y are required even for YY transformer to prevent

any operation of relay for external ground fault.

• For Y Power transformer, aux. CTs are required for balancing

of currents and for correction of phase angles.

• Aux CTs are recommended on all sides of the transformer so that

same time is taken for saturation for all the inputs.

• Connection of aux. CTs will depend on the connection of the

Power transformer.
Differential Protection for Auto-transformers:

• Delta winding may or may not be connected to the network. If not

connected CTs are not required.

•The differential relay will protect the main winding as well as the
delta winding.

•High impedance relay can be used by applying CTs in the neutral

point of the main winding.

• The relays protect the main winding but not the delta connected wdg.
• All CTs should have the same ratio and auxiliary CTs can not be
used. Saturation voltage of all the CTs should be at least twice the
selected operating voltage.
Overexcitation:

• For an overvoltage of 20%, the excitation current can increase

above the pick-up level of differential relay.

• An overexcited condition is not a transformer fault and hence

the differential relay should not operate.

• If differential relay operates valuable time will be wasted on the

investigation of the transformer.

• 5th harmonic restraint will prevent the tripping for Overexcitation

as overexcited condition results in pronounced 5th harmonic
component.
Time Overcurrent Relays:

• Used on all feeding circuits of a transformer to provide back-up

to differential relay and relays on the load side of transformer.

• An instantaneous highset overcurrent element is normally used

to give fast fault clearance to severe faults.

• Time Overcurrent relay is set to 150% of the rated current and

time delay must be set long enough to avoid tripping due to
magnetizing inrush.

• The instantaneous element should be set to about 25% above the

maximum through fault current and above the maximum inrush
current. With this setting instantaneous tripping is obtained only
for severe faults on the feeding side of the transformer.

Relay operates delayed for faults on the remaining parts of the windings
and for faults on the load side of the transformer.
 TRANSFORMER

PROTECTION TERMINALS
Historical evolution

 electromechanical single function

 static single function
 digital single function
 digital multifunction relays
 numerical multifunction relays
 numerical multifunction systems
 Comparison of technologies

conventional numerical
• protection functions • fixed HW prot.functions
realised with different HW realised with SW
• Quantity and types of • Complete library of func.
protection func. fixed and available
limited
• HW-extensions difficult • Adaptation by SW
• No. of CT's and PT's • No.of CT's and PT's lower
higher • Requirement to primary
• Requirements to primary transformers lower
transformers higher
 Comparison of technologies
conventional
• Settings and operation
locally
• no documentation ( only
hand-made)
• Only binary information
• Periodical tests necessary
• Various spare parts
numerical
• Settings and operation
locally or remote
• Self-documentation of all
settings and events etc.
• Numerical information,
meas..values, events, etc.
• Selfsupervision and test
functions reduces
maintenance.
• Five different types only
 Comparison of technologies

conventional numerical
• integration to control • integration to control
systems difficult systems possible
• only protection • integrated protection and
control possible
• only protection • monitoring with available
information possible
• fixed solution • extension and new
developments possible
--> open architecture
Generator Terminal Transformer Terminal Control Terminal Line Terminal

M
G

Generation Transmission Distribution Load

 Station
Automation
System

LON
Line protection SPA
IEC 870-5-103
IEC 1375
Transformer
protection

Software Human-machine-
Generator
Library protection R
communication
Bay
Units
C

Control

IEC 1375
Automation

Remote
Input/Output Unit
 Complete library with functions for bay control,
monitoring, protection of generators,
transformers.

 Software and hardware proven and well

introduced.

 Extremely powerful and cost efficient solutions

for MV and HV applications.
Selective Protection of:
• Two or Three winding Transformer
• Auto Transformers
• Generator-Transformer unit

Detection of Faults:
• All phase faults
• Earth faults at solidly or
Low impedance grounded systems
• Inter-turn faults
• No interposing CT's
• Standard wiring diagram
• Inputs for external functions (Buchholz, temperature sensors)
available
• Programmable indication of tripping and signaling
• Indication of measuring values
• Continuous self-monitoring
• Modular SW protection functions
• 4 serial interfaces:
- one front for local communication (PC)
- one rear for remote communication - two others (spare)
Compact Design
Flexible input and output
configuration
Open communication 5
strategy

