ကိုလိုနီလက္ေအာက္ ရခိုင္ျပည္

4 jrxGef;atmif
rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 84^95(2)
pmrlcGifhjyKcsuf trSwf - 538^94(9)
apmifa& - 500
wefzdk; - 85 usyf
xkwfa0onfhtBudrf - yxrtBudrf
xkwfa0onfhv - 1995-ck? Zlvdkifv
- yHkESdyfol -
a':cifa<u(04780)? &wemrÍÆLyHkESdyfwdkuf?
207? a0Z,EÅmvrf;? 16^2 &yfuGuf? oCFef;uRef;/
- xkwfa0ol -
OD;&Jjrifh (01049)
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tif;pdef? &efukefNrdKU/
- jzefYcsDol -
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r&rf;ukef;NrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/
udkvdkeDb0 a&Tjynf&cdkif 5
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jrxGef;atmif
6 jrxGef;atmif
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- rdrdpmayudk wdk;wufjrifhrm;atmif
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pmay? ordkif;? ,Ofaus;rI tawGUtMuHKrsm;udk
tu©&mwifxm;Edkifatmif
0dkif;0ef;aqmif&GufMuygpdkY ----/
&cdki fo m;BuD; pmay

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pma&;ol\ trSm .... 9
xkwfa0ol\ trSm .... 11
1/ ]20}&mpk q,fpkESpf(3)cktwGif;
xif&Sm;onfh &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm; .... 15
2/ awmfvSefa&;pmqdk a';0ef;BuD;\ b0rSwfwrf; .... 26
3/ ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif; .... 33
4/ OD;OwårESifh 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; .... 48
5/ ukrÜPDacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ,if;\trIxrff;rsm; .... 62
6/ ESpf (150)NrdKUppfawG .... 85
7/ 'kwd,urÇmppf &cdkifppfrsufESm .... 100
8/ ppfBudKacwf &cdkifjynf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifh
vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; .... 114
9/ NAdwdoQcGmppf .... 130
10/ ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; .... 137
11/ ESpf&Spfq,fausmfu ynm&nfcRefaxmufyHhaMu;
aumfrwD .... 156
12/ &cdkifjynfxkwf owif;pmrsm; .... 167
13/ ]a[;} \ &cdkif-w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf;
azmufvkyfa&; BudK;yrf;rI .... 176
14/ &cdkifpmapmif r*¾Zif;rsm; .... 186
8 jrxGef;atmif
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tjrwfxkwfzdkY? BudK;ukwfrIa& aomif;aomif;jzjz
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a'ydkif&mav? oligoifum;
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tjrwfxkwfzdkY? BudK;ukwfrIpGm c&D;NzdKifzdkY? &ifqdkifBudK;ukwf
udkvdkeDacwf twGif;tm½Hk/ ZmydkifvkyfzdkY? wufokwf&Gufjyif
c&D;ESifzdkY? tjrifruGJ
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csdefwG,fvQmn§m? Avmewd¬ &DNrDrcGJ? a'opGJeefY
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wdkufxkwf atmifyGJqifzdkYvdk/ olUacwfolUcg? usefvdkufygpD/
pkef&Drmarsm urÇmta&;? i½dkUta&;

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(q&m jrxGef;atmiftm; þuAsmjzifh *kPfjyKtyfygonf)

jrifhaqGarmif (awmifukwf)
pma&;ol\ trSm
pm½Iolrsm;odkY
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oufwrf; t&Snq f ;kH r*¾Zif;rsm; jzpfygonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif; ESpaf pmifrmS ikyw f pfcg
ay:wpfvSnfh tm;oGefBudK;pm;quf vufcsDwufaeqJ jzpfygonf/ tjcm;
&cdik rf S pmapmifrsm;? r*¾Zif;rsm;rSm wpfBurd Ef pS Bf urd af vmufom xkwaf 0Edik Nf y;D
&yfqdkif; cJhMu&ygonf/
&cdkifESifhywfoufonfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; xkwfa0onfrSm tvGef
enf;yg;ygonf/ oH;k av;ESpMf umonfw h ikd f xGurf vm Edik cf yhJ g/ &cdik vf il ,frsm;
u &cdik af &;&mESiyhf wfoufonfh pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;udk zwf½v I í
kd ar;jref;onfh
tcg ñTefjyay; Edkifonfh pmtkyfpmwrff;rsm; tvGefenf;aeojzifh tm;rvdk
tm;r& jzpf&ygonf/
&cdkifhwefaqmif? &cdkifr*¾Zif;ESifh tjcm;&cdkifxkwfr*¾Zif;rsm;wGif
tcGifhtcgBuHKwdkif; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;avh&Sdygonf/ uRefawmfa&;onfh
aqmif;yg;aygif; (20)ausmf &Syd gonf/ ,if; aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm q,fu h ;kd &mpkEiS hf
ESpfq,f&mpkESpfrsm;twGif; &cdkifwdkY\ ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;ESifh
tjcm;taMumif; &mrsm;udk a&;om;xm;onfh aqmif;yg;rsm;jzpfygonf/ tcsKd U
aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm vGecf o hJ nfh ESpEf pS q
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wGif azmfjycJhojzifh ,cktcg zwf½I&ef rvG,fawmhyg/ uRefawmfhxHrSmyif
rl&if;pmrlrsm; r&Sdawmhyg/
ppfawG? txu trSwf(4)rS ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;Aodef;ESifh
OD;vSjrifhwdkYu uRefawmfa&;cJhonfh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk jyefxkwf&ef wdkufwGef;
Muygonf/ OD;Aodef;u olUrSm&Sdonf &cdkifhwefaqmifESifh &cdkifr*¾Zif;wdkUrS
oifah wmfonfh uReaf wmfh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkaqmif;ay;ygonf/ OD;vSjrifu h
10 jrxGef;atmif
wm0ef,l xkwaf 0&ef ajymojzifh vufcv H ukd yf gonf/ ,if;aMumifh aqmif;yg;
rsm;udk &SmazGpak qmif;ay;onfh a&;azmf OD;Aode;f ESihf OD;vSjrifw h tYkd m; aus;Zl;
wif&SdaMumif; azmfjyvdkygonf/
aqmif;yg;yg vly*k K¾d vrf sm;ESihf ,if;wd\ Yk &mxl;bGUJ wHqyd f awmfrsm;rSm
,if;acwftcgu tac:ta0:rsm; jzpfonfudk owdjyK&ef jzpfygonf/
aqmif;yg;yg taMumif;t&mrsm;udk jyifqifjznfph u G f xkwEf w
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r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif azmf jycJhonfhtwdkif; jyefvnfwifjyxm;ygonf/
jrxG e f ; atmif
1994-ck? ZGefv (12)&uf/
xkwfa0ol trSmpm
udkvdkeDqdkaom a0g[m&udk i,fpOfynmoifMum;cJhcsdefrSpí rMum
cP Mum;emrSwfom;cJh&onf/ udkvdkeDb0odkY wpfEdkifiHvHk; usa&mufcJhpOfu
udkvdkeDb0vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf cufcJeufeJ tepfemcH BudK;yrf;vIyf&Sm;rI
rsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;\ t&if;tESD;rsm;yif r[kwfygavm/
udkvdkeDjyKaom EdkifiHwdkY\ tusdK;tjrwfum;rsm;pGmyif/ udkvdkeDjyK
cH&aom Edik if EH iS v hf rl sKd ;wdrYk mS um; qH;k ½H;I rIrsm;pGmyif/ udv
k ekd jD yKc&H aom vlrsKd ;wdYk
onf olUuRefb0wGif qHk;½HI;cJhaom tcGifhta&;wdkYudk jyefvnf&&Sdatmif
BudK;yrf;Mu&onf/
,if;udkvdkeDqdkaom a0g[m&udk i,fpOfuyif uRefawmf rkef;wD;
onf/ jyKolwdkYudkvnf; &GH&Smonf/ w&m;aomenf;jzifh Opöm&Smvdkolrsm;
r[kw/f avmbBu;D olw\ Ykd rw&m;vdck sif wyfrufr[ I k i,fpOfu oifMum;cJh
&aom ausmif;oifcef;pmwdkYrS ay;aomtodudk &&SdcJhonf/
wpfEdkifiHvHk; udkvdkeDb0odkY a&mufcJhpOfu uREkfyfwdkY&cdkif jynfonf
vnf; olUuRefb0 a&mufcJhonf/ olUuRefb0wGif rw&m;rIudk &ufpufpGm
cHc&hJ onf/ jyKorQ EkcMhJ u&onf/ olUuReq f akd om a0g[m&ESit hf nD cg;pnf;cH
&aom 'Pf&mwdYk onf ,aeYwikd f raysmufjy,fEikd af o;yg/ tppt&m&mwGif
acwfaemufusjcif;? tawG;tac:t,ltq ysufpD;jcif;? acwfrrDjcif;?
pnf;urf;ysufjcif;? pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI uif;rJhjcif;? wpfudk,faumif;qefjcif;?
pD;yGm;a&; crwfjcKH usjcif; paompaom tarGq;kd rsm; &&Scd o hJ nf/ xdq k ;kd arGrsm;
ESiq hf ufE, G í f aoG;xd;k rI? aoG;cGrJ jI yKjcif;wd\ Yk 'Pf&m'Pfcsuw f u Ykd kd ,aeYwikd f
cHpm; ae&qJyif r[kwfygvm;/
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um; &Sm;yg;vS\/ q&mjrxGef;atmifum; &SmrS&Sm;? wjcm;olrsm; ravhvm
rwD;acgufrdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk aphpyfaocsmpGm avhvma&;om;
Edik cf o hJ nf/ aemifvm aemufom;wdYk od&EdS ikd &f ef pHjy(wifjycsu)f yif jzpfygonf/
12 jrxGef;atmif
uRefawmfonf i,fpOfuyif q&ma&;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;udk
ESpfoufcHkrifrdonf/ rsdK;cspfpdwf&SdrS wdk;wufEdkifrnfqdk aom pum;&yfonf
,cifvnf; rSefonf/ ,aeYvnf; rSefonf/ aemifvnf; rSefrnf/ udkvdkeD
jyKolwdkYonf nDñGwfjcif;? pnf;½Hk;jcif;udk aMumufonf/ aoG;cGJ&eftwGuf
vmbfukd jy wwf\/ pum;<u,fonf/ rm,mrsm;onf/ vSnphf m;wwfonf/
rufvHk;ay;wwfonf/ odkYaomf rsdK;cspfpdwf&SdolwdkYtwGufum; ,if;tcsuf
tvufwo Ykd nf yde;f Mumzufay: a&rwif ouJo h Ykd t&mra&muf c&D;rayguf
Edkifay/
,ck cufcJpGm pk½Hk;pDpOfxkwfa0aom q&mhaqmif;yg;rsm;udk zwfí
rSwí f aemifvmaemufom;rsm; ]]wpfO;D wpfa,muf}} rQavmufcefY ZmwdaoG;?
Zmwdrmefwuf<uNy;D udv k ekd b
D 0 jzpf &yfreS rf sm;ESihf olUuReb f 0\ 'kut
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em;vnfoabm aygufum rsKd ;csppf w d "f mwf &Sio f efEikd yf gap[k qkawmif;rdyg
onf/
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(ppfawG)tm; þpmtkyfxkwfa0rIjzifh uefawmhyg onf/
&cdkifvSjrifhESifhnDrsm;
(5-7-1995?
Ak' ¨[ l; aeY)
03 ; 50 em&D/
(pmjyKpkol)
jrxGef;atmif
14 jrxGef;atmif
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(1940)
(udk,fa&;tusOf;)
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk; acgif;aqmifppfawG?
ausmufawmf trsdK;om;ausmif; ausmif;q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;?
a':rrBuD;wdkY\ q|rajrmufom; jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU abmif;'Gwfom;pk
Zmwdjzpfonf/ trnf &if;rSm jrxGef;atmif jzpfonf/
&cdkifvlrIa&; toif;tzGJUrsm;wGif i,fpOfuyif yg0ifaqmif&Guf
cJhonf/
&cd k i f p mayaumf r wD (&ef u k e f ) rS xk w f a 0onf h &cd k i f ñ G e f Y z l ;
,Ofaus;rIaqmif;yg;rsm; pmtkyfESifh &cdkifñGefYzl;uAsmrsm; pmtkyfudk pkaygif;
acgif;aqmifwm0ef,l xkwfa0cJhonf/ &cdkif o[m,toif; (&efukef)\
aiG&wkpmapmifwGif wm0efcH pmwnf;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
1968-ckrS pwifNyD; &cdkifordkif;a&;&mESifhywfoufonfh aqmif;yg;
rsm;udk &cdkifhwefaqmif? &cddkifñGefYzl;ESifh &cdkifr*¾Zif;rsm;wGif a&;om;cJhonf/
&cdik o
f rdik ;f a&;&m? txl;ojzifh NAw d od Quv
kd ekd aD cwf &cdik w
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Ykd tajctaeudk
tav;ay; a&;om;onf/ jrxGe;f atmif trnfjzifh vnf;aumif;? xGe;f atmif
(abmif;'Gwf) trnfjzifhvnf;aumif; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;onf/
tdrfaxmif&SdoljzpfNyD; om;ESpfa,muf &Sdonf/ tpdk;& trIxrf;
wpfOD;jzpfNyD; &efukefwGifaexdkifvsuf &Sdonf/
ESpfq,f&mpk
q,fpkESpfoHk;cktwGif;
xif&Sm;onfh &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;
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NAw
d od Qe,fcsUJ orm;wdo Yk nf (1824 rS 1885-cktxd) ESpaf ygif; (60)
ausmftwGif; ppfoHk;Budrf qifETJNyD; tavmif;rif;w&m;? bdk;awmfbk&m;wdkY
odr;f ydu k w f nfaxmifcahJ om jrefrmEdik if aH wmfukd tNy;D tydik f odr;f ,lvu kd o
f nf/
,if;jrefrmEdkifiHudk r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;u trSL;jyKí ta&;ydkif? e,fydkif?
NrKd Utkypf aom t&m&Sw d jYkd zifh tpyxrwGif tkycf sKyaf ponf/ od&Yk mwGif t&m&Sd
tkyfcsKyfa&;xuf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;om jzpf onf/
1897 ck? arv (1) &ufaeYwiG f jrefrmjynfukd tdE, ´d Edik if \
H jynfe,f
wpfct k jzpf owfrw S v f u kd of nf/ 'kw, d bk&ifctH m; tkycf sKyaf ponf/ 'kw, d
bk&ifcHtm; ulnDwdkifyif&ef rif;wdkifyiftrwf(9)OD;yg0ifaom Oya'jyK
tzGJUwpfckudkvnf; zGJUpnf;vdkufonf/ odkY&mwGif Oya'jyKjcif;? jyifqifjcif;?
zsuo f rd ;f jcif; tmPmwdrYk mS 'kw, d bk&ifcüH om &Sod nf/ twdik yf ifcH rif;wdik f
yiftrwf (9)OD;rSm bk&ifct H m; tMuaH y;½Ho
k mjzpfonf/ 1919-ckwiG f rif;wdik f
yiftrwf (15)OD;jzifhvnf;aumif;? 1920-ckwGif rif;wdkifyif trwf (28)OD;
jzifh vnf;aumif;? 'kwd,bk&ifcH twdkifyifcH Oya'jyKtzGJUudk zGJUpnf;ay;cJh
onf/ AsL½dkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfom jzpfonf/
1917-ckEpS af vmufwiG f Edik if aH &;Ed;k Mum;pjyKvmonf[k qd&k ayrnf/
,if;ESpf Mo*kwfv(20)&ufwGif rGefaw*l aMunmcsuf xGufay:vmonf/
0dik -f trf-bD-at toif;rsm;\ vIy&f mS ;rIonfvnf; Edik if aH &;toGif wjznf;
jznf;ajymif;vJvm onf/ 1910-ck 'DZifbmvwGif 'kw, d bk&ifcH qmtmom
16 jrxGef;atmif
u&ufa'gufu tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf (u&ufa'gufpuif;)udk xkwfjyefcJh&m
q&mawmfOD;Owår trSL;&Sdaom jrefrmjynfolwpf&yfvHk;u uefYuGufrIrsm;
ay:aygufcJhonf/
1920-ckwGif &efukefwuúodkvf tufOya'udk qefYusifonfhtae
jzifh jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk; ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufcJhonf/ 1923-ck
Zefe0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYrpS í 'dik t f mcD tkycf sKyaf &;pepfjzifh jrefrmjynfukd NAw d od Q
e,fcsJUorm;rsm;u tkyfcsKyfonf/ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufcHolrsm;ESifh
vufrcHorl sm;[lí uGjJ ym;vmNy;D *spD b D aD ttoif;rSmvnf; ESpjf crf;uG&J onf/
[kr½® ;l tkycf sKyaf &;ay;&ef awmif;qdo k nfh a<u;aMumforH mS jrefrmjynfwpf0ef;
wkef[nf;vsuf&Sdaeonf/
1922-ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf yxr
tBudrf rif;wdkifyif a&G;aumufyGJudk jyKvkyfonf/ ,if; 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;
pepft& Oya'jyKvw T af wmfwiG f rif;wdik yf iftrwf (79)OD; &So d nf/ bk&ifcrH mS
qm[mukwfbwåvmjzpfonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf rif;wdkifyifa&G;aumufyGJudk
1925-ckwiG f jyKvyk o f nf/ 'dik tf mcDvw T af wmftyk cf sKyaf &;pepfjzifh tkycf sKyaf e
onfhtcsdef 0ef;usifwpf0dkufumvtwGif; EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;ESifh
tkycf sKyaf &; u@toD;oD;wGif yg0ifcMhJ uaom &cdik t f rsKd ;om;rsm;xJrS xif&mS ;
aom yk*d¾Kvfrsm; &SdcJhonf/
,if;xif&mS ;onfh &cdik t f rsKd ;om;rsm;rSm t*Fvyd -f jrefrm 'kw, d ppfyJG
rjzpfrDESifh jzpfNyD;aemufydkif;umvtwGif; zGm;jrifcJholrsm; jzpfonf/ azmfjycJh
aom jrefrmhordkif;pOfwGif u@pOf wpfckckü yg0ifcJholrsm; jzpfonf/
1927ckEpS f aemufyikd ;f umvxd ESpaf ygif; (40)ausmf (50)udk jzwfausmcf o hJ l
rsm;jzpfMuonf/
,if;xif&mS ;ausmMf um;onfh &cdik t f rsKd ;om;rsm;\ ud, k af &;rSww f rf;
rsm;udk BuKd ;pm;jyefqw kd ifjyygonf/ ,if;odYk jyefqw kd ifjy&mrSm Ny;D jynfph akH tmif
wifjyjcif;r[kwfbJ tydkif;cGJNyD; tydkif;(1)tjzpf pkpnf;wifjyvdkufygonf/
OD;apmvSatmif
Oya'jyK rif;wdik yf iftrwf jzpfonf/ a&SUaewpfO;D jzpfNy;D ppfawGNrKd U
wGif aexdkifonf/ 1888-ck? Mo*kwfv 14-&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrif
onf/ pdeftefY(pf)aumfAef? ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;ESifh &efukef
pde*f Re;f aumvdywf wYkd iG f ynmoifMum;cJo
h nf/ 1911-ckwiG f a&SUaerSwyf wkH if
onf/ 1921-ckwGif ppfawGrJqEé,frS Oya'jyKvTwfawmf rif;wdkifyif
trwftjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf/ 1926-ckwGif 'kwd,tBudrf Oya'jyK
vTwfawmf rif;wdkifyiftrwftjzpf xyfrHa&G;cs,fcH&onf/ wpfoD;yk*¾v
rif;wdkifyiftrwf jzpfonf/ tdrfaxmif&Sdol jzpfonf/ tNrJwrf;ae&yfrSm
vrf;rBuD; ppfawGNrdKUjzpfonf/
OD;pHatmif (K.S.M, A.T.M)
XmecsKyv f ufaxmufEiS hf ppfawGc½dik f &mbufw&m;olBu;D jzpfonf/

1879-ck Mo*kwfv (13)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ uG,fvGefol
tNidrf;pm; txl;vufaxmufrif; BuD; OD;pHvSabmf\ om;jzpfonf/ ppfawG
tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;? pdeZYf AD;,m;ESihf umvuwåm; a'ADwefaumvdyw f Ykd
wGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/
1899-ck? rwfv(24)&ufaeYwGif tpdk;&trIxrf;tjzpf wm0ef
xrf;aqmifonf/ 1900-jynfw h iG f ,m,DNrKd Utkyt f jzpfvnf;aumif;? ud,
k pf m;
vTtJ yfjcif;cH&aom ,pfrsKd ;t&m&Sd tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ar(5)&ufrS 1902ck?
'DZifbm(23)&ufaeYtxd wm0efxrff;aqmifonf/ txl;vufaxmuf
wdkif;rif;BuD;tjzpfvnf; 1916-ck? pufwifbmv(5)&ufaeYwGif wm0ef
xrf;aqmifonf/ ,m,Dc½dkif0eftjzpf 1920-ck? rwfv(27)&ufaeYwGif
wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ ti,fwef;tpdk;&twGif; 0eftjzpf 1923-ck?
Mo*kwfv(28)&ufwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ XmecsKyfvufaxmufESifh
ppfawGc½dkif &mbufw&m;olBuD;tjzpf 1925-ck? atmufwdkbmv(24)&uf
aeYwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/
1913-ckwGif A.T.M bGJUudk vnf;aumif;? 1922-ckwGif K.S.M
bGJUudk vnf;aumif;? csD;usL;*kPfjyKxdkufaom trIxrf;aqmifrItwGuf
tpdk;&\ csD;jr§ifhjcif;udk cH&onf/ 1926-ck? vTwfawmfwGif bk&ifcHrdefYMum;
onfh rdecYf eG ;f ü trnfxw k af zmf ajymMum;jcif; cH&oljzpfonf/ tdraf xmif&o dS l
jzpfonf/ xl;cRefaom tm;upm;orm;wpfOD;jzpfonf/
umvuwåm;wGif ynmoifMum;pOfu aoewfudkif uRrf;usifrI
aMumifh bk&ifccH sKy\ f qkwq H yd cf s;D jri§ jhf cif; cH&oljzpfonf/ tNrw
J rf;ae&yfrmS
ppfawGNrdKU jzpfonf/
18 jrxGef;atmif
OD;a&TZHatmif (B.A, K.S.M, A.T.M)
1871-ck Zefe0g&DvwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ uG,fvGefol
c½dkif&J0ef OD;a&Tom I.S.O, K.S.M, A.T.M \om; jzpfonf/ 1881-ckwGif
ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;ü ynmoifMum;onf/ 1885-ckwGif
tv,fwef;ynm&nfcRefqkudk qGwfcl;cJhonf/ 1891-cktxd &efukef
aumvdyfwGif qufvufynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ rpö½dkif;a';ApfESifh yl;wGJ
bmomjyefqdkcJhaom bmoma&;qdkif&mpmayrsm;rSm OD;a&TZHatmif\ EdkifiH
twGuf rSwfwrf;wifwm0efxrf;aqmifcsufrsm; jzpfonf/
Ak'¨\ eufeJcufcJaom oabmw&m;rsm;udk bmomjyefqdkcJhonf/
Oa&mywdu k of m;rsm;\ av;pm;jcif;cH&aomausmMf um;xif&mS ;onfh yxrqH;k
jrefrmtrsKd ;om; wpfO;D jzpfonf/ ol\bmomjyefqrkd aI Mumifh taemufwikd ;f
om;rsm;\rsufpdudk yGifhaponf/ ol\*EÅ0ifpmayrSm Ak'¨\tbd"r®mudk
tusOf;csHK;NyD; a&;om;xm;aom The Compendium of Philosophy pmtkyf
jzpfonf/
,if;rSm t*FvefEdkifiH\ Ak'¨pmaye,fwGif vufudkifxm;&aom
pmtkyjf zpfonf/ jrefrmEdik if o
H ak woe*sme,fwiG v f nf; wefz;kd &Sad om aqmif;
yg; tajrmuftjrm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/
1892-ckwiG f aMu;wdik ;f ESihf ajrpm&if;XmewGif tpd;k &trIxrf;tjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ ,if;XmewGif ESpt f awmfMum wm0efxrf;aqmifNy;D
aemuf 1902-ckwiG f jrefrmEdik if H ti,fwef;jynfoUl 0efxrf;tjzpf ajymif;a&TU
wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 1907-ckwGif wdkif;tqifhjynfolU0efxrf;tjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf 1909-ckwiG f ajrusL;ausmo f rl sm;tm; ae&mcsxm;
iSm;&rf;cudpöESifh ywfoufí txl;wm0ef ay;tyfjcif;udkcH&onf/
,if;vkyfief;rSm xdktcsdefumvwGif tvGefcufcJaom udpöwpf&yf
jzpfonf/ OD;a&TZHatmif\ axmufcHwifjycsufrsm;udk oufqdkif&mu
vufcHoabmwlMu&onf/ ol\pmtkyfjym (Blue Print)rSm ,cktcsdefxd
rSDjirf;jyKudk;um;tm;xm;&onf/ &efukefNrdKU ajrt&m&Sd½Hk;wGif wm0ef
xrf;aqmifpOf ol\wefzdk;&Sdaom wm0efxrf;aqmifrIaMumifh 1914-ckwGif
A.T.M bGUJ udk tyfEjHS cif;cH&onf/ wGa H w;wl;ajrmif;azmuf&ef ajrodr;f qnf;
a&;twGuf tvGefta&;BuD;aomwm0efudk 1902-ckwGif tyfESif;jcif;
cH&onf/
oefvsifNrdKUwdk;csJUjr§ifhwif&ef ajrtoHk;csa&; txl;pHkprf;a&;
(aumfrwD)wGifvnf; 1913-ckwGif a&G;cs,fwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/
c½dkifcGJt&m&Sdtjzpf ausmufwef;NrdKUwGif 1918-ckwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifpOf
'kwd,tBudrfppfacs;aiG tjzpf aiGaMu;tajrmuftjrm; wdk;jr§ifhay;cJhonf/
[Hom0wD c½dkif0eftjzpf ESpfBudrfwdkif ,m,Dwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
b@mawmfrif;BuD;\ ,m,DtwGif;0eftjzpf 1920-ckwGif wm0ef rxrf;
aqmifrDumv jzpfonf/ ,if;aemuf c½dkif0eftjzpf ajymif;a&TUwm0ef
xrf;aqmif&onfh xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh 0efxrf;wpfOD;jzpfNyD; oxHkNrdKUol
NrdKUom;rsm;\ tNrJowd& cspfcifjcif;cH&oljzpfonf/
OD;a&TZHatmifrSm oufaomifhoufomtcsdef[lí r&SdcJh/ odkY&mwGif
pDrt H yk cf sKy&f mwGif atmifjrifcohJ l jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1923 ckwiG f K.S.M
bGJUudk csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&onf/ tdEd´,EdkifiH jrLeDpDy,f tcGefpnf;MuyfaumufcHrI
pHpk rf;a&;aumfrwDtzGUJ 0if tjzpfvnf; a&G;cs,jf cif;cH&onf/ ,if;aumfrwD\
Ouú|u OD;a&TZHatmif\ wm0efxrf;aqmifrIudk azmfxkwfcsD;usL; ajymqdk
jcif;udkvnf;cH&onf/ yxrqHk;jrefrmtrsdK;om; ,pfrsdK;rif;BuD;tjzpf
wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onfrSm ol\ *kPf &nfxl;jcm;ay:vGifrIyifjzpfonf/
ESpfaygif;(30)ausmf wm0ef \0wå&m;rsm;udk opöm&Sd&Sdxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
,if;aMumifh wm0eftqifq h ifh wd;k jri§ jhf cif;cH&onfh 0efxrf;rsm;wGif xdywf ef;
u yg0ifcJholjzpfonf/
tpd k ;&trI xrf ; t&mxrf; rsm;wGi f OD; a&TZ Ha tmif\ aqGr sdK ;
awmfpyfolrsm;&Sdonf/ a'gufwmomEdk; K.S.M, A.T.M rSm OD;a&TZHatmif\
wpf0rf;uGJnDtpfudkawmfpyfol jzpfonf/ xm;0,f&mbufw&m;olBuD;
OD;apmvSjzLESifh &efukeftaxGaxGaq;½Hk vufaxmufBuD;Muyfa&;t&m&Sd
a'gufwmom'dk; M.B., Ch.B(Edin) wdkYrSm OD;a&TZHatmif\ wlrsm;jzpfonf/
uG , f v G e f o l t xl ; vuf a xmuf wd k i f ; rif ; BuD ; OD ; xG e f ; atmif \ orD ; ES i f h
tdrfaxmif jyKcJhonf/
OD;atmifBuD;
a&SUaewpfOD; jzpfonf/ 1864-ck? {NyDv 24&ufwGif oHwGJNrdKUü
zG m ;jrif o nf / umvuwå m ; pd e f Y * sd K UZuf txuf w ef ; ausmif ; wG i f
ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ wuúodkvf0ifwef; atmif jrifcJhonf/ 1883-84wGif
ynma&;Xmeü wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH ti,fwef; y#dnmOf
20 jrxGef;atmif
cH0efxrf;tjzpf 1891-ckwGif a&SUaepmar;yGJudk atmifjrifonf/ ausmufjzL
jrLeD p D y ,f t zG J U \ Ouú | jzpf o nf / jref r mEd k i f i H Oya'jyKvT w f a wmf
rif;wdkifyiftrwfwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/
a':cifESifh tdrfaxmifjyKcJhonf/ orD;oHk;OD;? om;oHk;OD; xGef;um;
cJhonf/ uyÜwdef H.atmifcif? I.Ms, B.WbxGef;? M.A, LL.B jrefrm
H &m;a&;0efxrf;ESihf vef'efvif;uGe;f tif; ausmif;om; P.atmifBu;D wdYk
Edik if w
jzpfMuonf/ tyef;ajztm;upm;tjzpf vrf;avQmufonf/ tNrJwrf;
ae&yfrSm ausmufjzLNrdKU jzpfonf/
OD;ausmfZHvS
zsmyH&k mbufw&m;olBu;D ESihf puf&iS w f &m;olBu;D jzpf onf/ 1877ck?
Edk0ifbmv(1)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ ppfawGNrdKUESifh &efukef
aumvdyw f w Ykd iG f ynmoifMum; cJo h nf/ NrKd Utky?f w&m;olBu;D ? &efuek f puf&iS f
w&m;olBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;cJhonf/ &efukef&mbufw&m;olBuD;ESifh
ppfuikd ;f c½dik w f &m;olBu;D ? puf&iS w
f &m;olBu;D tjzpfvnf; wm0efxrf;aqmif
cJhonf/ &efukefNrdKU c&pfvrf;rS OD;zdk;rif;\orD;ESifh tdrfaxmifjyKcJhonf/
tyef;ajztm;upm;tjzpf wif;epfupm;onf/ &efukef tdk&D,ifhuvyf?
&efuek jf refrm0efxrf;rsm;uvyftzGUJ 0if jzpfonf/ ae&yfrmS zsmyHNk rKd U jzpfonf/
OD;yef;vS A.T.M
txl;vufaxmuf wdik ;f rif;Bu;D tNird ;f pm;jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrKd U jrLeD
pDy,ftzGJUOuú|vnf;jzpfonf/ 1862-ck? Edk0if bmv(16)&ufaeYwGif
ppfawGNrKd Uü zGm;jrifonf/ ajrpd;k pm; awmifpeH BD u;D aemufawmfyg; oif;0efrLS ;
qiftkyfbGJUwHqdyfawmf& OD;&JpH\1\ tquftEG,fjzpfonf/ OD;&JpHrSm &cdkif
bk&ifvufxufawmftcgu a&wyfAdkvfcsKyfjzpfonf/
1/ Mre-So-Za-Taung-Zan-Ni-Gri-Nauk-Ba-Thin Winmu-Sin-Ok-Resan.
[k azmfjyxm;onfudk awGGU&ygonf/ ajrpdk;pm; awmifyHeDBuD; aemufyg
oif;0efrSL; qiftkyf&JpH[k xifygonf/ awmifpH^ZHeDrSm awmifyHudk t*Fvdyf
t*Fvdyftu©&mjzifh Pan/Ban rS ta&;csKdU,Gif;rIaMumifh Zan jzpfvm[ef
wlygonf/ &cdkifbk&ifrsm;\ ol&Jaumif;bGJUwHqdyfwpfck jzpfojzifh okawoe
jyKoifhonfh udpöwpf&yf jzpfygonf/
OD;yef;vSonf OD;pHvSabmf\ 'kwd,om;jzpfonf/ OD;pHvSabmfudk
c&pf,meftrnf rpöwm*syfawmh? odkYr[kwf q&m,mukyf[k odMuonf/
ppfawGtpdk;&ausmif;rS t*Fvdyfpmjy q&mjzpfNyD; OD;udkvmz&D(umvmjzL)\
ajr; jzpfonf/ bk&iftif*sief , D mcsKyf OD;i'gBu;D \jrpf jzpfonf/ OD;i'gBu;D \
zcifrSm qifOD;pD; ausmfZHa0jzpfNyD; a&wyfAdkvfcsKyf jzpfonf/ OD;ausmfZHa0\
tbdk;rSm txufwGifazmfjycJhonfh OD;&JpHjzpfonf/
OD;yef;vSonf ppfawGtpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;wGif ynmoifMum;
cJo
h nf/ ESpaf ygif; 36ESpw f ikd f NAw d od Qtpd;k &xH trsKd ;rsKd ;aom pGrJ w
S cf ,
H El ikd af om
owdjå zifh trIxrf;cJo h nf/ NrKd Utkyt f jzpf ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm xrf;aqmifco hJ nf/
c½dkifcGJt&m&Sdtjzpfjzifh 1897-ckrS 1911ckxd wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
umv&Snfvsm;pGm opöm&Sd&Sdwm0efxrf;aqmifrItwGuf 1911-ckwGif yÍör
ajrmufa*smhbk&ifxHrS *kPfjyKrSwfwrf;wif vufrSwf csD;jr§ifhjcif;udk cH&onf/
a'vDNrdKUwGif bk&ifrif;jrwf\ bdodufcHtcrf;tem;wGif jzpfonf/ tdEd´,
ppfacs;aiGESifh ywfoufí OD;yef;vS\wm0efxrf;aqmifcsufudk todtrSwf
jyKonft h aejzifh jrefrmEdik if H 'kw, d bk&ifc\ H *kPjf yKrw S w
f rf;wif vufrw S u
f kd
1917-ckwGif csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&onf/ 1918-ck? ZGefv(3)&ufwGif tdEd´,
bk&ifcHcsKyfxHrS xif&Sm;onfh pGrf;aqmifcsuftwGuf A.T.M bGJUwHqdyfudk
csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&onf/
e,fedrdwfowfrSwfa&;t&m&SdESifh ae&mcsxm;a&;t&m&Sdtjzpf
&SpfBudrfwdkiftxl;wm0ef ay;tyfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ ,if;tjyif 1919-ckwGif
,m,Dc½dik 0f eftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf/ ppfawGc½dik 0f ef\ yxrXme
csKyfvufaxmuftjzpfvnf;aumif;? ajroHk;cspHkprf;a&;aumfrwDESifhe,fed
rdwft&m&Sd tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;? aemufqHk;wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
1922-ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif tpd;k &trIxrf;tjzpfrS tNird ;f pm;,lonf/
1924-ckrS 1926-cktxd ppfawGjrLeDpDy,f aumfrwDwGif 'kwd,Ouú|
tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;? 1927-ckwGif Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif; a&G;cs,f
wifajrm§ ufjcif; cH&onf/ 1924-ckwiG f ppfawGjrLeDpyD ,fausmif;bkwt f zGUJ \
em,utjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
OD;yef;vSrSm tdrfaxmif&Sdol jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif aexdkifol
jzpfonf/
22 jrxGef;atmif
OD;armifomxGef;
bPfocifwpfOD; jzpfonf/ 1883-ck? azazmf0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYwGif
ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ tNidrf;pm;txl;vufaxmuf wdkif;rif;BuD; OD;jrOD;
A.T.M \ om;jzpfNyD;? ausmif;'um OD;aumif;vSjzL\ ajr;jzpfonf/
ppfawGNrdKUwGif armfuGef;ausmufwdkiftjzpf wnf&Sdaeonfh a&TapwDESpfqludk
ol\ud, k yf ikd af iGjzifh wnfxm;ud;k uG,cf o
hJ l jzpfonf/ umvuwåm;NrKd U a'ADZef
aumvdyfwGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ ppfawGaq;½Hk aumfrwD\ a&G;cs,f
cefYxm;onfh tzGJU0ifwpfOD;jzpfonf/ "mwfrSefud&d,mwyfqif&eftwGuf
taqmufttHk aqmuf vkyf&mrSm rdbrsm;udk &nfpl;NyD; tvSLaiG tajrmuf
tjrm; vSL'gef;cJhonf/
tdrfaxmif&Sdol jzpfonf/ ppfawGuvyftoif;0ifjzpfonf/
tNrJwrf;ae&yfrSm vrf;rBuD; ½ly&Gm? ppfawGNrdKU jzpfonf/
OD;ausmfxGef; (Barrister at Law)

ppfawGNrdKU ukefonfOD;xGef;atmif\ om;jzpfonf/ 1889-ckwGif
ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ umvuwåm; a'ADZefaumvdyf? udef;b&D;vfpdef;
uufo&if;aumvdyw f w
Ykd iG f ynmoifMum;cJo
h nf/ 1911-ckwiG f 0wfvakH wmf&
a&SUaetjzpf *a&tif;toif;rS &,lcJhonf/ &efukefNrdKU w&m;vTwfawmf
a&SUaejzpfonf/ ae&yfrSm rGefeD;taqmufttHk? Zmz&ufvrf;? &efukefjzpf
onf/
uyÜwdefOD;atmifcif MB,CB. B,F.R.C.S(Edin)I.M.S

