INTRODUCTION

Introduction
 First and opening passage in a proposal that provides
background information and established a frame work
for the research
Deficiencies Model
 Research problem
 Studies that have addressed the problem
 Deficiencies in the studies
 Importance of the studies
 The purpose statement
Deficiencies Model cont’
 Research problem
 An issue that exist in the literature or in the theory that leads to a need for the
study
 Write narrative hooks
 Use quotations
 Avoid idioms
 justify the research problem
 Studies that have addressed the problem
 Previous studies
 Deficiencies in the study
 Importance of the study
 Purpose statement
 End introduction with purpose statement
Introduction to
 Qualitative research
 Exploringa concept or phenomenon (personal statement of
experience)
 Quantitative research
 Understanding factors or variables ( impersonal statement )
 Mixed method
 Bothexploring and understanding relationship between
variables
PURPOSE STATEMENT
Purpose statement
 Defined as the intent of the research ; why we need
to do research
Qualitative research
 Use words like describe ,understand ,develop,
explore, define in purpose statement
 Use past or present tense
 Focus on single phenomenon
 Clearly identify the site like homes, organizations or
events.
Quantitative research
 Use word determine, identify , relate , test ,
compare the relationship
 Dependent ,independent, mediating variable use
 Focus on relationships of variables (hypotheses)
Mixed method
 Same Words used for qualitative and quantitative
research purpose statement
 Use words “sequential , concurrent or
transformational “ for indication of mixed method
 Use specific information for both research types
RESEARCH QUESTION
AND HYPOTHESES
Research question and hypotheses
 Qualitative research question
 Research question
 Specific question to be answered
 Qualitative research question begin with the words
“what ,why , how “
 Use exploratory word
 E.g. explore ,discover, seek to understand
 Use non directional language don’t use the word which
shows quantitative study
 E.g. influence , impact
 Use open ended questions
Quantitative research question and Hypotheses

 In quantitative reach both question and hypotheses are used

 Use of variable is limited to three basic approaches
 Compare Independent variable to se its impact on dependent variable
 Compare dependent variable to se its on independent variable
 Compare independent , meditating or dependent variable
 Independent variable and dependent variable must be
measured separately
 To eliminate redundancy write only research question or
hypotheses
 Use non-demographic variable
 E.g. measuring attitude , behavior
 use same pattern of words order in question or hypotheses
Mixed method research question and hypotheses

 Mixed method have both qualitative and

quantitative research question or hypotheses

 In two phase research order to the research

question or hypotheses should be given

 Question should be introduced in the binging of each phase