7 4 4 4 4 321
1) Analog input unit
up to 6 transformer
6 2) Digital/Optical unit
3) CPU with serial port

R
4) Binary input/output unit
Bay
Units
5) Communication PCMCIA

6) Mother Board

7) Power Supply
Hardware concept 1 Analog input module, up to 9 input
transformers for AC voltage and current
Interbay bus
3 CPU

4 Binary I/O modules (max. 56 binary

inputs, max. 32 binary outputs)

5 Communication interface for the

interbay bus (PC-Card)

5 6 Connection module

7 Supply module

8 Communication interface for the

7 4 4 4 4 381 process bus (MVB PC-Card)

6
Process bus

R
RIO580
Bay
Units Up to 1024 binary I/Os
Hardware concept

DC
+5V
+15V
CPU -15V DC
Power
Supply
A/D DSP DPM Remote I/O
486DX +24V AC
Remote I/OTrip
Outputs
Remote I/OTrip
Sign.
SW-Key Outputs
Outputs
Trip Trip
PC-Card Sign.
Trip
Outputs FLASH OutputsBin.
Trip Outputs
Outputs EPROM IEC1375 Sign.Inputs
Trip Sign. I / IO/ O
Outputs Bin.
Sign.
Outputs
Outputs I / OPorts P a (MVB) Outputs
Sign. Inputs
Outputs
Sign. OPorts
I /Ports C Process bus Bin.
OutputsBin. Tranceiver
Outputs Ports - Inputs
Bin.
Inputs b
Bin.
Inputs
Bin.
Inputs C PC-Card
Inputs
RAM
A c

R e.g. LON
LON
d
D
SCS
LED's
SMS
RS Serial RS Serial
232 Controller 232 Controller SPA / IEC870-5-103 (VDEW6)

MMC
 Hardware concept

RX DC
Tx
+5V
+15V
DPM CPU -15V
Power
DC Supply
A/D Remote I/O
DSP 486DX +24V AC
Remote I/OTrip
A/D DSP DPM Remote I/O
Outputs
Trip
Sign.
SW-Key Outputs
Trip Outputs
Trip
PC-Card Sign.
Trip
Outputs FLASH OutputsBin.
Trip Outputs
Outputs I/O EPROM IEC1375 Sign.Inputs
Trip Sign.
Outputs
I /Ports
O Bin.
Outputs
Sign.
Outputs
Outputs I / O P a (MVB) Inputs
Sign.
Outputs Ports Process bus
Sign. I / O
Ports C Bin.
OutputsBin.
Outputs Ports Tranceiver Inputs
Bin.
Inputs
Bin.
- b
Inputs
Bin.
Inputs C PC-Card
Inputs
RAM
A c

R e.g. LON
LON
d
D
SCS
LED's
SMS
RS Serial RS Serial
232 Controller 232 Controller SPA / IEC870-5-103 (VDEW6)

MMC
Signal data flow

S
A/I MUX A/D Analog to
H digital
conversion

COM MMI
I> Numerical
DSP U<
Z< SCS/ signal
1 DiffGen on
COM SMS processing
2 Current on
3 BinInp 2 off

etc.
Trip
Binary
B/I signal
etc.
B/O processing
 Typical tripping time Algorithm and Logic
processor
Analog Binary
input Low pass Digital output
isolation Shunt filter Amplifier filter Z< isolation