1887-ck? 'DZifbmv(8)&ufaeYwiG f oHwNJG rKd Uü zGm;jrifonf/ &efuek f
pdefaygvftxufwef;ausmif;? tD'ifbm&mwuúodkvf? ½dkwGefwmaq;½Hk?
'lvbifvef'eftyl;ydkif;a'o aq;ausmif;wdkYwGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/
uyÜwed f OD;atmifcifonf ppfrx
I rf;tjzpf 1915-ckrS 1920-cktxd
rufqdkydkaw;eD;,m;? yg&Sm;? tmz*efepöwefESifh taemufajrmufe,fpyfrsm;
wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1922-ckwGif aq;bufXmewGif wm0ef
xrf;aqmifonf/
Oya'jyKvw T af wmf rif;wdik yf iftrwfEiS hf ausmufjzL jrLeDpyD ,f Ouú|
OD;atmifBuD;ESifh a':cifwdkY\om;jzpfonf/ tyef;ajztm;upm;rSm wif;epf
½dkufupm;jcif; jzpfonf/
ae&yfrSmwpfqifh taxGaxG tifpywfawmf? jynfolUaq;½HkBuD;
&efukefNrdKUjzpfonf/
a'gufwm ausmfcdkif L.M.P

ppf a wG N rd K U uk e f o nf O D ; xG e f ; \om; jzpf o nf / ppf a wG t pd k ; &
txufwef;ausmif;ESifh r'&yfaq;ausmif;wdkYwGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHaq;XmewGif tpdk;&trIxrf;tjzpf xrf;aqmifonf/ ,if;Xme
wGif(11)ESpf wm0efxrf; aqmifNyD; tvkyfrSEkwfxGufcJhonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif
ud,
k yf ikd f aq;cef;zGiv hf pS cf o
hJ nf/ ppfawGor0g,rtoif; bPfvrD w d uf\
em,u jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU jrLeDpDy,faumfrwDtzGJU0if wpfOD;vnf;
jzpfonf/
tdraf xmif&o dS l jzpfonf/ tNrw J rf;ae&yfrmS xD;wef;vrf;? ppfawGNrKd U
jzpfonf/
OD;armifndK
jrefrmEdik if H y#dnmOfcH 0efxrf;tNird ;f pm;jzpfonf/ 1871-ck Zlvikd v
f
(15)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ umv&Snfvsm;pGm opöm&Sd&Sd
wm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;twGuf usufoa&r*FvmESifh jynfhpHkaom 0dwdk&d,
bk&ifr\ *kPfjyKvTmudk 1877-ckü csD;jr§ifhcH&ol OD;armifumvm\ajr;jzpf
onf/ OD;armifumvmonf udk,fydkifp&dwfjzifh rif;jym;NrdKUESifhaps;udk wnf
aqmufcJholjzpfNyD; ppfawGjrLeDpDy,f tzGJU0ifjzpfonf/
OD;armifndKonf ppfawGtpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;ESifh &efukef
aumvdyfwdkYwgif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ 1892-ckwGif bJGU&&Sdonf/ 1896ck
wGif ,SOfNydKifajzqdk&onfh pmar;yGJwGif yxrwef; ta&G;cs,fcHpm&if;0if
wpfOD;jzpfNyD; 1897-ckwGif NrdKUtkyftjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1914-ckwGif
vufaxmuf w&m;olBuD;tjzpf &mxl;wdk;jr§ifhjcif; cH&onf/ 1925-ckwGif
tNidrf;pm;,lonf/
24 jrxGef;atmif
tdraf xmif&o
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r[kwfbJ tusOf;csKyfa&;om;azmf jyxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/ ,if;pmvHk;
twdkaumufrsm;rSm ,ckacwfwGif toHk;jyKMuonfh twdkaumufpmvHk;rsm;
r[kwfMuyg/ ,if;wdkYudk em;vnfoabmaygufap&ef pmvHk;aygif; tjynfh
tpHkudk wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/
- A.T.M: Ahmudan Gaung Tazeilk Ya Min
trIxrf;aumif; wHqdyf&rif;?
- K.S.M: Kyettaye Zaung Shwe Salwe Ya Min
usufoa&aqmif a&TpvG,f&rif;?
- T.D.M: Thuye Gaung Ngawe Daya Min
ol&Jaumif; aiG"m;&rif;?
- I.S.O: Inperial Service Order
- I.S.M : Indian Medical Service
- E.A.C: Extra Assistant Commissioner
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trIawmfxrf;rsm;yg0ifonf/ udk,fydkifvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom a&SUae? q&m0ef
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aq;ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh Oya'a&;&m ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfMuonf/
,if;wdkY\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk avhvmygu wpfq,fhudk;&mpk
aESmif;ydik ;f ESihf ESpq
f ,f&mpkEpS f oH;k pktwGi;f umv &cdik t f rsKd ;om;rsm;\ pD;yGm;
a&;? ynma&;? vlraI &;? tajctaersm;udk awGU&Sd rSwo f m;&rnf jzpfygonf/
wpfenf;qdk&vQif &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ ordkif;uGufvyfwpfckudk
wifjycJhonfhyk*d¾Kvfrsm;\taMumif;csif;&mrsm;ESifh qufET,fí avhvm
rSwo f m;azmfxw k Ef ikd rf nf jzpfygonf/ wifjycJo
h nfyh *k K¾d vrf sm;\ b0rSww f rf;
rsm;rSm NyD;jynfhpHkonfh rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm; r[kwfyg/ qufvufavhvm
azmfxkwf&ef vdktyfaeygao;onf/
,if;rSwpfqifh ruGma0;onfh umvtwGi;f u xif&mS ;cJo h nfh &cdik f
trsdK;om;pmayynm&Sifrsm;? Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;? aq;ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh
EdkifiHtwGuf toufay;vSLcJhonfh rsdK;cspfyk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ udk,fa&;ordkif;rsm;
azmfxkwf&ef txl;vdktyfaeNyD jzpfaMumif; wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/
H.E. Sir Harcourt Butler \ Who's who in Burma pmtkyfrS
xkwfEkwfwifjyjcif; jzpfygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(13)?
1990- azazmf0g&Dv/
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[lí cHpm;csufrsm;udk rTef;NyD; &wkqef;udk rSwfwrf;wifcJh ayonf/
tcsd e f r S m wef a qmif r k e f ; vqef p tcsd e f jzpf o nf / upä y e'D
ajrmufa[0EÅmu pHv k (D av)wdu k cf wfvmacsNy/D wpdrphf rd Ehf iS hf aqmif;\tcsr;f
udk cHae&onf/ ovGefarGU&mxufrSm vGrf;wifqdkum uRef½dkUt&Sifhom;
zcifudk tvsiftjref zl;awGUcsifygonf/ rsuf&nfrsm;,dkum nOfhwdkif;yif
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udk,fpm; &Sifawmfr[mudk apmifha&SmufaeMuukefaom t&Sifewfrsm;tm;
aeYrjcm;avQmufwifaeaom om;jzLrdcif ouf vH;k Muifuv kd nf; xifwa&;ESihf
jrifa,mifvmonf/
a&TEdkY&SifarG;rd\ acR;rawmfESifh a';0ef;BuD;wdkY ewf[efrjym;twl
&SdaepOftcg aysmfarGUcJhMuonf/ ,cktcgrSm ,if;odkY r[kwfygacs/ armifu
arhuw kd rf;í aruarmifu h v kd rG ;f ae&onfh tcsed yf if jzpfaeonf/ om;jzLrdcif
oufvHk;MuifESifh EdkU&SifacR;rawmf\ wrf;warQmfrSef;í vGrf;aqG;&yHkudk---
]]wefaqmifvQif qef;vwfcg? upäye'DajrmufqD a[0EÅmu oGecf s
vmonf pHv k jD yif;? pdrphf rd chf sr;f um arGU&movGe;f wGi;f ü vGr;f wif;wnf wum
um wpmpmonf Mur® iSufyrmodkY b,feefYcga&mufygrnf uREkfyfwdkYt&Sif
om;zcifESifh tvsifzl;csifygonf[k pD;rsuf&nf,dkusum nOfhyifrpuf?
vufq,fjzmudk aygif;vsufOD;wifyg\/ "mwfarGawmf &Spfp&Gwf udk,fpm;
&Siaf wmfjrwfr[mudk apmifu h m &Sief wfjrwftm; aeYrjcm;avQmufvsuaf omf
om;jzLrdcif oufv;kH MuifEiS hf Ed&Yk iS af cR;rawmfwYkd wrf;arQmMfk u&Sv d rd rfh ,f}} [lí
Muifazmfoufxm;udk vGrf;wif;oG,fcJh&onfrSmvnf; awmfvSefa&;pmqdk
a';0ef; BuD;\ b0rSwfwrf; wpf&yfyif jzpfawmhonf/
wpfzufrSmvnf; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ owfrSwfxm;aom
w&m;Oya'abmiftwGi;f rS a';0ef;Bu;D wdYk vGwaf jrmufa&;udk Buq H aeMuol
32 jrxGef;atmif
rsm;vnf; &SMd uonf/ ,if;olwYkd rSm oruf&efrsKd ;atmif? c,fri,f\cifyeG ;f
atmifjzL? nDaxG; armifvaS bmfEiS hf om;Bu;D xGe;f atmifausmw f yYkd if jzpfonf/
rif;cpm;a&SUaeatmufusD ukvm;rsm;ESifh wdkifyifí a';0ef;BuD;wdkY
vlpk vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ ½Hk;awmfodkY avQmuf
xm; Muavonf/ ,if;avQmufxm;csuft& a';0ef;BuD;rSm qHjcnfjcrf;&Sd
jypfr&SdbJ csKyfaESmifzrf;qD;jcif;rS vGwfajrmufcJh&avonf/
,if;odrYk [kwf rw&m;opömazmufrsm;aMumifh cHc&hJ aom a';0ef;Bu;D
um; atmifukvm;? pH&azGpaom wpfusdyfajcmufwdkYudk tjypfrqdkygacs/
raumif;rIonf raumif;Muo H wl xYkd H rMumrDyif jyefvnfwwfonf/ ,if;odYk
0dbwfjyefvnfwnfyHkudk jynfoljynfom; om;pOfajr;qufwdkifatmif
ajymp&m rSwfp&m oifcef;pm,lp&mwpfcktjzpfom axmufjycJhygonf/
[kwrf eS of nfph um;udok m ajymqdMk uNy;D rmefrmeESrd chf s Mu&efuo kd m
wduk w
f eG ;f onf/ a&S;u bk&m;avmif;ra[mo"m wdu Yk kd yHck ikd ;f í rdrrd mS vnf;
,if;enf;wlpmG usiahf qmifaMumif;udk pmqd&k iS af ';0ef;Bu;D u azmfjyrSww f rf;
wifcJhayonf/
a';0ef;BuD;\ pdwfxm;um; jrifhjrwfygayonf/
xGef;atmif(abmif;'Gwf)
&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;?
twGJ-13? trSwf-13? 1973-74 rS/
ppfawGtrsKd;om;ausmif;
jrxGef;atmif
ya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfrIatmuf &cdkifjynfynma&;pepfrSm bkef;BuD;
ausmif;udk tajccHaompepfjzpfonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm; &cdkifudk
odrf;,lNyD; tawmfumonftxd t&Sdefaumif;wkef; jzpfonf/ 1866-ckwGif
qmtmomz,f,monf ynma&;pDrHudef;wpf&yfudk taumiftxnf
azmfonf/
,if;pDrHudef;udk taumiftxnfazmfNyD; ESpfaygif; (50) ausmfonf
txd &cdkifjynfwpfjynfvHk; tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;(2)ausmif;om
&Sdao;onf/ wpfausmif;rSm t*Fvdyf- jrefrm txufwef;ausmif;jzpfonf/
aemufwpfausmif;rSm wdik ;f &if;jrefrm txufwef;ausmif;jzpfonf/ 1890ck
wGif c&pf,mefomoemjyKtzGUJ u wnfaxmifaom txufwef; ausmif;wpf
ausmif;&Sdonf/ ,if;txufwef;ausmif;tm;vHk;rSm ppfawGwGif &Sdonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf rwnfaxmifrD &efukefaumvdyfESifh ,k'oef
aumvdyf[lí ausmif;ESpfausmif;om jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk;rSm &Sdonf/ ,if;
aumvdyEf pS af usmif;rSm umvuwåm;wuúov kd v
f ufatmufcH aumvdyrf sm;
jzpfonf/ txufwef;ausmif;rsm;\ wuúodkvf0if pmar;yGJrsm;udkvnf;
umvuwåm;wuúov kd rf S Bu;D rSL;usi;f yonf/ ,if;pmar;yGrJ sm;wGif jrefrmpm
udk 'kwd,bmomtjzpf owfrSwfonf/ jrefrmpmudk rajzbJ aeEdkifonf/
ausmif;rsm;wGif oifMum;onfh pmrsm;rSm tkyfpdk;ol NAdwdoQwdkYtm;
txifBu;D apNy;D rdrw
d ½Ykd ;kd &m"avhx;kH pHrsm;udk txifao;atmif oifMum;aom
pmrsm;om jzpfonf/ tv,fwef;ESifh txufwef;rsm;wGif Ak'¨bmom
oifcef;pmrsm;udk roifMu&? t*Fvdyfordkif;udk t"duoifMum;&onf/
,if;aMumifh ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIESifh uif;uGmvmonf/
34 jrxGef;atmif
0wfauswef;aus ynma&;
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;csrSwfonfh ynma&;pepfwGif Oa&my
wduk o f m;uav;rsm;ESihf ujym;rsm;twGuf ynma&;? jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;rsm;
twGuf ynma&;[lí ESpfrsdK;cGJjcm;xm;onf/
ausmif;om;rsm;todÓPfyiG v hf if;aprnfh pmtkypf mwrf;ESihf owif;
pmrsm;zwfciG rhf jyK? tifyg,mopömawmfcH tawG;tac:aumfrwD (Imperial
Idea Committee) rS csrSwfay;onfh tawG;tac:rsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm;
tm; ½dkufoGif;ay;onf/ NAdwdoQtifyg,mtwGif;&Sd udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;taeESifh
vlrsKd ;bmomuGjJ ym;apumrl tifyg,mrNyKd uaJG &;twGuf wnDwpfñw G w f nf;
pkaygif;aqmif&GuftHh[laom tawG;tac: jzpfonf/
tpdk;&u wm0ef,lzGifhvSpfaom ausmif;csif;wlaomfvnf; Oa&my
wdu k o f m;uav;rsm;twGuf zGiv hf pS af om ausmif;rsm;rSm tcGit hf a&;ydrk &kd &Sd
onf/ ynma&;toHk;p&dwf oufomap&ef a'oEÅ&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm;
wm0efc, JG al ponf/ ,if;aMumifh NAw d o d Qe,fcsUJ orm;rsm;\ ynma&;0g'rSm
0wfauswrf;aus pmoifay;a&;om jzpfonf/ tkyfcsKyfcH wdkif;&if;om;rsm;
uRefouf&Snfapaom ynma&;pepfom jzpfonf/
,if;odYk ynma&;pepf rnDrQrEI iS yhf wfoufí 1912-ck? pufwifbm
vwGif jrefrmbk&ifu Bu;D rSL;usi;f yaom t*Fvyd -f jrefrm ynma&; uGezf &ifh
wGif 0wfvHkawmf& OD;pHa&T* u atmufygtwdkif; wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhonf/
* 0wfvHkOD;pHa&T
1882ck {NyDv (26)&ufwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ tbOD;pHvS
atmif(v,fydkif&Sif) trd a':oleE´mjzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;
ausmif;rS 1897-ckESpfwGif umvuwåm; wuúodkvf0if pmar;yGJudkatmifjrif
onf/ &efukefaumvdyfESifh Emmenual College Cambridge wd k Y r S (B.A)
udk 1904ckwGif atmifjrifonf/ 0wfvHkbGJUudk (Grey's Inn) rS 1910ckwGif
&&Sdonf/ jynftpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; (Inspector
of School Pegu Circle)tjzpf 1916-ck w G i f xrf ; aqmif o nf / ppf a wG
tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpfESifh (Inspector of
Schools Akyab Circle)tjzpf 1917ck r S 1921ck t xd xrf ; aqmif o nf /
,if;aemuf tvkyfrSEIwfxGufonf/ 0wfvHktjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ oufBuD;
wuúodkvf wnfaxmifcJhol jzpfonf/ oufBuD;wuúodkvf wnfaxmifonfrS
vk y f o m;aumvd y f t jzpf wm0ef x rf ; aqmif c J h o nf / ynma&;avmuwG i f
xif & S m ;onf h yk * d ¾ K vf w pf O D ; jzpf o nf / q&mBuD ; OD ; pH a &T o nf 1973-ck
pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/
]]&cdkifc½dkif ppfawGNrdKUü wnfaqmufxm;aom t*Fvdyf-jrefrm
ESpfbmomtpdk;&ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif ausmif;om; OD;& (700)txd&Sdí
arNrKd Uü wnfaxmifxm;aom Oa&mywdu k o
f m;uav;i,frsm;twGuf tpd;k &
pmoifausmif;ürl ausmif;om;ta&twGuf(120)rQom&SdaMumif;? odkYaomf
arNrKd Uausmif;twGuf tuket f uscaH omp&dwaf Mu;aiGrmS ppfawGNrKd Uausmif;
twGuf ukeu f saom p&dwrf sm;xuf(2)q ausm(f 3)qrQ ydrk rkd sm;jym;aMumif;?
xktYd jyif ppfawGNrKd U pmoifausmif;wGif "mwfcef;½Hw k pf½akH qmufvyk vf akd Mumif;
ESifh avQmufxm;aomtcg rdrdwdkYxHü aiGaMu;r&Sdao;[k tpdk;&u ajymqdk
avonf/
arNrKd Upmoifausmif;ürl "mwfcef;½Hak qmufvyk í f xm;apavonf/
,if;uJo h jYkd yKvyk jf cif;onf rsuEf mS vdu
k o
f nfrnf\/ t*Fvyd -f jrefrmESpb f mom
ausmif;rsm;twGuf rnfonft h &mudrk qdk vdík awmif;vQif rdrw
d x
Ykd üH aiGaMu;
r&Sdao;[k tBudrfBudrftzefzef jyefMum;cJhzl;avonf/ odkY&mwGif arNrdKUü
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twGufrl ¤if;wdkYxHü aiGaMu;&SdMuayonf}}[k NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;\
ynma&;ESifh ywfoufí wpfzufapmif;eif;&SdyHkrsm;udk rn§mrwmxkwfazmf
a0zefxm;onf/ ,if;wdkY\ ynma&;pepf bufvdkufrIrsm;udk ay:vGifap
onf/
wuúodkvfOya'udk twnfjyKjcif;
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm; ynma&;pepfudkcsrSwfNyD;onfhtcsdefrS
&mpkESpfwpf0ufcefYtxd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wuúodkvfwpfckrQ r&Sdao;? &efukef
aumvdyfESifh ,k'oefaumvdyfrsm;om &Sdao;onf/ wuúodkvf zGifhvSpfa&;
twGuf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd toif;tzGJUrsm;u tpOfwpdkuf awmifqdkcJhMuonf/
wpfzufrSmvnf; 1920-ckwpf0dkufwGif q&mawmf OD;OwårESifh
0dkiftrfbDatacgif;aqmifrsm;\ pnf;½Hk;vHIUaqmfrIaMumifh EdkifiHa&;t&Sdef
t[kejf rifrh m;vsuf &Sad eonf/ wpfcsed f wnf;rSm NAw d o d Qe,fcsUJ orm;rsm;onf
yxrurÇmppf'PfaMumifh vufatmufcu H v
kd ekd ED ikd if rH sm;\ tNiKd tjiifukd rcH
vdk/ vufatmufcH udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;wGif jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; jyK vkyfvm
&onf/
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ynmrif;BuD; rpöwmrwf[efYum;onf jrefrmEdkifiH aumifpDtpnf;ta0;odkY
36 jrxGef;atmif
1920-ck? Mo*kwv f 12 &ufwiG f wifoiG ;f onf/ ,if;Oya'udk jrefrmjynfol
wpf&yfv;kH u uefuY uG Mf uonf/ owif;pmrsm;uvnf; uefu Y uG af &;om;Mu
onf/ &efuek ?f rEÅav;? ykord ?f armfvNrKd i?f ppfawGtp&Sad om NrKd UBu;D rsm;wGif
tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yíqE´jyMuonf/ ,if;odkY uefYuGufqE´jyaeonfh
Mum;rS jrefrmEdkifiHbk&ifcHESifh tdEd´,bk&ifcHcsKyfwdkY oabmwlnDcsufjzifh
,if;Oya'udk jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&onf 1920-ck? 'DZifbmv(1)&ufaeYwGif
twnfjyKvdkufonf/
ynma&; tHacsmfcsufrsm;
,if ; twnf j yKvd k u f a om &ef u k e f w uú o d k v f tuf O ya't&
wuúodkvfrSm &efukefwGif&Sd&rnf/ &efukefrStytjcm;NrdKUrsm;ü aumvdyf
ausmif;rsm;r&S/d rEÅav;? ppfawG? armfv NrKd i?f ykord Nf rKd Ursm;uJo h Ykd ynma&;wGif
A[duk saomNrKd Ursm;ü aumvdyaf usmif;xm;&S&d ef jynfov l xl uk vdv k m;onf/
wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJ atmifjrifNyD;aomfvnf; wuúodkvf ynmudk
oifMum;cGirhf &ao;/ wuúov kd yf nmudk oifvykd gu aemufxyfwpfEpS o f if&ef
(cGwef;)udk ,if;Oya't& xm;&Sdonf/ wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJ atmifjrifNyD;
olwdkif; wuúodkvf0ifcGifhay;&efvdkvm;onf/ ,if;tjyif jrefrmpmudk,lí
wuúodkvfpmar;yGJudk ajzqdkcGifhjyK&ef vdkvm;Muonf/ tpdk;& ausmif;csif;wl
aomfvnf; tqift h wef;cGjJ cm;rIukd rvdv k m;Mu? wef;wl&nfwl tcGit hf a&;udk
awmif;qdkMuonf/ ,if;tjyif tvGwfynmoifMum;olrsm;twGufvnf;
pmar;yGJ&Sdoifhonf[k ,lqMuonf/ atmufajcjzpfaom tajccHynma&;
pepf udk wdk;wufap&ef aqmif&Gufoifhonf[k xifjrifMuonf/
vufawGUtoHk;csEdkifaom ynma&;pepfudk awmif;qdkMuonf/
vuf&Sdynma&;pepfrSm twef;pmar;yGJ atmifjrifa&;udkom t"duxm;
onf/ ausmif;om;wd\ Yk b0tajctae ESihf rqDavsmrf tyfpyf jzpfaeonf/
wuúov kd yf nma&;wGif toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm&yfEiS hf jrefrmjynftwGuf
vdktyfaeaom odyHÜynm&yfudk tm;ay;oifhonf/ wuúodkvfpmar;yGJwGif
EIwaf jzppfaq;jcif;? 0dZmÆ odyÜH *kPx f ;l wef;om;rsm; pmar;yGu J pd ?ö Oya'ynm
oifMum;a&;udp?ö atmifjrifNy;D aom bmom&yfrsm;udk xyfraH jzqd&k ef rvdb k J
us½HI;onfhbmom&yfrsm;udkom ajzqdkcGifhjyKa&;udk tav;ay;NyD; jynfolrsm;
awmif;qdkMuonf/ odkY&mwGif jynfolwdkY\ vdkvm;csufESifh rudkufnDaom
wuúodkvftufOya'udk NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;u twnfjyKay;cJhonf/
,if;tufOya'rSm jynfowl Ykd vdv
k m;csuEf iS hf rudu
k n
f aD om ynma&;tHacsmf
csufrsm;om jzpfawmhonf/
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twnfjyKvu f jzifh OD;bOD; (B.A txufwef;oHwJG) OD;aqmifonfh (26)OD;
kd o
aumfrwDua&SUaqmifNy;D &efuek af umvdyEf iS hf ,k'oefaumvdyw f u
Ykd kd 1928ck?
'DZifbmv(5)&ufaeYwGif oydwfarSmufvdkufMuonf/ 'DZifbmv (23)&uf
aeYukd aemufq;kH xm;í ausmif;0if&efEiS hf ,if;od0Yk ifa&mufjcif;r&Sd olrsm;udk
ausmif;xkwfrnf[k wuúodkvftmPmydkifwdkYu aMunmonf/
'DZifbmv(20)&ufwGif oydwfarSmufaumifpDuBuD;rSL;í ausmif;
awmf&m a&Tusiaf usmif;wdu k üf oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;xku tpnf;ta0;
udk usi;f yonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;rS tmPmydik w f uYkd tjyKtrlukd rauseyf?
qE´jyonfhtaejzifh ausmif;0ifpm&if;rS Ekwfy,f&ef qHk;jzwftwnfjyKMu
onf/ ,if;oydwaf rSmufaumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm;wGif atmufazmfjyyg &cdik f
ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0ifaxmufcH Muonf/ ,if;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm-
B.A txuf w ef ; / OD ; bOD ; (oH w G J oyd w f a rS m uf a usmif ; om;Ouú | )?
trsd K ;om;ausmif ; q&mOD ; omEd k Y ( jrLeD p D y ,f ) ?
OD;vSxGef;atmif (OD;vSxGefjzL M.A, B.L \nD)?
OD ; omEd k Y ( ruf a cgif ) ? OD ; &J a usmf a tmif ( oH w G J ) ?
OD ; om'd k ; OD ; ? OD ; ausmf { (awmif u k w f ) ? OD ; omEd k Y
(w&m;olBuD;)? OD;zaxmfOD;(Bar at Law)? OD;atmif
xGef;OD; (q&m0efOD;apmjr atmif\tpfudk)/
B.Sc txufwef; / OD;b&Sif (B.E., Eng) ? OD;ausmjf r (a&SUae)? OD;apmOD;
(pOfhtdk;wef;)/
B.A atmuf w ef ; / OD;omEdkYatmif (a&SUae)? (trsdK;om; ausmif;q&m)
OD;om'dk;? OD;omxGef; atmif (NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUtkyf)/
B.Sc atmuf w ef ; / OD;xGef;atmifZH (puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;)? OD;pHom/
I.A txuf w ef ; / OD;a&TxGef; (trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m)? OD;vSatmif?
OD;omEdkY (trsdK;om;ausmif; q&m)? OD;vSxGef;ausmf
(tdkifpDtuf-OD;ausmfcif\tpfudk)? OD;omausmf
38 jrxGef;atmif
atmif ( ausmuf a wmf ) ? OD ; ausmf r if ; (bD v l ; )?
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t"duvIHUaqmfol? ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif; yxr
qHk; ausmif;tkyf)/
I.Sc, txuf w ef ; / OD;armifbk (trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m)? OD;at;csrf;
(trsKd ;om;ausmif;q&m? a&SUae)? OD;armifjratmif?
OD ; tvef ( tif ; pd e f tif * sif e D , mausmif ; tk y f ) ?
OD;zdk;ñGefY(yuúyfpk)/
I.A atmuf w ef ; / OD;apmvS(trsKd ;om;ausmif;q&m? a&SUae)? OD;zd;k jrpdef
(trsKd ;om;ausmif;q&m?ppfawGtpd;k & txufwef;
ausmif; ausmif;tkyfBuD;)/
I.Sc atmuf w ef ; / OD;pHxeG ;f atmif (trsKd ;om;ausmif;q&m? 'Dru kd a&pD
a'oEÅ& tkyfcsKyfa&;rif;BuD;)? OD;pHxGef;OD;? OD;pdefndK
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I.A atmuf w ef ; / OD;pHxGef;atmif? OD;ausmfOD; (a&SUae)wdkY jzpfygonf/
ppfawGausmif;om;oydwf
1920-ck ausmif;om;oydwfrSm &efukefaumvdyfESifh,k'oef
aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; ta&;omru jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk; ausmif;om;
rsm;\ta&;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;xkwpf&yfvHk;\ vufiif;cHpm;ae&aom
ta&;udpö jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynftESYH ausmif;om;rsm;onf &efuek w f uúov kd f
tufOya'udk qefYusifMuonf/ oydwfarSmufMuonf/
&cdkifwpfjynfvHk;wGif ,if;tcsdefu t*Fvdyfjrefrm txufwef;
ausmif; wpfausmif;wnf;om&Sdonf/ NAdwdoQ e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ ynma&;
pepfatmufwGif zdESdyfrItrsdK;rsdK;udk cHpm;ae&onf/ aumvdyfoydwfonf
rdrdwdkYcHpm;csufESifh wom;wnf;jzpfonf/
,if;aMumifh OD;atmifxGef;OD; (ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;q&m?
ausmufawmftrsdK;om; ausmif;q&mBuD; &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;
tpnf;t½Hk; acgif;aqmif)? OD;pHatmif? OD;ndKbl;? OD;atmifausmfOD;ponfh
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; OD;aqmifNy;D aumvdyo f ydwu f kd axmufco H nfh
taejzifh ppfawGtxufwef;ausmif;udk oydwaf rSmufvu kd Mf uonf/ þonf
rSm ordik ;f ay;wm0efukd OD;vnfrokex f rf;aqmifvu kd jf cif; jzpfonf/ ppfawG
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aumvdyfausmif; oydwfarSmufNyD; wpfywfcefYtMumrSm ppfawG
tpd;k &ausmif;om;rsm;onf oydwv f ufeufukd qGu J ikd Nf y;D NAw d od Qe,fcsUJ orm;
rsm;\ ynma&;pepfudk qefYusifvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ twkvrm&Zdef jynfvHk;
csr;f ombk&m;Bu;D &ifjyifukd oydwpf cef;tjzpf toH;k jyKMuonf/ ,if;oydwu f kd
NrKd UrdNrKd Uzrsm;u axmufct H m;ay;Muonf/ pm;a&;? aomufa&; udpt ö 00udk
ulnDMuonf/ axmufyHhMuonf/
,if;tm;ay;axmufcHrIonf oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;\ pGrf;tm;udk
xufjrufaponf/ aumvdyfoydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yl;aygif;
tm;jznfhMuonf/ ausmif;om;tm;vHk;onf ausmif;rStNyD;tydkif oydwf
arSmuf xGuv f molrsm;jzpfonf/ tpd;k &ESit
hf pd;k &taxmuftyHch H ausmif;rsm;
odkY rnfonfhtcgrS jyefrwuf&ef qHk;jzwfMuNyD;jzpfonf/
trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfaxmifjcif;
jrefrmwpfjynfvHk; oydwfarSmufxm;Muaom NrdKUe,ftoD;oD;&Sd
ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh rdbjynfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYtiftm;jzifh wdkif;&if;om;
ausmif;rsm; tjrefay:aygufatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwMf uonf/ ppfawGrv S nf;
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh rdbjynfolrsm;onf oydwfarSmufausmif;
om;\ ynma&;udk pDpOf&onf/ pmoifrysufap&ef trsdK;om;ausmif;udk
wnfaxmifMuonf/
oCF&mZmausmif;? ynmvuFm&ausmif;ESifh a&TapwDbkef;BuD;
ausmif;rsm;wGif pmoifcef;rsm;tjzpf ,m,DziG v
hf pS x
f m;Mu&onf/ ausmif;½H;k
cef;udk a&TapwDbkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm xm;&Sdonf/ aumvdyfausmif;om;
bGdKifaumhwmrsm;u (BoyCotters) 0ifa&mufulnDoifMum;ay;Muonf/
ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpf bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD; * ( IA
txufwef;)u aqmif&Gufonf/ ausmif;pwifzGifhu (8)wef;rS (10)wef;
* trsKd;om;ausmif;\ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSm OD;xGef;atmifjzpfonf[k pma&;
ol\ ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (18-4-1947txd)wGif azmfjyzl;ygonf/
trSefrSm bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD; (IA txufwef;) jzpfygonf/
40 jrxGef;atmif
txd zGiv hf pS o
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d nf/
ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm aumvdyaf usmif;om; bGKd iaf umhwmrsm;ESihf txufwef;
ausmif; oydwfarSmufacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonf/ ausmif;zGifhNyD; rMumrD
ausmif;om;OD;a&(700)txd jzpfvmonf/ ausmif;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf
NrKd UrdNrKd Uzrsm;u aiG? vl? pdw"f mwftzuf zufrS ulnt D m;ay;Muonf/ &[ef;
oHCmawmfrsm;uvnf; rdrdwdkYausmif;rsm;udk pmoifcef;tjzpf MunfjzLpGm
toHk;jyKcGifh ay;Muonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1921-ck ZGefvtwGif;rSm ppfawG
trsdK;om;ausmif;udk atmifjrifpGm zGifhvSpfEdkifMuonf/
udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfjcif;
jrefrmjynfwpfjynfvHk;&Sd tpdk;&ausmif;om;rsm;onf aumvdyf
ausmif;oydwfudkaxmufcHNyD; oydwfarSmufMuonf/ rdbjynfolrsm;\
tm;ay;axmufcHrIjzifh trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;udk wnfaxmifMuonf/
oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm; wpfpnf;wpfv;kH wnf;&Szd Ykd ,if;tcsed t f cgwGif
vdktyfaeonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1921-ck {NyDv? (10)&uf we*FaEGaeYwGif
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m oydwfarSmufausmif;om;BuD;rsm; (All Burma Senior
Boy cotter's Conference) nDvmcHudk &efukefNrdKUwGifusif;yonf/ ppfawG
oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;\ ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf OD;atmifxeG ;f OD; (ppfawG
tpd;k & txufwef;ausmif; oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif? ppfawG
trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m? ausmufawmf trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mBuD;? &cdkif
wd k i f ; vH k ; qd k i f & m wd k i f ; &if ; om;tpnf ; t½H k ; acgif ; aqmif ) OD ; pH a tmif
OD;pHxeG ;f atmif (I.Sc atmufwef;)wdYk ,if;nDvmcH odYk wufa&mufcMhJ uonf/
,if;nDvmcHrS qHk;jzwfcsuf 15-csufudk csrSwfMuonf/ trsdK;om;
ausmif;q&mrsm;ta&; tpd;k &xHrS ESppf Ofo;kH pGaJ eaom b@maiGrS tcsKd ;us
&&Sda&;? &efukefwuúodkvf oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; or*¾zGJUpnf;yHk
pnf;rsO;f a&;qGí J jyefvnfzUJG pnf;&ef? ausmif;oH;k pmtkyEf iS hf tjcm;oifah vsmf
aom pmtkyfrsm;yHkESdyfa&mif;cs&ef? wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf (10)&ufaeYudk
trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;? trsdK;om;aumvdyfrsm;\ ausmif;ydwf&uf owfrSwf
&ef? oydwaf rSmufta&;awmfyt kH rsKd ;rsKd ; aESmuf,u S [
f efwY m;rIrsm;udk usL;vGef
onfh ArmEdik if t H pd;k &tm; jyif;xefpmG uefu Y uG af Mumif;? a'oEÅ&t&m&Srd sm;\
aESmuf,u S rf rI sm;onf ArmEdik if t H pd;k &ESihf jynforl sm;qufqaH &; txiftjrif
vGJrSm;apEdkifojzifh ,if;tjyKtrlrsdK; quf rvkyf&ef? q&mawmf OD;Owår\
pGrf;aqmifrIrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif&ef ponfhqHk;jzwfcsuf? uefYuGufcsuf?
rSwfwrf;wifjcif;rsm;udk nDvmcHrScsrSwfcJhMuonf/
trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;\ a&SUvkyfief;
pOfrsm;udk csrSwfay;cJhMuonf/ ,if;oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\
nDvmcHonf trsdK;om;ynma&;atmifvHudk jrifhrm;pGmvTifhxlay;cJhonfh
nDvmcHwpf&yfjzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfwpfjynfv;kH &Sd ausmif;om;rsm;\ wpfom;
wnf; pnf;½Hk;nDñGwfrIudk &&SdcJhayonf/
ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwD
ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;
pmoifcsed f rysuaf &;twGuf pmoifcef;rsm;udk ,m,Dtm;jzifh bke;f Bu;D ausmif;
rsm;wGif zGifhvSpfxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ a&&SnfwGif aiGa&;aMu;a&;udpö? ausmif;
taqmufttHkrsm;udpö? q&mrsm;axmufyHhaMu;? pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;
ausmif; pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf pDpOftkyfcsKyf&ef tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf vdktyf
vmonf/
,if;aMumifh ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;udk NrdKUrd NrdKUzrsm;?
NrKd UrsuEf mS zH;k vlBu;D rsm; yg0ifonfh ausmif;tkycf sK yaf &; aumfrwDwiG f OD;t'd;k ?
OD;a&Tom? OD;aZmfa*gif? OD;armifom xGef;? OD;xGef;atmif? OD;armifjrxGef;?
OD;apmvSatmifESifh trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm; yg0ifonf/ ,if;aumfrwD
onf ausmif;taqmufttHk&&Sda&;? q&mrsm; vpmay;a&;pnf;urf; xdef;
odrf;a&;ponfhudpö&yfrsm;udk aqmif&GufMuonf/
ausmif;&efyHkaiG &SmazGjcif;
oCF&h mZm? ynmvuFm&ESihf a&TapwDausmif;rsm;wGif a&&Snt f m;jzifh
pmoifcef;rsm;xm;í rjzpf? ausmif;taqmuf ttHkwpfckck &&Sd&efvdkonf/
wpfzufrmS vnf; ausmif;y&dabm*ESihf q&mrsm;twGuf axmufy&hH ef aiGaMu;
vdktyfvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh ausmif;&HyHkaiG&&Sda&;twGuf uyGJwpf&yfudk
ppfawGNrdKU&Sd JACCOB ½kyf&Sif½HkwGif jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;uyGJrSm trsdK;om;
ausmif;udk vlrsKd ;aygif;pHu
k tm;ay;axmufcaH Mumif; o½kyaf zmfujyMuonf/
OD;pHxGef;atmif (trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m? 'Drdkua&pD a'oEÅ& tkyfcsKyfa&;
rif;BuD;u) ArmtrsdK;om;? OD;ndKbl;u w½kwftjzpf o½kyfaqmifonf/
OD;atmifausmOf ;D (oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;acgif;aqmif)u &cdik t f rsKd ;om;
42 jrxGef;atmif
tjzpf o½kyfaqmifonf/ OD;zdk;at;? OD;ausmfxGef; ponfwdkYu yGJMunfh
y&dowfrsm;tm; bm;uRr;f jzifh yg0ifun l aD zsmaf jzay;Muonf/ ppfawGNrKd UvH;k
uRwf ½Hkjynfhatmif vma&mufMunfh½Itm;ay;Muonf/ ,if;uyGJrS &&Sdaom
aiGjzifh ppfawGNrKd U jynfv;kH csr;f ombk&m;Bu;D \ taemufpuf½v kH rf;ESihf OD;Owår
vrf;axmifh? ,ckawmifwef;omoemjyKausmif;ae&mwGif 0g;ausmif;udk
,m,Dausmif;tjzpf aqmufvyk Mf uonf/ 0g;ausmif;aqmufNy;D wpfEpS cf cJG efY
MumrS tkwcf t H xufxyf opfom;taqmufttHu k kd aqmufvyk Nf y;D pD;onf/
,if;tjyif ppfawGNrdKUay:&Sd aiGaMu;wwfEdkifolrsm;ESifh apwem&Sifrsm;u
wwftm;oa&GU trsKd ;om;ausmif;&HyakH iGtwGuf pdwt f m;xufoefpmG xnf0h if
vSL'gef;Muonf/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;jyKvyk u f m trsKd ;om;ausmif; wnfaxmif
&ef qH;k jzwfNy;D trsKd ;om;ynma&; &efyakH iGtwGuf atmufygtwdik ;f xnfv h LS
Muonf/
]]OD;&Jausmfol\om; 0wfvHkawmf&a&SUae OD;a&Tom usyf 20000d?
OD;ay:xGef;atmif\om; 0wfvHkawmf& a&SUaeOD;owdk; usyf 10000d?
OD;ay:xGef;atmif\om; ukefonfBuD; olaumif;jyK&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;
OD;xGef;ay: usyf 10000d ESifh tjcm;xnfh0ifolrsm; t&yf&yfpm&if;aygif;
wpfodef;ig;aomif;ausmf vufiif;pm&if;ayguf &&Sdavonf}} [k 1921-ck
Zefe0g&Dv (18)&ufxkwf ol&d,aeYpOfowif;pmwGif azmfjyxm;onfudk
awGU&onf/ ,if;odkY trsdK;om;ynma&;twGuf tm;wufoa&m ulnDtm;
ay;MuonfrSm ,if;tcsdeftcgu acwftajctaeudk rD;armif;xdk;jyvdkuf
jcif; jzpfonf/
,if;odkYtrsdK;om;ausmif;twGuf tvSLaiGxnfh0ifaiGrsm;tjyif
a&&Snt f wGuv f nf; ausmif;tkycf sKyaf &;aumfrwD0ifrsm;u aqmif&u G Mf u&
ao;onf/ ausmif;&efyHkaiG tNrJwrf;jznfhwif;&ef tzdwfaeYwdkif; trsdK;om;
ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwDvlBuD;rsm;onf ppfawG
wpfNrKd UvH;k odYk tvSLcHxuG Mf u&onf/ tcsKd Utdrrf sm;u tvSLaiG&uf &ufa&m
a&m xnfh0ifMuonf/ tcsdKUuvnf; rcHEdkifavmufaom pum;jzifh tvSL
aumufco H rl sm;tm; ajymqdjk yKrMl uonf/ od&Yk mwGif pOfqufrjywf tzdwaf eY
wdkif; tvSLcHxGufcJhMuonf/ ,if;odkY &efyHkaiGudk NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;u wwfoa&GU
ulnt D m;ay; cJMh uaomfvnf; &efyakH iGrmS vHak vmufjynfph rkH I r&Scd ohJ jzifh q&m
rsm;\vpmrsm;rSm jynfhjynfhpHkpHk &&Sdjcif; r&SdcJhay/
ausmif;taqmufttHkrsm;
ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;zGifhpwGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;rS tpjyKcJh
&onf/ ,if;aemuf ,ckawmifwef;omoemjyKausmif;wnf&mae&mudk
NrdKUvlxku0,f,lNyD; ,m,D0g;ausmif;udk aqmufvkyfMuonf/ ausmif;
taqmufttHkyHkrSm t*Fvdyf tu©&m (L)yHk jzpfonf/ ausmif;\rsufESmpm
onf puf½Hkvrf;twdkif; awmif-ajrmufwef;aeNyD; ta&SUbufodkY rsufESmrl
xm;onf/ taemufrsuEf mS pmrSm OD;Owårvrf;twdik ;f ta&SUtaemuf wef;
aeNyD; ajrmufbufodkY rsufESmrlxm;onf/ 0g;ausmif;aqmufvkyfNyD;
wpfESpfcGJcefYMumrS atmufrS tkwfcH? txufrS ysOfpDysOfaxmifESifh ESpfxyf
ausmif;udk aqmufvyk o f nf/ ,if;taqmufttHu k kd OD;aZmfa*gu OD;aqmif
vkyfonf/ aqmufvkyfc r,l[k od&onf/ ausmif;taqmufttHkvrf;
wpfzuf (OD;Owårvrf;wpfzuf)rSm ausmif;tdyaf usmif;pm;rsm;\ taqmuf
ttHk &Sdonf/ ysOfaxmiftaqmufttHkjzpfNyD; ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;
(20)cefY &Sdonf/
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jzpfonf/ OD;pdefxGef;atmifvnf; ausmif;tkyftjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/
,if;aemuf OD;xGef;atmif (a&SUae? rif; wdkifyiftrwf)u aqmif&Gufonf/
rpöwm aZmfe'if (Mr. Zau Nuddin) rSm 'kwd,ausmif;tkyf jzpfonf/
tdEd´,trsdK;om;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;tqifajy&ef
twGuf rpöwmaZmfe'iftm; ,if;wm0efudk ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ pnf;½Hk;a&;
twGufvnf; jzpfonf/ ,if;tjyif ausmif;tkyf OD;xGef;atmif rif;wdkifyif
tpnf;ta0;odYk wuf a&mufaecsed w f iG f ausmif;udk wm0ef,l tkycf sKy&f onf/
oli,f wef;rS (10)wef;txd jyoonfhq&m (24-25)a,mufcefY &Sdonf/
,if;q&mrsm;rSm OD;armifomEdkY? OD;a&TxGef;? OD;omxGef;atmif?
OD;atmifomOD; (ordkif;okawoD)? OD;zdk;jrpdef (ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;
ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;)? OD;pHxGef;atmif (bdk'defq&m? 'Drdkua&pD
a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&; rif;BuD;)? q&mOD;ausmfZH? OD;omausmf? OD;todyf?
OD;atmifausmOf ;D ? OD;atmifxeG ;f OD; (ausmufawmftrsKd ;om;ausmif;q&mBu;D )?
a&SUaeOD;atmifxGef;OD;? OD;armifomEdkY? a&SUaeOD;at;csrf;? a&SUaeOD;apmvS?
44 jrxGef;atmif
OD;armifa&Tom(v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&;0ef)? a&SUae OD;omEdaYk tmif? OD;eDatmifjzL?
OD;armifvHk;? OD;atmifbkESifh q&m,mqdef;wdkY jzpfMuonf/
ausmif;tdyaf usmif;pm; ausmif;om;rsm;udk wm0ef,l tkycf sKy&f aom
bd'k ed q
f &mrsm;tjzpf OD;pHxeG ;f atmif? OD;atmif ausmOf ;D ? &rf;NArJ S OD;,mqif;?
OD;vSjzLoef;? OD;pdefvSatmif (Xmetkyf)? OD;xGef;oma0 (vl0ifrIXme)wdkYu
aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/
q&mrsm;\vpmrSm twdtusowfrSwfxm;csufr&Sd? aumufcH&&Sd
aom &efyHkaiGudk ausmif;q&mrsm;u tnDtrQ cGJa0,lMuonf/ tpdk;&xHrS
taxmuftyHh,lNyD;onfhaemufwGif q&mwpfOD;vQif (200d) &onf[k qdk&
aomfvnf; tjynfh t0&onf[k r&SdcJh/ owfrSwfEIef;\ oHk;yHkESpfyHkcefYom
vpmtjzpf &&So d nf/ useaf iGukd avsmyf pf&onf/ taxmuftyHh r,lru D qdk
vQif q&mwpfOD;vQif (30d) jzpfonf/ q&mBuD;\ vpmrSm (300d) jzpfonf/
ausmif;om;pmar;yGJESifh ausmif;vc
ppfawGNrdKUcH ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh e,frSvma&muf oifMum;Muonfh
ausmif;om;rsm;&So d nf/ e,frv S maeMuaom ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ausmif;tdyf
ausmif;pm;aeMuonfhtjyif todrdwfaqG? aqGrsdK;rsm; tdrfwGifaeNyD;
wufMuonfh ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; &SMd uonf/ ausmif;zGiphf u ausmif;om;
(700) cefY &Sdonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppf jzpfcgeD;wGif ausmif;om; (400) cefYom
&Sdawmhonf/ oli,fwef;rS (10)wef;txd&Sdonf/ (7)wef;ESifh(10)wef;
pmar;yGJrsm;udk trsdK;om;ynma&;tzGJUcsKyfu rwfvwGif pmar;yGJrsm;udk
BuD;Muyfusif;yonf/ useftwef;rsm;udk ausmif;ppfpmar;yGJtjzpf ppfaq;
Muonf/ ausmif;vcudk twdtusrnfa&GUrnfrQ owfrw S cf o
hJ nfukd rod&/
odkY&mwGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;tm; ausmif;vc vGwfNidrf;cGifh jyKcJhaMumif;
od&onf/
ausmif;pwifziG v hf pS o f nfh 1921-ck ZGevf rS 'kw,d urÇm ppfjzpfymG ;
vmonftxd ausmif;oufwrf;rSm (20)ESpcf efY &Sd onf/ ,if; (20)ESpt f wGi;f
ausmif;om;OD;a& wpfEpS yf sr;f rQ (500)OD;ESiw hf u
G v
f Qif ausmif;om;wpfaomif;
cefuY kd ynmoifMum;ay;Edik cf o hJ nf/ trsKd ;om;ynma&;wm0efukd xrf;aqmif
cJhonf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;onf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? udkvdkeDynma&;udk
qefYusif&mrSay:vmaomausmif;jzpfonf/
ausmif;&Sd q&mrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf
vnf;aumif; e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfudk cg;oD;pGm &GH&Smrkef;wD;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/
aemiftcg e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; tiftm;pkjzpfvmrnfh tjrKawrsm;udk
þausmif;rS arG;xkwfay;vdkufonfqdku rSm;rnfrxifyg/
ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;rS ynmoifMum;arG;xkwfay;vdkufonfh
ausmif;om;wpfaomif;ausmfwGif atmufazmfjyyg yk*d¾Kvfrsm;vnf;yg0ifay
onf/ ,if;wdkYrSm-
q&m0efO;D ausmZf v H ?S q&m0ef OD;ausm'f if? OD;ausmEf k (Edik if *H P
k &f nf
'kwd,tqifh)? OD;vSausmfjzL ('k-ñTefcsKyf? pmwdkufESifhaMu;eef;Xme)?
OD;BudKifomatmif (e,fydkif)? rsdK;cspf OD;ausmfOD;? q&m0ef OD;ausmfvS?
OD;ausmfxGef; (twGif;0ef)? OD;ausmfZHOD; (w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf w&m;olBuD;)?
OD;apmom (twGi;f 0ef)? q&m0ef OD;pHxeG ;f atmif? OD;apm (rEÅav;&J ausmif;)?
q&m0ef OD;zdk;odef;? OD;a&Tjr (I.C.S twGif;0efcsKyf)? OD;vSazmfol (ynmtkyf)?
OD;omausmf (EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if EdkifiH*kPf&nf yxrtqifh)? OD;omausmf
(bHkayguf? EdkifiH*kPf&nf'kwd,tqifh)? OD;bausmf (A[dkw&m;½Hk;a&SUae)?
OD;OD;omausmf (ygarmu©csKy?f ynma&;wuúov kd )f ? OD;omZH (tNird ;f pm; puf&iS f
w&m;olBuD;)? 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD; atmifZH(trSwf-2 ppfaq;½HktkyfBuD;)?
OD;OD;armif (wdkif;w&m;olBuD;)? q&mOD;atmifbef; ponfwdkY jzpfMuonf/
rpöwmae½l;ESifh tdEd´&m*ED´ a&muf&Sdjcif;

ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;odkY EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; rMumcP
a&muf&MdS uonf/ trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;udprö sm;twGuf jzpfonf/ tdE, ´d
uGef*&ufacgif;aqmif rpöwmae½l;ESifh orD;tdEd´&m*ED´wdkYonf trsdK;om;
ynma&;ESifh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;tiftm;pkrsm;pkpnf;&m ppfawGtrsdK;
om;ausmif;odkY 0ifa&mufvnfywfonf/ ,if;odkY a&muf&Sdvmaom rpöwm
ae½l;tm; EdkifiHwumta&;tcif;? trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;vIyf&Sm;rI?
trsdK;om;ausmif;tay: xifjrifcsuf? b*Fvm;e,f&Sd &cdkiftrsdK;om;a&;?
wdk;wufvmonfh odyÜHynmESifh ywfoufonfh ar;cGef;aygif; (10)ausmfudk
ar;jref;Muonf/ rpöwmae½l;u trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfwHha&;twGuf
BuKd ;pm;oifah Mumif;rsm;udk ajymjyonf/ b*Fvm;e,f&dS &cdik t
f rsKd ;om;rsm;udk
ulnDapmifha&SmufoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ ,ck tcsdefrSm odyHÜynm wdk;wufae
onf/ vlowfvufeufrsm; xGef;umvmonf/ vlom;rsm; tusdK;&Sdatmif
odyÜHynmudk toHk;jyKoifhaMumif;rsm;udk ajzMum;cJhonf/
46 jrxGef;atmif
ausmif;ydwfvdkuf&jcif;
ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;udk 'kwd,urÇmppfjzpfyGm;NyD; 1941-ckESpf
tukex f d zGivhf pS cf o
hJ nf/ trSw(f 15)*syefwyfrawmf\ tkycf sKyrf aI tmufwiG f
&Sdaom Adkvf&efatmif OD;aqmifonfh &cdkifcsD ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf
(bD? tdkif? at)u 1924-ck? arv (7)&ufwGif ppfawGNrdKUudk odrf;,lonf/
aemufyikd ;f wGif ppfawGNrKd Uwpfcv k ;kH onf 'kw,
d urÇmppf'PfaMumifh jymyHtk wd
jzpfcJh&onf/ trsdK;om;ynma&;? trsdK;om;vGwf ajrmufa&; trSwftom;
jzpfonfh trsdK;om;ausmif; taqmufttHkrSmvnf; ppf'PfrS rvGwfcJh/
ysupf ;D cJ&h onf/ ,if;udk ppfNy;D umvwGif jyefvnfxal xmifEikd jf cif; r&Sad wmh
acs/ ppfab;ppf'Pf uif;&Sif;NyD; ppfawGNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;tm; jyefvnfí
rdrdwdkYae&m&yfuGufrsm;wGif aexdkifcGifhjyKvdkufonfhtcg trsdK;om;ausmif;
ae&mwGif awmifwef;omoemjyK bke;f Bu;D ausmif;tjzpf wnfaxmifaqmuf
vkyfae&m,lvsuf&Sdayonf/
jrxG e f ; atmif
(30-8-1981)
usrf;udk;
ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;jzpfMuaom q&mBuD; OD;atmif
omOD; (ordkif;okawoD)? OD;pHxGef;atmif ('Drdkua&pD a'oEÅ& tkyfcsKyfa&;
rif;BuD;)wdkYtm; awGUqHkar;jref;csufrsm;ESifh pma&;ol\ rdcifa':rrBuD;\
ajymjycJch surf sm;udk tajccHNy;D atmufygpmtkypf mwef;rsm;udk ud;k um;a&;om;
ygonf/
(1) trsdK;om;aeYESifh trsdK;om;ynma&; vIyf&Sm;rI ordkif;tusOf;
(trsKd ;om;aeY a&T&wkobiftxl;xkw)f jrefrmhq&kd , S v
f pf vrf;pOf
ygwD? pnf;½H;k a&;A[dk aumfrwDXmecsKyf (Ed0k ifbmv 1970jynfEh pS )f
(2) jrefrmEdkifiH trsdK;om;ynma&;ordkif;? OD;{ausmf r[m0dZÆm?
Oya'0dZÆmjyKpkonf (ykvJyef;pmay 1970)
(3) ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (1824-1947 txd) jrxGef;atmif
(&cddkifñGefYzl; ,Ofaus;rIaqmif;yg;rsm; 1968-Zlvdkif)
(4) NAdwdoQacwf &cdkifjynfynma&;? jrxGef;atmif &cdkifr*¾Zif;
(1976-ckESpf? pufwifbmv)
(5) Who's who in Burma 1961,
People's Literature Committee and House,
546 Merchant Street,
Ragoon, Ragoon August 1, 1861.
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)
48 jrxGef;atmif
OD;OwårESifh 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;
jrxGef;atmif
1885-ck? Edk0ifbmv (14)&ufwGif pwifjzpfyGm;onfh wwd,
t*Fvyd -f jrefrmppfyo JG nf (14)&ufajrmufaeYrmS rEÅav;NrKd Uudk odr;f ,ljcif;jzifh
NyD;qHk;onf/ tdEd´,bk&ifcHcsKyf avm'gz&ifonf 0dwdk&d,bk&ifrtwGuf
ESpof pfu;l vufaqmiftjzpf 1886-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (1)&ufaeYwiG f jrefrmjynf
wpfjynfvHk;udk NAdwdoQwdkY odrf;,laMumif; aMunmonf/
jrefrmjynfudk tdEd́EdkifiH\ tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfonf/
r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;u tBuD;trSL;vkyfNyD; ta&;ydkif? e,fydkif? NrdKUtkyf?
olBuD;paom t&m&SdwdkYjzifh tkyfcsKyfaom pepfudkusifhoHk;onf/ odkY&mwGif
1897-cktxd NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkY usifhoHk;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrfSm
]]ppftkyfcsKyfa&;}} jzpfonf/
1897-ck? arv (1)&ufaeYrSpí jrefrmjynfudk tdEd́,EdkifiHjynfe,f
wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfonf/ 'kwd,bk&ifcHwpfOD;udk wdk;csJUcefYxm;onf/
twdkifyifcHtrwf(9)OD;udk 'kwd,bk&ifcH\ oabmtwdkif;cefYxm;onf/
1909-ckwGif twdkifyifcH trwf (15)OD;? 1920-ckwGif twdkifyifcHtrwf
(30)OD;udk 'kwd,bk&ifcHwdkYu pdwfBudKufa&G;cs,fcefYxm;cJhMuonf/ ,if;
twdkifyifcH trwfrsm;rSm Oya'jyKtmPm r&&Sday/ 'kwd, bk&ifcHtm;
tMuHay;&efom jzpfonf/ tBuHay;csuudk vufcHjcif;? y,fcsjcif;rsm;udk
'kwd,bk&ifcHrSm jyKvkyfEdkifonfh tmPm&&Sdxm;onf/ ,if;tkyfcsKyfa&;
pepfrSm jynfolUqE´rygbJ txuft&m&Sd t&mcHrsm;\ pdwfwdkif;us
tkycf sKyaf om ]]jAL½dk ua&pD}} tkycf sKyaf &;pepf jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfov l xl rk mS
tzdESdyfcHb0ESifh tarSmifxktwGif;usa&mufaeonfh umvjzpfonf/
yxrurÇmppf\ tusdK;oufa&mufrI
1914-ckwGif yxrurÇmppf pwifjzpfyGm;onf/ ,if; ppfaMumifh
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;rSm tusyftwnf; jzpfay:aponf/ vufatmufcH
udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;rS tultnD&&Sd&efvdkvmonf/ Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;vnf;
vufatmufcH udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;wGif rjzpfrae&&Sd&ef vdktyfaeonf/
,if;tcsed w f iG f tdik ,
f mvefonf NAwd od Qwx Ykd rH S ]][kr;f ½l;}} awmif;qdk
aecsdefjzpfonf/ tdEd´,uGef*&uf\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh NAdwdoQqefYusifa&;
vIyf&Sm;rI t&Sdeft[kefrSm tdEd´,EdkifiHwpf0ef; jrifhrm;vsuf&Sdonf/ udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfa&; ]][krf;½l;}} awmif;qdkoHrsm;onf wpfEdkifiHvHk; yJhwif[nf;vsuf
&Sdaeonf/
wpfzufrSmvnf; jzpfay:vmaom pD;yGm;a&; usyfwnf;rIonf
NAdwdoQEdkifiHESifh udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;\ qufqHa&;udk xdcdkufaponf/ udkvdkeD
EdkifiHrsm;\ rausreyfrIrsm;udk BuD;xGm;aponf/ pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;rI
tajctaeonf jrefrmjynfudkvnf; ½dkufcwfvmonf/ tdEd´,EdkifiH\
[kr;f ½l;awmif;qdo k rH sm;onf jrefrmjynfov l xl t k wGuf tm;aq;wpf&yf jzpf
ay:aponf/
,if;uJhodkY tajctaersdK;wGif tarSmifxkwGif; usa&mufaeonfh
jrefrmjynfolvlxktm; vGwfvyfa&; rD;½SL;wefaqmifjzpfaom q&mawmf
OD;Owåronf te,fe,ft&yf&yfodkY vSnfhvnfNyD; Edk;Mum;a&;w&m;rsm;udk
a[mMum;vsu&f o dS nf/ jynfov l x
l t
k m; vGwv f yfa&;twGuf tvif;a&mif
udk xGef;vif;ay;vsuf&Sdaeonf/ jynfolwdkY\ &JaoG;&Jrmefudk azmfxkwf
jri§ w
hf ifay;vsuf &Sad eonf/ ,if;aMumifh q&mawmf\ a[majympnf;½H;k rIjzifh
jynfov l xl Ek iS hf q&mawmfrmS wom;wnf; jzpfaeonf/ q&mawmf\pum;
onf jynfolvlxktwGuftm; q&mawmf\ vIyf&Sm;rIonf jynfolvlxk
twGuf pGrf;yum;wpf&yf/
u&ufa'guf pDrHudef;
tdE,´d Edik if q
H ikd &f m twGi;f 0efrpöwm rGeaf w*l (Mr. Montegu)onf
1917-ck? Mo*kwfv (20)&ufwGif aMunmcsufwpf&yf xkwfjyefvdkufonf/
yxrurÇmppf\ qdk;usdK;'Pfrsm;udk ESpfodrfhaponfhoabmjzpfonf/
,if;aMunmcsuft& rGefaw*lcsrf; (p)zdkY pHkprf;a&; aumfr&Sifudk zGJUpnf;NyD;?
50 jrxGef;atmif
tdEd´,EdkifiHudk tkyfcsKyfa&;jyKjyifay;&ef tpD&ifcHpmwpf&yfudk 1918 ckwGif
xkwfjyefvdkufonf/
jrefrmjynfov l x l uk vnf; tdE, ´d udk tkycf sKyaf &;jyKjyif ajymif;vJay;
ouJo h Ykd ay;apvdo k nf/ jynfow l Ykd qEúx kd wk f azmfvmMuonf/ ,if;aMumifh
jrefrmjynfov l x
l uk kd vSnphf m; &ef 'kw, d bk&ifcH qmtm&fu&ufa'guf (Sir
Regnald Creddock)onf jynfov l xl qk E´ vH;k 0rygbJ u&ufa'gufprD u H ed ;f
(Creddock Scheme)udk 1918-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfjyefvdkufonf/
tdE, ´d Edik if t H wGuf rGeaf w*lcsr;f (pf)zdYk tpD&ifcpH mt& usio hf ;kH rnfh tkycf sKyaf &;
pepfopfudk tdEd´,EdkifiHwGif rusifhoHk;rD xGufay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ u&uf
a'gufprD u H ed ;f rSm ud,k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyaf &;pepfEiS hf vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; jcm;em;onf/
rGefaw*lcsrf;(pf)zdkY tpD&ifcHpmt& tdEd´,wGif usifhoHk;rnfh ]]tkyfcsKyfa&;
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;}} jzpfaom 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;xufyif nHhao;onf/
,if;aMumifh u&ufa'gufpDrHudef;udk jrefrmjynfolvlxku vufrcH
vd?k jynfov l xl k vufrcHvakd om tkycf sKyaf &;pepfukd u&ufa'gufutpm;xd;k
toH;k jyKvo kd nf/ wpfenf;tm; jzifh jynfov l xl Ek iS hf wom;wnf; jzpfaeaom
q&mawmf OD;OwårESihf jynfov l x l t k m; 'kw, d bk&ifcH u&ufa'gufu ol\
pDrHudef;ESifh aoG;wdk;prf;Munfhjcif; jzpfonf/ þonfrSm yxrqHk;tBudrf
jynfoltm;udk e,fcsJUorm;rsm;u tuJprf;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
jynfoUl pGr;f tm;aMumifh u&ufa'gufrmS wyfacgufvu kd &f onf/ jynfow l EYkd iS hf
twl q&mawmfonf atmifyu JG kd yxrqH;k tBurd f &,lvu kd jf cif;yifjzpfonf/
0IdufaumfrwDudk uefYuGufjcif;
rGefaw*lcsrf;(pf)zdkY tpD&ifcHpmwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;
udpöudk csefvSyfxm;cJhonf/ ,if;aMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUudk
ESpfBudrfwdkif t*FvefodkYapvTwfNyD; jrefrmjynfolwdkY vdkvm;csufudk wifjy
awmif;qdkcJhonf/ yxrtBudrfwGif wdusaomtajzudk r&&SdcJhMu/ 1919ck
tdEd´,Oy a' (Government of India Act of 1919) wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf
xnfhoGif;ay;rnf[k tdEd´,twGif;0ef rpöwmrGefaw*lu 'kwd,tBudrf
ud,k pf m;vS,t f zGUJ tm; t*FvefwiG f uwday;onf/ axmufccH suaf y;onf/
,if;axmufcHcsuft& 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf pHkprf;&ef qmat
tufp0f u kd f (Sir.A.S White) Bu;D rSL;onf)h 0du
I af umfrwDu jrefrmjynfov l xl k
qEúdk vm a&mufpHkprf;aponf/ tqdkyg aumfrwDxH tppfcHjcif;rjyKbJ
oydwfarSmuf&efESifh ,if;aumfrwDwGifyg0ifaqmif&Gufolrsm;vnf; oydwf
arSmuf&ef 1921-ck? atmufwdkbmv (21)&ufrS (24)&ufxd rEÅav;wGif
jyKvkyfaom e0rtBudrf *sDpDbDat nDvmcHrS qHk;jzwfonf/
0I d u f a umf r wD vma&muf p H k p rf ; cJ h p Of q&mawmf O D ; Owå r rS m
axmifxJwGif&Sdaeonf/ axmifrSvGwfvmNyD; *sDpDbDattoif;csKyf tpnf;
ta0;udk 1922-ck? Zlvikd v f (15? 16)&ufrsm;wGif jyKvyk o f nf/ ,if;tpnf;
ta0;wGif 0IdufaumfrwDtm; oydwfarSmufjcif;udk q&mawmfu 'dkiftmcD
oydwfw&m; a[mMum;&mwGif-
]]0Iud af umfrwDukd wnDwñGww f nf; bGKd uaf umhvyk jf cif;ü aumif;rGef
pGm atmifjrifjcif;aMumifh 0Iu d af umfrwDwiG 0f if a&mufpu G zf ufaqmif&u G jf cif;
xuf tusKd ;Bu;D rm;aMumif;udk q&mawmfu ESpaf xmif;tm;& rdeq Yf ckd o
hJ nfukd
awGU&ayonf/ 'dkiftmcDudk rvdkvm;aom jrefrmjynfolvlxkonf 'dkiftmcD
tkyfcsKyfa&;\ a&SUajy;aqmif&GufcJhaom 0IdufaumfrwD}}udk oydwfqefYusif
Muonf/ þoydwaf rSmuf qefu Y sijf cif;rSm 'dik t
f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;udk jrefrmjynf
olvlxku rvdkvm;MuaMumif;udk azmfvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ 0IdufaumfrwD\
aqmif&u G rf v I yk f &yfrsm; ratmifjrifjcif;onf NAw d o
d Qe,fcsUJ orm;rsm;twGuf
aemufwpfBudrf ta&;½HI;edrfhjcif;yif jzpfonf/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ([krf;½l;)
omvQif jynfolwdkY\ vdkvm;csufjzpfaMumif; azmfxkwfvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/
'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; tESpfom&
tpdk;&ESifh jynfolwdkY wm0efcGJa0tkyfcsKyfaom pepf[kqdkMuonf/
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; wpfpwpfp uRrf;usifapjcif;iSm tkyfcsKyfa&;tcsdKU
wpf0ufudk jynfolvlxktm; tkyfcsKyfapjcif;jzpfonf/
'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrSm &Srf;jynfESifh awmifwef;a'orsm;
twGuf oufqdkifjcif;r&Sd/ bk&ifrif;jrwfudk,fpm; tdEd´,y#dnmOftzGJUrS
bk&ifcHudk a&G;cs,fcefYxm;onf/ ,cif 'kwd,bk&ifcHtpm; bk&ifcHtjzpf
wpfqifhwdk; cefYxm;onf/ bk&ifcHonf-
(1) jrefrmtpdk;& t&m&SdxJrS 0efBuD;csKyfwpfOD;/
(2) tdEd´,y#dnmOfcH0efxrf;xJrS 0efBuD;csKyfwpfOD;/
(3) Oya'jyKrif;wdkifyiftrwfxJrS 0efBuD;csKyf(2)OD;udk bk&ifcH\
oabmtwdik ;f cefx Y m;&onf/ 'dik t
f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &; Oya't&
52 jrxGef;atmif
rif;wdik yf iftrwf (103)OD;teuf rif;wdik yf iftrwf (79)OD;udk
rJqE´jzifh a&G;aumufwifajrm§ ufciG &hf onf/ tpd;k &uwdu k ½f u
kd f
(24)OD ; ud k jynf o l w d k Y q E´ r ygbJ a&G ; cs,f c ef Y x m;&onf /
rif;wdik yf iftrwfrsm;udk (3)ESpw f pfBurd f a&G;aumufwifajrm§ uf
&onf/
0efBu;D csKy(f 4)OD;rSm bk&ifcuH kd wm0efc&H onf/ bk&ifco H nf rif;wdik f
yif tpnf;ta0; ygvDrefudk wm0efcH&onf/ bk&ifcHrSm rif;wdkifyiftpnf;
ta0;udk wm0efcH&onfqdkaomfvnf; tmPmt&SdqHk;olyif jzpfonf/ ADwdk
tmPmudk oHk;&onf/
rif;wdkifyif tpnf;ta0; (ygvDref)rS &Srf;jynfESifhawmifwef;a'o
udk csefvSyfí EdkifiHNidrf0yfydjym;a&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&mOya'rsm;udk
jy|mef;Edik cf iG &hf o
dS nf/ od&Yk mwGif bk&ifccH sKy\f BuKd wifciG jhf yKcsurf &bJ vTt J yf
xm;aom tcGefawmfrsm;rSwyg; tjcm;tcGefawmfopfrsm; jyKjyifcefYcGJ&ef
Oya'bk&ifccH sKy\ f trdet Yf &aumufcaH om taumuftcGeEf iS hf tjcm;tcGef
awmfrsm;udk xdcu kd af om Oya'? ppfwyfEiS q hf ikd o
f nfh Oya'? A[dt k yk cf sKyaf &;udk
wpfpHkwpf&mjyKjyif&ef Oya'? tdEd´,vTwfawmfu twnfjyK&rnfh Oya'?
bk&ifcH\ tcGifhtmPmudk xdcdkufaprnfh Oya'? &mZ0wfw&m;rESifh
oufaocHponfh Oya'rsm;udk jyifqifzsufodrf;&ef Oya'rsm;ESifh tjcm;
EdkifiHwumqdkif&m Oya'rsm;udk rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0;rS Oya'wpf&yf
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xm;aom tkyfcsKyfa&; jzpfonf/ bk&ifcHonf tmPmt&SdqHk;oljzpfonf/
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&&Sdonf/ qif;&Jom; ausmrGJrsm;rSm qE´rJay;ydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;r&Mu/
a&G;aumufyw JG iG f ta&G;cH&ol rif;wdik yf if trwfrsm;rSmvnf; rnforYkd Q jynfoYl
tusdK;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sd/ aqmif&GufvdkvQifvnf; ADwdktmPmjzifh
bk&ifcHu y,fcsrnfom jzpfonf/ rif;wdkifyif tpnf;ta0; (ygvDref)rSm
bk&ifcH\ oabmus aqmif&Gufae&jcif;omjzpfonf/ {u&mZfrif;jrwf
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twnfjyKay;rnf r[kwfacs/ NAdwdoQtifyg,m\ tusdK;? NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
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aom trIudpöudkrQ raqmif&GufEdkifacs/
rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0;rS rnfodkYyif twnfjyKqHk;jzwfaomfvnf;
bk&ifcHESifh ,if;\vufatmuftrIxrf; BuD;i,fwdkY\ oabmtwdkif;om
tkyfcsKyfaejcif;om jzpfonf/ 0efBuD; 0efi,ft&m&SdBuD;i,fwdkYrSm NAdwdoQ
54 jrxGef;atmif
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cs,fvS,forQudk jrefrmjynfolvlxk cHae&onf/
jynfolwdkY\ pnf;½Hk;rItiftm;udk NzdKcGJ&ef 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;rSm
jAL½du
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kd m;olrsm;onf
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0ifa&muf,OS Nf yKd iu
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,if;aMumifh 'dik t
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&&Sd&rnfh atmifyef;jzpfonf/ jynfolwdkY a&G;cs,f&rnfhvrf;jzpfonf/
avQmuf&rnfhvrf;jzpfaMumif;udk jynfolUOD;aoQmifq&mawmf OD;Owåru
rD;armif;xdk;jycJhonf/
toQifOD;Owår\ 'dkiftmcDqefYusifa&;
jynfoUl OD;aoQmif vGwv f yfa&;rD;½SL;wefaqmif toQiOf ;D Owåronf
'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk pdkufpdkufrwfrwfqefYusifcJhonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
orm;rsm;ESihf raphrwrf; toufcE¨m&So d a&GU wduk yf 0JG ifcohJ nf/ zdEydS n
f i§ ;f qJ
trsdK;rsdK;cHum jAL½dkua&pDwpfjzpfvJ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufrcH&ef
jynf&GmtESHY vSnfhvnfa[majymcJhonf/ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;onf jynfolU
qE´rygbJ taozGm;aom ]]avQmarG;tkycf sKyaf &;}}om jzpf aMumif;udk 1922ck
Zlvdkifv (15? 16)&ufu jyKvkyfaom *sDpDbDat tpnf;ta0;wGif -
]]jAL½duk &ufwpfpepfwiG f tpd;k &wdu Yk jynfou l kd rwdik yf ifíaomf
vnf;aumif;? jynfolUqEúdk r,líaomfvnf;aumif;? tpdk;&wdkY
tvdk&Sd&mjyKrlvkyfudkifEdkifonf/ 'dkiftmcDpepfrSm jynfoltouf0dnmOf
r&Sdaom ½kyfwdkY\ wnfxm;jy½kyfjyKNyD;vQif tpdk;&t&m&SdwdkY pDrH
aqmif&u G f jcif;ü jynfowl tYkd vdk xlaxmifciG jhf yKaom y&d,m,faqmif
aom pnf;pepf jzpfacsonf}} [lívnf;aumif;/
]]'dkiftmcDonf toufrygbJ taozGm;aom om;ESifhwlav
onf/ rGefaw*lcsrf;pfzdkY pD&ifjyKvkyfaom 'dkiftmcD tkyfpdk;enf;pepf
wdkYonf t*FvefygvDrefu jyKjyifqif,ifí ay;vdkufaomtcguyif
taozG m ;aomom;uJ h o d k Y touf y gvmonf r &S d / emrf r &S d a om
½kyftavmif;uJhodkYyif jzpfbd\}} [lí vnf;aumif;/ 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyf
a&;o½kyfudk ay:vGifatmif jynfolvlxktm; rD;armif; xdk;jycJhonf/
'dik t
f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;onf NAw
d o d Qe,fcsUJ orm;rsm;\ tusKd ;pD;yGm;ESihf
,if;wd\
Yk opömawmfcH tdE, ´d y#dnmOfcH 0efxrf;rsm;udo k m umuG,af y;onfh
pepfjzpfonf/ ,if;wdkY\tcGifhtmPm tusdK;pD;yGm; xdcdkufrIrSeforQudk
rnfonft h cgrQ cGijhf yKrnfr[kw/f jAL½du k a&pD tkycf sKyaf &;orm;rsm;\ wefc;kd
awZmudk Bu;D xGm;atmif vkyaf y;aompepf jzpfonf/ ,if;tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ ½kyfodrf;oGm;rnf r[kwfaMumif;udk---
]]tdEd´,y#dnmOfcH 0efxrf;t&m&SdtzGJUudkum; rnfonfhtcgrQ
qkwf,kwfatmif vkyfvdrhfrnfvnf;r[kwf? aESmifh,Sufvdrfhrnfvnf;
r[kw?f xdt k zGUJ onf NAw d o
d Qtpd;k &\ awZmwefc;kd ? zGUH NzKd ;atmif jyKvyk f
aomtzGJUjzpfaMumif;? xdkolwdkY\cHpm;cGifhrsm;udk jyefí½kyfvdrfhrnf
r[kwfay}}[lí q&mawmfu 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf tajccH
wpf&yfudk azmfxkwfay;cJhonf/
vufatmufcHudkvdkeDEdkifiHjzpfaom tdEd´,jynf? jrefrmjynfudk
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;u vufvTwfay;rnf r[kwf?
e,fcsJUorm;rsm;ay;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrSm jAL½dku&ufrsm;twGufomjzpf
onf/ olwdkY tvdk&SdorQ pDrHaqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGufom jzpfaMumif;udk--
]]tdE, ´d y#dnmOfcH 0efxrf;wd\ Yk tzGUJ twGuo f mvQif pDraH y;jcif;
jzpfonf/ tdEd´,jynfudk vGwfvyfay;vdkí r[kwfaMumif;rSm xif&Sm;
avonf/ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;rSm tprf;ay;jcif;rQomjzpfí NAdwdoQ
vlrsKd ;wd\
Yk oabm tvd&k o dS rQomvQif tdE, ´d jynfu cHpm;Edik &f ef &Sad wmh
onf}} [lí 1922 ck? Mo*kwfv(2)&ufaeYu *sLAvDa[mwGif jyKvkyf
onfh *spD b D aD ttpnf;ta0;wGif q&mawmfO;D Owåru Mo0g'pmwrf;
rSm xnfhoGif; a[mMum;cJhavonf/
tpd;k &u wdu k ½f ukd w
f m0ef,x l m;aom Xmersm;rSm umuG,af &;Xme?
ykvyd Xf me? &mxl;cefx Y m;a&;Xme? w&m;a&;&mXmersm;ESihf b@ma&;Xmersm;
jzpfonf/ jynfow l EYkd iS w
hf m0ef cGaJ 0tkycf sKyaf &;epf[k qdak omfvnf; umuG,f
a&;? jynfxaJ &; ESihf b@ma&;paom Xmersm;udk bk&ifc\ H wduk ½f ukd cf sKyu
f ikd f
rIatmufrSm &Sdaeonf/ jynfol\ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ([krf;½l;)r[kwf?
,if;odkY tpdk;&vufatmufwGif tqdkygXmersm;&SdaeorQ jynfolwdkY\
vGwfvyfa&; r[kwfay/
,if;taMumif;rsm;udk 1922-ck? Zlvdkifv (15? 16)&ufrsm;wGif
jyKvkyfaom *sDpDbDattpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif 'dkiftmcD oydwfw&m;tjzpf
q&mawmfu atmufygtwdkif; xnfhoGif;a[mMum;cJhygonf....
56 jrxGef;atmif
]]ykvdyfXme? tpdk;&&mxl;cefYxm;a&;Xme? w&m;&mZ0wfa&;
XmewdkYudk tpdk;&vuf&Sdxm;í (&DZmqAÁ*suf)ac: oD;oefYcGJjcm;xm;
aomXmersm;ü yg0ifaeorQ umvywfvHk; jynfolwdkYtm; wm0efcGJa0
ay;&ef pDrHapjcif;onf txrajrmuf ratmifjrifEdkif? wm0efvTJay;&m
usí jynfow l \ Ykd vGwv f yf csr;f oma&; rwd;k wufEikd b f J &Sad evdrrhf nf/
,if;aMumifh jynfolwdkY\ tusdK;rygaom e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\
tusdK;udk umuG,faom jAL½dku&ufwdkY\ tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fay;
aom 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;udk vufrcH&efyifjzpfonf/ ud, k yf ikd f tkycf sKyf
a&;([kr;f ½l;)udo k m&,l&ef jzpfonf/ 'dik t f mcDrif;wdik yf iftrwfa&G;yGw J iG f
yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;? qE´rJay;jcif;rsm; rjyKvkyf&ef? zdESdyftkyfcsKyfa&;
rlrsm; tMum;rS jynfoUl a&SUaqmif q&mawmfO;D Owåru raMumuf r&GUH
jynfolvlxktm; wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfcJhonf/
,if;wdkufwGef;vHIUaqmfcsufrsm;teuf 1922ck Edk0ifbmv(9)&uf
aeYu o&ufNrdKUüusif;yonfh 'órtBudrfajrmuf *sDpDbDat nDvmcH
tpnf;ta0;wGif rdefYMum;aom q&mawmf\ Mo0g'rS aumufEkwfazmfjy&
ygvQif-
]]jrefrmjynf&Sd vlOD;a&wpf&mvQif (90)rQwdkYu 'dkiftmcDtrwf
a&G;aumufyw JG iG f wpfpwkH pf&m0ifpu G v
f suf qE´raJ y;jcif;? trwftjzpf
ESifh a&G;aumufjcif;wdkYudk rjyKvkyfMuaMumif;jzifh qHk;jzwfMuNyD;jzpfí
xdktrwf a&G;aumufyGJodkY r0ifryg? raqmif&GufMuap&ef a[majym
EId;aqmfyg[k OD;yÍÆif;u arwåm&yfcHygonf}}[k awGU&ygonf/
þonfrSm vGwfvyfa&; rD;½SL;wefaqmif q&mawmf OD;Owåronf
NAw
d od Qe,fcsUJ orm;rsm;tm; tvHrvJ 'l;raxmuf t½H;I ray;bJ jynfow l \ Ykd
pGrf;tm;udk ,Hk,HkMunfMunfESifh ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJ0ifcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf/
jynfolwdkYpGrf;tm;udk av;pm;
jynfoo l nf t&m&mudq k ;kH jzwfonf/ jynfowl \ Ykd pGr;f tm;udk rnfol
rQ rvGefqefEdkif? jynfolwdkY\ pGrf;yum;onf BuD;rm;onf/ jynfolwdkY\
pGr;f tm;udk q&mawmf,MkH unfav;pm;onf/ ,if;aMumifh jynfow l pYkd w
d t
f m;
udk tcGithf cg trsuu f swikd ;f azmfusL;cJoh nf/ pnf;vH;k jcif; tusKd ;aus;Zl;udk
tNrJ azmfxkwfcJhonf/
]]pdwf0rf;ruGJ? ausmufcJoHwdkifuJhodkY usifh,laqmif&Gufí vmcJh
MuonfhtwGuf wpfurÇmvHk;&Sd Adkvfajctaygif;wdkYu tHhMorukefEdkifbJ
&SdMuavNyD/ þuJhodkY BuHUcdkifwnfMunfEdkifMujcif;rSm ]or*¾geHwayg
okacg}[k qdt k yfonfh ]pnf;vH;k nDñw G jf cif;wnf;[laom or®mordó ®
\ okcyifwnf;} [lí jynfolwdkY\ atmifyGJudk ]'dkiftmcDoydwfw&m;}
acgif;pOfjzifh rtlyifaxmifrS vGwfvmNyD; ra&SU raESmif; 1922-ck?
Zlvdkif (15? 16)&ufwGif jyKvkyfonfh *sDpDbDattpnf;ta0;wGif
q&mawmfu rdefYMum;cJhygonf/
e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\zdESdyfrIonf rnfrQjyif;xefapumrl jynfolwdkY\
pnf;vH;k rIukd rcHEikd ?f jynfool m atmifycJG &H rnf jzpfonf/ pnf;vH;k nDñw G rf I
jzifh zdESdyfrIudk wGef;vSef&,lzdkY jzpfonf/ ,if;udk txufyg ]'dkiftmcDoydwf
w&m;} rdefYcGef;wGif q&mawmfu rdefYqdkcJhonfrSm-
]]tpdk;&[lonf rnfrQyif&ufpufapumrl? jynfolwdkY\ wpfvHk;
wpf0wnf; aygif;pnf;BuHpnfí vGwfvyfa&;&SmMuawmhrnf[laom
t"d|mefjzifh vkyfBuHjcif;udk wm&SnfpGmrcH r&yfEdkif jzpfacsonf}}[lí
jynfolwdkY\ ta&;ygyHkudk q&mawmfu rdefYqdkvrf;ñTefcJhayonf/
wpfqufwnf;rSm ]]vGwfvyfa&;onf jynfolwdkY\ vufxJrSm&Sd
onf/ vGwfvyfa&;udk e,fcsJUorm;rsm;xHrS &Sdcdk;awmif;yefí r&Edkif/ ,if;
taMumif;rsm;udk q&mawmfu tqdkyg'dkiftmcDoydwfw&m;rSm xnfhoGif;
rdefYcsufudk atmufygtwdkif; awGUEdkifygonf}}/
]]vGwv f yfa&;atmifqu k &kd Edik &f eftajconf 'g,dum 'g,dumr
wdkY\ vufwGif;üyif &Sdayonf/ 'l;yqpfwkyfí vufpHkrdk;vsuf &Sdcdk;
yefxmG awmif;qd&k monfr[kw?f xdo k Ykd c,awmif;qdjk cif;jzifv
h nf; r&
Edkifay}}[k vGwfvyfa&;twGuf avQmuf&rnfhvrf;? a&G;cs,f&rnfh
vufeufrSm jynfolwdkY\ pnf;½Hk;nDñGwfjcif;omvQifjzpfaMumif;
q&mawmfu azmfxkwf vrf;ñTefcJhonfudk awGU&onf/
ryl;aygif;a&;
jynfov
l xl o k nf q&mawmf\ OD;aqmifrjI zifh 'dik t f mcD tkycf sKyaf &;
udk qefYusifwdkufyGJ0ifaepOfrSm NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkYonf 1923-ck?
Zefe0g&Dv(2)&ufwiG f 'dik t
f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;pepfukd pwiftaumiftxnfazmf
onf/ 1921-ckwGif twnf jyKonfh (The Burma Rural Self Government
58 jrxGef;atmif
Act 1921) t& jyKvkyfonfh 'DpBudwfaumifpDa&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh 'dkiftmcD
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udkom oydwfarSmuf&ef *sDpDbDattzGJUu qHk;jzwfonf/
OD;bab acgif;aqmifaom (21)OD;tzGJUu ,if;a&G; aumufyGJrsm;
wGif 0ifa&muf ta&G;cHMuonf/ ,if;(21)OD;onf *sDpDbDatrS cGJxGufum
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;0ifMujcif; jzpf onf/ yl;owfa&;[k (21)OD;u qdkMuonf/
yl ; owf a &;qd k o nf r S m rjzpf E d k i f a Mumif ; ud k q&mawmf E S i f h *sD p D b D a t
acgif;aqmifrsm;u cH,lMuonf/ ,if;aMumifh *sDpDbDatrSm pwifuGJawmh
onf/ jynfolUbufawmfom; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;ESifh raphpyfpwrf;
wdu k yf 0JG ifcahJ om q&mawmfO;D Owåronf oydwaf rSmuf *spD b D aD tbuf tNrJ
&yfwnfcJhonf/
tpd;k &ESihf rqufqaH &; (Non Co-operation) rltwdik ;f a&G;aumufyJG
r0ifMu&ef tNrJyifq&mawmf vHIUaqmfcJhonf/ wdkufwGef;cJhonf/ ,if;ESifh
wpfqufwnf;rSmyif Edik if jH cm;jzpfaom 0w¬Kypön;f wdu Yk kd avmfvo D ;kH pm;jcif;rS
a&SmifMuOfEdkifcJhaomf [krf;½l;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk raES;apmvsifpGm &Mu
rnfjzpfaMumif; q&mawmfu vrf;jyenf;ay;cJhonf/
'dik t f mcDvwT af wmfwiG f rif;wdik yf iftrwf (103)OD;teuf rJqE´jzifh
a&G;aumufaom rif;wdkifyiftrwf (79)OD; twGuf 1922-ck? Edk0ifbmv
(21)&ufwGif a&G;aumufyGJ jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;ol
(6.92)&mcdik Ef eI ;f rQom&So d nf/ wpfenf;qdak omf rJqE´&iS f wpfoef;ckepfoed ;f
ausmw f iG f vlwpf&mvQif (7)a,mufrQom rJqEáy;Muonf/ vl (100)vQif
(93)a,mufrSm 'dkiftmcDpepfudk rvdkvm;aMumif; azmfxkwfvdkufjcif;yif
jzpfonf/ þonfrmS tpd;k &ESihf ryl;aygif;a&;? rqufqaH &; rl0g'atmifjrifrI
udk jyovdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/
1923-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (2)&ufaeYwGif pwifaom 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyf
a&;onf 1937-ck? {NyDv (1)&ufwGif ½kyfodrf;vdkufonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
15ESpfwdkifatmif jynfolwdkYESifhtwl qefYusifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom q&mawmf\
ryl;aygif;a&;rl0g' atmifjrifrI ordkif;rSwfwdkif wpfckyifjzpfonf/ jrefrmh
ordik ;f \ tvSnt hf ajymif;udk q&mawmfonf jynfow l EYkd iS t
hf wl rSww f rf;wif
a&;om;EdkifcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf/
q&mawmf\ ESpf(20)c&D;
jynfolUa&SUaqmif vGwfvyfa&;\ rD;½SL;wefaqmif q&mawmf
OD;Owåronf 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tNrJqefYusifcJhonf/ 'dkiftmcD
tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf tpysdK;rnfh rGefaw*laMunmcsuf xGufay:vmonfhtcg
uyif pwifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf/ [krf;½l;udkom tpOfwpdkuf awmif;qdkcJhonf/
jynfolwdkYbufrS toufcE¨mwnfoa&GU &yfwnfcJhonf/
q&mawmf\ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf 1917-ckrS?
1937-cktxd ESpfaygif; (20)twGif; txift&Sm; &SdcJhonf/ ,if;ESpfaygif;
(20)twGif; jrefrmhordkif;jzpfpOfrsm;onf wpfenf;r[kwf wpfenf;
q&mawmf\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh ywfoufaeonfudk awGU&onf/
(1) 'dkiftmcDqefYusifa&; tESpf(20)umvtwGif; NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
orm;rsm;u yk'fr 124(u)t&? 1922-ckESpfwGif yxrtBudrf
tjzpf rtlyifaxmifwiG f (1)ESpf q&mawmftm; tjypfay;onf/
(2) trsdK;om;ynma&;twGuf yxrtBudrf oydwfwdkufyGJudk
atmifjrifpGmqifETJEdkifcJhonf/ ,if;oydwfyGJ\ aemufqufwJG
tjzpf trsdK;om;aumvdyf? trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; &yfwnfa&;
aqmif&GufrIrsm; tpdk;&xHrS taxmuftyHhrcHa&;twGuf
vkyaf qmifcsuw
f iG f q&mawmf\ vIy&f mS ;yg0ifco
hJ nfrmS txif
t&Sm;jzpfonf/
(3) q&mawmf\ OD;aqmifqefuY sirf aI Mumifh u&ufa'guf pDru
H ed ;f
rSm wyfacgufcJh&onf/
(4) 0Idufaumfr&Sif a&SUarSmufwGif tppfrcHoydwfarSuf jcif;rSm
atmifjrifonf/
(5) a0vrif;om; (0ifpmNrdKUpm;BuD;) jrefrmjynfodkY <ua&muf
vmonfhtcg jynfolvlxku rBudKqdkbJ oydwfarSmufcJhMu
onf/
(6) 1924-ck? Mo*kwfv (16)&ufwGif q&mawmf rEÅav;odkY
<ua&mufvmonfhtcg q&mawmftm; BudKqdkMuonf/ *sDpD
bDat *dkPf;om;rsm;ESifh (21)OD; *dkPf;om;rsm; t"du½kPf;jzpf
onf/ ,if;t"d u½kPf;wGif q&mawmfOD;pEd´rm ysHvGefawmfrl
onf/
60 jrxGef;atmif
(7) 1924-ckwGif yk'fr 124(u)t& q&mawmftm; &efukefc½dkif
&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD; qpfqvm½Hk;wGif trIppfaq;pOftrI
vma&muf em;axmifolrsm;udk ykvdyfwdkYu jrif;ESifhwdkuf eHygwf
wkwfjzifh½dkufrIrsm; jzpfcJhonf/ q&mawmftm; jynfolvlxk\
av;pm;rIrsm;udk ,if;jzpf&yfrsm;u azmfxw
k vf u
kd jf cif;jzpf onf/
(8) 1924-25ckwGif vlcGefESifh oóar;"cGefrsm; ray;bJ tcsdKU
c½dkifrsm;wGif oydwfarSmufMuonf/
(9) 1929-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (29)&ufwiG f qdik rf eG af umfr&Sif &efuek o
f Ykd
a&mufvmonf/ ,if;aumfr&SifxH tppfrcHbJ oydwfarSmuf
Muonf/
(10) 1929-ck? pufwifbmv (10)&ufaeYwiG f q&mawmfO;D Owår\
omoemtmZmenf t&SiOf ;D 0dpm& onf axmifwiG (f 166)&uf
tpmiwfcHí ysHvGefawmfrlonf/
(11) 1930-ckwGif q&mpH OD;aqmifonfh v,form; ta&;awmfyHk
ay:aygufonf/ ,if;x<urIwGif q&mawmfESifh OD;pdk;odrf;
*spD b
D aD t\ vIUH aqmfraI Mumifjh zpfonf[k NAw
d o
d QtmPmydik rf sm;
u ,lqonf/
(12) 1936-ckwGif 'kwd,tBudrf ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufcJh
onf/
(13) wGJa&;cGJa&;twGuf wpfjynfvHk; qE´,lyGJwGif wGJa&;bufrS
tom&&Sdonf/ q&mawmfonf wGJa&;bufrS &yfwnfcJhav
onf/ odkY&mwGif NAdwdoQ e,fcsJUorm;rsm;u cGJa&;rlt&
td E d ´ , ES i f h j ref r mjynf u d k 1937-ck ? {NyD v (1)&uf w G i f
cGJcGmcGifhay;vdkuf onf/ ,if;aeYrSmyif 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk
zsuf odrf;vdkufonf/ ,if;aeYrSmyif 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk
zsufodrf;NyD; 91-XmetkyfcsKyfa&;udk pwifonf/
(14) 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk qefYusif&mwGif wyfOD;jzpfaom *sDpD
bDatrSm 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; ½kyfodrf;csdefwGif tuGJuGJjzifh
Zmwfodrf;cJh&onf/
(15) tcGifhta&;&Smorm;rsm;onf q&mawmf\ t&Sdeft[kefudk
toHk;csNyD; &mxl;rsm;,lMuonf/ q&mawmfrSm ,if;tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk z,fcGmNyD; tpm;qif;&J? taeqif;&J trsdK;rsdK;udk
ysHvGefonftxd cHcJh&onf/
q&mawmf\ aemufqHk;c&D;
tarSmiftwGi;f usa&mufaeaom jrefrmjynfov l x l t
k m; q&mawmf
onf tepfemcHNy;D vGwv f yfa&;vrf;pudk pwifazmfay;cJo h nf/ toufcE¨m
&Sdoa&GU jynfolwdkYtusdK;udk aqmif&GufcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif q&mawmf\ b0
Zmwfodrf;um; raumif;? q&mawmf\ t&Sdeft[kefaMumifh ig;zGifhqdkiftzGJU
onf rif;wdkifyiftrwf (45)OD;udk &&Sdonf/ 'dkiftmcDOya'jyK vTwfawmf
(rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0;)wGif tiftm;t&SdqHk; jzpfcJhonf/
q&mawmftm; ,if;tzGJU0ifrsm;onf pGefYcGmcJhMuonf/ vspfvsL½IcJh
Muonf/ odkY&mwGif q&mawmfrSm rwkefvIyf qif;&J'ku©cHum 1939-ck?
pufwifbmv (6)&uf paeaeYwGif qD;csdKa&m*gjzifh &efukefaq;½HkBuD;wGif
ysHvGefawmfrlavonf/
jrxG e f ; atmif
1979-ck? pufwifbmv (9)&uf/
rSDjirf;jyKonfh pmtkyfrsm;
1/ ocifvGif-ArmhvGwfvyfa&; rD;½SL;wefaqmif q&m awmfOD;Owår
vufa&G;pif rdefYcGef;ESifh aqmif;yg;rsm; (1967-ck)
2/ ocifvGif- tmZmenft&SifOD;0dpm& (1971-ck)
3/ OD;av;armif- jrefrmEdkifiHa&;ordkif; (y-'k wGJ) (1973-74-ck)
4/ rdk;BudK;OD;tkef;cif- jrefrmjynf Zmwfvrf;½IyforQ (1973-ck)
5/ owif;pmq&mBuD; wdk;wufa&; OD;oef;xGef;-jrefrm EdkifiHa&;
&Sif;wrf; (1974-ck? 'kwd,tBudrf)
6/ azbD,ef OD;bcdkif- jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;&mZ0if
(1964-ck? 'kwd,tBudrf)
7/ yifpifpm; ta&;ydkifrif; OD;bat;? ]]jynfa&; jynf&mynm}}
(1934-ck)
8/ vlxkOD;vS- uRefawmfowif;axmuf (1971-ck)
62 jrxGef;atmif
ukrÜPDacwftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh
,if;\trIxrf;rsm;
jrxGef;atmif
ouú&mZf 1146-ck? jymodv k jynfah usm(f 7)&uf? paeaeYwiG f bd;k awmf
bk&m; &cdik jf ynfukd odr;f ,lonf/ ,if;aemuf "n0wD? &r®m0wD? arC0wDEiS hf
'Gg&0wDNrdKUrsm;wGif NrdKU0efwpfOD;pDcefYxm;í &cdkifjynfudk tkyfcsKyfaponf/
NrdKU0efrsm;tkyfcsKyfojzifh ,if;acwfudk NrdKU0efacwf[k ac:qdkMuonf/
NrdKU0efacwfonf ESpfaygif;(40)Mumonf/ bdk;awmfbk&m;ESifh
bBuD;awmfrif;ESpfyg; tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ NrdKU0efudk;yg;wdkY wm0efxrf;aqmif
cJhonf/ NrdKU0efrsm;teuf "n0wDNrdKU0efrSm &mxl;tqifhtjrifhqHk; jzpfonf/
"n0wDNrdKU0efudk (The Rajah of Arakan) &cdkif0efBuD;[k ac:Muonf/
&cdik bf &k ifcH (Governer of Arakan) [kvnf; t*Fvyd rf w S wf rf;rsm;wGif azmfjy
avh&Sdonf/
NrdKU0efacwfwpfavQmufvHk;onf jynf&GmrNidrfrouf? uaomif;
ueif;&Sdonf/ &cdkifom; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd´,
ukrÜPDydkif ppfwaumif;e,fodkY ajymif;a&TUaexdkifMuonf/
bdk;awmfbk&m; &cdkifudkodrf;,lNyD;aemuf t*Fvdyfta&SU tdEd´,
ukrP Ü yD ikd f tEd, ´ ESiehf ,ferd w
d x
f pd yfvsuf &Sad ponf/ ,if;odYk e,ferd wd cf si;f
xdpyfvsuf&Sdjcif;aMumifh jrefrmrif;rsm;ESifh ukrÜPDtpdk;&wdkYonf e,fedrdwf
jyóemudk jzpfay:aponf/ ,if;aMumifh 1824-ck? rwfv(5)&ufwGif
yxrt*Fvdyf jrefrmppfyGJ jzpfyGm;cJhonf/
t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd́,ukrÜPD
c&pfESpf 1600jynfhESpfwGif yxrt,fvdZbwfbk&ifr vufxuf
wGif t*Fvyd t f a&SUtdEu ´d rk PÜ u D kd wnfaxmifonf/ tpkaiGaygif; oH;k aomif;
ausmfESifh rwnfwnfaxmifcJhonf/ (17)&mpkwGif pmcRefawmf&Spfckudk
xkwjf yefNy;D t*Fvyd b f &k ifrsm;u ,if;ukrP Ü \ D vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sm;udk ay;cJo h nf/
ul;oef;a&mif;0,frItjyif aiGpuúL'*Fg;xkwfydkifcGifh? r[mrdwfzGJUydkifcGifh? ppf
aMujimydkifcGifh? ppfajyNidrf;ydkifcGifh? w&m;Oya'qdkif&m ta&;,lydkifcGifhESifh
tmPmvTaJ jymif; tkycf sKyyf ikd cf iG rhf sm;udk aqmif&u G Ef ikd o
f nfh tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk
&&Scd o hJ nf/ pmcReaf wmfrsm; NAw d o d Qcsmwm tufOya'rsm;t& tqdyk gukrP Ü D
rSm tuefYtowfr&Sdaom wefcdk;tmPmrsm;udk &&SdcJhonf/
1774-ck tufOya'jzifh tdE, ´d Edik if H Bu;D Muyfa&;bkwf tzGUJ udk zGUJ pnf;
aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf/ aygif 2000wef &S,, f mydik q f ikd of o l nf ukrP Ü 'D g½du k w f m
tjzpf ta&G;cHyikd cf iG hf &So d nf/ ukrP Ü w D iG f 'g½du k w f m (24)OD; &So d nf/ od&Yk mwGif
tdE, ´d Edik if H Bu;D Muyfa&;bkwt f zGUJ &Sad omfvnf; vufawGUrSm ukrP Ü 'D g½du k w f m
rsm;uom csKyfudkifcs,fvS,fcJhonf/ ukrÜPD'g½dkufwmrsm;rSm tjrwftpGef;
&&Sda&;ESifh e,fy,fcsJUxGifa&;udk tav;xm; olrsm;jzpfMuonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHESifh (17)&mpktpydkif;uyif ,if;ukrÜPDESifh qufqHrI&SdcJh
onf/ 1666-ckwiG f &cdik w f Ykd vufvw T cf &hJ aom ppfwaumif;e,fukd 1727-
ckwiG f t*Fvyd t f a&SUtdE, ´d ukrP Ü u D odr;f ,lco hJ nf/ (19)&mpk ESpOf ;D ydik ;f wGif
tdEd´,wpfEdkifiHvHk;eD;yg;udk ,if;ukrÜPDu odrf;,lNyD;jzpfonf/ ,if;odrf;
ydu
k Nf y;D e,ftoD;oD;ü bk&ifcrH sm;udk cefx Y m;tkycf sKyaf ponf/ bk&ifccH sKyrf mS
b*Fvm;e,f umvuwåm;NrKd UrSaeí tdE, ´d Edik if \ H tkycf sKyaf &;ESihf ppfa&;rsm;
udk wm0ef,ltkyfcsKyfonf/
1833ck tufOya't& 1834-ck? {NyDv (12)&ufaeYrSpí tqdkyg
ukrP Ü o D nf wpfO;D wnf; ukeo f , G rf &awmhacs/ ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm wpfO;D wnf;
ukeo f , G cf iG &hf cJah om t*Fvyd t f a&SUtdE, ´d ukrP Ü o D nf tjcm;ukrP Ü rD sm;tm;
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk 1834-ckrSpí tdEd´,wGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifcGifhay;cJh
&onf/ ukrÜPD\tkyfcsKyfa&;nHhzsif;ojzifh 1857-ckrSm tdEd´,wGif ykefuefrI
ay:aygufco hJ nf/ 1857-ck ukrP Ü yD ikd ef ,fajrtm;vH;k udk t*Fvef&dS A[dt k pd;k &
u vTJajymif;,lvdkufonf/ ,if;tcsdefrSpí t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd´,ukrÜPD\
tkyfcsKyf a&;onf tdEd´,EdkifiHwGif Zmwfodrf;awmhonf/
64 jrxGef;atmif
t*Fvyd t
f a&SUtdE,
´d \ odr;f ydu
k cf eH ,fwpfe,fjzpfaom &cdik jf ynfrmS
vnf; 1857-ckrSpí ukrÜPD\ udkvdkeDe,fwpfe,ftjzpfrS NAdwdoQwdkY\
udv
k ekd v
D ufatmufceH ,fwpfe,ftjzpf a&muf&o dS mG ;awmhonf/ ,if;aMumifh
ukrÜPDacwf &cdkifjynf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm 1826ckrS 1857cktxd ESpfaygif;
(30)ausmf &SnfMumcJhonf/
ukrÜPDacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;
ppfaMunmydkifcGifh? ppfajyNidrf;cGifh tygt0iftcGifh tmPmtuefY
towfr&Sd &&SdcJhaom t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd´,ukrÜPDonf e,fpyfta&;
tcif;rsm;aMumifh t*Fvdyfjrefrm yxrppfyGJ jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ jrefrmwdkY ½HI;edrfh
cJhonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1826-ck? azazmf0g&Dv(24)&ufwGif &EÅydkpmcsKyfudk
csKyfqdkcJh&onf/ &cdkifESifhweoFm&Da'orsm;udk ,if;pmcsKyft& t*Fvdyf
ta&SUtdEd´,ukrÜPDu odrf;,l&&Sdonf/
&cdkifudkodrf;ydkufNyD;aemuf tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf trIxrf; t&mxrf;
rsm; vdktyfvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh ta&SUtdEd´,ukrÜPD tmPmydkifwdkYonf
NrdKU0efacwftkyfcsKyfa&;ae&mwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;wpf&yfudk tpm;oGif;tkyfcsKyf
aponf/ ,if;tkycf sKyaf &;\ txuftmPmydik &f mxl;udk NrKd U0eftxufae&m
rsm;wGif ukrÜPDtrIxrf; t*Fvdyfrsm;tm; cefYxm;onf/ &cdkifbk&if
vufxufrpS í b*Fvm;e,fwiG af exdik Mf uolrsm;ESihf NrKd U0efacwf ,if;e,foYkd
oGm;a&mufaexdik Mf uolrsm;xJrS ukrP Ü tD rIxrf;Muolrsm;&So d nf/ ,if;ukrP Ü D
&cdkiftrIxrf;rsm;udk &cdkifwGifNrdKUolBuD; uRef;tkyf? acsmif;tkyf? olBuD;&mxl;
rsm;ESifh tjcm;&mxlrsm;wGif cefYxm;onf/ ,if;odkY &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;tm;
wm0efay;tyfjcif;jzifh ukrP Ü aD cwftyk cf sKyaf &;udk tqifajyap&ef jzpfonf/
&cddkiftrsdK;om;tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;udk Mum;cHxm;NyD; &cdkifjynfolvlxkudk
tkyfcsKyfEdkif&ef jzpfygonf/
1826-ckrS 1829cktwGi;f &cdik Ef iS hf weoFm&Da'orsm;udk tkycf sKyaf &;
txl;0ef&iS af wmfrif;Bu;D wpfO;D udck efx Y m;Ny;D tkycf sKyaf ponf/ ,if;0ef&iS af wmf
rif;Bu;D atmufwiG f &cdik u f kd tkycf sKy&f eftwGuf a'oqdik &f m rif;Bu;D ESpOf ;D u
wm0ef,l&onf/ a'oqdkif&m rif;BuD;ESpfOD;pvHk;onf ppfawGwGif ½Hk;xdkif
onf/ ppfawGESifh &rf;NAJc½dkifrsm;udk zGJUpnf;onf/ ,if;c½dkif ESpfckudk
vufaxmufrif;BuD; (NrdKU0ef)rsm;u wm0ef,ltkyfcsKyfaponf/
odkY&mwGif 1829-ckwGif &cdkifESifhweoFm&Dudk txl;0ef&Sifawmf
rif;BuD; tkyfcsKyfrIatmufrS cGJxkwfvdkufonf/ ,if;aemuf &cdkifjynfudk
ppfwaumif;\rif;Bu;D u vTaJ jymif;wm0ef,l tkycf sKyaf ponf/ a'oqdik &f m
rif;Bu;D ESpaf e&mteuf wpfae&mudk zsuo f rd ;f vdu
k o
f nf/ use&f adS om &mxl;
wpfae&mudk (Superintendent of Arakan) [k ajymif;vJac:wGifaponf/
,if;aemuf NrdKU0efacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;twdkif; 0wDav;&yfwGif
NrdKU0efrsm;udk cefYxm;onf/ NrdKU0efrsm;onf &mZ0wfrIrsm;? w&m;rrIrsm;udk
ppfaq;&onf/ aumvdyfawmft&m&Sdvnf; jzpfonf/ tcGeftaumufrsm;
aumufcH&&Sda&;udk wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf&olvnf;jzpfonf/
NrKd U0efatmufwiG f (Junior Assistant Commissioner) &mxl;&So d nf/
,if;&mxl;rSm NrdKU0efuJhodkY wm0efxrf;aqmif&onf/ odkY&mwGif &mZ0wfrI?
w&m;rrIESifh tcGefawmft,lcH&ef udpörsm;ryg0ifacs/
NrdKUolBuD;&mxl;wGif &cdkifom;rsm;ESifh tdEd´,wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk
cefx Y m;onf/ NrKd U0efBu;D onf taumufceG rf sm;ESihf ywfoufonfu h pd rö sm;udk
wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&onf/ w&m;Oya'ESifhywfoufonfh rIcif;rsm;udk
ppfaq;ydik cf iG rhf &Sad cs/ tcGeaf wmf aumufcaH &;rsm;twGuo f m NrKd U0efukd ulnD
ay;&onf/ vpmrSm (50)usyfjzpfonf/ aemufwGif (80)usyftxd wdk;ay;
onf/ NrdKUolBuD;&mxl;udk taumuf0ef[k aemufydkif;wGif ac:onf/
tcGefaumufcHay;&onfhudpöESifhywfoufí NrdKUolBuD;atmifausmfZHtm;
wm0efay;tyfyHkudk vrl;Zmwd &mZ0ifq&mBuD; OD;ausmfrnf; a&;cJhaom
*Pef;ocsFmusrf; ed*Hk;wGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm---
]]a';&Sed o
f wfonf? wGv J ufpmem? csi½hf yI gaomf? ,ó"e? jynfph kH
Muí? rsm;vSodyÜH? atmifausmfZHtm;? tjrefac:NyD;? NrdKUolBuD;[k?
tNyD;aooyf? wHqdyfcwfvsuf? ay;tyfonfrS? aeYupí? &u©yl&?
bGUJ emrjzif?h "n0wD? jynfceG q f \ D ? ½lVod nm? cefZY emonf? jcif;&mudp?ö
NyD;pD;Mu\}}/
[k awGU&onf/ ,if;aMumifh NrdKUolBuD;rSm jynfoljynfom; xHrS
b@mtcGef cefYZemrsm;udk aumufcHay;&onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/
a';0ef;BuD;&mxl;rSm rnfonfhtqif;wGif &Sdonfudkum; rod&yg/
od&Yk mwGif yDuRe;f tkyf atmifausm&f u DT kd a';0ef&mxl; wd;k ay;cJo
h nfukd awGU&
onf/ b@mtcGef aiGESpfodef; pnf;Muyfay;&ef wm0efay;onfudk a';0ef;
BuD;\ rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif awGU&onf/ ,if;aMumifh a';0ef;&mxl;rSmvnf;
tcGefb@maumufcHay;&onfh &mxl;yifjzpfonf/ NrdKUolBuD;xuf tqifh
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66 jrxGef;atmif
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f m0efay;tyf&ef zGUJ pnf;
onf/ ppfwaumif;wyfom;rsm; pkpnf;cJhonfh The Arakan Provinicial
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4/ uRef;tkyf armifoQif\ &mxl;cefYtvTm? ajymif;a&TU trdefYpm
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5/ Archives of Arakan Family (Type Copy)
6/ ewfjrpfpef;atmif ]]&cdkife,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;ysdK;axmifrIrsm;}}
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(2)? 1975-ck? azazmf0g&Dv
7/ R.B. Smart (Deputy Commissioner, Settlement Officer Akyab)
Burma Gazetteer ''Akyeb District, Volume A'' 1957
8/ W.B. Tyeld (Deputy Commissioner) Burma Gazetteer
''Sandoway District, Volume A" 1962
avhvmzwf½I&aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;
1/ yJcl;rif;ausmif;q&mawmf OD;y@d ]]"n0wD&mZ0ifopf}}
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3/ OD;av;armif ]]jrefrmEdkifiHa&;tzGJU}} yxrwGJpmayAdrmefxkwf?
jynfolUvufpGJpmpOf? yxrESdyfjcif; 1973-ck
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&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (9)? 1984-ck? 'DZifbmvrS

