WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected

in quality by anthrophogenic influence.
 ORIGIN

 Human Waste
 Cesspit leakage
 Septic tank discharge
 Washing water
 Rainfall
 Groundwater
 Surplus manufactured liquids from domestic source
 Seawater
 Direct ingress of river water
 Direct ingress of manmade liquids
 Highway drainage
 Storm drains
 Blackwater
 Agricultural drainage
 Industrial waste
 Industrial cooling waters
 Industrial process waters
 Organic or bio-degradable waste

 Organic or non bio-degradable

 Extreme pH waste

 Toxic waste

 Solids and Emulsions

 COMPOSITION OF WASTE WATER

 Water ( > 95%)

 Pathogens
 Non-pathogenic bacteria (> 100,000 / ml for sewage)
 Organic particles
 Soluble organic material
 Inorganic particles
 Soluble inorganic material
 Animals
 Macro-solids
 Gases
 Emulsions
 Toxins
 TREATMENT

 On-Site Sewage Facilities (OSSF)

 Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)
 Ozone waste water treatment
 On- site sewage Facilities

Septic tank+drain field

Anaerobic bacteria
Leach field
 Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)

A. Pre treatment
Screening
Grit removal
Fat and grease removal
 B. Primary treatment

 Sedimentation
Saponification
60 to 65 percent of
suspended solids,
30 to 35 percent of
biochemical oxygen
demand(BOD) from
the sewage.
 C. Secondary treatment

Activated sludge
Process for treating waste water
using air and a biological floc
composed of bacteria and
protozoans.
The process traps particulate
material convert ammonia
to nitrite and nitrate and
ultimately to nitrogen gas
 Surface-aerated basins

 80 to 90 percent removal of BOD with retention

times of 1 to 10 days.
 1.5 to 5.0 meters and use motor-driven aerators
floating on the surface of the wastewater.
They transfer air into the basins required by the
biological oxidation reactions
 They provide the mixing required for dispersing the
air and for contacting the reactants
 Filter beds

Oxidizing bed
Biological films
Co2 gas, water and
other oxidized end
products
 Rotating biological contactors

Germany, 1960.
Rotating disks
Oxygen
Effluent from the RBC is then passed through final
clarifiers where the micro-organisms in suspension
settle as a sludge
 Membrane bioreactor

Polymeric membranes
0.003 to 0.01 μm.
Ultrafiltration
Liquid- solid sepration
 Secondary sedimentation

Settle out the biological floc or filter material

through a secondary clarifier and to produce sewage
water containing low levels of organic material and
suspended matter.
Overview of WWTPs
 D. Tertiary treatment

Raise the effluent quality before it is discharged to

the receiving environment (sea, river, lake, ground,
etc.).
More than one tertiary treatment process may be
used at any treatment plant.
 Filtration

Produce very high quality water free from pathogens,

taste and odour without the need for chemical aids.
Gravity sand filter
Carbon adsorption
Bacteria, pathogens, parasite
 Lagooning

Settlement and biological improvement through

storage in large man-made ponds or lagoons.
 Aerobic and colonization by native macrophytes,
especially reeds, is often encouraged.
Daphnia and Rotifera greatly assist in treatment by
removing fine particulates
 Nutrient removal

 Nitrogen and phosphorus

 Eutrophication,
Algal bloom,
Toxins
 Nitrogen removal

NH4 + 3/2 O2  NO2- + 2H+ + H2O

NO2- + 1/2 O   NO3-
NO3- + 5/6 CH3OH  1/2 N2 + 5/6 CO2 + 7/6
H2O + OH
 Phosphorus removal

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal.

Specific bacteria, called polyphosphate accumulating
organisms (PAOs),
 Chemical method is also done.
 Disinfection

Reduce the number of microorganisms in the water .

Chlorination
UV light
Ozone O3
 Ozone waste water treatment

Oxygen is converted into ozone

Oxidise bacteria, moulds, organic material and other
pollutants found in water.
 Kills bacteria effectively
 Oxidises substances
 Nasty odours
 Future directions

Reduce the quantity and improve the quality of

wastewater treatment.
Implementation of management strategies to
improve water quality.
Encouraging individuals and companies to use water
wisely through education programs.