 S 

I>
I
FUPLA
A/I  MUX
H
A/D  B/O
etc etc

0 3 2 7 9 4

0 ms 0 ms 3 ms 5 ms 12 ms 21 ms 25 ms
Software Library

I> I>> I>U< U I> I>> I>U< U I> I>> I>U< U

51 50 51-27 60 51 50 51-27 60 51 50 51-27 60

I I I2 I TH I I I2 I TH I I I2 I TH
87G 87T 46 49 87G 87T 46 49 87G 87T 46 49

U> U< F<> U/f U> U< F<> U/f U> U< F<> U/f
59 27 81 24 59 27 81 24 59 27 81 24

Z< X< Ucos P<- Z< X< Ucos P<- Z< X< Ucos P<-
21 40 78 32 21 40 78 32 21 40 78 32

U0> CTRL Logic Timer U0> CTRL Logic Timer U0> CTRL Logic Timer
64S Counter 64S Counter 64S Counter
 Metering
Metering(UlfPQ)
(UlfPQ)
Function Library
Frequency
Frequency(81)
(81)
Overexcitation
Overexcitationwith
with
Inverse
Inversetime
timedelay
delay(24)
(24)
Overexcitation
Overexcitation(24)
(24)
Instantaneous
InstantaneousOvervoltage
Overvoltage
(27/59)
(27/59)
Definite
Definitetime
time
Over
Overand
andUnder
UnderVoltage
Voltage(27/59)
(27/59)
Inverse
Inversetime
timeOvercurrent
Overcurrent(51)
(51)
Instantaneous
InstantaneousOvercurrent
Overcurrent(50)
(50)
Definite
Definitetime
time
Over
Overand
andUnder
UnderCurrent
Current(51DT)
(51DT)
Thermal
Thermaloverload
overload(49)
(49)
Restricted
RestrictedEarth
EarthFault
Fault(64)
(64)
Transformer-differential
Transformer-differential
22or
or33Winding
Winding(87T)
(87T)
Function Library
44parameter
parametersets
sets
Counter,
Counter,Timer
Timer
MONITORING
MONITORINGAND
AND Logic's
Logic's(OR,
(OR,AND,
AND,RS-FF)
RS-FF)
AUXILIARY
AUXILIARYFUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
Remote
RemoteInputs
Inputsand
andOutputs
Outputs
Additional
AdditionalI/O
I/Ounits
units
Operating
Operatingvalues
valuesI,I,U,
U,P,
P,Q,
Q,ff
Event
Eventrecording
recording
Disturbance
Disturbancerecorder
recorder
Self
Selfsupervision
supervision
Remote
Remotecommunication
communication
Human
HumanMachine
MachineInterface
Interface
Local
LocalDisplay
Displayunit
unit
Software concept eg. SM300
Protection Library Fupla
CPU Capacity
Hardware-key I> I>> I 3 I0
FUP1
51 50 60 67N FUP1
I> FUP1
51 FUP4
I TH I U U >>
49 87 L 60 59
I
87 L U> U< Ucos P<-
32 FUP1
59 27 78 FUP1
P<- U<
32 27 Binary Dist.
Z< Signal
21 Trans. Rec.
Z< 3 I0 Ucos
21 67N 78
AR SC Logics Timer
21 25

e.g. Z < (Distance) need 50 %

RE21604
HMI functionality

• LED-displays
• Measurand display
• Event list
• Operating instructions
• Disturbance recorded information
• Self supervision
• Acknowledgement functions
• Optical connector for external HMI
HMI functionality

LED indications
Availability
Start
Operation

Measurand display
Analog channels (amplitude, angle, frequency)
Functional measurands (e.g. differential current)
Binary signals (I/O signals, tripping)

Event list (tripping values only, e.g. distance to fault)

Operating instructions
HMI functionality

Disturbance recorder information

Number of recorded events and date

Diagnostics
Operating status of the unit
Operating status of the interbay bus
Operating status of the process bus

Acknowledgement functions
Resetting the LED's
Resetting the latching outputs
Event erasing
Warm start
 Transformer Differential Protection (87T)
Differential protection of two or three winding power transformers
& generator/transformer units.
Features:
• Non-linear, current dependent operating characteristic.
• High stability during through faults and in the presence of CT saturation.
• Short tripping times.
• Three phase measurement.
• Inrush current restraint.
• using the second harmonic.
• detection of the highest phase current.
• detection of the load current to determine whether the
transformer is energized or not.
• Compensation of phase group.
• Compensation of CT ratio.
• DC current component filter and harmonic filter.
Inputs & Outputs
 Analogue Inputs:

Current ( 2 or 3 sets of 3 inputs)
 Binary inputs:

Blocking
 Binary Outputs:

Tripping

R phase trip

S phase trip

T phase trip
 Measurements:

R phase summation current

S phase summation current

T phase summation current

R phase restraining current

S phase restraining current

T phase restraining current
 Transformer Differential
for 2-windings

A A
D
DIFF D

AI 1,2,3 AI 7,8,9
 Transformer Differential
for 3-windings

AI 4,5,6

A DIFF A
D D

AI 1,2,3
A
D
AI 7,8,9
Operating Characteristic:
Protected
I2
I1 unit
I3
I
Operation for Operating (diff.) current
IN I = | I 1 + I 2 + I 3 |
I’1
<b
3 IN