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ppfawGNrdKU&yfem;rSm? aumif;onfhtcg0,f? NrdKU&Gmwnfvkyfayvsuf}}[k
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,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrKd Uudk NAw d od Qe,fcsUJ orm;rsm;onf olwt Ykd usKd ;
pD;yGm;twGuf wnfaxmifonfrmS xif&mS ;onf/ ppfawGNrKd Uudk wnfaxmifp
tcsdefrSm t&if;&Sife,fcsJUpepfonf tm;aumif;aeonfhtcg jzpfonf/
wpfcsdefwnf;rSm ya'o&mZf\ taiGUtoufrsm; &cdkifrSm rukefao;? rcef;
ao;? wdik ;f &if;om; ya'o&mZfrsm;ESihf vufa0cHrsm;udk &cdik jf ynfwiG f e,fcsUJ
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atmifausmZf ?H a';0ef;Bu;D atmifausm&f w DT Ykd OD;aqmifonfh e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &;
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twGuf ajcukyf pcef;wpfck jzpfaeouJo h Ykd e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &;? trsKd ;om;vGwf
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a&&&Sda&;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&onf/ ,cktcg ,if;udpörsm;udk ppfawGNrdKU
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awmifbufwiG f (tilpeG ;f )rS yifv,furf;pyfwpfavQmuf av,mOfuiG ;f tqH;k
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atmufjrefrmjynfwiG f wwd,vlO;D a& trsm;qH;k jzpfNy;D jrefrmjynf wpfjynf
vHk;wGif pwkw¬trsm;qHk; jzpfcJhonf/ NrdKUwnfaxmifptcsdefu vlOD;a&udk
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pm&if;rsm;udk atmufwGif azmfjyvdkufygonf/
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1872 ck 19230 a,muf
1881 ck 33989 a,muf
1891 ck 37938 a,muf
1901 ck 35680 a,muf
1911 ck 37893 a,muf
1921 ck 36569 a,muf
1931 ck 38094 a,muf
1953 ck 42329 a,muf
1970 ck 78680 a,muf
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(100)twGif; vlOD;a&(61823)a,muf wdk;wufvmonfudk awGU&onf/
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onfudk awGU&onf/ ,if;odkY vlOD;a&wdk;vmonfh taetxm;rSm obm0
tavsmuf wdk;yGm;vmjcif; (Natural Population Growth)ESifh tjcm;&yf&Gm
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,if ; tcsuf r sm;rS m -
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aexdkiflrsm;[lí awGU&onf/
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tvdkuf usm;^r ta&twGuf azmfjy&mwGif (0.4)ESpftkyfpk? (5.9)ESpf
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a,musmf ;OD;a&xuf rde;f rOD;a&u ydrk rkd sm;jym;aeonf/ ESpt f yk pf rk sm;udk wpfEpS f
atmufrS touf (80)txuftxd cGjJ cm;azmfjyxm;onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
ppfawGNrKd UvlO;D a& toGitf jyifwiG f a,musmf ; 48.12%ESihf rde;f r 51.88%
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xuf rsm;jym;aeonfudk awGU&onf/
touft&G,t f m;jzifh (0.24)ESpf tkypf w k iG f 59%&Sí d (25.49)ESpf
tkyfpkwGif 29%&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ wpfenf; jzifh (25.49)ESpftkyfpk
vlvwfydkif;onf (0.24)ESpf vlvwf ydkif;\ xuf0ufom&Sdonfudk
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aexdkifMuolrsm;rSm tvGefrsm;onf/ 99% tdrfaxmifrsm;rSm udk,fydkif
tdrfrsm;jzifh aexdkifolrsm;jzpfonf/
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ppfawGNrKd U\ taqmufttHrk sm; aqmufvyk af exdik Mf uyHo k nf ppfBuKd
acwfNrKd U{&d,mtwGi;f rSmom &So d nf/ tdr&f mtaqmufttHrk sm;rSm wd;k wuf
rsm;jym;vmonf/ ppfBudKacwfu tdrfwpfaqmifom&Sdonfh NcH0if;rsm;wGif
,cktcg tdrEf pS af qmifrt S xuf aqmufvyk af exdik Mf uonfukd awGU&onf/
usL;ausmfwJrsm;rSmvnf; wpfckESifhwpfck uyfvsuf&Sdonf/ ,cifu tuGuf
usus&cdS ahJ om NrKd Utaetxm;rSm ,cktcg ysujf ym;vmonfukd awGU&onf/
txl;ojzifh NrdKU\pD;yGm;a&; tcsuftcsmusonfh &yfuGufrsm;rS tdrfrsm;ESifh
usL;ausmw f rJ sm;udk pepfwus aqmufvyk af y;&ef vdt k yfvsuf &Sad eayonf/
aps;rsm;
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a&Tjym;aps;BuD;rsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;aps;rsm;rSm jrL eDpDy,faps;rsm;jzpfonf/
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a&Tjym;aps;udk 1874ckrSm aqmufvkyfonf/
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udkvdkeDpepftwGuf tusdK;jyKvkyfief;rsm; taxmuftuljyK&ef wnfaxmif
jcif;jzpfonf/ od&Yk mwGif olwu Ykd se;f rma&;&&Srd I tygt0if NrKd Uaevlxk twGuf
yg NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;udk aqmif&Gufvmonf/
,if;aMumifh 1874-ck? atmufwdkbmv (1)&ufaeYwGif NAdwdoQ
bm;rm; jrLeDpDy,f tufOya'udk ppfawGNrdKUwGif wdk;csJU MoZmoufa&mufap
onf/ ,if;tcsdefrwdkifrDuqdkvQif jrLeDpD y,f&efyHkaiG&Sdonf/ jrLeDpDy,f
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q&m0efBuD;ESifh NrdKUr&mZ0wf w&m;olBuD;wdkYrSm (Ex. Officio) tjzpf yg0if
onf/ NrdKUr&mZ0wf w&m;olBuD;rSm ,if;tzGJU\ Ouú|jzpfonf/ ,if;jrLeD
pDyg,ftzGJUonf owfrSwfxm;onfh NrdKUwGif;&Sd ykvdyfrsm;? vrf;rsm;? aps;rsm;?
aq;½Hkrsm; oefY&Sif;a&;ESifh a&ay;a0a&;udpörsm;udk wm0ef,l&onf/
1882-ckwdkifatmif tzGJU0ifrsm;udk wdkuf½dkufcefYxm;onf/ 1882ck
arv(30)&ufaeYpGJjzifh xkwfjyefaom r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;\ trdefYt&
ppfawGNrdKUwGif a&G;aumufyGJ pepfudk usifhoHk;onf/ tzGJU0if (12)OD; &Sdonf/
Oa&mywdu k o f m; (3)OD;? &cdik f (4)OD;? r[mar'if (3)OD;? [dEL´ (2)OD; yg0ifonf/
,if;tjyif qdyfurf;t&m&Sd? trIaqmiftif*sifeD,m? q&m0efBuD;ESifh
ta&;ydik w f rYkd mS (Ex. Officio) tjzpf yg0ifonf/ ta&;ydik rf mS tzGUJ 0ifOuú|jzpf
onf/ 1880-ckwGif NrdKUr&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;\ vGwfvyfpGm tkyfcsKyfrIudk
&yfqdkif;onf/
a&G;aumufypJG epfrmS NrKd Uaevlxt k wGuf topftqef; jzpfaeonf/
tenf;tusO;f om pdw0f ifpm;rI&NdS y;D a&G;aumuf yGJ 0ifMuonf/ yg0iforl sm;rSm
txl;ojzifh Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;om jzpfMuonf/ trsm;pkrSm umv
tawmfMumatmif pdw0f ifpm;rI r&SMd u/ ,if;aMumifh tzGUJ 0ifrsm;udk rMumcP
qdkovdk tpdk;&ucefYxm;&onf/
1882-ckwGif topfzGJUpnf;aom tzGJUonf ykvdyfudpö rSwpfyg;
tjcm;tmPmESiw hf m0efrsm;udk tyfEjHS cif;cH&onf/ ausmif;? aq;½H?k ausmuf
aq;xd;k jcif;rsm;ESihf tvm;wlupd rö sm; udk wm0ef,al qmif&u G &f onf/ 1908-
ckwGif r[mar'ifrsm;twGuf ae&mwpfck wdk;csJUay;onf/ 1917-ckwGif
jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUrSm ta&;ydkifu Ouú|tjzpf yg0ifonf/ ,if;tjyif (Ex.
Officio) tjzpf yg0if&onf/ q&m0efBu;D rSm 'kw, d Ouú|tjzpf yg0ifonf/
trIaqmif tif*sifeD,mESifh tpdk;&a&G;cs,fonfh tzGJU0if(2)OD;vnf; yg0if
onf/ tzGJU0if (12)OD;wGif Oa&mywdkufom; (2)OD;? Ak'¨bmomtkyfpk (4)OD;?
r[mar'if tkyfpkrS (4)OD;? [dE´LtkyfpkrS (2)OD;pD yg0ifygonf/
ppfBudKacwf umvwpfavQmuf ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUwGif vlrsdK;
tvdkuf? tcsdK;tpm;tvdkuf a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufonfudk awGU&onf/ txl;
ojzifh vlenf;pkrsm;jzpfaom Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;onf tcsdK;tpm;t&qdk
vQif vlrsm;pkjzpf aom &cdik rf sm;xufyif rsm;jym;aeonf/ ,if;tjyif Oa&my
wdkufwm; jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU0ifrsm;onf tjcm;tzGJU0ifrsm;tm; MoZmoHk;í
vnf;aumif; pdw0f ifpm;rI enf;yg;onfukd tcGihf aumif;,lí vnf;aumif;?
NrKd U&GmBu;D yGm;a&;udk [efw Y m;cJMh u onf/ ,if;aMumifh 1957-ck azazmf0g&Dv
(6)&ufaeYxkwf ]]&cdkiftvif; owif;pm}} wGif yg&Sdonfh ]]rsdK;cspfarmif}} wif
jyaom &cdkifjynfe,f&,la&; aqmif;yg;wGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm--
]]rsufESm&Sd EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIaMumifh vnf;
aumif;? &yfa&; &Gma&;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef wu,fwrf; pdwfr&SdrI
aMumifhvnf;aumif; ppfawGNrdKUonf BuD;yGm;Edkifygvsuf rBuD;yGm;bJ
omrefNrdKUwpfNrdKUtaejzifhom aecJh&avonf}}[k zwf½I&jcif;jzifh
odomxif&Sm;ygonf/
ppfNyD;acwf jrLeDpDy,f
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;wpfavQmufvHk;wGif ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUrSm
ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;rI r&Sd? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; aemufydkif;rSom jrLeDpDy,fa&G;
aumufyrJG sm;udk jyKvyk v
f monf/ ,if;a&G; aumufyrJG sm;rS a&G;cs,w
f ifajrm§ uf
onfh jrLvlBuD; (19)OD;&Sdonf/
,if;a&G;aumufyGJrsm;onf jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU pwifonfh tcsdefu
tajctaeESifhvnf;aumif;? ppfBudKacwf tajctaeESifhvnf;aumif;
vH;k 0jcm;em;aom a&G;aumufyrJG sm;jzpfonf/ tmPmvuf&dS zqyvtzGUJ ESihf
94 jrxGef;atmif
&cdik jf ynfwikd ;f &if;om;nDñw G f a&;tzGUJ (&wn)wdt Yk m; NyKd iMf uonfyh rJG sm;om
jzpfonf/ ,if; a&G;aumufyrJG sm;rSm (&wn)tzGUJ udk ud, k pf m;jyKMuonfh jrLvl
BuD;tm;vHk; a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufjcif;cH&onf/
&wnjrLvlBu;D rsm;vufxufwiG f jrLtzGUJ ydik ½f ;kH taqmufttHt k jzpf
OD;pdk;azmf ukrÜPDydkif taqmufttHkudk 1957-ck? 'DZifbmv (30)&ufwGif
usyf 45006jzifh 0,f,lcJhonf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawG jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUwGif
tzGUJ ydik f taqmufttHu k kd jrLeDpyD ,ftzGUJ zGUJ pnf;Ny;D ESpaf ygif;(80) ausmrf o S m
&&SdcJhonf/
&wnjrLvlBuD;rsm;onf 1950ckwGif bDvl;rwHwm;teD;&Sd wJtdrf
rsm;udk zsufodrf;apcJhonf/ ,if;odkYwJtdrfrsm;udkzsuf odrf;apjcif;rSm acwå
avmufom z,ff&Sm;EdkifcJhonf/ &cdkifjynf wdk;wufvli,ftpnf;t½Hk;rS
OD;pdeo f mausm(f uG,v f eG )f ESihf OD;ausmjf r (uG,v f eG )f wdYk OD;aqmifí wJtrd &f iS f
rsm;ESihf yl;aygif; Ny;D wJtrd rf sm; rzsuo f rd ;f a&;udk ta&;qdk wdu k yf 0JG ifMuonf/
,if;aMumifh tqdyk gae&mrsm;wGif wJtrd rf sm; jyefvnfwnf aqmufaexdik Mf u
onf/
,if;odYk wJtrd rf sm; rzsuo f rd ;f a&;? ta&;qdw k u kd yf 0JG if awmif;qdrk I
onf ]]&cdkifjynf wdk;wufvli,f tpnf;t½Hk;}}rS cGJxGufum ]]&cdkifjynf
wdik ;f &if;om;vli,frsm; tpnf;t½H;k }}[lí ay:aygufaponfh taMumif;rsm;
teuf wpfckjzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1954-cku zGJUpnf;cJhonfh ]]&cdkifjynf
wd;k wuf vli,ftpnf;t½H;k }}rS cGx J u G uf m ]]&cdik jf ynf wdik ;f &if;om; vli,frsm;
tpnf;t½Hk;}}udk &cddkifouú&mZf 1316-ck? oDwif;uRwfvqkwf (12)&uf?
c&pfouú&mZf 1955-ck? atmufwdkbmv (tpdk;&[lonf13)&ufaeYwGif
zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifvdkufonf/
Edik if aH &; tuGt
J NyEJ iS hf vH;k ywfvnfaeNy;D ppfawGNrKd U&Gm oef&Y iS ;f a&;rSm
xda&mufpGm aqmif&GufEdkifcJhjcif; r&Sdonfudk awGU&ygonf/ EdkifiHa&;tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;onf a&G;aumufyJG tcsed af vmufrmS omvQif vIyv f yI &f mS ;&Sm;&SNd y;D
aemufydkif;rSm olwdkY uwdjyKcJhonfh udpörsm;udk arhaysmufoGm;wwfMuonf/
,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKU\ oefY&Sif;a&;rSm EdkifiHa&;acwfwpf avQmufvHk;wGif
xl;jcm;vmjcif; r&Sdonfudk awGU&ygonf/
jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zsufodrf;jcif;
1962-ck ? Mo*kwv f (18)&ufwiG f ppfawGjrLeDpyD ,ftzGUJ udk awmfveS f
a&;aumifpDu &yfqdkif;vdkufonf/ ppfwyfESifh &Judk,fpm;vS,f wpfOD;pDyg0if
aom ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;ay;onf/ 1963-ck?
Edk0ifbmv (20)&ufwGif ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJU\ cHpm;cGifh tvkyfwm0ef
0wå&m;rsm;udk ppfawGNrKd U rvHjk cKH a&;ESihf tkycf sKyrf I aumfrwDoYkd tyfEiS ;f onf/
NrKd UrvHNk cKH a&;ESihf tkycf sKyrf aI umfrwDtzGUJ wGif wGb
J ufc½dik 0f eftm; jrLtkycf sKyf
a&;rSL;tjzpf tmPmtyfESif;NyD; jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU\ wm0efESifh0wå&m;rsm;udk
NrdKUrvHkNcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwDudk,fpm; aqmif&Gufonf/
1974-ck? rwfv (2)&ufaeYwiG f vHNk cKH a&;ESihf tkycf sKyf rIaumfrwDrsm;
udk zsuo f rd ;fonf/ jynfoUl aumifpD tqifq h ifu
h kd azmfaqmifNy;D vHNk cKH a&;ESihf
tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwDrsm;\ wm0efrsm;udk vTJajymif;,lonf/ ,if;aMumifh
ppfawGNrKd UrvHNk cKH a&;ESihf tkycf sKyrf vI ufatmuf&dS ppfawGjrLeDpyD ,fvyk if ef;ESihf
wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;rSm ppfawGNrKd Ue,fjynfoUl aumifpD vufatmufoYkd a&muf&dS
vmonf/ ,cktcg ppfawGNrdKUe,fjynfolUaumifpDonf NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;
twGuf pnfyifom,ma&;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;NyD; aqmif&Gufaeonf/
,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKUe,fpnfyifom,ma&;tzGJU\ ,cifacwf
tqufqufrS usef&Sdaeonfh vkyfaqmif&rnfh wm0efrsm;um; rao;vSyg/
&cdkifjynfe,f\ NrdKUawmft*Fg&yfESifhtnD vkyfaqmif&rnfh usef;rma&;?
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;? NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;? a&&&Sda&; ponfhaqmif&GufzG,f
&mrsm;u apmifhBudKvsuf &Sdaeayonf/ ,if;udk jynfe,faumifpD? NrdKUe,f
aumifpDESifh ppfawGNrdKUvlxk\ 0dkif;0ef;vkyfaqmif&rnfh wm0efwpf&yfyif
jzpfonf/
NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;
ppfawGNrdKU\ awmifbufydkif;onf oJqefajrrsm;jzifh wnfaqmuf
xm;onf/ ajrmufbufyikd ;f rSm EH;k ajrrsm;jzpfonf/ jzm;Bu;D vqif ajrmufbuf
ydkif; tcsdKU&yfuGufrsm;onf jrpfa&jynfhvQHaewwfonf/ awmifbufydkif;rSm
usef;rma&;ESifh nDñGwfonf/ ajrmufbufydkif;rSm usef;rma&;ESifh nDñGwf
rIr&Sd/ qif;&Jom;&yfuGufrsm; jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh
aomufoHk;a&aMumifh jzpfyGm;onfha&m*grsm; jzpfyGm;wwfonf/
96 jrxGef;atmif
ppfawGNrdKUudk wnfaxmifNyD; ESpfaygif;(50)avmuftxd NrdKU&Gm
oef&Y iS ;f a&;udk aqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif; r&Sad o;yg/ 1874-ckrmS zGUJ pnf;wnfaxmif
aom ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJU\ oefY&Sif;a&;vkyfief;rSm ½kwfw&uf taumif
txnf ray:ao;acs/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrKd U\ &yfuu G rf sm;rSm use;f rma&;
ESifh nDñGwfrIr&SdbJ jzpfaeonf/ 1880-ckwGif ppfawGjrLeDpDy,f Ouú|tjzpf
aqmif&Gufolu-
]]vrf;tajctaersm;? a&ay;a0a&;vkyfief;rsm;? rESpfNrdKUzG,f
aumif;aom teHt Y oufrsm;xGuo f nfh trIu
d of ½du k rf sm;ESihf oef&Y iS ;f rI
uif;onfh tajctaersm; &Sdaeayonf/ ,if;odkYaom tajctaersm;
onf odr;f ,lNy;D &mpkEpS f wpf0ufwikd f &Sad eonfrmS &Suzf , G af umif;onf/
ESpfaygif; (50)twGif; tkyfa&ajrmif;wpfckwpfavrQ ppfawGNrdKUwGif
rawGU&onfrSm r,HkMunfEdkifzG,foufouf jzpfonf/ NrdKUr&mZ0wf
w&m;olBu;D azmufvyk x f m;onfh udu k tf enf;i,faom tkwaf &ajrmif;
udk cRi;f csux f m;&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;tusKd ;qufaMumifh NrKd U&Gmvlxrk mS
&TUH ñGex
f al jymonfh ywfywfvnfrmS aexdik &f rIyif jzpfonf/}} ponfjzifh
ajymMum;cJo h nfrmS jrLeDpyD ,ftzGUJ wnfaxmifp ppfawGNrKd U tajctae
udk azmfjyaejcif; jzpfygonf/
ppfawGNrdKUjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUtwGif rdv’modrf;vkyfief;rSm p&dwftBuD;
av;qHk; jzpfonf/ 1894-ckrSpwifNyD; nrdv’modrf;vkyfief;udk pwifaqmif
&Gufonf/ 1899-ckwGif ,if;rdv’modrf;vkyfief;udk wdk;csJUvkyfudkifvmonf/
1917-ck avmufwiG f NrKd U\wpf0ufcefrY mS rdvm’ odr;f vkyif ef; aqmif&u G Ef ikd Nf y;D
jzpfonf/ ,if;vkyif ef;rSm vlu, kd w
f ikd f odr;f ,lonfv
h yk if ef;jzpfonf/ vkyif ef;
pwifonfh tcsdefrSonf ,ckumvtxd wdk;wufajymif;vJrI r&Sdao;yg/
txl;ojzifh ,ckumvwGif rdv’modrf;tvkyform;rsm; &Sm;yg;rI
&Sdonf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKU\ &yfuGuftrsm;pkonf ajrwGif;rsm;wl;NyD;
toHk;jyKvsuf &Sdaeao;onf/
1912-ckwGif a&ESifhrdv’m tif*sifeD,monf a&ajrmif; wl;azmfa&;
pDrHudef;wpfckudk wifjyonf/ ukefusp&dwf usyfaiG 350000udk jrLtzGJUrS
uscH&onf/ 1917-avmufwGif pwifNyD; jynfolUvkyfief;XmerS wm0ef,l
vkyfudkifonf/ t*Faw ausmufa&ajrmif;rsm;udk yv’ifawm? armvdyf?
td;k wef;? ½ly&Gmponfh &yfuu G rf sm;rSm awGU&onf/ use&f yfuu G rf sm;rSm omref
ajrBuD;udk wl;xm;onfh a&ajrmif;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;a&
ajrmif;tm;vHk;vdkvdkrSm 'kwd,urÇmppfaMumifh ysufpD;cJh&onf/ ,if;ysufpD;
cJah om a&ajrmif;rsm;udk ,aeYwikd f jyKjyifEikd jf cif; r&Sad o;yg/ a&ajrmif;rsm;rSm
a&rSef rSefpD;qif;rI taetxm; vHk;0r&Sdoavmuf jzpfaeonf/
ukvm;acsmif;rSm ppfawGNrKd Utv,frjS zwfí pD;qifonf/ ,if;acsmif;
rBuD;xJodkY a&ajrmif;rsm; pD;0ifMuonf/ acsmif;rBuD;wpfavQmufvHk;wGif
a&qd;k ? a&ykyrf sm;ESihf trIud of ½du
k rf sm; >yrf;vsu&f o dS nf/ a&pD;qif;rIrmS vnf;
rrSef/ ,if;rSxGufvmonfh teHYtoufrsm;rSmvnf; rcHEdkifatmif jzpfae
onf/ usef;rma&;twGuf BuD;pGmaom taESmifht,Suf jzpfonf/
ukvm;acsmif;onf ppfawGNrdKU&Sd a&Ekwfajrmif;rsm;\ t"du pD;0if&m
acsmif;rBuD;wpfck jzpfonfomru pD;yGm;a&;twGufvnf; ta&;ygonf/
tqdyk gacsmif;udk jyefvnfw;l azmf&ef vdt k yfaeNyjD zpfonf/ od&Yk mwGif rnfol
wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQvnf; tav;xm; aqmif&GufMuonfudk rawGU&acs/
,if;aMumifh 1947-ckEpS w f iG f use;f rma&;0efBu;D OD;atmifZu H tpd;k &tzGUJ odYk
tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;&mwGif ukvm;acsmif;udpöudk ta&;ay;aqmif&Guf&ef
tav;ay;azmfjyxm;onf/ odkY&mwGif rnfodkYrQ ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;
r&So d nfuakd wGU&ojzifh ¤if;\ud, k af &;rSww f rf;pmtkyf (A Survior's Memoir)
rSm atmufygtwdkif; rSwfcsufa&;xm;ygonf/
]]od&Yk mwGif rnfonft h zGUJ tpnf;ujzpfap? acgif;aqmif wpfO;D u
jzpfapvTwfawmftjyifbufüaomfvnf;aumif;? twGif;bufüaomf
vnf;aumif; rnfolwpfpHkwpfa,mufurQvnf; þvkyfief;udpöudk
taumiftxnfay:vmatmif aemufqufvufí *½kpu kd v
f yk af qmif
onfudkum; rawGU&acs}} /
vrf;ESifh vrf;rD;rsm;xGef;jcif;
jrLeDpyD ,ftzGUJ ydik f vrf;rsm;tjzpf 1874-ckwiG f rdik (f 30)cefY ppfawGNrKd U
rSm &So
d nf/ tusO;f om;rsm;tm; ,if;vrf;rrsm;udk jyKjyifapcdik ;f jcif; jzpfonf/
ppfrjzpfrD tcsdeftxd jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUydkif vrf;rSm 42.10rdkifcefY &Sdonf/
,if;vrf;rsm;rSm ppfNy;D acwf onfrmS bufacwfwikd af tmif wd;k csUJ azmufvyk f
jcif; r&Syd g/ vrf;rsm;rSmtrsm;tm;jzifh tkwef v D rf;rsm;om jzpfonf/ uwå&m
vrf;rsm;rSmvnf; jyKjyif&rnfh tajctaerSm&Sdonf/
ppfNy;D acwftcsed u f qdvk Qif nOft
h csed rf sm;wGif vrf;rD;rsm;udk a&eHqD
rD;wdkifrsm; xGef;onf/ 1901ckuyif rD;vif;cGef (Lighting Tax) aumufcH
98 jrxGef;atmif
onf/ ,if;a&eHqDrD;wdkifrsm;udk ppfNyD; acwf tpydkif;rSm awGU&ygao;onf/
vQyfppf"mwftm;udk ,if;tcsdefavmufyif pwiftoHk;jyKonf/ odkY&mwGif
NrKd UxJyikd ;f avmufrmS om vQypf pfr;D rsm; &&So
d nf/ 1955-56-ckavmuf wGirf S
wpfNrdKUvHk;&Sd vrf;rsm;rSm vQyfppf"mwfrD;rsm;udk toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
a&ay;a&;pepf
NrKd Uwnfptcsed cf gu aomufo;kH a&udk wGi;f a&? uefa&rsm;rS toH;k jyK
Muonf/ ,ck vuf&Sdtaetxm;rSmvnf; tcsdKU&yfuGufrsm;rSm a&wGif;
a&uef r sm;ud k tm;xm;ae&ao;onf / &cd k i f t mZmenf a';0ef ; BuD ;
atmifausmf&DTaumif;rI a&uefrSm ,ckxufwdkif 'dk;0ef;&Gm ajrmufydkif;rSm&Sdyg
ao;onf/ tcsdKUaoma&wGif; a&uefrsm;rSm roefY&Sif;rIaMumifh 0rf;a&m*g
jzpfMuonf/ ,if;aMumifh a&aumif;a&oef&Y &Sad & pDru H ed ;f wpf&yfukd 1899ck
wGif oufqdkif&m tmPmydkifrsm;ucsrSwfMuonf/ 1905-ckusrS tqdkyg
pDrHudef;udk twnfjyKvdkufonf/ vkyfief;udk pwifonfrSm 1906-ckwGif
jzpfonf/ NrdKUrS(2)rdkifcefYa0;onfhae&mrSm uefawmfBuD;&Sdonf/ tus,frSm
{u (130)cef&Y o dS nf/ uefaygif½;kd tjrif(h 43)aycefY &So d nf/ NrKd UajrrsuEf mS jyif
xuf ysr;f rQay (20 rS ay40)cefY jrifo h nf/ NrKd UwGi;f odYk vufr (20)ydu k rf sm;jzifh
qufoG,fNyD; ,if;rSwpfqifh tjcm;ydkufi,frsm;jzifh tqifhqifhjzefYjzL;ay;
onf/ "mwfaiGUjzifh ydk;owfpufESifh a&wdkif;&ef ud&d,mrsm;wyfqifxm;cJh
onf/ ,if;ud&d,mrsm;onf 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;u ysufpD;cJhonf/
,ckwikd f jyKjyifEikd jf cif;r&Sad o;/ uefawmfBu;D onf NrKd UrsuEf mS xuf tenf;i,f
om jrifhojzifh tcsdKU&yfuGufrsm;odkY a&a&mufatmifray;EdkifaMumif; awGU&
onf/ ydu k v f ;kH rsm; aqG;ajrUjcif;? ydu
k rf sm;twGi;f avzdtm;enf;jcif;? uefa&
enf;yg;jcif;rsm;aMumifh NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;rSm a&zlvHkrI r&Sdacs/ ,if;tjyif
vlOD;a&rSmvnf; 'kwd,urÇmppfrjzpfrDuxuf ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmojzifh NrdKUae
vlxktwGuf oufqdkif&mrS a&zlvHka&; tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufae
Muonf/ odkY&mwGif ppfawGNrdKUae vlxkrSm a&aumif;a&oefYESifh a&zlvHkrIr&Sd
ao;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
a&&&Sda&;pDrHudef;
aomufo;kH a& zlvakH &;twGuf 1960-ckavmufuyif pHpk rf;avhvm
aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ tpöa&;EdkifiH w[mvf (a&bufqdkif&m) pDrHudef;rsm;
vDrdwufudk iSm;&rf;NyD; pHkprf;avhvmapí tpD&ifcHpmudk wifjyapcJhonf/
uefawmfBuD;\ teD;0ef;usifajr{u(230)&Sd a&odkavSmifuef topfwpfck
xyfrHwl;azmfNyD; ESpfpOf&GmoGef;aom rdk;a&csdefudk wGufcsufí a&xyfjznfh&ef
tqdjk yKcohJ nf/ ,if;pDrcH surf mS p&dwt f ukef tusrsm;rnfh pDrcH su[
f k qdo
k nf/
1970-ckwGif ukvor*¾rS blrdaA'uRrf;usifol twdkifyifcH tif*sifeD,m
rpöwm a[ZmESifhtzGJUonf ajratmufa&tajctaeudk uefawmfBuD;\
taemufbufajrjyefw Y iG f wdik ;f wmavhvmcJo h nf/ wpfaeY a&*gvH 2.3oef;
cefY xkwf,lEdkifaMumif; tpD&ifcHonf/ rpöwma[Zm\ tpD&ifcHpmtay:
rlwnfí 1972-ckwiG f ukvor*¾twdik yf ifcH tif*sief , D mrpöwmuvyfEiS hf
tdk;tdrf OD;pD;XmeNrdKUrsm; a&&&Sda&;XmecGJrS t0DpdwGif;wl;azmfa&;tzGJUu
ajratmufa&&Sad &; tajctjrpfukd avhvmcJMh uonf/ od&Yk mwGif ajratmuf
a& &&Sda&;tajctjrpfrSm tm;udk;avmufaomtaetxm;wGif r&SdaMumif;
aumufcsufcsMuonf/
Burd af csmif;a&umwm wnfaqmufrt I wGuf ukvor*¾ twdik yf ifcH
tif*sifeD,mrpöwm 'lemESifh rpöwmuvyfwdkY\ tpD&ifcHpmay: tajccHí
tqdkjyKcJhaom-
(u) ewfawmif 2
(c ) aumuf½dk;bHk
(* ) Budrfacsmif; 1
(C) Budrfacsmif; 2
rsm;udk 1975-ckESpfu tdk;tdrfOD;pD;XmerS uGif;qif;avhvmcJhMuonf/
,if;uGif;qif;avhvmcsuft& a&umwmwnfaqmuf&ef ppfawGNrdKUrS rdkif
(26)rdkifuGmonfh Budrfacsmif; 11ae&mudk a&G;cs,fcJhMuonf/ Budrfacsmif;
1 a&umwmwl;ajrmif;udk 1975-ck? rwfvwGif wdik ;f wmNy;D jzpfonf/ 1976-
ck? azazmf0g&DvwGiv f nf; td;k tdrt f zGUJ rS a&umwmae&m ajrom;prf;oyfjcif;
rsm;ESifh ydkufvdkif;tl aMumif; wdkif;wmjcif;rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJhNyD; jzpfonf/
jrxG e f ; atmif
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (3)? 1977 ckESpf/
100 jrxGef;atmif
'kwd,urÇmppf &cdkifppfrsufESm
jrxGef;atmif
*syefAHk;BuJav,mOf (150)wdkYonf ykvJqdyfurf;udk 1941-ck?
'DZifbm (8)&ufaeY eHeufydkif;wGif 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufonf/ ,if;aeYrSm
NAwd o
d QEiS hf tar&duefwo Ykd nf *syefukd ppfaMunmonf/ ,if;odYk wdu k cf u kd &f ef
ppfaMunmjcif;jzifh *syefEikd if oH nf 'kw, d urÇmppfxo J Ykd 0ifa&mufvmonf/
trSw(f 15)*syefwyfrawmfonf jrefrmjynfukd 1942-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (20)&uf
wGif xdk;ppfpwifonf/
*syefwYkd pwifx;kd ppfqifcsed w
f iG f jrefrmjynf\ umuG,af &; wm0ef
udk AdkvfcsKyfa0AvfxHrS AdkvfcsKyfqm[m½dk; tvuf ZE´m;u 1942-ck? rwfv
(5)&ufwiG f vTaJ jymif;vufc, H ol nf/ NAwd o d Qwyfrsm;onf awmifyikd ;f rS xd;k ppf
qifvmaom *syefwyfrsm;udk umuG,&f if; jrefrmjynfajrmufyikd ;f odYk qkwcf mG &
onf/ ,if;odkY qkwfcGm&m vrff;wpfavQmuf e,fajrrsm;udk ajrvSefpepfudk
usifhoHk;onf/ ysufpD;qHk;½HI;rIudk rcefYrSef;Edkif atmifyifjzpfonf/
trS w f ( 15)*syef w yf r awmf \ tk y f c sKyf r I a tmuf w G i f & S d a om
Adkvf&efatmifOD;aqmifonfh &cdkifcsD ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (bD? tdkif?
at)u 1942-ck? arv (7)&ufwiG f ppfawGNrKd Uudk odr;f ,lonf/ arvtukef
avmufwGif &cdkifjynf tygt0if jrefrmjynfwpfjynfvHk;onf trSwf(15)
*syefwyfrawmf (ppfaoemywd td')\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufodkY a&muf&Sd
oGm;awmhonf/
*syefppfa&;tajctae
&cdkifppfrsufESmwGif trSwf(33)*syefwyfr (wyfrrSL; 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD;
qmul½ikd f Sakuari )ESihf Adv
k &f efatmifO;D pD;onfh Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmf
&cdkifcsDppfaMumif;rsm; &Sdaeonf/ 1942-ck? Mo*kwfvwGif &cdkifppfrsufESm&Sd
Armhvw G v
f yfa&; wyfrawmfrmS jyefvnf½yk o f rd ;f oGm;onf/ ArmhumuG,af &;
wyfrawmftjzpf jyefvnfzGJUpnf;&eftwGuf jzpfonf/
1942-ck ? Ed0k ifbmvtukew f iG f trSw(f 77)tdE, ´d wyf&if;Bu;D onf
bl;oD;awmifEiS hf armifawme,frsm;wGif wyfcsaeaom trSw(f 33)*syefwyfr
(rD,mZmuD Miyaza Ki) wyf&if;udk wdkufcdkufvmonf/ rD,mZmuD wyf&if;
rSm ppfawGudkA[kdjyKí ppfrsufESmcsHKU&ef &aohawmifESifh 'Hkbdwftxd qkwf&
onf/ cHppfwm0efudk trSwf(55)*syefwyfr (wyfrrSL; 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD;udk*g
Koga )tm; xrf;aqmifaponf/ trSwf (55) *syefwyfrrSL;rSm 1943-ck?
azazmf0g&DvwGif a&muf&Sdvmaomwyfulrsm;jzifh &aohawmifESifh 'Hkbdwf
ppfaMumif;udk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifonf/
(t&DEdkbdk Arinobo)wyf&if;onf ukvm;wefjrpftwdkif; pkefqif;
vmNyD; r[mrdwfwdkYvufrS ausmufawmfudk jyefvnfwdkufcdkuf&&Sdonf/
qufvufí ar,kjrpfbufoYkd a&TUajymif;csw D ufum *syefwyfr\ ppfqifa&;
wGif 0ifa&mufulnDcJh& onf/ 1943-ck? arvqef;ü bl;oD;awmifESifh
armifawme,frsm;udk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf &&SdcJhonf/
1943-ck? rwfvwGif ,ciftrSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmfudk wdk;csJUí
]]jrefrme,fajrwyfrawmf}}tjzpf jyKjyifw;kd csUJ zGUJ pnf;onf/ ,if;wyfrawmf\
ppfaoemywdcsKyfrSm 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyfBuD; (um0gab Kawabe) jzpfonf/
&cdkif yifv,furf;½dk;wef; ppfaMumif;udk 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD;udk*g\ trSwf(55)
*syef wyfru wm0ef,l&onf/
wzef jrefrme,fajrwyfrawmfonf b*Fvm;urf;½d;k wef; umuG,f
a&;twGuf 1944-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(15)&ufwGif trSwf(28)*syefwyfrawmf
(ppfaoemywdBu;D 'kAv kd cf sKyBf u;D qmul½ikd )f udk xyfrzH UJG pnf;onf/ trSw(f 28)
*syefwyfrawmf \ vufatmufwiG f trSwf (54)*syefwyfr (wyfrrSL; 'kAv kd f
csKufBuD; umemwmeD Kanatani)wdkY yg0ifonf/
r[mrdwfrsm;\ ppfa&;tajctae
1942-ck? arvtukefwGif NAdwdoQwyfrsm;onf jrefrmjynfrS tNyD;
tydik f qkwcf mG oGm;Ny;D jzpfonf/ tdE,
´d jrefrme,f jcm;a'orsm;wGif wyfpNJG y;D
*syefrsm;tm; jyefvnfckcHaeMuonf/ *syefwyfrawmftaeESifhvnf;
,if;tcsdefwGifwyfrsm;udk jyefvnfpkpnf; zGJUpnf;aeonf/ xyfqifhxdk;ppf
102 jrxGef;atmif
qif&ef jyifqifaeonfhtcsdef jzpfonf/
NAdwdoQwyfrsm;rSmvnf; tdEd´,jrefrme,fpyfrsm;wGif pk½Hk;NyD;cHppfrS
wefjyefxdk;ppfqifETJEdkif&ef jyifqifaeMuonf/ *syefwyfrawmfa&m NAdwdoQ
wyfrsm;yg a&SUrwdk;om aemufrqkwfombJ wpfESpfausmf ESpfESpfeD;yg; &Sdae
Muonf/
1943-ck? Mo*kwfvwGif jyKvkyfaom uGdbufuGefz&ifh qHk;jzwfcsuf
t& tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;ppfXmecsKyf (South East Asia Commond
S.E.A.C)udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifonf/ ,if;ppfXmecsKyfwGif r[mrdwf
ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifb h ufwef (Admiral, Hon Lieut-General and Hon-
Air Marshel- The Lord Louis Mountbatten)u wm0ef,lonf/
,if;ppfXmecsKyf\ trSwf(11)wyfrawmfpk (Army Group)udk
1943-ck? Ed0k ifbm (16)&ufwiG f zGUJ pnf;onf/ Adv k cf sKyBf u;D c&pfwq
D if (Lieut
General Sir Philip Christison) tkyfcsKyfaom trSwf(1)wyfrawmfpkwGif
yg0ifonfhtrSwf (15)wyfrBuD;u &cdkifppfrsufESmudk wm0ef,l&onf/
1944-ck? Edk0ifbmv(16)&ufwGif trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;udk trSwf(14)
wyfrawmfrS cGx J w k Nf y;D Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D qmtdv
k b D mvpf (C-in: C Lieut-General
Sir Oliver Leese)u wm0ef,l xrf;aqmifonf/
trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;wGif atmufazmfjyyg wyfzGJUrsm; &Sdaeonf/
,if ;wd k Y rS m -
1/ trSwf 25 tdEd´,wyfr
2/ trSwf 26 tdEd´,wyfr
3/ trSwf 81 taemuftmz&du wyfr
4/ trSwf 82 taemuftmz&du wyfr
5/ trSwf 50 tdEd´,wyfr[m
6/ trSwf 22 ta&SUtmz&du wyfr[m
7/ trSwf 3 uGefref'dkwyfr[mwdkY jzpfMuonf/
,if;wdkYtjyif trSwf(224)avwyfESifh trSwf(64)a&wyfzGJU\
vufatmuf&Sd eufyD;,,m;ESifh eDaygzsufoabFmrsm; yg0ifonf/
1944-ck? Ed0k ifbmv(27)&ufwiG f wyfzUJG wyfrLS ;rsm;onf &cdik jf ynfukd
a&wpfyikd ;f uke;f wpfyikd ;f ppfqifa&;wdu k cf u
kd &f ef vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk csrw
S Mf u
onf/ trSw(f 15)wyfrBu;D onf a&wyftultnDjzifh awmifbuf azmif;ydKG ihf
tilodkY ta&muf ar,kuRef;qG,fudk &Sif;vif;&ef wm0ef,l&onf/ 1944ck?
Edk0ifbm(30)&ufwGif wyfzGJUwyfrSL;rsm;csrSwfaom vkyfief;pOfudk r[mrdwf
ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifhbwfwefonf oabmwlvufcHvdkufonf/
r[mrdwfwdkY\ yxrtBudrf ppfqifa&;

