Code No: RR411802 Set No.

1
IV B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
STEEL MAKING
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) What is the general principle underlying the development of Acid Bessemer
process. [4]
(b) Give the chemical reactions that are responsible for exothermicity in Acid
Bessemer process. [6]
(c) What is metallic yield? How do you calculate metallic yield in an Acid Besse-
mer converter? [6]

2. (a) How is dephosphorisation rate increased in a LDAC process? Explain it with

the help of chemical reactions. [6]
(b) How are the decarburisation and dephosphorisation controlled by lance-movement?
[6]
(c) What practice has to be followed to obtain extra low ’P’ steel in LDAC-
process?
[4]

3. (a) With the help of chemical reactions, explain the chemistry of steel refining
process? [8]
(b) Which reactions is different from all other chemical reactions during impurity
oxidation in steel making? Explain? [8]

4. (a) What is meant by external desulphurisation of hot-metal? Why is it desirable?

[8]
(b) What is desulphurisation-index? Why is desulphurisation considered very low
in steel making processes? Compare value of Ds under blast furnaces condi-
tions and basic steel making conditions. [8]

5. (a) Explain the differences between an active-mixer and an inactive mixer. [8]
(b) What is difference in charge composition between Blast Furnace hot metal
and Active Mixer-metal. [4]
(c) What is the advantage of Active mixer practice over ladle desiliconisation. [4]

6. Classify scraps on the basis of chemistry from the point of view of steel making.
Among the classification, which scraps lead to the problem of residuals? [8]

7. (a) Why is the secondary steel making termed as ladle-metallurgy? [10]

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Code No: RR411802 Set No. 1
(b) Explain the duplexing process of secondary steel making. [6]

8. Explain any two of the following recent trends in continuous casting. [8+8]

(a) Continuous - Continuous casting

(b) Combination caster
(c) Near-net shape casting

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Code No: RR411802 Set No. 2
IV B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
STEEL MAKING
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) What is Sievert’s law? Does it apply for Basic Bessemer process? If so, how?
[6]
(b) What modifications need to be done to reduce nitrogen-content in Basic Besse-
mer steels? [4]
(c) What are advantages and disadvantages of having a high nitrogen content in
steels. [6]

2. (a) Explain the Rotor Oxygen process of steel making with a neat sketch of rotor-
furnace. [8]
(b) What are the reactions taking place in the rotor-process of steel making? [8]

3. (a) What are the different reactions taking place at slag-metal interface? How
can these reactions made faster? [8]
(b) Where does the Carbon-Oxygen reaction take place in a Bessemer process?
Does it take place at slag-metal interface? Explain? [8]

4. (a) What are the essential conditions for desulphurisation to take place? Explain
with the help of ’S’ - removal reaction? [8]
(b) Explain the difference between acid -processes and basic electric process with
respect to desulphurisation? [8]

5. (a) When is a open-hearth practice considered a hot-metal practice? [8]

(b) What practice needs to be followed to minimise scrap consumption in open
hearths not provided with slag flushing facilities. [8]

6. (a) What are the different types of electric arc furnaces? What is the principle of
each? [8]
(b) Which type of arc furnace is preferred for non-ferrous and which one for ferrous
alloy production? [6]
(c) Why basic electric arc process is preferred over acid electric arc processes?[2]

7. (a) Describe the development of secondary steel making processes through the
years? [8]
(b) Explain the difference between primary steel making and secondary steel mak-
ing? [8]

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Code No: RR411802 Set No. 2
8. (a) Explain the principle of continuous casting in detail. [8]
(b) List out the equipment needed for continuous - casting of steel. [4]
(c) Draw a neat sketch of continuous casting-machine and mention the parts. [4]

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Code No: RR411802 Set No. 3
IV B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
STEEL MAKING
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Explain the oxidation stages-occurring in the Acid Bessemer Converter. [8]
(b) Give the slag-composition obtained in a Acid Bessemer converter. [2]
(c) What is the refractory-living material for Acid-Bessemer converter? Give rea-
sons for why is it being used? [6]
2. (a) What is the purpose of third blow in a Kaldo converter just before metal-
tapping? [4]
(b) How is the refining controlled by the speed of vessel rotation and oxygen flow
rate? [4]
(c) How is it possible to obtain steels with low P, S, C and N using Kaldo-process?
[8]
3. (a) Explain the physics of bubble formation of carbon-monoxide the refractory-
metal interface? [8]
(b) With the help of diagram, explain the active-sites and inactive-sites of co-
bubble nucleation t refractory-metal interface. [8]
4. (a) Write the ’P’ Oxidation reaction? How is it fixed up in the slag-phase? [8]
(b) Explain the formation of tricalcic phosphate and tetracalcic phosphate with
the help of chemical - reactions? [8]
5. (a) Explain the differences between an active-mixer and an inactive mixer. [8]
(b) What is difference in charge composition between Blast Furnace hot metal
and Active Mixer-metal. [4]
(c) What is the advantage of Active mixer practice over ladle desiliconisation. [4]
6. (a) Explain how the charging is carried out in a typical electric are furnace? [8]
(b) Why some amount of light scrap is preferred at the bottom of arc furnace? [8]
7. Explain the Bottom-teeming method of liquid steel with the help of a neat diagram.
[16]
8. Explain the following. [8+8]
(a) Duplex-processes of steelmaking
(b) Triplex-processes of steelmaking

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Code No: RR411802 Set No. 4
IV B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
STEEL MAKING
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) How is L.D. process name come into existence? Discuss some of important
characteristics of L.D. process? [6]
(b) Draw a neat - sketch of water-cooled lance showing O2 -gas passage, water inlet
and outlet. [6]
(c) What is the disadvantage of using a lance with a cylindrical - nozzle in L.D.
process. [4]

2. (a) What is Steel? Classify steels on the basis of chemical composition? [4]
(b) List any two probable ancient methods of steel making and explain any one
of them. [8]
(c) What do you mean by ’semis’ of steel plant products? [8]

3. (a) What are the advantages of a thin-slag? [6]

(b) When is slag said to be dry? Give an example of steel making process where
a dry slag is obtained? Explain the process of dry-slag formation? [10]

4. (a) What is the most effective- dephosphoriser line, magnesium, manganese ox-
ide, iron oxide. Arrange them in decreasing order of their dephosphorisation
ability. [6]
(b) How does iron-oxide increase the dephosphorisation index? Why is there a
maximum dephosphorisation index at around 15% FeO? [10]

5. (a) How can you assess the Silica-content and ironoxide-content of slag in acid
open hearth process? [10]
(b) How can you say that metal is ready for tapping in acid open hearth process.
[6]

6. Explain the different parts of furnace body of basic electric arc furnace? [16]

7. Explain the how the ladle-desulphurisation is carried out in secondary steel making?

[16]

8. Write a short notes on steel production in India. [16]

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