Operation IH = I’1 * I’2 * Cos  for Cos   0

Restrain current
or
2 = 0 for Cos  < 0
I’2
<b
IN
1 Where I’1 = greatest of I 1 , I 2 , I 3

v Restraint
g I’2 = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 - I’1

IH
1 b 2 3
 =  ( I’1 - I’2 )
IN
 Fault outside protected zone
Low short circuit current
Load I < (1.5...3) * Irated

I1 I2 I
4

cos  = 1 3

IH  I1  I2  cos  2
v=50%
1
IH = I1 = I2 =
ILoad < (1.5...3)*Irated g
1 2 3 4 5 IH
 Fault outside protected zone
High short circuit current

Isc I > (1.5....3) * Irated

I1 I2 I v= infinite
4
cos  = 1
3

IH  I1  I2  cos  2
1 v=50%
IH = I1 = I2
g
1 2 3 4 5 IH
b
 Fault inside protected zone

I1 I2 I
4

2
cos  < 0
1
IH = 0
g
1 2 3 4 5 IH
Thermal Overload Protection (49)

Thermal overload protection with accurate

thermal image of the protected unit

Features:
• 1st order thermal model
• Alarm and tripping stages
• Adjustable initial temperature
• Single or three-phase measurement
• Maximum value detection for
three-phase measurement
• Temperature rise calculated 40
49 times for each thermal time
constant setting
Inputs & Outputs

 Analogue Inputs:

Current
 Binary inputs:

Blocking
 Binary Outputs:

Alarm

Tripping
 Measurements:

Temperature rise

Power dissipation

Current
Definite time Over & Under Current (51DT)

General purpose current function for

Phase fault protection and Back-up protn.

Features:
• Single or three-phase measurement
• 2nd harmonic restraint for
high inrush currents
• Insensitive to DC component
• Maximum respectively minimum
value detection in the three-phase
mode
I<> • May also be used as REF protection
51 with additional hardware
 Inputs & Outputs

 Analogue Inputs:

Current
 Binary inputs:

Blocking
 Binary Outputs:

Pick-up

Tripping
 Measurements:

Current amplitude
Setting Parameters:

• Delay: Time between the function

picking up and tripping
• I-Setting: Pick-up current setting

• MaxMin: Over or Under current

• NrOfPhases: 1ph or 3ph measurement

• CurrentInp: Analog current input channel

• BlockInp: Input for blocking the function

• Trip signal: Tripping signal

• Start signal: Pick-up signal

Instantaneous Over Current (50)

General current monitoring with

instantaneous response
Features:
• Maximum or Minimum function
(over & under current)
• Process instantaneous values and is
therefore fast and largely independent
of frequency
• Single or three-phase measurement
• Stores the peak value following pick-up
• Maximum value detection in the
three-phase mode
I<>
50 • Adjustable lower frequency limit fmin
inputs & Outputs:

 Analogue Inputs:

Current
 Binary inputs:

Blocking
 Binary Outputs:

Pick-up

Tripping
 Measurements:

Current amplitude
(only available if function trips)
Setting Parameters:

• Delay: Time between the function

picking up and tripping
• I-Setting: Pick-up current setting

• f-min: Minimum frequency for which

measurement is required

• MaxMin: Over or Under current

• NrOfPhases: 1ph or 3ph measurement

• CurrentInp: Analog current input channel

• BlockInp: Input for blocking the function

• Trip signal: Tripping signal

• Start signal: Pick-up signal

Inverse time Over Current (51)

Overcurrent function with time delay inversely

proportional to the current and definite minimum
tripping time (IDMT)

Features:
• Operating characteristic according to
British standard 142
• Single or three-phase measurement
• Detection of the highest phase value
in the three-phase mode
I >
• Wider setting range than specified
51
in B.S.142
 Inputs & Outputs

 Analogue Inputs:

Current
 Binary inputs:

Blocking
 Binary Outputs:

Pick-up

Tripping
 Measurements:

Current amplitude
Setting Parameters: • c-setting: Select operating char. According
to BS142 or RXIDG char.
• k1-Setting: Time grading

• I-Start : Pick-up current at which the

characteristic becomes active

• MaxMin: Over or Under current

• t-min: Definite minimum tripping time

• NrOfPhases: Defines the number of

phases measured

• CurrentInp: Analog current input channel

• IB-setting: Base current for taking account

of differences of rated current

• BlockInp: Input for blocking the function

• Trip signal: Tripping signal

• Start signal: Pick-up signal

 Definite time Over & Under voltage (27/59)
Standard voltage applications (overvoltage &
undervoltage function)

Features:
• Single or three-phase measurement
• Maximum value, respectively minimum
value, detection for three-phase
measurement
• DC component filter
• Harmonic filter

U<>
59/27
Inputs & Outputs

 Analogue Inputs:

Voltage
 Binary inputs:

Blocking
 Binary Outputs:

Pick-up

Tripping
 Measurements:

Voltage amplitude
Setting Parameters:

• Delay: Time between the function

picking up and tripping
• V-Setting: Voltage setting for tripping

• MaxMin: Over or Under voltage selection

• NrOfPhases: Number of phases included

in the measurement

• VoltageInp: Analog input channel

• BlockInp: Input for blocking the function

• Trip signal: Tripping signal

• Start signal: Pick-up signal

Instantaneous Overvoltage (27/59)
General voltage monitoring with
instantaneous
response (over & undervoltage)

Features:
• Processes instantaneous values and
is therefore fast and largely independent
of frequency
• Stores the peak value following pick-up
• Single and three-phase measurement
• Maximum value detection in the
three-phase mode
U>>
59/27 • Adjustable lower frequency limit fmin
Inputs & Outputs

 Analogue Inputs:

Voltage
 Binary inputs:

Blocking
 Binary Outputs:

Pick-up

Tripping
 Measurements:

Voltage amplitude
(only available if function trips)
Setting Parameters:

• Delay: Time between the function

picking up and tripping
• V-Setting: Pick-up voltage setting

• f-min: Minimum frequency for which

measurement is required

• MaxMin: Over or Under voltage setting

• NrOfPhases: Defines whether 1ph or 3ph

measurement

• VoltageInp: Analog voltage input

channel

• BlockInp: Input for blocking the function

• Trip signal: Tripping signal

• Start signal: Pick-up signal

Overexcitation (24)
Protection of generators and
power transformers against excessive flux

Features:
• Evaluation of the voltage/frequency ratio
• Single phase measurement
• Definite time delay
• Determination of frequency from the
complex voltage vector
U/ f • Over or Underexcitation mode
24
• Insensitive to DC components & harmonics
 Inputs & Outputs

 Analogue Inputs:

Voltage
 Binary inputs:

Blocking
 Binary Outputs:

Pick-up

Tripping
 Measurements:

Voltage / frequency

frequency
Setting Parameters:

• Delay: Time delay between the function

picking up and tripping
• V/f- setting: Setting of the
voltage/frequency
ratio for tripping

• MaxMin: Over or Under fluxing setting

• VoltageInp: Analog voltage input channel

• BlockInp: Input for blocking the function

• Trip signal: Tripping signal

• Start signal: Pick-up signal

Overexcitation with Inverse time delay
(24)
Protection of generators and power transformers
against excessive flux, especially in heavily
loaded non-laminated metal parts, and the
associated excessive heating of the unit.

Features:
• Evaluation of the voltage/frequency ratio
• Single phase measurement
• Inverse time delay according to U/f ratio
• Determination of frequency from the
complex voltage vector
U/ f
24
• According to IEEE guide C37.91-1985
• Insensitive to DC components & harmonics
Inputs & Outputs

 Analogue Inputs:

Voltage
 Binary inputs:

Blocking
 Binary Outputs:

Pick-up

Tripping
 Measurements:

Voltage / frequency

frequency
Frequency (81)

Under and Overfrequency,

Load shedding

Features:
• Measurement of one voltage
• Frequency calculation based on the
complex voltage vector
• Undervoltage blocking
• Insensitive to DC components & harmonics
Inputs & Outputs

 Analogue Inputs:

Voltage
 Binary inputs:

Blocking
 Binary Outputs:

Under voltage blocking

Start

Trip
 Measurements:

Frequency

Voltage
Metering (UIfPQ)
Measurement of voltage,current,real &
apparent power and frequency.