yxrtBurd f &cdik jf ynfppfqifa&;udk 1943-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (1)&ufaeY
wGif jyKvkyfonf/ wyfr[m(9)ck yg0ifonf/ AdkvfcsKyfvGdKuf OD;pD;aom
trSwf(14) tdEd´,wyfru qifETJaom ppfqifa&;jzpfonf/
,if;ppfqifa&;\ tpydkif;rSm atmifjrifrI &&Sdonf/ armifawm
bl;oD;awmifESifh armifawmbl;oD;awmifvrf;rsm;udk odrf;,lEdkifcJhonf/
ar,kuRef;qG,frS(10)rdkifcefYa0;aom 'Hkbwfaus;&GmteD;txd odrf;EdkifcJh
onf/
'HkbdwfESifh &aohawmifwGif *syefwyfrsm; tcdkiftrm wyfpGJxm;
onf/ ,if;aMumifh wifu h m;rsm;tygt0if wyfr[mtiftm;jzifh tBurd Bf urd f
wduk cf u
kd af omfvnf; tustqH;k rsm;pGmjzifh qkwcf &hJ onf/ þtawmtwGi;f
ppfawGrS *syefwyfrrsm; a&aMumif;jzifh xyfrHa&muf&Sdvmonf/ 'Hkbdwf&Sd
*syefwyfrsm;udk tm;jznfhNyD; trSwf(55)tdEd´,wyfr[mudk wdkufppfqif
onf/ ,if;aMumifh trSwf(55)tdEd´,wyfr[mrSm z½dkz&JjzpfNyD; ar,kjrpfudk
ul;í qkwfcGm&onf/ ,if;tjyif ppfawGrS AdkvfrSL;buD; wmem[m&SD OD;pD;
aom ppfaMumif;wpfckonf ar,kjrpfaMumif;twdkif; csDwufvmonf/
ar,kawmifwef;udk ta&SUrStaemufodkY jzwfausmfum {NyDv(3)&ufwGif
'Hkbdwfudk wdkufcdkufaeaom trSwf(6)NAdwdoQESifh trSwf(47)tdEd´,wyf
r[mwdkYudk tif;'if&GmwGif aemufausmrSjzwfí wdkufcdkufonf/ ,if;wyf
r[mrsm;rSm z½dzk &JEiS hf rdik (f 20)cefaY 0;aom abmfvb
D Zm;odYk 1943-ck? arv
(11)&ufwGif jyefvnfodrf;ydkufxm;aom armifawmESifh bl;oD;awmifNrdKU
rsm;udk vufvTwfNyD;qkwfcGm&onf/
r[mrdwf\ 'kwd,tBudrf ppfqifa&;

'kw,
d tBurd f ppfqifa&;udk 1943-ck? Ed0k ifvbm(30)&ufrmS pwif
onf/ trSw(f 7)tdE,
´d wyfronf ar,kawmif wef;udk awmifMum;vrf;rsm;rS
jzwfí csDwufMuonf/
1944-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(1)&ufaeYwiG f trSw(f 5)wyfronf &mZbD;vf
104 jrxGef;atmif
cHwyf\ ajrmufbufydGKifh(124)awmifukef;udk odrf;,lonf/ Zefe0g&Dv
(9)&ufaeYwGif armifawmudk odrf;,lEdkifonf/ ewfjrpfudk toHk;jyKNyD;
ppfvufeufypönf;rsm;udk a&aMumif;rS pwifjznfhwif;vsuf&Sdonf/ trSwf
(7)wyfronf ppfqifa&;XmecsKyu f kd ig;ajcaxmuf&mG wGif zGiv
hf pS x
f m;onf/
ig;ajcaxmufawmifMum;rSwpfqifh ukvm;yef;Zif;jrpf0Srf;&Sd wyfrsm;tm;
axmufyEhH ikd &f ef jzpfonf/ 1944-ck? Zefe0g&D vtukew f iG f trSw(f 7)wyfr\
wyf&if;wpf&if;u bl;oD; awmifteD;&Sd awmifapmif;udk pdk;rdk;aeonfh
awmifukef;wpfckudk odrf;ydkufxm;NyD; jzpfonf/
[*dk;ppfqifa&;
jrefrme,fajr wyfrawmf ]]ppfaoemywdcsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD; um0g
ab}}onf jrefrmjynfppfrsuEf mS wGif tqH;k tjzwfay;rnfh ppfqifa&;ESp&f yfukd
qifETJ&ef 1944-ck? Zefe0g&Dvqef;ydkif;wGif trdefYxkwfjyefvdkufonf/
ppfwaumif;txd csDwufrnfh [*dk; (HA GO) ppfqifa&;ESifh a'vDtxd
D ufrnfh ,l*;kd (U GO) ppfqifa&;wdYk jzpfonf/ [*d;k ppfqifa&;udk trSwf
csw
(28)*syefwyfrawmf ('kAdkvfcsKyfBuD; qmul½dkif)u wm0ef,l qifETJ&onf/
,l*dk; ppfqifa&;udk trSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmf ('kAdkvfcsKyfBuD; rlwm½lcsD)u
wm0ef,lqifETJ&onf/ &cdkif ppfrsufESmwGif [*dk;ppfqifa&;? jrefrmjynf
tv,fydkif; ppfrsufESmwGif ,l*dk;ppfqifa&;udk qifETJ&efjzpfonf/
[*d;k ppfqifa&;udk 1944-ck? azazmf0g&Dv 3&ufwiG f ponf/ trSwf
(55)*syefwyfrppfqifa&;\ pk&yfrSm &aohawmifNrdKU jzpfonf/ ,if;wGif
wdkufcdkufa&;wyfrsm;udk zGJUpnf;onf/
,if;ppfqifa&;aMumifh r[mrdww f \ Ykd wyfr(5)ESihf trSw(f 7)wyfr
wdkYrSm wyfrBuD;(15)ESifh tquftoG,fudk jzwfawmufEdkifcJhonf/ [*dk;
ppfqifa&;\ azazmf0g&Dv yxrydkif;wGif *syefbufrS ta&;omcJhonf/
r[mrdwfwdkYbuf Munf;? a&? av wdkufcdkufay;rISaMumifh azazmf0g&Dv
(23)&ufwiG f trSw(f 55) *syefwyfrrSm wyfrsm;½kyo f rd ;f p jyKvmonf/ rwfv
(11)&ufaeYwGif r[mrdwfwdkY trSwf(7)tdEd´,wyfru bl;oD;awmifudk
jyef v nf o d r f ; yd k u f o nf / trS w f ( 5)td E d ´ , wyf r u &mZmbD ; vf a 'o
wpfavQmufvHk;udk 1944-ck? rwfv(12)&ufwGif odrf;ydkufEdkifonf/
,if;ppfqifa&;wGif azazmf0g&D wpfvwnf;rSm *syef 5000cefY usq;kH cJo h nf/
,if;ppfqifa&;rSm *syefrsm;bufrS t½HI;ESifh&ifqdkif tqHk;owfcJh
&onf/ r[mrdww f yfrsm; taeESiq hf v
kd Qif tm&Sta&SUawmifyikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf
(tufp?f tD;? at? pD)wnfaxmif Ny;D onfah emuf þwdu k yf rJG mS yxrqH;k wdu
k &f
aom wdu k yf jJG zpfonf/ ,if;wdu
k yf \
JG atmifjrifraI Mumifh r[mrdwrf sm;twGuf
pdwf"mwfwdk;wufvmaponf/ ,if;tcsdefupNyD; *syefwyfrsm;onf &cdkif
ppfrsufESm tygt0if jrefrmjynf ppfrsufESmwdkif;rSm t½HI;ESifhom &ifqdkif&
awmhonf/
ar,kuRef;qG,fwdkufyGJrsm;
1944-ck? 'DZifbmv (11)&ufwGif trSwf(25)tdEd´, wyfrrS
trSwf(74)wyfr[monf urf;ajcydkif;rS pwifcsDwufonf/ 'DZifbmv
(12)&ufwGif trSwf(15)wyfr[monf bl;oD;awmifodkY csDwufonf/
'DZifbmv(14)&ufwGif trSwf(53)wyfr[monf ar,kawmifwef;
ta&SUbufawmifajc ü vuf0b J uf\ awmifwef;(4)rdik u f mG wGif wyfpo JG nf/
trSw(f 82)taemuftmz&duwyfr\ a&SUaqmifwyfrsm;onf bl;oD;awmif
bufoYkd a&muf&o dS nf/ (15)&ufaeYü trSw(f 2) taemuftmz&du wyfr[m
onf bl;oD;awmifudk jyefvnfodrf;ypfEdkifonf/
'DZifbmv(18)&ufwiG f trSw(f 53) wyfr[monf pdwn f i§ ;f jym;udk
odrf;,lonf/ (21)&ufaeYwGif cGqHk&GmBuD;udk odrf;,lonf/
'DZifbmv(19)&ufwGif eufyD;,m;oabFmrS ar,kawmifwef;
ta&SUbuf&Sd &aohawmifNrdKUudk tajrmufrsm;jzifh ypfcwfwdkufcdkufonf/
&aohawmifwiG f trSw(f 28)*syefwyfrawmfrS ppfaoemywdBu;D 'kAv kd cf sKyBf u;D
qmul½ikd \f XmecsKyx f m;&mNrKd Ujzpfonf/ atmif'ikd u
f (kd 21)&ufwiG f odr;f ydu k f
onf/ xdk&Gm&Sd av,mOfuGif;udk tqifoifh &&Sdonf/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;
twGuf tvGet f usKd ;&So
d nf/ trSwf (74)wyfr[monf 'DZifbmv(23)&uf
wGif 'Hkbdwfudk odrf;,lonf/
'DZifbm(26)&ufwiG f r[mrdww f yfrsm;onf arQmrf eS ;f xm;onfxuf
(5)&ufapmNyD; azmif;yGdKifhtilodkY a&mufcJhonf/ ,if;aeYwGif pdkif;'ifacsmif;
ajrmufbuf&Sd ukvm;yef;Zif; uGif;jyifwpfckvHk;&Sd *syefrsm;udk &Sif;vif;
okwo f ifEikd cf o
hJ nf/ 'DZifbm(28)&ufwiG f &aohawmifEiS hf ulawmifuRe;f udk
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u odrf;,lEdkifcJhonf/
106 jrxGef;atmif
ukvm;wefjrpfnm wdkufyGJrsm;
trSwf (81)taemuftmz&du wyfronf trSw(f 55) *syefwyfrrS
wyfzGJUtcsdKUudk xdef;csKyfxm;&eftwGuf ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;wpfavQmufwGif
wdu
k cf u
kd af e&onf/ ,if;wyfronf ukvm;wefjrpf0rS ;f twdik ;f awmifbufoYkd
qif;vmNyD; 1944-ck? rwfv tpydkif;wGif ausmufawmfESifh tayguf0wdkYudk
odrf;,lonf/ trSwf(54)*syefwyfrrS wyfzGJUrsm;pk½Hk;um tjyif;txef
wdkufcdkufvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh trSwf(81) taemuftmz&duwyfronf
taemufajrmufbufodkY qkwfcGm&onf/
1944-ck? atmufwdkbmvwGif taemuftmz&du wyfronf
'vufarudk odr;f ,lonf/ ,if;ESiEhf 0kd ifbmv(17)&ufwiG f yvuf0udo k rd ;f ,l
onf/ ukvm;wef&GmrS yDacsmif;txd vrf;wpfavQmufudk 'DZifbmv(1)
&ufwGif odrf;ydkufjyefonf/ NyD;cJhonfh aEGOD;&moDu þwyfrsm;onf
uk v m;wef j rpf \ taemuf b uf vG i f j yif r sm;twd k i f ; csD w uf c J h p Of u
ausmufawmfwGif *syefrsm;tm; t½HI;BuD;½HI;cJhonf/
1944-ck? 'DZifbmv(22)&ufwGif trSwf(81)taemuf tmz&du
wyfronf o&ufwpfyif ta&SUawmifbuf(6)rdkiftuGm&Sd oHwHwm;odkY
a&mufonf/ *syefrsm;onf o&ufwpfyif ajrmufO;D vrf;ESihf ,SOv f su&f o dS nfh
ae&mwGif wyfpx JG m;onf/ ,if;*syefpcef;udk 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (9)&ufaeY
wGif a&muf&Sdonf/ trSwf(82)taemuftmz&duwyfronf 1945-ck?
Zefe0g&Dv(25)&ufwGif ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk odrf;,lonf/
trSwf(82)taemuftmz&du wyfr\ trSwf(4)wyfronf
ajrmufOD;taemufbuf(16)rdkifuGm ukvm;wefjrpf½dk;&Sd tayguf0odkY
uefapmufrSwpfqifh csDwufcJh&m 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(9)&ufaeYwGif
a&muf & S d o nf / trS w f ( 82)taemuf t mz&d u wyf r onf 1945-ck ?
Zefe0g&Dv(25)&ufwGif ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk odrf;,lonf/
wdkufr,l&aom atmifyGJ
þppfqifa&;udk vQyfwpfjyuf ppfqifa&;[k trnfay;xm;onf/
,if;ppfqifa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;yGJudk tdEd́,EdkifiH bm&ufydkNrdKU&Sd tm&Sta&SU
awmifyikd ;f ppfaoemywdAv
kd cf sKyBf u;D qmtdv
k AD mvpf\ a&SUwef;XmecsKyw
f iG f
1944-ck? 'DZif bm(22)&ufwGif usif;yonf/ ,if;aqG;aEG;yGJodkY r[mrdwf
ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifhbufwef? trSwf(5)wyfrrSL;BuD; AdkvfcsKyfBuD;
c&pfpwDqif? a&aMumif;AdkvfcsKyfrmwifESifh avaMumif;AdkvfrSL;csKyfbef'ef
NrdKUpm;BuD;wdkY wufa&mufMuonf/
yxrqHk;a&aMumif;? ukef;aMumif; yl;aygif;ppfqifa&;jzpfonf/
trSw(f 25)tdE, ´d wyfru ppfawGuRe;f taemuf ajrmufaxmifu h kd a&aMumif;?
ukef;aMumif; yl;aygif;ppfqifenf;jzifh jrpfudkul;í wdkuf&rnfjzpfonf/
a&wyfom;rsm; wpf0ufyg0ifaom trSwf(3)uGefref'dkwyfr[mu urf;odkY
wuf&rnf/ azmifyGdKifhrS trSwf(25)? tdEd´,wyfr\ trSwf(44)wyfr[m
u tqdkygwyf\aemufu wdkuf&rnf/ a&aMumif;ESifh avaMumif;rS
tpGr;f ukef ulnaD y;rnf/ trSw(f 25)wyfr[mu ula'gifuRe;f udk &Si;f vif;Ny;D
ppfawGuRef;qDodkY csDwuf&rnf/
*syefwyfom;aygif; (40000)cefY &Sdaernf jzpfonf/ *syefwdkYonf
ppfawGNrdKUudk oJoJrJrJckcHrnf/ r[mrdwfrsm;bufrSvnf; ppfawGuRef;onf
tvGet f a&;Bu;D onf/ r[mrdww f \
Ykd ppfXmecsKyt f jzpf toH;k jyK&ef jzpfonf/
ukvm;wefjrpfupkd ek Nf y;D awmifbufoYkd wdu k cf u
kd af eaomwyfrsm;udk ,if;rScefcY JG
Edkifrnf jzpfonf/ &cdkifppfrsufESmwGifomru jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;&Sd
trSwf(14)wyfrawmfudk axmufyHha&;twGuf avaMumif; tajccHpcef;
tjzpf ppfawGav,mOfuGif;udk toHk;jyKEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
odkYaomf 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(1)&ufwGif ppfawGNrdKUudk umuG,f
aeaom *syefwyftiftm; avsmhoGm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ rnfrQavsmhoGm;
onfuu kd m;rod&/ rif;jym;ajryHv
k rf;rS xGurf ajy;Edik af tmif ydwq f &Ykd ef ta&;
BuD;onf/ ppfawGNrdKUudk tvsiftjref odrf;,l&efjzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh
rlvtpD tpOfxufapmí ponfhaeYudk 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(3)&ufudk
owfrSwfonf/ Zefe0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYwGif tajrmufwyft&m&Sd wpfOD;onf
av,mOfjzifh ppfawGuRef;ay:odkY ysHoef;qif;ouf Munfh½Ionf/ *syefrsm;
r&SdawmhaMumif; od&onf/
,if;aMumifh avaMumif;? ukef;aMumif;rS typftcwfr&SdbJ rlv
tpDtpOftwdkif; csDwufaponf/ ppfawGNrdKUudk r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u
Zefe0g&Dv(4)&ufwiG f odr;f ydu k o f nf/ tcktcHr&Sb d J odr;f ,lEikd jf cif;rSm *syef
rsm;(48)em&DapmNy;D ppfawGuRe;f rS xGucf mG oGm;onfukd r[mrdww f yfrsm;u
vH;k 0rodvu kd í
f jzpfonf/ rlvcefrY eS ;f cJah om paeYxuf(9)ywfapmí ppfawG
NrdKUudk &&Sdonf/ rlvtpDtpOfrSm azazmf0g&Dv(15)&ufaeYü wdkufcdkuf&ef
jzpfonf/
108 jrxGef;atmif
uefYa*gwdkufyGJ
uefYa*g&Gmonf ajryHkNrdKU ta&SUajrmufbuf(8)rdkifcefY tuGmwGif
&Sdonf/ *syefrsm;onf &cdkifrSqkwfcGm&mwGif uefYa*grSwpfqifh jrefrmjynf
txufydkif;txd qkwfcGm&ef jzpfonf/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf uefYa*grS
qkwcf mG rnfh *syefrsm;tm; ydwq f w Ykd u
kd cf u kd &f ef pDpOfonf/ 1945-ck? Zefe0g&D
(22)&ufwiG f trSw(f 3)uGerf ef'w kd yfr[mu uefaY *gudk pwifwu kd f cduk o
f nf/
urf;uyfa&,mOfrsm; ruyfEdkifrD rpfcs,fav,mOf ysHwyf&if; (2)cku
wduk cf u
kd af y;onf/ [m&Dued ;f av,mOfrsm;u rD;cd;k rIid ;f zH;k vTr;f ay;Ny;D oef;'g;bdYk
av,mOffrsm;u 'dkif;yHk&Gmudk wdkufcdkufay;Muonf/
Zefe0g&Dv (23)&ufwiG f trSw(f 25)wyfrrS trSwf (51) wyfr[m
ppfula&mufvmonf/ Zefe0g&Dv(25)&ufrSpí avaMumif;rS(3)&ufwdkif
wdkufcdkuf&onf/ Zefe0g&Dv(28)&ufaeY wpfaeYwnf;rSm *syefrsm;onf
tajrmufqef 10000cefY toH;k jyKwu kd cf ukd cf o
hJ nf/ Zefe0g&Dv(30)&ufwiG f
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf uefYa*gudk odrf;onf/ awmifbufodkY qkwfcGmrnfh
*syefrsm;tm; ydwfqdkYEdkifonf/ uefYa*gwdkufyGJonf *syefwdkYu r[mrdwfrsm;
tm; &cdkifppfrsufESmwGif tjyif;xefqHk;wdkufppfudk wdkufcdkufcJhonf/
þydwq f rYkd zI iG &hf ef *syefwo
Ykd nf wyfrt S enf;qH;k ppfom; 20000 usq;kH onf/
tajrmuf(15)vuf? armfawmfbkwfBuD;(16)pif;ESifh tjcm;vufeufypönf;
tajrmuftjrm; qH;k ½H;I onf/ r[mrdwb f ufrS xdcu kd 'f Pf&m& olEiS hf usq;kH ol
600cefY&Sdonf/ Zefe0g&Dv(26)&ufrS azazmf0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYtwGif;
r[mrdwfwdkYbufrS AHk;wefcsdef(750)toHk;jyKcJh&onf/
uefYa*gteD;wpf0ufrS *syefrsm;tm; Zefe0g&Dv(23)&ufrSpNyD;
azazmf0g&Dv tv,favmuftxd tjyif;txef wdkufcdkuf&onf/ ESpfzuf
pvHk;qHk;½HI;rI rsm;onf/
½k&GmwdkufyGJ
1945-ck? azazmf0g&Dv tapmydik ;f odYk a&mufaomtcg trSw(f 54)
*syefwyfr\ wyf&if;rsm;onf ESppf u
k o
JG mG ;onf/ wpfprk mS trf;-rif;bl;vrf;
udk umuG,fay;aeonfh 'vufacsmif;a'orS wyfzGJUjzpfonf/ usefwpfpkrSm
awmifukwfwGif jzpfonf/ trf;a'owGif trSwf(81)tmz&du wyfronf
ajrmufbufrS csDwufvmNyD; trSwf(25)wyfru trf;awmifbuf&Sd ½k&Gmudk
a&wpfyikd ;f uke;f wpfyikd ;f cswD ufwu
kd cf u kd of nf/ armfawmfbw k rf sm;u ref;'l;udk
tajrmufrsm;jzifh wdkufcdkufMuonf/ trSwf(3) uGefref'dkwyfr[mrS
uif;axmufwyfzGJUonf owfrSwfxm;aomae&mrS(4)rdkifceYftuGmwGif
a&wpfyikd ;f uke;f wpfyikd ;f wufa&muf&ef ae&m,lxm;Muonf/ azazmf0g &Dv
(16)&ufaeYwGif trSwf(224)avwyfr[m\ tultnDjzifh trSwf(25)
tdE, ´d wyfronf &eforl sm;tcktcHr&Sb d J uke;f ay:odYk wufa&mufEikd o f nf/
azazmf0g&D(17)&ufwGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm; ½k&GmodkY a&muf&Sdonf/ ,if;v
(19)&ufwGif *syefrsm;onf tjyif;txefckcHwdkufcdkufonf/ vufwpfurf;
wdkufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;onf/ azazmf0g&Dv(20)&ufwGif *syefrsm;ESifh wdkufcdkuf
aepOf trSw(f 2)taemuftmz&du wyfr[mrS yxrtokwf wyfuu l efaY *g
rS av,mOfjzifh a&muf&v dS monf/ (25)&ufaeYwiG f þwyfr[monf ½k&mG \
ta&SUbufodkYcsDwuf&m(4)rdkifuGm c&D;odkYa&muf&Sdonf/ xdkaeYrSmyif
trSwf(74)wyfr[mvnf; a&muf&Sdvmonf/ ,if;wyfr[monf wifhum;
rsm; tultnD jzifh ajrmufbufoYkd csw D ufonf/ azazmf0g&Dvukeaf omtcg
,if;wyfr[monf *syefrsm;udk rJacsmif;wpfzufoYkd wdu k x
f wk o f nf/ rwfv
(7)&ufaeYwiG f 'vuf&mG udk odr;f ydu k o f nf/ rwfv(17)&ufwiG f trSw(f 22)
ta&SUtmz&du wyfr[monf ½k&GmwGif wyfpGJEdkifonf/
&rf;NAJrmefatmifuRef;odrf;yGJ
r[mrdwfwdkY\ trSwf(14)wyfrawmfonf jrefrmjynf tv,fydkif;
wGif *syefrsm;udk xdk;ppfqifaeonf/ ,if;wyfrawmfudk tultnDay;&ef
txl;vdt k yfaeonf/ trSw(f 14) wyfrawmftwGuf axmufyahH &;pcef;rsm;
tjzpf ppfawGESifh&rf;NAJuRef;rsm;rSm taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/ ppfawGESifh
ausmufjzLNrdKUrsm;wGif trSwf(14)wyfrawmf axmufyHhrItwGuf tpGrf;ukef
aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf nf jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh &cdik pf pfrsuEf mS wGif r[mrdww f \ Ykd
'kw, d ajcvSr;f rSm ppfawGNrKd UrS ta&SU awmifbuf rdik (f 70)uGm&Sd &rf;NAu J Re;f udk
odrf;&efjzpfonf/
ppfawGNrKd Uudk wdu k cf u
kd &f eftwGuf avhusixhf m;cJah omfvnf; wdu k yf JG
r0ifvdkuf&aom trSwf(26)tdEd´,wyfrudk odrf;,l&mrSm toHk;jyKonf/
&rf;NAuJ Re;f udk wduk Nf y;D aemuf taemufawmifbuf(12)rdik u f mG &Sd rmefatmif
uRef;udk a&wyfrSodrf;,l&efjzpfonf/
110 jrxGef;atmif
1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(21)&ufwGif trSwf(26) tdEd´,wyfrrS
trSw(f 71)ESihf trSw(f 4)wyfr[mrsm;udk ppfwaumif;rS ausmufjzLodYk ydaYk y;
onf/ a&wyfu yifv,frS tajrmufrsm;jzifh ypfcwfun l aD y;onf/ trD;,m;
trnf&dS av,mOfwifoabFmyg0if&m jrefrmjynfppfajrjyifwiG f av,mOfwif
oabFmudk yxrqHk;tBudrf toHk;jyKjcif;yifjzpfonf/ ,if;aeYnwGif
ausmufjzLNrKd Uudk r[mrdww
f yfrsm;u odr;f ,lEikd o
f nf/ Zefe0g&Dv (26)&ufaeY
wGif vl 500 yg0ifaom a&aMumif;wyf wpfwyfonf rmefatmifuRef;odkY
csDwufonf/ trSwf(36)NAdwdoQwyfr[mudk &rf;NAJuRef;awmifbuf
pukuRef;udk odrf;,l&ef wm0efay;vdkufonf/ (30)&ufaeYwGif aemfrefESifh
a&'g;oabFmrsm;u tajrmufrsm;ESifh ypfcwfulnDay; NyD;aemuf odrf;ydkuf
vdkufonf/
trSwf(71)wyfr[monf &efaygufacsmif;udk Zefe0g&Dv(26)
&ufaeYwGif wpfBudrf? (28)&ufaeYwGif wpfBudrful;jzwf&ef BudK;pm;onf/
ratmifjrifacs/ xdkYaMumifh ajrmufbufurf;wGif wyfcGJwpfwyfxm;cJhNyD;
aemuf ta&SUbufyifv,f&dS peJbufoYkd csw D uf&ef pDpOf&onf/ azazmf0g&D
v(1)&ufaeYü trSw(f 36)wyfr[monf &rf;NAu J Re;f awmifbufpeG ;f odYk wuf
&m &efoltenf;i,fom ckcHMuonf/ ,if;aeYrSmyif peJü *syefwdkYudk tdEd́,
a&wyfrawmfu tjyif;txef wdkufcdkufonf/ azazmf0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYwGif
trSwf(71)wyfr[mrS a&SUaqmifwyfrsm;u peJudk odrf;,lonf/ trSwf(4)
wyfr[monf azazmf0g&Dv(6)&ufaeYwGif &efaygufacsmif;udk jzwful;Edkif
onf/ azazmf0g&Dv(8)&ufaeYwGif trSwf(71)wyfr[monf &rf;NAJ
ajrmufbuf&Sd awmifukef;rsm;odkY a&muf&Sdonf/ (11)&ufaeYü yifv,fudk
ydwfrdaeaom r[mrdwfwdkY\ wdkufoabFm ESpfpif;udk *syefav,mOfrsm;u
vma&mufwdkufcdkufonf/ *syefrsm;onf &rf;NAJuRef;&Sd ,if;wdkY\ wyfrsm;udk
u,fwif&ef awmifukwfrS pufa&,mOf(40)udk vTwfvdkufonf/ ,if;
a&,mOf(40)teuf(36)pif;rSm epfjrK§ yzf suqf ;D jcif; cH&onf/ vGwaf jrmufomG ;
onfh (4)pif;rSmvnf; tjyefwiG f wifaqmifvmaom ppfom;tm;vH;k ESit hf wl
epfjr§KyfysufpD;oGm;onf/ azazmf0g&Dv(15)&ufaeYwGif &rf;NAJuRef;ay:&Sd
*syefrsm; ckcHrItm;vHk; &yfpJoGm;onf/
uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;
1945-ck? rwfvrukefcifuyif &cdkifppfrsufESm ajrmufydkif;ESifh
tv,fyikd ;f wdrYk S *syefwyfrsm; qkwcf mG oGm;Ny;D jzpfonf/ trSw(f 55)*syefwyfr
\ wyf<uif;wyfusef tcsKd Uudk awmifuw k Nf rKd UrS 1945-ck? {Nyv D (28)&ufwiG f
vnf;aumif;? arv(9)&ufaeYwGif oHwJGNrdKUrSvnf;aumif;? arv(13)&uf
aeYwGif *GNrdKUrSvnf;aumif; r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u wdkufxkwfEdkifcJhMuonf/
r[mrdww f yfzUJG rsm;onf odr;f ydu k &f &Sad om a'orsm;wGif ppftyk cf sKyf
a&;pepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfonf/ ,if;udk ]]Armjynf NrdKUjytkyfcsKyfa&;Xme}} C.A.S
(B) (Civil Administrative Affairs)[k ac:onf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;jzifh
ppfajrjyiftjzpf(3)ESpfausmf&SdaecJhaom &cdkifjynfudk tkyfcsKyf&efjzpfonf/
pifwvif;jyifjzpfcJhonfh &cddkifjynf\ usef;rma&;? ynma&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;?
Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;tm;vHk;rSm ysufjyKef;cJh&onf/ pD;yGm;a&;rSmvnf;
,d,k iG ;f vsu&f odS nf/ *syefrsm; xkwaf 0cJo h nfh aiGpuúLrsm;udk ,if;tkycf sKyaf &;
tzGJUu todtrSwfrjyKojzifh &cdkifjynfolvlxkrSm tcuftcJESifh BuHKawGU&
onf/ pdkufysdK;a&;rSmvnf; 0rf;pmrvHkavmufonfh tajcrSm&Sdonf/
uufpbDac: ppftkyfcsKyfa&;rSm zufppf*syefrsm;u t½HI;ay;&rnf
jzpfonf/ &cdkifjynfolvlxkonf r[mrdwfwdkY\ ppftkyfcsKyfa&; atmufwGif
cg;oD;pGm cHae&onf/ ,if;aMumifh jrefrmjynfow l \Ykd ud,
k pf m;vS,jf zpfaom
zqyvtzGJU tcsKyfESifh jynfolU[pfwdkifrsm;jzpfaom owif;pmrsm;odkY &cdkif
acgif;aqmifrsm;u wifjyMuonf/ ,if;wifjycsuu f kd 1946-ck? azazmf0g&Dv
(11)&ufaeYwiG f zqyvXmecsKyw f iG f jyKvyk o f nf/ &cdik jf ynfow l \
Ykd uufpbD
tkycf sKyaf &;atmufwiG f cHpm;aeonfrsm;udk 1946-ck? azazmf0g&Dv (18)&uf
xkwf 'D;'kwf*sm e,fwGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
]]&cdkifjynfwGif w&m;rJhjzpfysufaeaomtjzpf tysufaygif;rsm;
pGmudk rcH&yfEdkifMuojzifh jrefrmjynfolvlxk\ ukd,fpm;vS,fjzpfaom
zqyvtzGJUcsKyfBuD;tm;vnf;aumif;? txl;ojzifhwdkif;jynfwGif
[pfwikd Bf u;D rsm; jzpfMuaom owif;pmrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; wdik Mf um;&
atmif a&mufvmMujcif;jzpf\/
tqdkyg wdkifcsufrsm;wGif tcsdKU&Gmrsm;odkY ppfom;rsm;0ifvsuf
a,musmf ;rsm;udk pk½;kH íac:jcif;? rde;f rrsm;udpk ½k ;kH í ac:jcif;wdjYk yKNy;D aom
tcg a,musmf ;rsm;tm;vH;k udk &Gmjyifxw k íf rde;f rrsm;udk twif;t"r®
112 jrxGef;atmif
usijhf cif;wdYk yg&S\
d / þodaYk pmfum;jcif;cH&aom trsKd ;orD;wd\
Yk trnf?
touft&G,fESifh ae&yfwdkYudk &GmtrnfESifh wuG taotcsm yg&Sd\/
NAwd o d Qwo Ykd nf jrefrmjynfoYkd jyefí0ifaomtcg vufpm;acs&ef
r[kefbJ rdwfaqGrsm;tjzpfjzifh u,fwifolrsm; tjzpfjzifhom yg0ifyg
rnf[k bdvyfygbDrefwGif puúLjym;pmwef; aqG;aEG;pOfu tdEd´,ESifh
jrefrmjynftwGi;f 0efBu;D jzpfol rpöwmtmrm&D ajymaom u,fwifjcif;
rsm; ay;avm[kom ar;zG,f&Sdawmh\/
uufpbDtyk cf sKyaf &;udk 1946-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(1)&ufaeYwiG f ½kyof rd ;f
Ny;D jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfwiG f ppftyk cf sKyaf &;rS bk&ifcyH g0ifaom t&yfom;rsm;
tkyfcsKyfa&;odkY vTJay;onfrSm &cdkifacgif;aqmifrsm; owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ
jyKvkyfonfhtcsdefESifhqdkvQif &ufydkif;om &Sdaeao;onf/ &cdkifjynfolvlxk
onf ppf'Pf&m'Pfcsufrsm; raysmufysufao;aMumif;udk ,if;&Sif;vif;
wifjycsufrsm;u azmfjyaejcif; jzpfayonf/
jrxG e f ; atmif
(15-3-1980)
udk;um;onfh pmtkyfrsm;
1/ ]armifhbufwef tpD&ifcHpm} umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme1957-ck/
2/ ]vef'efa*Zuf} umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme 1957/
3/ ]*syefbk&if Munf;wyfrawmf(15),l*dkppfqifa&;} 'kwd,
AdkvfrSL;BuD; [efxGef; (tNidrf;pm;) 1977-ck/
4/ ]*syefppftyk cf sKyaf &;acwfjrefrmEdik if }H *syefjynf wdu
k sKd wuúov
kd f
rS ordkif;ygarmu©rpöwm tdkpmuufqlaeZdk *syefbmomjzifh
a&;om;í *syefEikd if t H pkd umNrKd U bmomjcm;odyÜH jrefrmpm wGzJ uf
ygarmu©rpöwm tdk;Edkwdk;½k jrefrmjyefonf/
5/ ]&JabmfoHk;usdyfESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf ppfaMumif;rsm;}
okawoe&Jabmf? 1975-ck? yxr tBudrf/
6/ ]owif;pmrsm;ajymwJh ppfwGif;Armjynf} vlxkOD;vS yxrwGJ?
'kwd,ESdyfjcif; 1969ck/
7/ ]&JabmfoHk;usdyfESifh rDemrD vQdKU0SuftzGJU} 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD;
oD[Avjraomif; (tNidrf;pm;)*syefbmomrS wdkuf½dkuf jrefrm
jyefonf/ 1976-ck? yxrtBudrf/
8/ 'D;'kwf*sme,f? twGJ 19? trSwf(28)? (18-2-1946)
&cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif; (1980)'DZifbmv/

114 jrxGef;atmif
ppfBudKacwf &cdkifjynf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;

ESifh vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
xGef;atmif-abmif;'Gwf
e,fcsJUtm; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf awmfvSefrIrsm;onf
1900-ck rjynfhrDESpfrsm;u &cdkifjynfwGif >yef;vsuf&Sdonf/ ,if;awmfvSefrI
rsm;udk e,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf tjyif;txefqHk;enf;rsm;jzifh ESdrfeif;cJhonf/
1900-ckjynfNh y;D q,fpEk pS f ESpaf cwfavmufrmS e,fcsUJ orm;rsm;tm; qefu Y sif
rIrsm;udk rawGU&/ ,if;aemufydkif;rSm e,fcsJUorm;rsm;udk wdkuf½dkufykefuefrI
rsKd ;r&Sad wmhbJ vlxv k yI &f mS ;rI? qefu
Y sirf rI sm;udo
k m awGU&onf/ zdEydS rf rI sm;udk
Oya'abmiftwGif;rS ta&;qdkonfh vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udkom jyKvkyfvm
Muonf/
1921-ckEpS w f iG f bl;oD;awmifrS Ak'b ¨ mombke;f awmfBu;D wpfyg;tm;
tdEd´,? t*Fvdyfujym; e,fydkif0efaxmuf rpöwma&; (Mr. Rae I.C.S)u
tao½dkufowfrIwpfck jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ ,if;ta&;tcif;udk qefYusifonfh
vlxv k yI &f mS ;rIrsm; yxrqH;k tBurd f atmifjrifonfh vIy&f mS ;rIwpf&yfjzpfonf/
toif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk 1918-ck aemufydkif;rSm &cdkifjynfwGif
ay:aygufvmonf/ &cdik t f rsKd ;om;rsm;onf e,fcsUJ rsm;udk acwftajctae
t& qefYusif&ef zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;yg0ifvmonf/
,if;ay:aygufvmonfh tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;udk vufvrS ;f rD &SmazG&oavmufrmS
atmufyg twdkif;jzpfonf/
(1) &cddkifjynfoif; (Arakan Association) 1918-19
cefYwGif wnfaxmifonf/
(2) &u©yl&toif; 1918-19cefYwGif wnfaxmifonf/
(3) &cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m BuD;yGm;a&;toif; 1938-ckESpfcefYwGif
wnfaxmifonf/
(4) Edk;Mum;a&;toif; 1935-ckcefYwGif wnfaxmif onf/
(5) ypönf;rJhvlwef;pm; y½dkvDaw&Dvuf (Prole tarial) 1935-ck
wpf0dkufwGif wnfaxmifonf/
(6) rsdK;cspftoif; 1935-ckcefYwGif wnfaxmifonf/
(7) rsKd ;cspt
f oif; (or0g,r)rmefatmifNrKd U? 1935-ck wpf0u
kd w
f iG f
wnfaxmifonf/
,if;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSm vlrIa&;? ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vli,f
rsm;\ pm&dwåjr§ifhwifa&;rsm;udk tav;ay;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk tajctaeu
awmif;qdkvmonfESifhtrQ yg0ifvIyf&Sm;Muonf/ odkY&mwGif e,fcsJUqefYusif
a&; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIt&Sdeft[kefonf 1939-42-ck
ppfBudKacwfumvrSm jrifhrm;vmonf/ txl;ojzifh ]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m
wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;} (The Arakan National Congress) ay:ayguf
vmNyD;tcsdefrSm jzpfonf/
tm&uHygwDzGJUpnf;jcif;
1935-ck jrefrmEdik if H tufOya' (1935 Act of Burma)t& 'dik t f mcD
tkyfcsKyfa&;zsufodrf;NyD; (91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tpm;xdk; wDxGifay;
vdkufonf/ ,if;Oya't& a&G; aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&onfh &cdkifrif;wdkifyif
trwf r sm;onf atmuf v T w f a wmf (House of Representative)od k Y
wufa&muf&ef 1937-ck? rwfvqef;rSm ]*svm*dkyg;vf} oabFmjzifh &cdkifrS
&efukefodkY vdkufygvmMuonf/ ,if;&cdkifrif;wdkifyif trwfrsm;onf
rif ; wd k i f y if t pnf ; ta0;wG i f rd r d w d k Y & yf w nf & rnf h taetxm;ud k
]]*svm*dyk g;vf}} (S,S. Jalagopal) oabFmxrif;pm;cef;wGif aqG;aEG;Muonf/
rif;wdik yf iftpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif &cdik rf if;wdik yf iftrwfrsm; pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k
&Sd&ef oabmwlMuonf/ tm&uHygwD (Arakan Party)udk ,if;aqG; aEG;yGJ
wGifyif tm;vHk;uoabmwl zGJUpnf;Muonf/ ,if;ygwD\ pnf;rsOf;
pmcsKyfudkvnf; ,if;aeYrSmyif tm;vHk;oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xdk;Muonf/
,if;pnf;rsOf;pmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;pOf todoufaotjzpf q&mausmfZH
(rsufrSefwyf)u vufrSwfa&;xdk;onf/
116 jrxGef;atmif
,if;tm&uHygwDrSm rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0; (vTwfawmf)wGif
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ csdefcGifvsmuJhodkY (Balance of Power)udk &&SdcJhonf/
rif;wdik yf iftpnf;ta0;rsm;rSm owif;Bu;D cJo h nf/ ,if;ygwDukd wnfaxmif
&mwGif t"duyg0iforl sm;rSm txufvw T af wmftrwf (Senator) OD;pHatmif
(ta&;ydkif)yif jzpfonf/ qmxGef;atmifausmfESifh &cdkifrif;wdkifyiftrwf
rsm;\ pdwftm;xufoefrIaMumifhvnf; ,if;odkYzGJUpnf;EdkifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
,if;rif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm;rSm *VKefOD;apm\ rsdK;cspfygwD0if oHwGJ
rif;wdkifyiftrwf OD;ausmfjrifhudk csefvSyfí---
(1) OD;a&Tom Ouú|
(2) qmxGef;atmifausmf
(3) qmay:xGef;
(4) OD;armifarmifxGef;atmifausmf
(5) OD;atmifZHa0
(6) rpöwm qlvwefrmrl;
(7) rpöwm *leDrm&fuH
(8) uóu OD;bdk;jr
(9) OD;apmvSndKwdkY yg0ifonf/
tm&uHygwDrSm &cdkifjynfrS a&G;aumufwifajr§mufvdkufaom
rif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;aomygwDjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif &cdkif
jynfolvlxkESifh qufqHpnf;vHk;rI r&Sday/ v,f,majr jyóem? v,form;
rsm;\ ta&;udpx ö uf rdrw d Ykd tusKd ;pD;yGm;udo
k m a&S;½Ionf/ rdrw d v
Ykd uf0,f&dS
v,f,mrsm; vufrvTwfa&;? oD;pm;c&&Sda&;wdkYudkom tav;xm;onfh
rif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm;pku BuD;pdk;cs,fvS,frIudk awGU&onf/ &cdkifa&;&m
v,f,majr jyóemrsm;vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf pdwyf g0ifpm;olrsm; yg0ifchJ
aomfvnf; t&mra&mufcJhacs/
91-XmetkyfcsKyfa&; oufwrf;umv(6)ESpftwGif; tpdk;&tzGJU
tajymif;tvJ av;Burd jf zpfay:cJo h nf/ ,if;odYk tajymif;tvJ av;Burd pf vH;k
rSm tm&uHygwD0if rif;wdik yf iftrwf qmxGe;f atmifausmEf iS hf qmay:xGe;f
wdkYrSm tpdk;&tzGJU0if 0efBuD;rsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/
]]&cdik w
f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m wdik ;f &if;om;tpnf;t½H;k }}udk zGUJ pnf;Ny;D aemuf
ydkif;wGif OD;atmifZHa0udk ,if;tpnf;t½Hk;\ udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf tm&uH
ygwDwiG f aqmif&u
G af ponf/ tm&uHygwDEiS hf &cdik w
f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m wdik ;f &if;
om;tpnf;t½H;k wdrYk mS tajccHuyif uGjJ ym;onf/ odaYk omf rif;wdik yf iftpnf;
ta0;rsm;wGif &cdkifa&;&mrsm;twGuf twlwuGaqmif&GufEdkif&ef udk,fpm;
vS,ftjzpf apvTwfjcif;jzpfonf/
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;ay:aygufvmyHk
1930-ckavmufwGif ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&mtzGJU}} (All Arakan
League)udk zGUJ pnf;wnfaxmifNy;D jzpfonf/ ,if;tzGUJ wGif a&SUae OD;jrxGe;f u
Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf a&SUaeOD;pHxGef;atmifu
aqmif&u G o
f nf/ a&SUae OD;pHxeG ;f atmif uG,vf eG Nf y;D aemuf OD;atmifomOD;u
twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ,if;aemuf OD;pHxGef;atmif (B.A)u
aqmif&u G o
f nf/ OuúXa&SUae OD;jrxGe;f uG,v f eG Nf y;D aemuf OD;omZHvS (B.Sc,
BL Bar-at Law)u Ouú|tjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&Gufonf/
vli,frsm;udk q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;u OD;aqmifNyD; OD;bpH
('dkYvuf½Hk;)? OD;pHa&T? OD;atmifxGef;jr? q&mOD;aomMumatmif? rif;jym;
ausmif;q&mBuD; OD;bdk;pHwdkY yg0ifOD;aqmifaom ]]wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}}
wpfckvHk; &SdaeNyDjzpfonf/
vlBuD;rsm; OD;aqmifonfh ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&mtzGJU}} (All Arakan
League)ESifh vli,frsm;OD;aqmifonfh ]]wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m tpnf;t½Hk;}}wdkYrSm
trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; vIy&f mS ;rItwGuf wpkwaygif;wnf;jzpf&ef tajc
taeu awmif;qdkvsuf&Sdonf/
,if;aMumifh q&mawmfODpdEÅm? OD;ynmoD[? 0wfvHkOD;omZHvS?
q&mBuD; atmifxGef;OD;? q&mBuD;OD;atmifomOD;? OD;pHxGef;atmif (B.A) ?
OD;bpH('dkYvuf½Hk;)? OD;pHa&T? eE´rmvm OD;xGef;pdefponfh tzGJUtpnf;ESpfckrS
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tzGJUtpnf;rsm; wpfaygif;wpnf; jzpfajrmufa&;udk
tBudrfBudrf aqG;aEG;Muonf/ tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk zsufodrf;umwpfckwnf;
aom tpnf;t½Hk;udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif&ef 1938-ck? 'DZifbmvtwGif;
ppfawGNrKd Uwefc;kd q&mawmf OD;auwkausmif;wGif jyKvyk o f nf/ n§Ed idI ;f aqG;aEG;
yGrJ S qH;k jzwfMuonf/ ,if;aqG;aEG; oabmwlncD suo f nf e,fcsUJ orm;rsm;udk
tvJxdk;&ef pkpnf;rIwpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ v,frJh,mrJh ausmrGJrsm;twGuf
tiftm;wpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ &cdkifjynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;twGuf r*Fvm
owif;wpf&yf jzpfonf/ ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}}
118 jrxGef;atmif
(The Arakan National Congress) ay:aygufvmrnfh oabmwlnDcsufyif
jzpfonf/
rif;jym;nDvmcH
rif;jym;nDvmcHonf tzGJUtpnf;rsm; aygif;pnf;a&;udk OD;wnf
usif;yaom vli,ftzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ nDvmcHjzpfonf/ ,if;nDvmcHudk
1939-ck? arv(2)&ufrS(3)&uftxd rif;jym;NrdKUwGif usif;yonf/ yxr
tBurd af jrmuf &cdik jf ynfv;kH qdik &f m vli,frsm;nDvmcHjzpfonf/ &cdik w f ikd ;f vH;k
qdik &f m wdik ;f &if; om;tpnf;t½k;H \ a&SUajy;nDvmcHyifjzpfonf/ ,if;nDvm
cHrS q&mawmfO;D pdEmÅ ? jyifanmif q&mawmfwt Ykd m; em,utjzpf wifajrm§ uf
Muonf/ q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;tm; Ouú|tjzpf wifajr§mufvdkufMu
onf/ 1936-ck wuúov kd o
f ydwf acgif;aqmif OD;bpH ('dv Yk uf½;kH )? t,f'w D m
OD;pHa&TwdkYrSm xif&Sm;onf/ &cdkifjynfawmifydkif;rS vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;
jzpfaom ocifvaS tmif? &r®0wD OD;bxGe;f ? a':tydeEf iS hf OD;rJausmOf ;D rSmvnf;
wuf<upGm yg0ifvmMuonf/
rif;jym;nDvmcHonf &cdkifjynf&Sd vli,ftzGJUtpnf; tm;vHk;udk
q&mawmf OD;pdEÅm? q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;wdkY OD;aqmifrIjzifh pnf;½Hk;
aygif;pnf;EdkifcJhonf/ ,if;tzGJUtpnf;udk ]]wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}}[k
ac:Muonf/ ,if;rSwpf qifhwufí ]]wef;cdk;ausmif;aqG;aEG;yGJ oabmwl
nDcsuf}}udk yPmrvufawGY taumiftxnfazmfjyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/
1940-ck? arvwGif aygufawmNrdKUrSm usif;yonf/ aygufawm
nDvmcHrSm &cdkifjynftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;vIyf&Sm;rI ordkif;rSwfwdkif
jzpfonf/ wefcdk;ausmif;oabmwlnDcsuf atmifjrifpGmtaumiftxnf
azmfvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/
q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD; acgifaqmif;aom ]]wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;
t½Hk;}}udk OD;omZHvS OD;pD;BuD;rSL;aom ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&mtzGJU}}ESifh yl;aygif;
vd k u f M uonf / ,if ; nD v mcH r S em,u q&mawmf t jzpf OD ; pd E Å m ES i f h
OD;ynmoD[wdkYtm; wifajr§mufMuonf/ tpnf;t½Hk;\ Ouú|tjzpf
OD;omZHvS? 'kwd,Ouú|tjzpf OD;atmifxGef;OD;? twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf
OD;pHxGef;atmif (B.A)wdkYtm; wifajr§mufMuonf/ aygufawmnDvmcHrSm
&cdkifjynf\wpfckwnf;aom e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;wpfOD; jzpfonf/ ]]&cdkifwdkif;
vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}} (The Arakan National Congress)
udk atmifjrifpGmzGJUpnf;EdkifcJhonf/
aygufawmq&mawmf OD;em&'? OD;pHum;atmif (v,form;
acgif;aqmif)? OD;armifarmif (aygufawm)? q&m OD;armifausmfZHESifh
OD;at;omatmifwrYkd mS aygufawmnDvmcH jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wuf<upGm
yg0ifvIyf&Sm;Muolrsm; jzpfonf/ OD;pHum;atmifrSm ,if;nDvmcH\ {nfhcH
BudKqdkaumfrwD Ouú|jzpfonf/
&cdik jf ynfausmif;om;or*¾tzGUJ 0ifrsm;onf ,if;nDvmcH jzpfajrmuf
a&;? nDvmcH vHkNcHKa&;ESifh atmufajcodrf; vkyfief;rsm;udk aeYrtm; nrem;
ulnDcJhMuonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf &cddkifausmif;om;rsm; toif;\ 1939-
ck? 'DZifbmv(15)&ufwiG f usi;f yonfh taxGaxGtpnf;ta0; qH;k jzwfcsuf
t& udkjrwfapm? udkpdefxGef;? udkapmxGef;ESifh udkjrwdkYtm; ,if;nDvmcH
wufa&muf&ef ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhMuonf/ wdkY Armtpnf;t½Hk;
udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ocifpdk;wufa&muf rdefYcGef;ajymMum;onf/
,if;nDvmvHrS e,fcsJUukrÜPDrsm; av;NrdKUacsmif;wGif puúLpuf
wnfaxmif&ef &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIudk uefYuGufonfhtqdkudk wifoGif;qHk;jzwf
Muonf/
ajrydkif&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;tqdkudk OD;pHxGef;atmif (B.A)u
wifoiG ;f Ny;D q&mBu;D OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;u axmufcí H v,f,majr jyóemudk
us,fjyefYpGm aqG;aEG; twnfjyKMuonf/ ,if;tqdkrSm &cdkifjynf tygt0if
jrefrmwpfjynfvHk;\ vltrsm;pkjzpfaom awmifolv,form;rsm;twGuf
jywfom;aomvrf;pOfukd csrw S Ef ikd jf cif; jzpfonf/ trsKd ;om;vGwf ajrmufa&;
twGuf ]]&cdkifjynftygt0if jrefrmwpfjynfvHk; vHk;0vGwfajrmufa&;}}
tqdkrsm;udkvnf; wnDwñGwfwnf; csrSwfEdkifcJhMuonf/
aygufawmnDvmcHonf &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;rsm; cdkifrmuspfvspf
odyo f nf; pnf;½H;k rIukd &,lEikd cf o
hJ nf/ &cdik jf ynf\ t"duvlwef;pm;jzpfaom
awmifov l ,form;rsm;\ tusKd ;ESihf trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;udk a&S;½Ionfh
atmifjrifaom nDvmcHwpf&yfyif jzpfayonf/
ausmufawmfnDvmcH
1941-ck? arvwGif &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om; tpnf;t½Hk;
nDvmcHukd ausmufawmfNrKd Uü usi;f yonf/ ,if; tpnf;t½H;k rSm jrefrmjynfr&Sd
toif;tzGUJ rsm;ESihf r[mrdwtf zGUJ tpnf; jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh ausmufawmf
nDvmcHokdY ocifjr (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh twlusqHk;)ESifh ZeD;a':cifñGefY?
120 jrxGef;atmif
ocifcifatmif? OD;b0if; ("m;rygwD)ESihf q&mrBu;D a':jrpdew f dYk wufa&muf
Muonf/ ausmufawmfnDvmcHonf &cdkifjynf\ ppfBudKacwfe,fcsJU
qefuY siaf &;ESihf trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f pOfukd awmufajymif
apcJhonf/ &cdkifjynfwpf0Srf;vHk; txl;ojzifh &cdkifjynfajrmufydkif;&Sd vkxk
udk wpfpw k nf; wpfom;wnf; jzpfaponf/ jrefrmjynfrbuf&dS toif;tzGUJ
tpnf;rsm;ESihf ydrk &kd if;ES;D rIukd &&Sad ponf/ v,form;rsm;\ tm;wufoa&m
yg0ifvyI &f mS ;rIukd awGU&onf/ v,form;wyfrsm;zGUJ pnf;um ,if;nDvmcHoYkd
ppfaMumif;(3)aMumif;jzifh csDwufyg0ifcJhonf/ ,if;ppfaMumif;wdkYrSm-
(1) ausmufawmfNrdKUe,f ta&SUbuf&Sd o&ufwpfyif? &Gmrjyif
anmifacsmif; o&Dacsmif;aus;&Gmrsm;rS v,form;wyf/
(2) ausmufawmfNrKd Ue,f awmifbuf&dS tayguf0? aeylc?H 'kucú aH csmif;?
yef;zJah csmif;? uefapmuf? ,d;k acsmif; aus;&Gmrsm;rS v,form;wyf/
(3) ausmufawmfNrKd Ue,f ajrmufbuf&dS yDx?k ig;aqmifzuf tp&Sad om
yDacsmif;wpfavQmufrS v,form;wyfrsm; jzpfMuonf/
v,form;wyfrsm; nDvmcHppfaMumif;rsm;jzifh csw D ufvm&m e,fcsUJ
orm;rsm;ESifh ,if;wdkY\vufyg;aprsm;u trsdK;rsdK;taESmifht,Sufay;Mu
onf/ v,form;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfMuaom OD;atmifxGef;jr? eE´rmvm
OD;xGef;pdefwdkYtm; zrf;qD;onf/ OD;atmifxGef;jrtm; zrf;qD;onfhtcg
OD;armifeD (euef)qufvufí v,form;wyfrsm;udk OD;aqmifwm0ef,lNyD;
nDvmcHoYkd atmifjrifpmG wufa&mufEikd cf o
hJ nf/ tjcm;aom v,form;wyfzUJG
rsm;vnf; nDvmcHoYkd atmifjrifpmG tcuftcJMum;rS wufa&mufcMhJ uonf/
nDvmcHodkY wufa&mufMuaom v,form;wyfzJGUrsm;ESifh vlxky&d
owfrsm;onf ausmufawmfwpfNrKd UvH;k \jrifuiG ;f udk ysm;yef;cyfrQ &Sad ponf/
ausmufawmfwpfNrdKUvHk;rSmvnf; nDvmcHjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf
tifwdkuftm;wdkuf ulnDMuonf/ OD;omZHvS? q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;
tp&Sdaom acgif;aqmifrsm;\ OD;aqmifrI? awmifolv,form;\tm;ay;
axmufcHrI? ausmufawmfNrdKUol NrdKUom;rsm;\ ulnDtm;ay;rIrsm;aMumifh
nDvmcHudk atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhonf/
,if;ausmufawmfnDvmcHrSm rif;jym;aygufawm nDvmcHrsm;uJhodkY
v,f,majrjyóemESiyhf wfoufonft h qdrk sm;? trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;ESihf
ywfoufonfh tqdkrsm;udk csrSwfMuonf/ nDvmcHusif;ypOf NAdwdoQtpdk;&
tm; tMunftndK ysuaf p&ef w&m;a[mrIjzifh tpnf;t½H;k 0if rsKd ;cspaf usmOf ;D
udk zrf;qD;onf/ q&mawmfO;D ynmoD[ESihf OD;pHa&T('dv Yk uf½;kH ) wdu
Yk kd zrf;0&rf;
xkwo f nf/ nDvmcHtNy;D ]]wdAYk rmtpnf;t½H;k ud,
k pf m;vS,}f } ocifcifatmif
udk ppfawGNrdKU&Sd Ouú|OD;omZHvSaetdrfwGif umuG,fa&;yk'fr 124(u)t&
zrf;qD;vdkufonf/ odkY&mwGif ausmufawmfnDvmcHum; tjynfht0atmif
jrifcJhonf/
tm&uHygwDrS udk,fpm;vS,f ½kyfodrf;jcif;