Features:
• Single phase measurement
• Phase-to-ground or optionally
phase-to-phase voltage measurement
• Suppression of DC components
and harmonics in current & voltages
• Compensation of phase errors in
main and input CT’s and VT’s
 Inputs & Outputs

 Analogue Inputs:

Voltage

Current
 Binary inputs:

none
 Binary Outputs:

none
 Measurements:

Voltage (unit UN)

Current (unit IN)

Real power (unit PN (P))

Apparent power (unit PN (Q))

The right information for the right person at the right time
SCS
SMS Substation Control
Remote Substation Monitoring System
System
On-demand information
On-line information

SMS
Local Substation Monitoring System
On-demand information
TERMINAL
Remote communication and time synchronisation

GPS-Clock Modem
POWER
GPS 166
LOCK SA TELLITE CONTRO LLED CL OCK
ACQR
V1

OVP
NORMAL OPERATION
WED 11.12.1996
MEZ 11.42.25
SV 24 > SYN

CLR
MENU NEXT I NC
ACK

MEINBERG

Switch
ABB Strömberg SRIO 1000M

Asea Brown Boveri

SRIO
FAULT

On

1
2
Serial
3
4

Local

Minute pulse
12 3 4 5 6 7 8

SPA-LOOP
ABB Network Partner AG RET 316*4 ABB Network Partner AG RET 316*4

1 9 1 9
2 10 2 10
3 11 3 11
4 12 4 12
5 13 5 13
6 14 6 14
7 15 7 15
8 16 8 16

C C

E E

RE.316
 Remote communication and diagnostics

• Brings a terminal to the user

- evaluations
- disturbance clarifications
- diagnostics
- change and control of relay setting
- etc.

TERMINAL
 Event recorder

Last specified number of events stored

Event-No., Date, Time, Funct.-No...........
Selectable information
Function outputs (Start / Trip and special outputs)
Binary inputs
Trip-values
Status ON/ OFF per event
Absolute and relative time (after GFC fulfillment)
 Disturbance recorder

9 analog channels
16 binary channels (function outputs, binary inputs)
12 function measurements (e.g Idelta, I2, Z )
Total record time 5s
Pre-Event 400ms,Event 3000ms, Post-Event 400ms
Selectable triggering (GFC, trip or functions and binary inputs)
Stop on full or overwrite mode
 Disturbance Recorder - Recording times

t pre tf tp
t lim

t pre Pre-fault time (0.04- 0.40 sec)

tf Fault time
t p1 Post-fault time (0.1 - 3.0 sec)
t lim Time limit for total recording (0.5 - 4.0 sec)
 Selfsupervision
Memories
Program Processing
Read/Write comparison
Checksum function Watchdog functions
External and internal
A/D-Conversion Power supply
continuous conversion Tolerance check
of 2 reference signals
DC
+5V
+15V
CPU -15V
Power
DC Supply
A/D DSP
486 +24V AC

FLASH SW-Key
EPROM PC-Card
3ph-Voltages Trip
Outputs IEC 1375
and-Currents a
I/O Transceiver
Sign. P Process bus
Symmetry check Outputs Ports C
- b
Bin. RAM C
Inputs PC-Card
A c
R
LON
D LON
d

LED's RS232 RS232 Serial Data Transfer

Signal Transfer Hamming distance 4 to 6
Serial Cont. Serial Cont.
Error correction coding by frame format definition,
RS232
MMC RS232 SPA / IEC 870-5-103 16 bit CRC or
check sum+parity bit
Test function

 Password protected
 Test protection functions
 send a numerical value to each function
 test characteristic setting and related
outputs
 Test signaling relays
 Test tripping relays
 Test LED's
 Advantages

• Self monitoring
• Long term stability
• Event recorder
• Self documentation
• Number of CT cores reduced
• User designed performance
• Selectable protection functions
• Facility for communication to SMS/SCS
REFERENCES
ABB manuals

Alsthom manuals

Easun Reyrolle manuals

Art & science of protective relaying

by Russell Mason