ppfBudKacwf &cdkifjynfwGif t"dutm;jzifh &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m
wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk; &Sdaeonf/ ,if;tpnf;t½Hk;onf &cdkifjynfol
vlxkudk EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifrI ay;onf/ &cdkifjynftygt0if jrefrmjynf
wpfjynfvHk; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifaeonfh tpnf;t½Hk;wpfck
jzpfonf/ v,form;rsm; v,fvufikwfvuf&if; rjyKwfa&;? oD;pm;cwdkuf
zsufa&;wdkYudk ta&;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifaeonfh tpnf;t½Hk;vnf; jzpfonf/
jrefrmjynfr&Sd wd;k wufonfh tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf vufwaJG qmif&u G af eonf/
&cdkifrif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm; pkaygif;wnfaxmifxm;onfh tm&uH
ygwDrSmvnf; rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0;(vTwfawmf)wGif &cdkifjynf\ wpfck
wnf;aom ygwDjzpfonf/ ,if;ygwDonf vTwfawmfwGifom vIyf&Sm;rI&Sd
onf/ &cdkifjynfolvlxkESifh uif;uGmonf/ &cdkifjynftygt0if jrefrmjynf
wpfjynfvHk;\ t"duvlwef;pm;jzpfaom awmifolv,form;tusdK;udk
vspfvsL½Ixm;onf/ v,fydkif&Sifrsm;bufrS &yfwnfaom ygwDjzpfonf/
(91)Xmetpd;k &tzGUJ wdik ;f rSm tm&uHygwDrS tpd;k tzGUJ 0if 0efBu;D &mxl;rsm;udk
&,lEikd cf o
hJ nf/ od&Yk mwGif &cdik jf ynfov
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k usKd ;twGuf ta&;,laqmif&u G f
csufrsm;udkum;rawGU&/ rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0; vTwfawmfwGif v,f,m
udpöESifh ywfoufí aqG;aEG;wdkif; tm&uHygwD0ifvlrsm;pkonf v,fydkif&Sif
rsm;bufrSom umuG,fay;aqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/
&cdkifjynf\ t"dutzGJUtpnf;ESpf&yfjzpfaom tm&uHygwDESifh
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;wdkYrSm tajccHrSpí cH,lcsuf
uGJjym;Muonf/ &yfwnfcsufrwlojzifh tNrJwrf;oabmuGJvGJrIrsm;udk
ppfBudKacwfe,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rI
wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;\ tm&uHygwDwGif udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfaom
OD;atmifZHa0tm; tpnf;t½Hk;\ udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ½kyfodrf;cJhonf/
udk,fpm;vS,f ½kyfodrf;jcif;udpöESifhywfoufí armifuHxl;\ rSwfwrf;wGif-
122 jrxGef;atmif
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wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;onf v,faxmufcHray;
pwrf;0g'jzpfonfh (No Rent Campaign) qdkaom pum; udk oHk;í
w&m;Oya'abmiftwGif; tusHK;r0ifaom tpnf;t½Hk; (Illegal
Association) tDvDa*vftqkdaZ;&Sif;tjzpfodkY a&mufoGm;Edkifap&ef
aMunmjcif;udk cH&xdkufaomoabmt"dyÜm,fudk a&mufapaom
pum;yg0ifonfh rdefYcGef;rsdK;udk >ruf[cJhonf/ wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;
om;tpnf;t½H;k trIaqmiftzGUJ \ ñTeMf um;csut f & vTwaf wmftpnf;
ta0;cef;rü tm&uHygwDrS Ekwx f u
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taxmuftxm;jyí aMunmNyD;vQif 0rf;enf;pGmjzifh tm&uHygwDrS
EkwfxGufum xdkygwDESifh vHk;vHk;tqufjzwfvdkuf&awmh onf}}[lí
azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
oD;jcm;toGifjzifh vIyf&Sm;rI
&cdik w
f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m wdik ;f &if;om;tpnf;t½H;k onf jrefrmjynfbuf&dS
wdk;wufaomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhqufoG,f yl;aygif;vIyf&Sm;cJhonf/ ,if;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ nDvmcHrsm;? tjcm;ta&;BuD;aomudpörsm;? aqG;aEG;&m
rsm;wGif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;wGif udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tjyeftvSef apvTwfcJhMu
onf/ wpfzUJG ESiw hf pfzUJG wef;wl&nfwx l m;Ny;D e,fcsUJ qeYu
f siaf &;ESihf trsKd ;om;
vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk vufwGJyg0ifcJhMuonf/ wlnDaom vkyf&yf
rsm;udk vufwyJG g0ifcMhJ uonf/ wlnaD om vky&f yfrsm;rSm yl;wGaJ qmif&u G cf MhJ u
onf/
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taetxm;ypöu© tajctaeay:wGif tajccHonfh vrf;pOfukd usio hf ;kH onf/
rl0g'udk csrSwfonf/ rdrdwdkY a&ajrobm0ESifh vuf&Sdtajctaersm;udk
rlwnfonfh ud, k yf ikd f rl0g'rsm;udk csrw S o
f nf/ tpnf;t]]tpd;k &[lonf½;kH udk
OD;aqmifonfh oabmw&m;rsm;udk csifhcsifhcsdefcsdef a0zefoHk;oyfNyD; vufcH
onfvnf;&Sdonf/ z,f&Sm;cJhonfh udpörsm;vnf;&Sdonf/
tpnf;t½Hk;0ifvli,frsm;\ rdkuf½l;&Jqefaompdwf? ol&Jaumif;
qefaom tjyKtrlrsm;udk tpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmifrsm;u xdef;uGyfay;&
onf/ 'kw, d urÇmppfqo D Ykd OD;wnfaeonfh tcsed cf grsKd ;wGif txl;owdxm;í
rdrdwdkYtzGJUtpnf;\rl0g' rwdrf;apmif;atmif usifhoHk;Muonf/ þonfrSm
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;\ vGwfvyfaomrl0g'udk
csrSwfusifhoHk;cJhaMumif; ay:vGifxif&Sm;onf/
xGuf&yf*dkPf;ESifh qufoG,frIrsm;
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*dkPf;\ rl0g'rSm ]]t*Fvdyftcuf Armhtcsuf}} jzpfonf/ urÇmppfaMumifh
tusyftwnf;jzpfay:vmonfh NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;tm; awmfvSefa&;
wdkufcdkuf&ef jzpfonf/ ,if;oabmw&m;sm;onf &cdkifausmif;om;acgif;
aqmifrsm;xHodkYvnf;aumif;? &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om; tpnf;
t½Hk;0if vli,frsm;xHodkYvnf;aumif; xdk;azmuf 0ifa&mufvmonf/
,if;rl0g'ESiyhf wfoufí &cdik w f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m wdik ;f &if;om; tpnf;
t½Hk; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tBudwfte,f aqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/ ypöu©tajc
taeESifh vdkufavsmrItjzpf EdkifqHk; usifhoHk;&ef jzpfonf/ wpfzufrSmvnf;
cdkifrmodyfonf;aom tpnf;t½Hk;jzpf&ef vdktyfonf/
wpfzufrmS vnf; trsKd ;om;a&;pdw"f mwfjyif;xefNy;D tpGe;f a&mufrI
aMumifh vlrsdK;a&;t"du½kPf;rS a&SmifuGif;Edkifoa&GU a&SmifuGif;ae&onfh
tcgvnf; jzpfonf/ vlrsdK;a&; ta&;tcif;rsm;onf e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\
*dkPf;cGJa&;? oif;cGJa&;twGuf taumif;qHk;vufeuf jzpfonf/
wpfzufrmS vnf; &cdik w f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m wdik ;f &if;om; tpnf;t½H;k wGif
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;twGuf vdt k yfaomjyifqifrrI sm;&Sad o;[ef ray:
acs/ wyfom;aumif;rsm;? vufeufc, J rf;rD;ausmufrsm;? aiGaMu;ponfwrYkd mS
vnf; jynfh pHkrIr&Sdao;acs/
,if;aMumifh ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;\ rl0g;'udk &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m
wdik ;f &if;om;tpnf;t½H;k acgif;aqmifrsm;onf owdEiS u hf ikd wf ,G f usio hf ;kH cJh
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csray;cJh/ odkY&mwGif xGuf&yf*dkPf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tNrJqufoG,frI&SdcJh
onf/ rdrdwdkY oabmxm;rsm;udk tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;cJhMuonfrSm xif&Sm;
onf/ ,if;odkY qufoG,fcJhyHkrsm;udk--
]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;\ vufa&G;pif
acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfMuaom q&mBu;D OD;atmifxeG ;f ? OD;omZHvw S EYkd iS hf
BuKd wifqufo, G x f m;Muonft h wdik ;f &efuek üf tNraJ exdik v f su&f adS om
tpnf;t½Hk;\udk,fpm;vS,f armifuHxl;onf &cdkifjynf bl;oD;awmif
124 jrxGef;atmif
NrdKUrS OD;pHxGef;atmif (aq;orm;)udkyg twlac:aqmifí ywfvrf;
(,ck ewfarmufvrf;)? a'gufwm Aarmftrd üf a'gufwmAarmf ZeD;a':
cifrrtygt0if AE¨KvOD;pdef? OD;vSrif;? OD;b0if;wdkYESifh z&D;'ef;b
avmuf(pf) (Freedom Block) udp&ö yfrsm;udk ESpBf urd w f ikd w
f ikd f vQKd U0Supf mG
pnf;a0;aqG;aEG;Muzl;onf/ þtcsdefxuf tenf;i,fapmpGmaom
tcsdefwpfcsdefü OD;atmifxGef;OD;ESifh armifuHxl;wdkYonf &cdkifwdkif;vHk;
qd k i f & mwd k i f ; &if ; om;tpnf ; t½H k ; \ vuf a &G ; pif t zG J U \ud k , f p m;
Ouú|OD;omZHvS vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom (z&D;'ef; bavmufpf)\
vkyf&yfrsm; yg0ifonfh vQdKU0Sufpmwpfapmifudk pawmhudwfvrf;ü
aexdik v f su&f adS om ocifEv k ufxo J Ydk ay;tyf&ef oGm;a&mufcjhJ im;aomf
vnf; ocifEu k kd rawGUcJ&h ay}}[lí armifux H ;l trnfcH 0efBu;D a[mif;
OD;atmifZHa0\ b0rSwfwrf;wGif Armh xGuf&yf*dkPf;ESifh &cdkifwdkif;vHk;
qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om; tpnf;t½Hk;udk qufoG,fcJhMuyHkrsm;udk awGU&ay
onf/
Armhxu G &f yf*P kd ;f ESihf &cdik w
f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m wdik ;f &if;om; tpnf;t½H;k
tquftoG,f&SdcJhonf/ txl;ojzifh acgif;aqmifrsm; aqG;aEG;vufcH
cJMh uonf/ &cdik \ f tajctaet& twdtvif; ,if;0g'vrf;pOfukd azmfxw k f
rusio hf ;kH cJah Mumif; ponfrsm;udk pma&;oltm; 'dv Yk uf½;kH OD;pHa&Tu ajymMum;cJh
onfudk rSwfom;zl;onf/
odkY&mwGif vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;vrf;pOfonf tcsdeftcg
r[kwfao;[k &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf; t½Hk;acgif;aqmif
rsm;u cH,lxm;onf/ ,if;aMumifh pGefYpm;a&; orm;vli,frsm;\ vufeuf
udkifawmfvSefa&; awmif;qdkwifjycsufudk vufrcHcJhay/ ,if;udpöESifh
ywfoufí---
]]xd k t csd e f xd k t cgu vuf e uf u d k i f a wmf v S e f a &;twG u f
oifhawmfqDavsmfaom tcsdefrusa&mufr[kwf ao;ojzifhtzGJU
acgif;aqmifydkif;u EdkifiHa&;orm; vli,frsm; wifjycsufudk y,fcscJh
onf}}[k armifux H ;l \ b0rSww f rf;wGif azmfjyxm;onfukd awGU&ay
onf/
ausmufawmfnDvmcH\ aemufydkif;tcsdefavmufrSm wdkif;jynf
tNidrfrouf jzpfvmonf/ txl;ojzifh 1941-ckESpf tukef 1942-ck ESpfOD;
ydkif;rSm jzpfonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfjzpfyGm;NyD; jrefrmjynfodkY ppfrD;ul;vm
onfhtcsdef jzpfonf/ *syefrsm; xdk;ppfaMumifh NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf
jrefrmjynfrS wqkwfwnf; qkwfae&onfhtcsdef jzpfonf/ ,if;tcsdefrSm
&cdik jf ynf&dS wdik ;f &if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk qkwcf mG &mwGif taESmift h ,Suf
rjzpf a p&ef wd k i f ; &if ; om;acgif ; aqmif r sm;ud k xd e f ; od r f ; xm;a&;rS m
ta&;BuD;onf/ ,if;aMumifh &cdkifwdkif; &if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmif
rsm;udk zrf;0&rf;xkwfonf/ ae&mra&G; zrff;&ef trdefYay;xm;onf/
,if ;aMumif h Ouú| omZHv S? 'kw d, Ouú| OD; atmifx Ge f; OD; ?
OD;xGef;0if;? OD;ndKxGef;? OD;pHxGef;atmif (a&SUae)? OD;armifeD(euef)ESifh
tjcm;tzGJU0if(4? 5)OD;wdkYonf rD;acsmif;zsm;odkY oGm;a&mufcdkvHIae&onf/
tajctaeay;vQif w½kwfjynftxd oGm;a&muf&ef pDpOfcJhonf/ vlol
rawGU&aom awmBuD;rsufrnf;xJwGif (2)vcefY ykef;atmifae&onf/
tjcm;aom tpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf rdrdwdkYenf; rdrdwdkY[efESifh
ykef;atmif;ae&onf/
,if;odkYacgif;aqmifrsm; zrf;0&rf;aMumifh a&Smifwdrf;ae&csdefwGif
ukvm;&cdik t f a&;tcif; ay:aygufvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh NAw d od QwYkd zrf;qD;
ta&;udk tav;rxm;Edik b f J vlrsKd ;a&; ta&;tcif;ajyNird ;f atmif Nird ;f owf
ay;&onf/ ,if;rSm trsKd ;om;a&;wm0efukd wm0efoo d d acgif;aqmifrsm;u
xrf;aqmifvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/
tdEd´,odkY ac:aqmifcH&olrsm;
1942-ck? arvaemufydkif;rSm NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm; jrefrmEdkifiHrS
tNyD;tydkif tdEd´,odkY qkwfcGmay;NyD; jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfrS NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
orm;rsm; qkwfcGm&mwGif &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;
0ifrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;NyD; tdEd´,odkY ac:,loGm;
onf/ zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;udk 'um;axmifwiG w f csKd U? wcsKd Uudk ukrv
ÜD maxmifwiG f
tusOf;csxm;onf/ aemufydkif;wGif 'ku©onfpcef;zGifhí 'ku©onfrsm;ESifh
twlxm;onf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm; qkwfcGm&mwGif zrf;qD;ac: aqmifjcif;cH
&olrsm; EdkifiHa&; tusOf;orm; (23)OD; jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY zrf;qD;
ac:aqmifjcif; cH&olrsm;rSm OD;tHk;ausmf (oHwGJ)? OD;omxGef; (ausmufjzL
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif)? &r®m0wD OD;bxGe;f ? OD;csuzf m;? OD;pHv?S OD;td;k avmif
(OD;tHk;armif)? OD; jzLomxGef;? OD;armifomEdkY? OD;armifomxGef; (ykZGefz,f&Gm)?
OD;atmifomOD; (ajrmufOD;)? a&SUae OD;ndK? OD;vSarmifom? rsdK;cspf ausmfOD;?
126 jrxGef;atmif
OD;jrwfvSarmif? eE´rmvm OD;xGef;pdef? q&m OD;owdk;vS? OD;pHxGef;atmif
(bl;oD;awmif)? OD;omxGef;pH OD;bdk; atmif? OD;armifarmif? OD;armifausmfZH?
OD;zdk;vSESifh jrefrmjynfrS e*g;eD xGef;a&TwdkY jzpfonf/
tdEd´,odkY &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;0ifrsm;?
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf tjcm;Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;udk zrf;qD;ac:aqmif
oGm;&mwGif qif;&J'u k t
© rsKd ;rsKd ; cH&onf/ ukvm;wdik ;f abmif 'um;axmifwiG f
csdKifhavSmifiSufi,fyrm cHpm;vGrf;qGwf&yHk? rdrdNrdKU&Gmudk wrf;wylaqG;&if;
wd'u k a© Mumifh ajrmufO;D NrKd UrS OD;atmifomOD; b0wpfyg;odYk ajymif;cJ&h yHw k u
Ykd kd
udk,fwdkifyg0ifzrf;qD;jcif;cHcJh&ol pmqdk&Sif owdk;axmifvS trnfcH q&m
OD;wdk;vSu----
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ppfwaumif;rSm? vlaygif;ESpq f ,f? oH;k OD;u,fw?Ykd oG,o
f ,
G w
f ifah Mumif;?
atmifqkawmif;vsuf}}[lívnf;aumif;-
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axmifrS? csdKifhavSmifiSufi,f vGrf;qGwfES,fodkY}}[lí vnf;aumif;---
]]wd'ku©aMumifh? OD;atmifomOD;? NrdKUajrmufOD;rS? w wwjzifh?
b0ajymif;um qHk;&yg&Sifh}}[lí vnf;aumif; axmifwGifuAsmudk
pDuHk;pyfqdkcJhonf/
,if;wdkY &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;0ifrsm;?
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk zrf;qD;NyD; ac:aqmif
jcif;rSm NAdwdoQwdkY\ rdkuf*kPfudk jyvdkufjcif; wpf&yfyif jzpfonf/
acgif;aqmifrsm;\ t&nftaoG;
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;onf &cdkifjynf tyg
t0if jrefrmjynfwpfjynfv;kH vGwaf jrmufa&;? e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &;? v,f,m
ajrjyóemrsm; ajz&Si;f a&;twGuf tpOfwpdu k f wdu
k yf 0JG ifchJ Muonf/ ,if;rS
aoGznfíroGm;cJ/h ,if;aMumifh ppfBuKd acwf&cdik jf ynf trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmuf
a&;ESihf e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &; vIy&f mS ;rIjzpfpOfuakd vhvmvQif &cdik w f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m
wdik ;f &if;om;tpnf;t½H;k ESihf ,if;tpnf;t½H;k 0ifacgif;aqmifrsm;udk csev f yS f
xm;í r&ay/ tpnf;t½Hk; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf &cdkifjynf aumif;usdK;
twGuf tepfemcHNyD; aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ udk,fusdK;pGefYvTwfcJhMuonf/
tcsi;f csi;f pnf;pnf;½H;k ½H;k ESihf e,fcsUJ qefuY siaf &; trsKd ;om;vGwf ajrmufa&;
twGuf OD;aqmifru I kd ay;cJo
h nf/ ,if;odYk &cdik f wdik ;f vH;k qdik &f m wdik ;f &if;om;
tpnf;t½H;k acgif;aqmifrsm;\ OD;aqmifrI tydik ;f udk ,if;acwf ,if;umvrD
vdkufolrsm;? ppfBudKacwf &cdkifjynf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsdK;om;vGwf
ajrmufa&;ordkif;udkavhvmolrsm; od&SdMuonf/
acgif;aqmifrsm;\ tepfemcHcJhyHk? udk,fusdK;pGefYvTwfyHk? pnf;pnf;
½Hk;½Hk;ESifh e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf OD;aqmifrI
ay;cJhyHkwdkYudk ]]&cdkiftoHowif;pm}}wGif aus;Zl;od trnfcHaqmif;yg;&Sif
wpfOD;u ]]&cdkifjynf aus;Zl;&Sifrsm;udk azmfxkwfMuavm}} aqmif;yg;wGif
aphaphppkH kH azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;rS tcsKd Uudk xkwEf w k Nf y;D atmufyg
twdkif; azmfjyvdkufygonf/
Ouú|BuD; OD;omZHvS
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tzGJUOuú|BuD; OD;omZHvSonf
&cddkifjynftwGuf trsm;qHk;tepfemcHcJholjzpfaMumif;udk todÓPf&Sdolwdkif;
rnfolrQ jiif;Edkifrnf r[kwf/ OD;omZHvSonf tjcm;ynmwwf ypönf;&Sif
olaX;rsm;uJhodkY qif;&Jom;vnfacsmif;aoG;jzifh ajcaxmufraq;cJhacs/
qif;&Jom; &cdik v f xl t
k wGuf ypön;f a&mvlyg tepfemcHcahJ vonf/ &cdik w f pf
jynfv;kH ü vkycf o hJ rQaom Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;rsm;\ ukeu f sp&dwf xuf0ufcefu Y kd
OD;omZHvS wpfO;D wnf;tuket f usccH &hJ onf/ rdrpd ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;[lorQukd
vHk;vHk;pGefYvTwfí EdkifiHa&;vkyf ief;xJodkY ajcpHkypf0ifa&mufcJholrSm Ouú|BuD;
OD;ZHvSyif jzpf onf/ OD;omZHvSonf EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;ü ypönf;ypö, tukef
tuscjH cif;üom r[kw/f ud, k xf vd ufa&mufvyk u f ikd &f müvnf; olrwlatmif
owd&å cdS o
hJ w
l pfO;D jzpfonf/ Edik if aH &; orm;yDyD aexdik pf m;aomufa&;üvnf;
wu,fNcdK;NcHEdkifol wpfOD;jzpfonf/
OD;atmifxGef;OD;
q&mBuD;OD;atmifxGef;OD;onf OD;omZHvSESifhvufwGJum wdkif;&if;
om; tpnf;t½Hk;BuD;udk xlaxmifcJh&mwGif rsm;pGmtepfemcHcJhonf/
OD;atmifxGef;OD;rSm OD;omZHvSuJhodkY ypönf;ypö, rcsrf;omaomfvnf; &cdkif
vli,frsm; MunfndKrIudk cH,l&olwpfOD; jzpf\/ ½dk;om;jcif;? wnfMunfjcif;?
vkyf&Jjcif;*kPft*Fg&yfwdkYjzifh jynfh0oljzpfonf/ pum;ajym&mü wnfwnf
128 jrxGef;atmif
ajymwwfonf/ ajymvdkufaompum;rSm wpfvkH;csif;aomfvnf;aumif;?
wpfy'k v f ;kH udak omfvnf;aumif; tvGet f "dymÜ ,fav;eufonfh ausmufawmf
nDvmcHusif;ycsdefü OD;atmifxGef;OD;u pma&;oltm; ajymcJhaompum;udk
,ckxMd um;a,mifvsuf &Sad o;onf/ ausmufawmfnv D mcHBu;D onf &cdik jf ynf
Edik if aH &;&mZ0ifü tpnfum;qH;k aom nDvmcHBu;D jzpfonf/ OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;
onf wdik ;f jynfysupf ;D í *syeftyk cf sKyaf &; cscchJ sed x
f d touf&o dS rQ &cdik jf ynf
BuD;tm; xdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf/ &cdkifvlxka&SUrS raMumufr&GHUrm;rm;&yf
aqmif&GufaecsdefwGif AHk;'PfaMumifh aoqHk;cJhonf/ OD;atmifxGef;OD;\
tavmif;udk ppfawGNrdKU0uFygwGif; axmifhem;wpfae&mwGif jr§Kyfxm;í
xdkae&mü aAm"dyifuav; wpfyifpdkuf&Sd\/ ]]trsdK;om;atmifyGJaeYwdkif;ü
ausmif;q&mOD;owdk;vSESifh ¤if;wynfhausmif;olausmif; om;rsm;wdkY
OD;atmifxGef;OD; tavmif;jr§Kyf&modkY oGm;a&muftav;jyKjcif;rSwpfyg;
rnfolrQ*½krpdkufMuacs}}[lí aus;Zl;odtrnfcH aqmif;yg;&Sifu rdrdwdkY\
acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; aus;Zl;odí opöm&Sd&Sdjzifh acgif;aqmifrsm;\ t&nf
taoG;udkt&Sdtwdkif; azmfxkwfa&;om;cJhonfudk awGU&ygonf/
(þpmwrf; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf vdktyfoa&GU pmtkyfpmwrf;
rSwfwrf;rsm; iSm;&rf;jcif;? rdrdwdkY udk,fawGUjzpf&yfrsm;udk ajymjyonfh bBuD;
OD;atmifZaH 0? OD;atmifomOD; (ordik ;f okawoD)? OD;pHxeG ;f atmif ('Dru kd a&pD
a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&; rif;BuD;a[mif;)? OD;rJausmfOD;? OD;armifeD(euef)ESifh
q&mOD;csD;'dk;wdkYtm; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/)
udk;um;onfh pmwrf;rsm;
(1) armifuHxl;rSwfpk (A Survior's Memoir) vufa&;rl
(0efBuD;a[mif; OD;atmifZHa0 rSwfwrf;)
(2) q&mOD;csD;'dk; ]]ausmufawmf trsdK;om;ausmif;}}
(tBudrf 50-ajrmuf trsdK;om;aeY a&T&wkobiftwGuf "r®m½Hk
ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm; pkaygif;jzefY csdonf/ 1970-ck)
(3) owdk;axmifvS ]]tdEd´,jynf 'gumNrdKU axmifwGif;uAsm}}
"n0wDr*¾Zif; twGJ(1)? trSwf(1) 1951-52/
(4) Rai Aung Daing "Political History of Arakan"
"n0wDr*¾Zif; twGJ(1)? trSwf(1) 1951-52/
(5) Tun Hline, "Reports Rangoon University Aarkan Student's
Association" (wuúodkvfausmif;wdkuf
r*¾Zif;
{uwðowGJeHygwf 1? 1301 ckESpf? waygif;v)
(6) aus;Zl;od ]]&cdkifjynf aus;Zl;&Sifrsm;udk azmfxkwfMuavm}}
&cdkiftoH owif;pm? &ufpGJ---
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)rS
1983-ck? pufwifbmv (26)&uf/
130 jrxGef;atmif
NAdwdoQcGmppf
xGef;atmif (abmif;'Gwf)
jrefrmEdkifiHrS qkwfcGm&onfh tjzpftysuf taMumif;tusdK;udk
&Sif;vif;wifjy&mwGif &cdkifrSmjzpfysufcJhonfh taMumif;jcif;&mrsm;udk
razmfjyíjynfph rkH nf r[kw?f txl; ojzifh ppfawGqyd u f rf; tjzpftysurf sm;udk
aphpHkpGm azmfjyrSom jynfhpHkrnf jzpfonf/
ppfawGNrKd Uonf Oayu©mjyKxm;aom ta&;rxm;onfh jrefrmEdik if o H Ykd
0if&ef vrf;aygufwpfck jzpfonf/ tdE, ´d Edik if EH iS hf teD;uyfq;kH wnf&adS ejcif;
aMumifh avwyftwGuf wefzdk;&Sdayonf/ ,if;tjyif b*Fvm;yifv,f
atmufwGif ppfawGNrdKUwnf&Sdaejcif;aMumifh toifhtwifh ta&;ygaeaom
taetxm;wGif &Sdaeayonf/ ,if;vdktyfcsufwpf&yfudk olwdkYtwGuf
jiif;y,f&ef rjzpfEikd af cs/ ppfXmecsKyrf sm;wnf&&dS m tdE, ´d Edik if o
H nf umuG,f
a&;twGuf ppfawGNrdKUudk wdkuf½dkuf wm0efxdef;odrf;xm;&onf/ ,if;tjyif
ppfawGNrdKUonf pyg;xkwfvkyfonfh {&d,me,fy,fjzpfNyD; qefpufrsm;&Sdí
&cdkifjynf\ t"duqefpyg;wifydkY&m a'ojzpfonf/
*syefrsm; jrefrmEdik if u
H kd 0ifa&muford ;f ypfNy;D &efuek u f s qH;k jcif;onf
yif ppfawGtwGuf ta&;ygaom tusdK;ouf a&mufrI r[kwfacs/ 1942ck?
Zefe0g&Dvukefydkif;rSm ppfawGNrdKUwGif umuG,fa&;tiftm;wdk;vmonf/
wyf&if; (14) trSwf(7) &mZykwfwyf a&muf&Sdvmjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
,if;&mZykwfwyfrS trSwf(23)tapmifhwyfzGJUudk tem;ay;&eftwGuf
a&muf&Sdvmjcif; jzpfonf/
ppfab;'ku©onfrsm; pcef;NrdKU
&efuek Ef iS hf atmufjrefrmjynfrS 'kuo © nfrsm;onf ppfawGqyd u f rf;
wGif jynfhusyfvsuf&Sdonf/ jynfrSawmifukwf awmifMum;vrf;twdkif;
&cdikd u
f rf;ajrmifa'oudk ausmjf zwfvm olrsm;jzpfonf/ azazmf0g&DvtwGi;f
bk&ifah vwyfrawmfonf &efuek af v,mOfuiG ;f rS qkwcf mG vm&Ny;D jzpfonf/
,if; avwyfrawmfonf ppfawGNrKd UodYk a&muf&v dS mjcif;jzifh xyfNy;D tiftm;
wdk;apcJhonf/
*syefrsm; &efuek u f kd odr;f ypfNy;D aemuf ppfawGNrKd UwGif bk&ifah &wyfukd
a&wyfAv kd rf LS ;csKyf *&m[rf\ tkycf sKyrf I atmufwiG f jrefrmEdik if H urf;½d;k wef;
twGuf zGUJ pnf;onf/ tdE, ´d bk&ifah &wyfrawmfrS ]qvyf*s}D ESihf ]tdEK´ } oabFm
rsm;tjyif tayghpm;a&wyfoHk;umuG,fa&;oabFm av;pif;wdkYrSmvnf;
ppfawGqdyfurf;wGif qdkufuyfvsuf &Sdonf/ armfwm tajrmufrsm;ygaom
oabFmig;pif;jzifh Armbk&ifa&wGif taysmw f rf; t&efwyfzUJG trnfc, H xl m;
onfh wyfrSmvnf; &efolrsm; pdrfh0ifvmrIudk umuG,f&efurf;ajcwGif &Sdae
onf/ od&Yk mwGif ,if;wyfzUJG rSm vkyif ef;twGuf vHak vmufrrI &Sad y/ jrefrmjynf
rS xkxnftiftm;ESihf pD;0ifqw k cf mG vmaeaom 'kuo © nfrsm;udk tm;oGeNf y;D
ppfaq;&efrmS ,if;wdt Yk wGuf tcuftcJwpf&yfyif jzpfaeayonf/ rwfvESihf
arvtpydkif;wGif 'ku©onf oHk;aomif;ig;axmifudk ppfawGESifh uRef;i,f&Sd
ausmufjzLqdyfurf;wdkYrS a&aMumif;jzifh tdEd´,odkY ydkYaqmifay;cJh&onf/
wyftiftm; jznfhwif;jcif;
ppfawGNrKd Uonf avwyftajccHpcef;jzpfojzifh ta&;yg aomaMumifh
tiftm;xyfrHjznfhwif;&ef rwfvtapmydkif;u qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/ trSwf
(109)wyfr[mXmecsKyfESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm trSwf(9)*swfwyfESifh
wyf&if;(9)trSwf(7) &mZykwfwdkYudk av,mOfypfaoewfrsm;ESifhtwl
ppfawGoYkd ay;ydxYk m;Ny;D jzpfonf/ ,if;wdrYk mS 1942-ck? rwfv (18)&ufaeYu
a&muf&Sdonf/
1942-ck? rwfv (23)&ufaeYwGif *syefrsm;onf uyÜvDuRef;udk
odrf;,lonf/ tapmifhwyfi,fudk rwfv(12)&ufaeYuyif qkwfcGm&ef
tar&duef? NAdwdoQ? 'wfcsf? MopaMw;vs (wyfaygif;pk)\ trdefYt&
qkwfcGmcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif *syefrsm;onf rwfv(23)&ufaeY rwdkifrD
132 jrxGef;atmif
txd rodr;f jzpfao; acs/ &efuek o
f Ykd vHNk cKH a&;twGuf ta&;wBu;D zGUJ pnf;xm;
onfh oabFmrsm; 0ifaeMuonfudk *syefrsm;tm; rumuG,fEdkifao; ojzifh
jzpfonf/ aemuftaMumif;tcsuw f pfcrk mS &efuek rf q
S w
k cf mG a&; taetxm;
jyóemwpf&yfyif jzpfayonf/
avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufjcif;
1942-ck? rwfv(23)&ufaeYwiG f ppfawGNrKd Uudk avaMumif;rS ESpBf urd f
wdik f tjyif;txefvma&mufwu kd cf u
kd o
f nf/ ,if;wduk cf u
kd rf rI wdik rf u
D vnf;
rauG;av,mOfuGif;udk wdkufcdkufjcif;cH&onf/ ,if;wdkufcdkufrIrsm;rSm
NAw
d o d Qavwyf jrefrmjynfrS aysmufu, G af p&ef oabmyif jzpfonf/ wpfck
wnf;aom ppfawGav,mOfuGif;udk wdk;wufjyKjyif&ef qHk;jzwf Muonf/
trSw(f 109)wyfr[m XmecsKyEf iS hf topfa&muf&v dS maom wyf&if;
ESp&f if;udk csucf si;f ½kyo
f rd ;f vdu
k o f nf/ tapmifh wyfrsm;tjzpf wyf&if; (14)
trSw(f 7) &mZykww f pfwyf? trSw(f 67)tBu;D pm;av,mOfypfwyfrS wyfpw d f
wpfpdwf? trSwf(1) tdEd´,tao;pm; av,mOfypfwyfrS wpfzGJUESpfzGJU usef&Sd
aeonf/
ppftkyfcsKyfa&; xkwfjyefjcif;
1942-ck? rwfv(23)&ufaeY aemufydkif;wGif ppfawGav,mOfuGif;?
oabFmqdyfESifh a&wyfpcef;rsm;rSm *syefav,mOfrsm;\ rMumrMum
vma&muf wdkufcdkufjcif; cHae&onf/ ,if;avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufrIrsm;
aMumif; ppfwyfa&m t&yfom;rsm;yg pdwf"mwfusqif;vmMuonf/
ajrmufjrm;pGmaom wyfzUJG rsm;ESihf ykvyd rf sm;rSm rdrw d XYkd mersm;rS pGecYf mG xGuaf jy;
Muonf/ &cdik w f ikd ;f rif;Bu;D ESihf e,fbuft&m&St
d m;vH;k eD;yg;wdo Yk nf a&wyfEiS hf
ppfbufrt S mPmydik rf sm;u wm;qD;aomf vnf; 1942-ck rwfv(30)&ufwiG f
ppfawGNrdKUrS xGufcGmoGm;Muonf/ ppfawGc½dkif0efESifh vufa&G;pifaMu;eef;
t&m&Sd tcsdKUwdkYom olwdkYvkyfief;XmewGif usef&SdaeMuawmhonf/ &cdkif
wdik ;f wpfcvk ;kH e,fbuftyk cf sKyaf &;rSm vH;k 0csKyNf ird ;f oGm;NyD jzpfonf/ rD;½IUd rIrsm;
rSmvnf; rMumcPqdkovdk qdyfurf;wGif jzpfyGm;aeonf/ qefpufrsm;
rD;avmifrrI sm; jzpfymG ;onf/ rD;tBu;D tus,f avmifuRr;f rIonf jrefrmha&eH
ukrÜPDvDrdwuf (bDtdkpD)\ ta&;ygonfh a&eHqDavSmifuefrsm;udk
ajcmufvSefYaeayonf/ t&yfom;rsm; rNidrfoufrIrSm ppfawG &cdkifwpfwdkif;
vHk;rSm wdk;yGm;vmayonf/ 1942-ck? {NyDv 13 &ufaeYrSm ppfawGNrdKUESifh
uRef;wpfckvHk;udk ppftkyfcsKyfa&; atmufwGif xm;&Sdvdkufonf/
awmfvSefykefuefrIjrifuGif;rsm;
jrefrmjynfbufrS ppfajy;rsm;jzpfMuaom e,fjcm;wyfzUJG ? wyfom;rsm;
ESifh Armhppfykvdyyfrsm;onf qlylvIyf&Sm;aeaom &cdkifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;
oGm;Muonf/ ,if;qlylvIyf&Sm;aeonfh *dkPf;onf tdEd´,trsdK;om;rsm;?
txl;ojzifh rdef;rrsm;ESifh uav;rsm;tm; (tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf) owfjzwfrI?
*kwfyDawmifwGif 1942-ck? {NyD (14)&ufaeYu jzpfyGm;cJhonfh ausmufawmf
awmifydkif;ESifhukvm;wefjrpf ta&SUydkif;wdkYwGif taxGaxG rNidrfoufrIrsm;
jzpfay:cJo h nf/ {Nyv
D tv,favmufwiG f rNird o f ufrrI sm; vTr;f rd;k vmonf/
,if;qlylvIyf&Sm;rIrSm awmfvSefykefuefrI[k taotcsm ,lqEdkifonfh yHkyef;
jrifuGif; jzpfavonf/ uif;vSnfhaeaom &mZykwfppfom;rsm;onf ocif
ygwD0ifrsm;? tjcm;olrsm;ESifh wdkufyGJi,frsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf/
c½dkif0ef\ aemufqHk;aMu;eef;
1942-ck? {NyDv (21)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGc½dkif0efonf jrefrmjynf
tpdk;&xHodkY aMu;eef;wpfapmif ay;ydkYcJhonf/ ,if; aMu;eef;rSm atmufyg
twdkif; jzpfonf/
]]þaMu;eef;onf ppfawGc½dik \ f tajctaeudk tpD&ifcpH m jzpf
onf/ ajAmifawmfveS yf ek u f efrI tajctaerSm &Sad eonfukd ESrd ef if;&efrmS
ppfa&;t&om jzpfawmhrnf/ e,fbuf tkyfcsKyfa&; ysufjym;aecsdefrSm
usef&Sdaeaom ykvdyftzGJUrSmvnf; tvGeftuRHtm;xm;&onfh tae
txm; r&Sad wmhay/ ausmufawmfEiS phf pfawGc½dik cf &JG dS olyek *f P kd ;f rsm;udk
e,fjcm;wyfzUJG rS ppfajy;rsm;u vufeufc, J rf;rD;ausmufrsm; tajrmuf
tjrm;axmufyahH eonf/ tpGe;f a&muf&cdik w f ikd ;f vH;k qdik &f m wdik ;f &if;om;
tpnf;t½Hk;0ifrsm;onf ra&wGufEdkifaom toufpnf;pdrfOpömrsm;udk
vk,zl suq f ;D owfjzwfMuonf/ rD;½IUd rIrsm;? vk,ufwu kd cf u
kd rf rI sm;onf
tuGyftn§yfr&Sdaom tajctae jzpfaeonf/ ,if;tajctaerSm
&efolrsm; pdrfh0if Edkif&ef jyifqifay;aerIyif jzpfayonf/
134 jrxGef;atmif
*syefrsm; rif;jym;odkYcssDDwuf
ppfawGNrdKUapmifhwyfzGJUESifh a&wyfrrSapmifha&Smufuif;vSnfhrI&Sdae
aomfvnf; vkNH cKH a&;twGuf jynfph v kH akH vmufrI r&Sad wmhay/ jzpfay:aeaom
tajctaetwGuf xda&mufrI r&Sdawmhyg/ 1942-ck? {NyDv (11)&ufaeYu
ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,fwiG f uif;vSnahf eonfh a&wyfrS owif;&&So d nf/ ,if;&uf
rwdkifrDaeYu jrefrmwyfom; (250)ESifh *syeft&m&Sdrsm;onf awmifukwfokdY
a&muf&Sdaejcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ olwdkYrSm oabFmrsm;? bkwfrsm; &Sdaeonf/
,if;tzGJUonf urf;½dk;wef;wpfavQmuf trf;rS olykefXmecsKyfwpfckjzpfaom
rif;jym;odkY csDwufvmMuonf/
rif;jym;rS ppfawGodkY
{NyDvukefydkif;wGif *syefwdkY avaMumif;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; wdk;yGm;vmMu
onf/ &efow l yfzUJG rsm;onf rif;jym;{&d,mwGif pkpnf;Ny;D ppfawGoYkd csw D uf&ef
jyifqifaeonfrSm oHo, rjzpfEdkifawmhay/ Armbk&ifa&wyf taysmfwrf;
t&efwyfzGJUrS armfwmwyfqifxm;aom oabFmESpfpif;ESifh ,if;wyfzGJU
wdo
Yk nf 1942-ck? arv (1)&ufaeYwiG f rif;jym;teD; wdu k yf JG jzpfymG ;cJMh uonf/
vufeufBuD; av;vufudk ,if;wdkufyGJwGif toHk;jyKaMumif; awGU&onf/
xdcdkuf'Pf&m&olrsm;? aoausolrsm;udk oabFmay:wGifawGU&onf/
aemuf w pf & uf w G i f &ef o l w yf z G J U rsm;onf ausmuf a wmf E S i f h
ykPÖm;uRef;NrdKUrsm;wGif a&muf&SdMuonf/ ,if;aeY naebufwGif &mZykwf
wdkYtm;oabFmjzifh uif;vSnfhapNyD;&efol wdkYtm; pHkprf;aponf/ 1942-ck?
arv (3)&ufaeY eHeufyikd ;f rSm ykPmÖ ;uRe;f atmufem;wGif ,if;oabFmrsm;udk
pufao ewfjzifh ypfcwfjcif; cH&onf/ tjyeftvSef wdkufyGJwGif ESpfaygif'g
tajrmufvufeufudk toHk;jyKMuonf/
ppfawGNrdKUay: AHk;rdk;&Gm
,if;aeYrSm ppfawGNrdKUudk avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufonf/ AHk;BuJ
av,mOftpif; (27)pif;yg0ifonf/ tqdkygavaMumif; wdkufcdkufrIaMumifh
taqmufttHkrsm;? ppfpwdk;ESifh ypönf;rsm;? pm;eyf&du©mrsm;? armfwmESifh
u,f&D,m av;vufyg ysufpD;aponf/ tapmifhwyfzGJU vufeufcJ,rf;
rD;ausmufrsm;onfvnf; rD;avmifysufpD;cJh&onf/ aoaus qHk;½HI;olaygif;
(20)cefY&Sdonf/
ppfawGNrKd Uapmifw h yfzUJG \ t"duwm0efrmS av,mOfuiG ;f udk twwf
Edik q
f ;kH umuG,x f m;&ef jzpfonf/ jyif;xefaomwdu k yf JG qdyuf rf;wGif jzpfymG ;
cJv
h Qif azmufczJG suq f ;D rIrsm;udk jyKvyk Nf y;D aemuf tapmifw h yfzUJG onf uke;f vrf;
c&D;jzifh ppfwaumif;odkY qkwfcGm&ef jzpfonf/ tapmifhwyfzGJU\ trdefYay;
t&m&So d nf qdyuf rf;wGif wyfpx JG m;Edik pf rG ;f rSm tapmifwh yfzUJG \ tiftm;jzifh
rjzpfEdkifawmhaMumifh ,lqonf/ wyfom;rsm;onf oifwef;tawGU tBuHK
enf;ygonf/ ,if;tjyif iSufzsm;a&m*gaMumifh tiftm;csnfheJYaeonfh
wyfom;rsm;jzpfNyD; avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufrIrsm;onf olwdkYtm; wkefvIyf
acsmufcsm;aponf/ vuf&Sdtajctaet& *syefwyfrsm;onf 1942-ck
arv(4)&ufaeY eHeufydkif;rwdkifrD wdkufcdkufvmEdkifrnf jzpfaMumif; azmfjy
aeayonf/ urf;ajcwpfavQmuf&Sd vrf;rsm;rSm a&rsm;jynfhvQHvsuf &Sdae
onf/ uRef;&Sdc&D;vrf;aMumif;rsm;rSmvnf; Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm; &Sdaeonf/
vrf;rsm; rjywfonfhwdkifatmif *syefwyfrsm; ykPÖm;uRef;rSm a&muf&SdaeNyD;
jzpfonf/ azmfjyyg tajctaersm;aMumifh yifv,faMumif;twdik ;f nwGi;f csi;f
qkwfcGm&ef qHk;jzwfMuonf/
atmifjrifpGm qkwfcGm
[def;&f*sufqefESifh a[;'g&DoabFmay:odkY aoewfrsm;? tBuD;pm;
vufeufrsm;udk wifaqmifxm;Ny;D jzpfonf/ nOfh arSmifonfEiS hf wyfom;rsm;
oabFmay:odkY wufa&mufNyD; jzpfonf/ qdyfurf;&Sd azmufcGJzsufqD;&ef
udpörsm;udk a&wyfu azmufcGJzsufqD;vdkufMuonf/ toHk;jyK&ef rvdkawmh
onfh oabFmrsm;udkvnf; epfjr§yfvdkufMuonf/ 1942-ck? arv (2)&ufaeY
apmapmydkif;tcsdefwGif wyfom;rsm;onf ppfawGNrdKUudk pGefYcGmoGm;Muawmh
onf/
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*syefwdkYu ppfawGNrdKUudk odrf;,ljcif;ESifhywfoufí azmfjyxm;onfrSm---
]]r[mAsL[mt& ppfawGNrdKUrSm ta&;BuD;aomfvnf; cdkifrmpGm
odr;f ydu k x
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&cdkifjynf&Sd trsdK;om;nDñGwfa&; wyfOD;jzpfaom ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m
wdik ;f &if;om;tpnf;t½H;k }} 0ifrsm;ESihf Edik if aH &;? vlraI &;? ppfa&;rsm;udk ajz&Si;f cJh
&onf/ ,if;tpnf;t½H;k 0ifrsm;udk vk,ufwu kd cf u
kd af eonfh vlq;kd rsm;tjzpf
owfrw S cf MhJ uonf/ od&Yk mwGif ppfawGc½dik 0f ef \ aemufq;kH aMu;eef;pmwGif
NAdwdoQwdkYtm; ajAmifawmfvSef ykefuefrIjzpfaeaMumif;udk 0efcHxm;onf/
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a&;vkyf&yfudk azmfjyvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/)
[ ‘‘The Re Treat From Burma, 1941-42 Edited By Bisheshwar
Prasad, D. Litt Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in The
Second World War’’ pmtkyfrS Capture of Akyab pmrsufESm 358-360udk
jyefqdkygonf/]
1987-ck? atmufwdkbmv (4)&uf/
ppfawGNrdKUordkif;tusOf;
(1824-1947 xd)
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qif&mrSm OD;pD;uGyfuJ&onf/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf rufbdef (Brigadair Me Bean)
onf 'kwd,OD;pD;csKyftjzpfESifh OD;pD;yg0ifonf/ a&wyfudk uGefref'dk *Ref;a[
(Commodore John Hayes) tkyfcsKyfuGyfuJ vdkufyg&onf/ ,if;t*Fvdyf
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odkY csDwufonf/ yxr&cdkifcHwyfjzpfaom armifawmteD;odkY 1825-ck?
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wpfO;D jzpfol Adv k t f if;qx&Gi;f (Lieutenant LArmstrong) qdo k ul 1825ck?
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tvmudk apmifhaeMuygonf}}[k awGU&onf/
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ppfaMumif; av;aMumif;cGJí ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk xdk;ppfqifMuavonf/ rwfv
(29)&ufrS (31)&uftxd wdkufyGJtBuD;tus,f jzpfyGm;NyD; aemufwpfaeYrSm
t*FvdyfwdkY ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk odrf;ydkuf Edkifavonf/
t*FvdyfjrefrmppfyGJjzpfyGm;onfhtcsdefxd ajrmufOD;NrdKUrSm bk&ifcHae
aom NrdKUawmfjzpfaeao;onf/ ppfawGNrdKUrSm xdktcsdeftxd NrdKUwpfNrdKU rjzpf
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weoFm&Da'orsm;udk &vdkufonf/ xdk&&Sdvdkufaoma'orsm;udk olwdkY\
ttkyfcsKyfcH e,fajrtjzpfowfrSwfNyD; udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;taqmufttHkudk
wnfaqmuf&ef vdkvm;onf/ wpfzufrSmvnf; Oa&mywpfcGifwGif pufrI
vkyfief; wdk;wufvmonf/ ,if;rS ukefacsmrsm;udk ajrmufjrm;pGm xkwfvkyf
vmonf/ xkwv f yk Nf y;D aom ukeaf csmrsm;udk a&mif;cs&ef aps;uGurf sm; vdv k m
onf/ wpfzef ukefacsmxkwfvkyf&eftwGuf ukefMurf;rsm;&&efa'orsm;vdk
vmonf/ ,if;tcsdefrSm t*Fvefonf pufrIawmfvSefa&;t& xkwfukef
vkyfief;txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufaeonf/
ukex
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onf &cdik af 'oudk odr;f ,lcsed rf mS vrf;yef;qufo, G af &; cufcv hJ su&f o dS nf/
&cdkifNrdKUawmf ajrmufOD;NrdKUrSm yifv,fESifh tvSrf;a0;onf/ ukefwifoabFm
rsm; 0ifxGuf&ef rvG,fulacs/ &moDOwkrSmvnf;rQwaom tajctaerSm
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use;f rma&;tajctaerSm ajrmufO;D NrKd Uxuf oifah wmfonf/ ,if;tajctae
rsm;t& olwo Ykd nf ppfawGuRe;f udk jyKjyifvmonf/ 1826-ck aemufyikd ;f wGif
&cdik Nf rKd Uawmfjzpfaom ajrmufO;D NrKd Uudk NrKd U awmftjzpfrS &yfpNJ y;D ppfawGuRe;f udk
&cdkifwdkif;\ NrdKUawmftjzpf a&G;cs,fvdkufavonf/
ppfawGNrdKU\ {&d,mrSm 6rdkif &Sdonf/ jrefrmjynf\ NrdKUBuD; (10)NrdKU
teuf wpfNrdKUtygt0if jzpfvmonf/ atmufjrefrmjynfwGif wwd,
tBuD;qHk;NrdKUjzpfí jrefrmwpfjynfvHk;rSm pwkw¬jzpfcJhavonf/ NrdKUwnfp
tcsdefu NrdKUvlOD;a& rod&aomfvnf; 1870-ckESpfaemufydkif; vlOD;a&udk
(10)ESpfwpfBudrfuspD azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;vlOD;a&pm&if;udk atmufwGif
azmfjyvdkufygonf/
1872-ck 19230 a,muf
1881-ck 33989 a,muf
1891-ck 37938 a,muf
1901-ck 35680 a,muf
1911-ck 37893 a,muf
1921-ck 36569 a,muf
1931-ck 38094 a,muf
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jzpfcgptcsed jf zpfaomaMumifh jzpf[efwo l nf/ ppfawGNrKd UvlO;D a&rSm wpf[ek f
xdk; wdk;wufvmonfudk awGU&onf/
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tkyfcsKyfa&;,EÅ&m;ESifh udkufnDaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tpm;xdk;vmonf/
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f mG ;
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NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;
wpfzufuvnf; tkycf sKyaf &; ,EÅ&m;taqmufttHrk sm;udk aqmuf
vky&f if; t*Fvyd rf sm; rsuEf mS jzLrsm;\ use;f rma&;&&Srd t I wGuf NrKd U&Gmoef&Y iS ;f
a&;udk vkyfudkifvm&onf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUudk 1874-ck?
atmufwdkbmv(1)&ufaeYwGif zGJUpnf;vdkufonf/ ,if;jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUwGif
tzGJU0if (12)OD;yg0ifonf/ xdk (12)OD;ukd Oa&mywdkufom;(3)OD;? &cdkif
trsdK;om;(4)OD;? r[mar'if(3)OD;? [dE´L(2)OD;jzifh cGJa0xm;onf/ xdktcsdK;
tpm;udk Munfjh cif;jzifh rsuEf mS jzL t*Fvyd rf sm;onf rnfrQtxd tcGit hf a&;
,laMumif; odEikd o f nf/ vlrsm;pkjzpfaom &cdik t f rsKd ;om;rsm;xuf rsm;jym;aom
tcsdK;xuf ydkírsm;jym;aMumifh awGU&onf/ olwkdY\ tcGifhta&; &,lEdkifa&;
twGuf þuJhodkY ,lxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
rsuEf mS jzLrsm;\ tusKd ;twGuu f kd OD;wnfí aq;½H;k rsm; aqmufvyk f
vmonf/ 1864-ckwGif aq;½HkrSm tcef;(2)cef;om yg0ifonf/ wpfcef;udk
O&mywdu k of m;rsm;twGuf oD;oefaY e&m,lxm;onf/ usew f pfcef;udk tdE, ´d
vlrsKd ;rsm;twGuf jzpfonf/ ckwif(46)vH;k qHah om taqmufttHu k kd 1879-
ckwGif xyfrHí aqmufvkyfonf/ 1906-ckwGif ckwif (120)txdxm; Edkif
onfh taqmufttHu k kd wd;k csUJ vmonfukd awGU&onf/ rde;f rcef;udk apwem
&S if rsm;jzpf aom rpö wm rm&uefE Si fh OD; &Ja usmfo l- a':oEÅmjzLwdkYu
aqmufvyk v f LS 'gef;onf/ OD;&Jausmo f -l a':oEÅmjzLwdx Yk rH S tqdyk g rde;f rcef;
twGuf usyfaiG (3700)udk vSL'gef;aMumif; od&onf/
ppfawGNrdKUwnfptcsdeftcgu aomufa&oHk;a&udk a&wGif; a&uef
rsm;rS toHk;jyKMuonf/ &cdkiftmZmenf a';0ef;OD;atmifausmf&TDaumif;rI
a&uefonf ,ckxufwdkif 'dk;0ef;&Gm (ajrmuf)rSm &Sdygao;onf/ tcsdKUaom
a&wGif;a&uefrsm;rSm roefY&Sif;rIaMumifh 0rf;a&m*grsm; jzpfMuonf/
,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKU a&aumif;a&oefY &&Sda&; pDrHudef;wpf&yfudk 1899
ckwGif oufqdkif&m tmPmydkifrsm;u csrSwfMuonf/ 1905-ckusrS tqdkyg
pDrHudef;udk twnfjyKvkyfonf/ vkyfief;udk pwifvkyfudkifonfrSm 1906-ck
142 jrxGef;atmif
pDrHudef;twGuf tpdk;&u cGifhjyKaiGrSm(3)odef;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif trSef
wu,f ukeu f saiGrmS (400815)usyf jzpfygonf/ 1912-ckrmS ydu k vf ;kH rsm;jzifh
wdk;csJUwyfqifvmonf/
ppfawGNrKd UwGif aps;Bu;D (2)aps;&So
d nf/ NrKd Uraps;Bu;D ESihf a&Tjym;aps;Bu;D
jzpfonf/ ,if;wdrYk mS jrLeDpyD ,faps;rsm; jzpf onf/ NrKd Uraps;Bu;D onf yxrwGif
yk*¾vduydkif jzpfonf/ bvkwfb&m;om; (Bulloch Bros) ukrÜPDxHrS jrLeD
pDy,fu 1876-ckwGif usyfaiG(15000)ESifh 0,f,lvdkufonf/ xdkaps;rSm
1879-ckwGif rD;avmifuRrf;jcif; cH&onf/ xdkESpfrSm topfjyefvnf
aqmufvyk o f nf/ a&Tjym;aps;udk 1874-ckrmS aqmufvyk o f nf[k od&onf/
ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUonf NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;twGuf a&ajrmif;rsm;
azmufvkyfvmonf/ trIdufo½dkufrsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSef odrf;,lvmonf/
odkY&mwGif rsufESmjzLrsm;ESifh vufa0cH vlwef;pm;rsm; aexdkif&mppfawGNrdKU\
awmifydkif;rSmom oefY&Sif;rI &Sdonf/ ajrmufydkif;rSm usef;rma&;nDñGwfrIr&Sd?
ajrmuf ydkif;rSm qif;&Jom;&yfuGuf jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh
(Water Borne)ac:aom a&m*grsm;jzpfMuonf/ ppfawGNrKd UwpfNrKd UvH;k udk NcKH í
MunfhvQif usef;rma&;twGuf jyK jyif&efvdktyfcsufrsm;pGm &Sdaeao;onf/
1871-ck ? Zl v d k i f v (7)&uf a eY x k w f (Arakan News) owif ; pmrS m
qmtmcsDabm (Sir Archbald) uG,fvGefojzifh owd&0rf;enf;aMumif;udk
azmfjyonf/ ,if;azmfjy&mwGif--
]]ppfawGESifh &cdkifom;rsm;onf qmtmcsDabmudk aus;Zl;wif&rnf
jzpfonf/ ppfawGoYkd ola&mufpwGif csKH E, G yf w
d af ygif;rsm; xlxyfonf/ &TUH ñGef
rsm;onf/ iSuzf sm;a&m*g xlajymonf/ Oa&mywdu k of m;rsm;twGuf ocsKØ i;f
ajr[kac:&ravmuf jzpfonf/ ol\tjrifus,frIaMumifh a&ajrmif;rsm;
azmufvkyfjcif;? opfyifrsm;udk pepfwus pdkufysdK;jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfaponf/
,if;aMumifh NrdKU&GmvSyoefY&Sif;vmonf/ pyg;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;wGif
us,fatmif jyKvkyfcJhavonf}}[k azmfjycsD;usL;xm;onf/
rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl ppfawGNrdKU\awmifydkif;onf oefY&Sif;rI&Sd
oavmuf ajrmufyikd ;f rSm oef&Y iS ;f rIenf;Ny;D a&m*gxlajymaomae&m jzpfonf/
taMumif;rl awmifbufyikd ;f onf rsuEf mS jzL jAL½du k &ufrsm;? t*Fvyd t f &if;&Sif
ukrP Ü rD sm;rS t&m&St d &mcH ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf vufa0cHvw l pfp\ k aexdik f
&m jzpfaejcif;aMumifyh if jzpfonf/ olwaYkd exdik &f m a'oudk oeY&f iS ;f oxuf
oef&Y iS ;f atmif? vSoxufvaS tmif jyKjyifonf/ rGr;f rHonf/ qif;&Jom;rsm;
twGuf oufnm§ cGiu hf m; r&S?d tcGeaf umufcEH eI ;f olwaYkd qmif&aom tcGeEf iS hf
um; rjcm;rem; &So d nf/ tcsKd ;tqvdu k f aumufcMH uonf/ wpfzufrv S nf;
awmifyikd ;f rSvrl sm;u ajrmufyikd ;f rSvrl sm;udk ESrd chf sí ajymwwfMuonf/ a'ocGJ
pdwf"mwf? &yfuGufcGJ pdwf"mwfrsm;onf ppfawGNrdKUudk e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;
pd;k rd;k csed rf mS tacgiftzsm;odYk a&mufaeMuonf/ ,if;odYk a'ocGpJ w d "f mwfukd
e,fcsJU t*Fvdyfrsm;onf tcGifhaumif;,lNyD; ppfawGNrdKU vlxktcsif;csif;
uGaJ tmif&efwu kd af y;jcif;rsKd ; jzpfonf/ &cdik v
f x
l tk csi;f csi;f uGaJ tmifvnf;
jyKvkyfMuonf/
pD;yGm;a&;
e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;onf tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;rSm t&if;&Sif ,EÅ&m;ESifh
udkufnDatmif jyKjyifonf/ pD;yGm;a&;ydkif;rSmvnf; olwdkYvdk&m qGJEdkifatmif
jyKjyifvmonf/ olwdkY tusdK;tjrwftwGuf vufa0cH vlwef;pm;rsm;ESifh
jAL½du
k &ufrsm;udk arG;xkwMf uonf/ vufa0cHvw l ef;pm;onf &cdik t f rsKd ;om;
rsm;jzpfonf/ olw&Ykd cdik v
f ,form;rsm;xHrS qefpyg;rsm;udk wdu k ½f u
kd f 0,f,l
&&SdEdkifonf/ &&Sdaomqefpyg;rsm;udk t*Fvdyft&if;&SifukrÜPDodkYwpfqifh
a&mif;pm;Muonf/ v,form;rsm;um; olwdkYv,f,mxGufypönf;rsm;udk
wdkuf½dkufa&mif;0,fEdkifcGifh tvGefenf;yg;atmif jyKvkyfxm;onf/
vufa0cHrsm;udk tjrwftenf;tusOf;ay;onf/ t&if; &SifukrÜPD
rsm;onf olw&Ykd &Sad om pyg;rsm;udk Oa&mywdu k f a'orsm;odYk olwBYkd uKd uaf ps;
twdik ;f a&mif;csMuonf/ vufa0cHrsm;onf t&if;&Siu f rk P
Ü rD sm;rS &&Sad om
aMu;aiGrsm;jzifh csr;f omvmMuonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; t*Fvyd pf m oifMum;
aponf/ wwfajrmufvmaomtcg e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;
taqmufttHkrSm taxmuftul jzpfaponf/ olwdkYonf &cdkifvlxk
tusdK;xuf rdrdwdkYtusdK;udkom MunfhwwfMuonf/ ,if;odkY e,fcsJU
t*Fvdyfrsm;onf t&if;&SifpDyGm;a&; pepfudk cdkifrmatmif jyKvkyfvmonf/
wpfzufrv S nf; pDymG ;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; tqifajyatmif bPfvyk if ef;
rsm;udk vkyfudkifvmonf/ b*Fvm;bPf (Bank of Bengal)? csmwmbPf
tdE, ´d (Chartred Bank of India) MopaMw;vsbPfEiS w hf ½kwb f PfcrJG sm;udk
ppfawGNrdKUwGif zGifhvSpfvmonf/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;xJrS OD;&JausmfolbPf?
OD;ay:xGef;atmifbPfponfjzifh bPfvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifMuonf/
,if;bPfrsm;ESifhqufoG,fNyD; aiGwdk;acs;pm; olrsm;ay:vmonf/ aiGwdk;
144 jrxGef;atmif
acs;olrsm;onf tqdkygbPfrsm;rS twdk;tenf;tusOf;ESifh aiGacs;,lMu
onf/ xdrk &S vmaom aiGrsm;jzifh v,form;rsm;udw k pfqifh twd;k aiGrsm;jzifh
acs;jyefonf/ ,if;pepfonf bPfvyk if ef; vkyu
f ikd Ef ikd o
f l wpfpEk iS hf vufa0cH
vlenf;pkomaumif;pm;NyD; trsm;pkrSm qif;&Jwm&Snf aponf/
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;
e,f c sJ U t*F v d y f r sm;onf t&if ; &S i f p D ; yG m ;a&;vk y f i ef ; twG u f
bPfvkyfief;rsm;udk wpfzufu vkyfudkifapNyD; wpfzufrSvnf; vrf;yef;
qufo, G af &;vkyif ef;udk olwt Ykd usKd ;tjrwf tay:rlwnfí wd;k csUJ oifo h nfh
twdik ;f twmtxd wd;k csUJ vmonf/ uke;f vrf;c&D;rSm ppfawGNrKd UrS a&csr;f jyifxd
wpfvrf;? ppfawGNrdKUrS ausmufwef;txdwpfvrf;&Sdonf/ ,if;vrf;rsm;rSm
uwå&map;vrf;jzpfNy;D armfawmfum; tcsed rf a&G; oGm;vm Edik af om vrf;rsm;
jzpfonf/ tjcm;a'orsm;odkY ukefvrf;jzifh oGm;vmEdkifjcif;r&Sd? wpfenf;
qdk&ygvQif ukef;vrf;qufoG,fa&;rSm ppfawGNrdKUESifh qifajczHk;wpf0dkuf
avmufom oGm;vmEdkifonf/ tjcm;NrdKU&Gmrsm;odkY oGm;vm&efrSm t"du
a&vrf;udkom tm;udk;ae&onf/
1887-cktcsed t f xd a&vrf;c&D;rSmvnf; aumif;rGef jcif;r&Sad o;yg/
ppfawGbl;oD;awmif? ppfawGyvuf0NrdKUrsm;odkY aES;auG;vSaom oabFmrsm;
jzifh oGm;vm&onf/ ,if;oabFm rsm;udk tpd;k &u csKyu f ikd x
f m;onf/ 1889-
ckwGif tpdk;& oabFmrsm;rSm oHk;r&atmif jzpfvmonf/ rpöwma':qif
(Mr. Dawson)qdo k l rsuEf mS jzLwpfO;D oabFmukrP Ü w D nfaxmif ajy;qGo J nf/
rpöwma':qifEiS t hf NyKd if yg&DNrKd Uom;wpfO;D vnf; oabFmvkyif ef;udk vkyu f ikd f
vmonf/ xdkyk*d¾KvfrSm t½HI;ay:ojzifh vkyfief;udk &yfvdkuf&onf/ 1893-
ckwGif rpöwm a':qifESifhtNydKif uyÜwdefbyfref (Captain Backman) qdkol
onf oabFmvkyfief;udk ppfawGNrdKUwGif vkyfudkifvmjyefonf/ ,if;yk*d¾KvfrSm
vnf; t½HI;ESifhom &ifqdkif&jyefonf/ rpöwma':qif\ oabFmukrÜPDrSm
vnf; rpöwma':qif uG,fvGefonfhESpf 1899-ckrSm &yfqdkif;oGm;onf/
1900-jynfh Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYrSm rpöwm tm? at paumh (Mr.R.A
Scott) qdkolonf ]&cdkifoabFmukrÜPD} (Arakan Flotilla Company)udk
wnfaxmifonf/ ,if;ukrÜPDrSm oufwrf;t&SnfqHk; jzpfonf/ azmfjyyg
ukrÜPDrsm;onf &cdkifwdkif;a&aMumif; oGm;vma&; vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkif
MuaomukrÜPDrsm; jzpfMuonf/
jynfwGif;a&aMumif;oGm;vma&;om ppfawGNrdKUvrf;yef; qufoG,f
a&;twGuf ta&;Bu;D onfr[kw?f yifv,fu;l oabFmvrf;aMumif;rSmvnf;
ta&;BuD;onf/ aqmif;OD;aygufrSonf aEGtukef rdk;tul;txd ppfawG
qdyfurf;wpfavQmufrSm yifv,ful;oabFmrsm; jynfhESufvsuf &SdMuonf/
,if;oabFmrsm; tvG,fwuloGm;vmEdkif&eftwGuf rD;jywdkufESpfckudk
wnfaqmufxm;onf/ wpfckudk ppfawGNrdKUqdyfurf;t0if qJApfuref;
(Savage Island) ay:rSm wnfxm;onf/ av;csr;f awmifr;D jy[k ac:onf/
,ck tGdKufpwmrD;jy (Oyster Light-House) jzpfonf/ ,if;tGdKifpwmrD;jy
onf ppfawGNrdKU\ taemufajrmufbuf&Sd tGdKufpwmuRef; (Oyster Reef)
ay:rSm wnf&o dS nf/ ppfawGqyd u f rf;t0ifrmS &Sad om av;csr;f awmif rD;jyudk
1844-ckrSm aqmufvkyfonf/ tjrifhay(138)ay jrifhonf/ ,ckvuf&Sd
tjrifhtwdkif;udk 1891-ckrSm wdk;csJUjyK vkyfonf/ ,if;rD;jywdkufrS rD;rsm;udk
ntcsdefrSm(14)rdkif0ef;usifrS jrif&onf/ tGdKufpwmrD;jyudk 1876-ckrSm
aqmufvkyf NyD;pD;onf/
yifv,ful;oabFmrsm; qdkufuyfEdkifatmifvnf; oabFmqdyfurf;
aumif;udk jyKvkyfxm;onf/ ,ckvuf&Sd ppfawGNrdKU aqmifawmfBuD;rSm
t&Snfay(608)ay&Sdonf/ 'DuscsdefrSm a&eufay(23)ay&Sdonf/ ,if;
azmifawmfBu;D rSm t*Fvyd t f u©&m (wD)yHk &So d nf/ azmifawmfBu;D (wHwm;Bu;D )
\ ajrmufbufrmS w½kwt f rsKd ;om; t[de;f qdo k w
l nfxm;aom azmifawmf
BuD;wHwm;&Sdonf/ xdkazmifawmfrSm armfawmfbkwfrsm;? avmif;avSrsm;
qdkufuyfMuonf/ t[def; azmifawmfrSm NrdKUraps;BuD;ESifh wpfqufwnf;&dS
ojzifh aps;BuD; azmifawmf[kvnf; ac:Muonf/ azmifawmfBuD;\ awmif
bufrmS ausmufjzifjh yKvyk x f m;aom azmifawmf(wHwm;) wpfcv k nf; &So
d nf/
,if;azmifawmf(wHwm;)rSm tpdk;&trI xrf;rsm;? t&m&Sdrsm; a&aMumif;
c&D;xGu&f mwGif toH;k jyKonf/ rif;Bu;D ausmufwef;[lívnf; ac:Muonf/
tjcm;jynfwGif; oGm;oabFmrsm; qdkufuyf&eftwGufudk qyf½dk;usacsmif;rSm
jyKvkyfxm;Muonf/
e,fcsUJ t*Fvyd rf sm;onf olwpYkd ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; taxmuftul
jzpf&eftwGuf pmwdu k Ef iS ahf Mu;eef;vkyif ef;udk vkyu
f ikd v
f monf/ ppfawGNrKd U&Sd
pmwdkufBuD;onf &cdkifwdkif;&Sd a'otm;vHk;odkY pmay;pm,l jyKvkyfonf/
&efukef? uvuwåm;NrdKUrsm;odkY wpfywfvQif ESpfBudrfus NAdwdef? tdEd´,
rD;oabFmBuD; rsm;jzifh atmufwdkbmv yxrtywfrS arvtv,ftxd
146 jrxGef;atmif
pmrsm;udk ppfawGpmwdkufrS jzefYa0ay;onf/ rdk;&moDrSm wpfywfvQif
wpfBudrfus &efukefESifh uvuwåm;NrdKUrsm;odkY rD;oabFmBuD;jzifh ppfawG
pmwdkufBuD;rSm jzefYa0ay;onf/
1864-ckwiG f &efuek f umvuwåm;NrKd Ursm;odYk aMu;eef; qufo, G rf u
I kd
ppfawGrS jyKvkyfvmEdkifonf/ NrdKUe,frsm;ESifhvnf; aMu;eef;qufoG,frIudk
1905-ckaemufyikd ;f rSm jyKvyk Ef ikd o f nf/ w,fvzD ek ;f rsm;udv k nf; ppfawGNrKd UrSm
wyfqifvm&m 1915ck? Zefe0g&Dv 1&ufaeYrSm w,fvDzkef;vHk;a&(67)vHk;
&Sdonf/
rnfokdYyifqdkapumrl ppfawGNrdKUay:rSvGJvQif oGm;vma&;ESifh
qufoG,fa&;rSm cufcJonf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; csdKUwJhrIonf e,fcsJU
orm;rsm;twGuf tcGifhaumif;wpf&yfyif jzpfaeonf/ wpfa'oESifh
wpfa'o txiftjrifvrJG rI sm; jzpfay:aponf/ tjcm;a'orsm;rSm oGm;vm
qufoG,fa&;twGuf acsmif;i,f? ajrmif;i,frsm;udk 0g;wHwm;rsm;jzifhvnf;
aumif;? opfw;kH rsm;jzifh vnf;aumif; jyKvyk x f m;onf/ xdw k wH m;rsm;ay:wGif
Oa&mywdu k of m;rsm; oGm;vma&;rSm rvG,u f al cs/ ppfawGEiS hf rdik t
f enf;i,f
a0;aom ae&mrsm;odkYyif Oa&mywdkufom; rsufESmjzLt&m&Sdrsm; wpfcgrQ
ra&muf zl;aMumif;udk qm[maA; (Sir Harvey)tm; olBuD;wpfOD;u
ajymzl;aMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; nHhzsif;rIESifh
ywfoufí qm[maA;u qufvufazmfjy&mwGif-
]]ppfawGNrKdUudk wnfaxmifonfrSm ESpfaygif;(60)&SdNyD; jzpfonf/
uREkfyfwdkYonf taumuftcGefrsm;udk jrefrmjynf tjcm;a'orsm;xuf
ydkrdkaumufcHMuonf/ odkY&mwGif vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; aumif;rGefNyD;
vlxktusdK;twGuf aiGaMu;wpfjym;wpfcsyfrS roHk;ao;}}[k 1866-ck
a&;ol\ rSwfwrf;rSm a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
wpfzef vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; nHhzsif;yHkudk qm[maA; rSwfwrf;
ra&;rD(10)ESpfcefY 1876-ck Edk0ifbmv(4)&ufaeYxkwf (Araken News)
owif;pmwGif aqmif;yg;wpfyk'f azmfjycJhzl;onf/ aqmif;yg;&SifrSm (Old
Araken) trnfcH a*st* kd sAD ,f a[; (J-Ogilvy Hay) jzpfonf/ ,if;yk*K¾d vrf mS
ppfawGrEÅav; w½kwjf ynf vrf;azmufvyk af &; aqmif;yg;udk (Araken News)
owif;pmrSm a&;om;tBuHay;ol jzpfonf/ azmfjyygaqmif; yg;wGif---
]]&cdik wf ikd ;f onf NAw
d o d QtvHawmfatmufrmS ESpaf ygif;(50)&SNd yD jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGifrdkif(50)rQaomvrf;yif r&Sdao;/ olwdkYxHrS &&Sdaom tcGef
taumufrmS wpfEpS v f Qio
f ed ;f (20)jzpfonf}}[ka&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
ynma&;
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;udk e,fcsJUt*FvdyfwdkY vspfvsL½I xm;onf/
,if;rSm olwdkYtkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf taxmuftul wpf&yfyif r[kwfygvm;/
wpfzufrSm vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;udk taMumif;jyKNyD; rnDrQaom uRefynm
a&;pepfudk tpm;xdk; vmonf/ &cdkifwdkif;udk e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm; rodrf;rD
tcsdeftcgu ynma&;udk bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;rSm oifMum;&ygonf/
xdkynma&;pepfrSm &cdkifwdkif;twGuf tH0ifcGifusrI &SdcJhaomfvnf; e,fcsJU
orm;rsm;twGufum; rvdkvm;tyfaomtajcodkY a&muf&Sdaeayonf/
xdpk epfukd y,fzsuNf y;D olwu Ykd kd tvkyt f auR;jyKrnfjzpfaom uReyf nma&;udk
tpm;xdk;vmjcif; jzpfonf/ tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;ESifh t&if;&SifukrÜPDrsm;wGif
vcpm;rsm;tjzpf0ifa&muf xrf;aqmifEdkif&eftwGuf olwdkYoifay;aom
ynm&yfrsm;udk &cdkifwdkif;rS aiGaMu;wwfEdkifolrsm;u tav;ay; oif,l
vmMuonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif t*Fvdyfpmoif ausmif;r&SdrDtcsdeftcgu
tdEd´,odkY oGm;a&mufí t*Fvdyfpmudk oif,l&avonf/
tdE´d,odkY oGm;a&mufroifMum;Edkifolrsm;twGuf t*Fvdyf-jrefrm
txufwef;ausmif;udk 1846-ckwiG f ppfawGNrKd UrSm zGiv hf pS o
f nf/ ,if;ausmif;
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ausmif;om;OD;a& rnffrQoifMum;cJhaMumif;udk rod&aomfvnf; 1861-62ck
wGif ausmif;om; 107-a,muf &Sdonf/ 1903-ckodkY a&mufvmaomtcg
ausmif;om;OD;a& (343)a,muftxd wd;k jrifv h monfukd awGU&onf/ 1917-
ckrSm ausmif;om; (564)a,muftxd ynmoifMum;vsuf &SdaeNyD jzpfonf/
ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om; (75)a,mufqahH om taqmifwpfcu k v kd nf;
yl; wGJxm;onf/ ,if;ausmif;udk ausmif;zGifhonfhESpfrSpí tpdk;& u
wdkuf½dkufcsKyfudkifvm&m 1879-ckwGif jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUodkY vTJajymif;ay;vdkuf
onf/ wpfzef 1913wGif jyefvnfí tpdk;&csKyfudkifrIatmufodkY odrf;oGif;
vdkufygonf/
tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;tjyif c&pf,mefomoemjyK txufwef;
ausmif;wpfausmif;vnf;&Sdonf/ xdkausmif;udk 1890-cku pwifzGifhvSpf
onf/ Oa&mywdu k o
f m;uav;i,frsm;wGuf oifMum;&ef oD;oefo Y ifwef;rsm;
&S d o nf / tpd k ; &xH r S axmuf y H h a iG wpf E S p f v Qif oH k ; aomif ; pD & onf /
ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om;rsm;twGufvnf; oD;jcm;ausmif;rsm; jyKvkyf
xm;onf/
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ausmif; zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ xdkausmif;rsm tpdk;&taxmuftyHhcHausmif;
r[kwfyg/ jrLeDpDy,f rlvwef;ausmif; jzpfonf/ tjcm;rdef;uav;ausmif;
wpfckrSm Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;\ orD;twGuf (Mrs. Lacker Steen)
tkycf sKyaf om tpd;k &taxmuftyHch H omoemjyKred ;f uav;ausmif; jzpfonf/
1885-ckESpfu ppfawGNrdKU jrLeDpDy,fausmif;wGif ausmif;ol (35)a,mufESifh
omoemjyKrdef;uav;ausmif;wGif (23)a,mufrQom &Sdonf[k ynma&;
tpD&ifcHpmt& od&onf/ q&mtwwfoif aemfrHausmif;wGif 1881-
ckESpfu ausmif;om; (10)a,mufom&Sdonf[k qdkxm;onf/ ,if;aMumifh
q&mtwwfoif aemfrHausmif;rSm tqdkygESpf 0ef;usifavmufwGif zGifhEdkif
aMumif; cefYrSef;&onf/ ,if;ausmif;ESifhtwl vufrIynmoifausmif;udkyg
wGJzufzGifhxm;onf/
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tqdyk gausmif;rsm;udk zGiv
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txufwef;ausmif;rSm 1920-ck &efukef wuúodkvfausmif;om;oydwf\
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onf/ ppfawGNrdKUay:&Sd vlBuD;rsm; jzpfaom OD;xGef;ay:? OD;t'dk;? OD; aZmfa*g?
OD;jrxGef;? OD;apmvSatmifponfh vlBuD;rsm;ESifh vli,frsm; yl;aygif;í
taqmufttHk &efyakH iGrsm;udk NrKd UwGif vSnv hf nfaumufcMH uonf/ &&Sad om
aiGudk OD;aZmfa*guOD;pD;í aqmufvkyfonf/ aqmufvkyfcaiGudk r,l[k
od&onf/ yxrausmif;rSm 0g;ausmif;jzpfonf/ aemufrS opfom;ausmif;
aqmufvkyfonf/ ausmif;yHkrSm t*Fvdyftu©&m (t,fvf)yHk jzpfonf/
'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;u ausmif;rSmvHk;0ysufpD;cJh&onf/ ppfNyD;acwf
aemufydkif;rSm jyefvnfzGifhvSpf Edkifjcif; r&Sdawmhyg/ ,ck trsdK;om;ausmif;
ae&mrSm awmifwef;omoemjyKausmif;tjzpf wnf&Sdaeonf/
trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;\ yxrqHk;ausmif;tkyf BuD;rSm
OD ; xG e f ; atmif jzpf o nf / aemuf & cd k i f w d k i f ; zG m ; rl q vif b mom0if
rpö w maZmf e 'if (Mr. Zaunuddin) jzpf o nf / trsd K ;om;ausmif ; rS m
ausmif;q&m(30)OD;cefY&Sdonf[k od&onf/ OD;armifjrOD;? OD;at;csrf;?
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twef;wifpmar;yGpJ pfonf/ oli,fwef;rS (11)wef;txd&o dS nf/ trsKd ;om;
ausmif;onf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; udkvdkeDynma&;udk qefYusif&mrS ay:vm
aom ausmif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;&Sdq&mrsmonf vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;
rsm;onf vnf;aumif; e,fcsUJ t*Fvyd u f kd cg;oD;pGm &GrH ek ;f olrsm; jzpfMuonf/
aemifaomtcgwGif e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &;tiftm;pkjzpfvmrnfh tjrKawrsm;udk
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a';0ef;Bu;D atmifausm&f ?DT NrKd oBl u;D atmifausmZf pH onfh rsKd ;cspt
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ayGOD;vm awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ awmf vSefa&;acgif;aqmif
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jzpfonf/ rif;om;BuD;rSmvnf; tif;0odkYygcJh&ol jzpfonf/ a';0efBuD;
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atmifausmfZHrSm Adkvfcsif;ysH\wlawmfolwpfOD;jzpfonf/ ,if;acgif; aqmif
rsm;rSm wpfcsdefu t*Fvdyfrsm;xHwGif tpdk;&trIxrf;cJhMuolrsm; jzpfonf/
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vufcsuaf Mumifh awmfveS af &;qH;k ½H;I cJo h nf/ rsKd ;cspt f mZmenfrsm;\ awmfveS f
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xm;onf/ odkYaomf xdkrsdK;cspfrsm;um; ,if;odkYr[kwfacs/ trsdK;udkcspfonf/
olUuRef rcHvdkMuyg/ opömazmufrsm;udk urÇmtqufqufwdkif rauscsrf;cJh
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&wkrsm;u oufaoxlcJhonf/
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ay:cJhonf/ 1870-71ckrSm OD;armifjzL? 1888-ckwGif armifbifESifh AdkvfiwdkY
onf ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,frS t*Fvdyfrsm;tm;awmfvSefMuonf/ 1890-ckrSm
&aohawmif? ausmufawmf? ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,frsm;wGif OD;MumxGef;? OD;a&TvS?
Adkvfvmb? Adkvfausmf0wdkYu wpfzefawmfvSefMuonf/ olwdkYudkvnf; vlqdk;
olcdk;[lí e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;u rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhMuonf/ odkYaomf
,if;yk*d¾KvfwdkYvkyf&yfrsm;u oufaoxlcJhNyD; jzpfonf/
OD;csi;f azmfEiS o hf m;jzpfol OD;azmfatmifwv Ykd nf; 1891-ck? pufwifbm
vavmufrSpí ar,lurf;ajc? r*FvmBuD; awmifajratmufpcef;uaeNyD;
e,fcsJUorm;rsm;udk awmfvSefMuonf/ OD;csif;azmfrSm ulawmif&Gm\
oH;k q,fajrmufjzpfaom uRe;f tkyBf u;D jzpfonf/ OD;azmfatmifrmS ppfawGNrKd UodYk
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qdkonf/ i,fpOfuyif pmayusrf;*efESifh &cdkif&mZ0iftapmifapmifudk
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OD;csif;azmfESifhom;jzpfol OD;azmfatmifwdkY\ awmfvSef a&;vkyfief;
onf t*Fvyd rf sm;tm; tBu;D tus,w f ek vf yI af ponf/ 1892-ck? azazmf0g&D
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csKyfaESmifxm;onf/ tcsKyfcHaepOf ppfawGaxmif axmifxrI jzpfyGm;onf/
t*FvdyfvlrsdK; axmifrSL;wpfOD; aoqHk;onf/ oufqdkif&mtmPm ydkifrsm;u
½kef;&if;qefcwfrIudk aoewfypfNyD; ESdrfeif;&onf/ vltrsm;tjym; aoqHk;
&onf/ t*Fvyd af xmifrLS ; aoqH;k & aom trIrmS OD;azmfatmifu olEiS o hf m
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u ao'Pfay;vdu k o
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jyefonf/
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hJ nf[í l
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EdkifiHjcm; NrdKUBuD;jyBuD;rsm;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvmrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ rsdK;cspf
pdwjf yif;jyatmif jrefrmwpfEikd if v H ;kH udk tNrv J UIH aqmfaecJh onfrmS b0ewfxH
ysHvGefawmfrlonftxd jzpfonf/
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rarhyg/ q&mawmftm; t*FvdyfwpfOD;u rnfonfha'owGif ae&onfrSm
taysmfqHk;enf;/ rnfonfh tm[m&onf taumif;qHk;enf;[k ar;onf/
q&mawmfu rdrdonf ppfawGNrdKU ½ly&Gmacsmif;em;wef;rSm taysmfqHk;jzpf
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taumif;qHk;[kqdkvdkufjcif;onfrSm q&mawmfonf a'opGJjzifhajzMum;
vdu k jf cif; r[kwyf g/ rdr\ d b0ESihf arG;&yfajrudk rarhaMumif; azmfxw k jf cif;om
jzpfwef&monf/
OD;rJatmif? OD;pdev f aS tmifwv Ykd nf; q&mawmfwEYkd iS hf wpfcsed wf nf;
yif e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifMuavonf/ xdkyk*d¾Kvfrsm;rSm
ppfawGNrKd UrSjzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmjynfrbufrmS om e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &; t&Sed f
t[kefonf wpf[kefxdk;wufaeonf/ wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;rSonf e,fcsJU
qefYusifa&;rSm xdyfydkif;rSyg0ifcJhaomtoif; jzpfonf/ &cdkifbufrSm &cdkif
wdik ;f vH;k qdik &f mtpnf;t½H;k onf xif&mS ;onf/ ,if; tpnf;t½H;k ray:rDu
xif&Sm;aomtoif;rsm;rSm &cdkifjynftoif;? vli,frsm;Edk;Mum;a&;toif;?
&cddkifwdkif;vHk;qkdif&m BuD;yGm;a&;tzGJUcsKyfESifh wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/ ,if;tzGJUrsm; wnfae&monf ppfawGNrdKUrSmyif jzpfonf/
&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m BuD;yGm;a&;tzGJUcsKyfudk 1930-ck? Edk0ifbmv
avmufrSm zGJUpnf;onf/ xdktzGJUrSm q&mawmf OD;pdEÅm(ysHvGef)? q&mawmf
OD;ynmoD[wdkYrSm em,ursm; jzpfMuonf/ a&SUae OD;jrxGef;? OD;ausmfcdkif?
OD;xGef;pdef(eE´rmvm)? OD;bdk;cdkif? OD;atmifomOD; tp&Sdaomyk*d¾Kvfrsm; yg0if
onf/ wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;rSm OD;atmifxGef;OD; (uG,fvGef)? OD;pHa&T
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toif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ &nf&, G cf surf sm;wlaom toif;rsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;
aMumifh wpfcw k nf;aomtoif;jzpfajrmufEikd af &;twGuf ppfawGNrKd U&Sd wefc;kd
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tpnf;t½Hk;}}udk wnDwñGwfwnf; wnfaxmifMuavonf/ ,if;wGif
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jzpfMuonf/ xdktpnf;t½Hk;rSm ppfBudKacwfESifh ppftwGif;tcgu &cdkifwdkif;
wGif tiftm;t&Sd qHk;aom e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;toif;yif jzpfonf/
xdktoif;BuD;\ t&Sdeft[kef aumif;wkef;tcsdefrSm 'kwd,urÇmppf
onf jrefrmjynfwiG ;f odYk ul;pufvmonf/ e,fcsUJ t*Fvyd rf sm;onf jrefrmjynf
rS atmifjrifpGm qkwfcGm&onf/ zufqpf*syefrsm; ,if;ae&modkY tpm;xdk;
0ifvmcJah vonf/ &cdik w f ikd ;f odv
Yk nf; zufqpf*syefrsm; csO;f eif;0ifa&mufvm
awmhonf/ &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m tpnf;t½Hk;tzGJU0ifrsm;onf *syefrsm;
ra&mufrD tkycf sKyaf &;vkyif ef;rsm;udk OD;pD;aqmif&u G f ae&onf/ &yf&mG Nird 0f yf
a&;udk BuKd ;pm;&onf/ OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;rSm txl;c½dik 0f ef&mxl;udk xrf;aqmif
&onf/ wdkif;jynfwm0efxrf;aqmifae&if; e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfav,mOfrS
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&&Smavonf/
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odkYaomf &cdkifwdkif\ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifh zufqpfawmf vSefa&;
onf t&Sed u f m; avsmrh oGm;acs/ ,if;vkyif ef;udk use&f pfol vlBu;D vli,frsm;
u usa&muf&mrS wm0efudkod&SdpGm xrf;Muonf/ wpfzufrSvnf; ppfrD;
[kejf yif;oxuf jyif;vmonf/ ppfawGNrKd Uay:odv Yk nf; t*Fvyd af v,mOfrsm;
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21-12-67
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1/ Arakan Past Present Future by John Ogilvy Hay 1892.
2/ Burma Gazetteer Akyab District Volume A by Mr.R.B. Smart.
3/ Census of India 1991-Vol-IX. Burma Part II Table, by
C. Morgan Weeb. M.A, I.C.S.
4/ Series A Union of Burma 1953. Census of Population.
5/ vGwfvyfa&;acgif;aqmif em,uq&mawmf
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23-10-1986
(þpmwrf;udk Education in Burma by Maung San Oo Khine, of

the Burma Subordinate Judicial and Exeecitive Service, Printed at the
Akyab Press. APPENDIX A, Page. 35 to 41 udk udk;um;a&;om;ygonf)
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a&;om;cJhonf r[kwf? NAdwdoQygvDreftxd aygufatmifBudK;pm;cJhol
jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif w&m;olBuD;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhol rpöwma[;
onf owif;pmorm; wpfa,muftaeESifh &cdkifjynfaumif;pm;a&;twGuf
BudK;yrf;cJholjzpfaMumif;udk ol\vuf&mrsm;u oufaocHcJhygonf/
&cdkifjynf\ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;udpöudk rpöwma[; a&;om;cJh
ouJo h Ykd OD;pHO;D cdik q
f o
kd nfh yk*K¾d vrf mS vnf; NAwd od Qynma&;pepfukd ajymif;vJa&;
twGuf tqdyk gowif;pmuae Ny;D a&;om;cJyh gonf/ ol\aqmif;yg;rsm;udk
jyefvnfpkpnf;NyD; 1901ckESpfrSm (Akyab Press)u yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhygonf/
,if; pmtkyfrSm (Education in Burma) jzpfonf/ tqdkygpmtkyfwGif jrefrm
EdkifiHynma&;pepfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifa&;twGuf wuúodkvfrsm;? pmoif
ausmif;rsm;zGifhvSpfay;a&;udpörsm;udk tav;ay;a&;om;xm;ygonf/
,if;pmtkyf\ aemufqufwGJrSm 0dwdk&d,bk&ifr txdrf;trSwftwGuf
1901-ck? rwfv(6)&ufaeYwGif jyKvkyfonfh tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf; tjynfh
tpHu k kd awGU&onf/ ,if;rSww f rf;t& ynmoifaxmufyahH Mu;(12) rsKd ;ay;&ef
qHk;jzwfMuonf/ rlvwef;rSonf tif*sifeD,m? opfawm? v,f,mpdkufysdK;
a&;? a&aMumif;oGm;vma&; ponfh ynmoifaxmufyHhaMu;rsm;ay;&ef
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk awGUMu&onf/
,if;wdkYudk Munfhjcif;jzifh xdkyk*d¾KvfwdkY\ tem*wf&cdkifjynf arQmfrSef;
csufudk cefYrSef;Edkifonf/
(Arakan News) xkwfa0pu apmifa&rnfrQ½dkufESdyfcJhonfudk
rod&yg/ OD;aumif;pHO;D OD;pD;vkyu f ikd of nft
h csed rf mS apmifa&(150)½du k &f onf/
owif;pmrSm wpfywfvQif ESpBf urd u f s xkwaf 0onf/ owif;pmvkyif ef;tjyif
ppfawGjrLeDpyD ,f ESpyf wfvnf tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udv k nf; ½du
k Ef ySd af Mumif; od&yg
onf/
170 jrxGef;atmif
OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif owif;pmrsm;
1892-93ck rSwfwrf;rsm;t& OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif (The Orphan) yHkESdyf
wdkufrS owif;pm(3)apmif xkwfa0aMumif; od&onf/
,if ; owif ; pmrsm;rS m -
1. The Arakan Advocate,
2. The Arakan Echo.
3. The Daily Advertiser wdkYjzpfonf/
,if;yk*d¾Kvfonf owif;pm(3)apmifudk wpfNydKifwnf; xkwfa0cJh
aomfvnf; 1892-93ck rSww f rf;rSmom tqdyk gowif;pmrsm;udk awGU&onf/
1897-98ck rSwfwrf;wGif OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif yHkESdyfwdkufudk (The Akyab Orphan
Press)[k trnfajymif;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ yxrowif;pm (3)apmif
tpm; (The Arakan Times)[k trnfopfjzifh xkwfa0onfudk awGU&onf/
(The Arakan Advocate) ESifh (The Arakan Echo) owif;pm
(2)apmifrSm wpfywfvQif(3)Budrf ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0onf/ (The Daily
Advertiser) owif;pmrSm aeYpOfowif;pm jzpfonf/ yxrowif;pm
apmifa&(100)txd xkwfa0&onf/ 'kwd,owif;pmrSm wpfBudrfvQif
(125)apmiftxd xkwfa0&NyD; aeYpOfowif;pm wpfaeYvQifapmifa&(100)
xkwaf 0&onf/ od&Yk mwGif aeYpOfowif;pmom tcsed rf eS x f w
k af 0&aomfvnf;
usef(2)apmifrSm ESpfukefatmif xkwfa0Edkifjcif;&SdcJh[ef rwlacs/
(The Arakan Times)trnfjzifh 1896-97-ckESpfrSm xkwfa0onfh
owif;pmrSm aeYpOfowif;pmr[kwfbJ wpfywfvQif(3)Budrfxkwfa0onfh
apmifa&(150)xd xkwfa0&onf/ tqdkyg owif;pmtm;vHk;rSm ppfawGNrdKU
wGif ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0onf/ rnfonfhckESpfrSm &yfpJoGm;cJhonfudk rod&yg/
jynfBuD;r@dKif owif;pm
OD;armifapmazmfydkif (Arakan Press) yHkESdyfwdkufrSm jynfBuD;r@dKif
owif;pmudk 1892-93-ckwiG f ½du k Ef ydS o
f nf/ wpfywfvQi(f 2)Burd u
f s xkwaf 0
onf/ apmifa&(100)xkwfa0onf/ ,if;jynfBuD;r@dKifowif;pmudk
&cdkifpmESifh xkwfa0onf odkYr[kwf t*FvdyfpmESifh xkwfa0onfudkum;
twdtus rod&yg/ 1896-97-ckrSm owif;pmxkwfa0onfudk rawGU&yg/
odkY&mwGif yHkESdyfvkyfief;rSm &yfwnfvsuf&Sdygao;onf/ yHkESdyfwdkuftrnfudk
(Arakan Press) rS jynfBuD;r@dKifyHkESdyfwdkuf [lí owif;pm\ trnfudk
cH,lxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/ yHkESdyfvkyfief;ESifh owif;pmxkwfa0a&;
vkyfief;rSm ppfawGNrdKUwGif jzpfonf/
ausmufjzLNrdKUxkwf owif;pm
OD;atmifjzLESifh OD;pdefazmfydkif (The Arakan Industrial Press)rSm
ausmufjzLNrdKUrS ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0onf/ trnfrSm (Kyauk Pyu Adverisine
and Friend of Arakan) jzpfNy;D 1896-97-ckrmS xkwa f 0onfukd awGU&onf/
tywfpOf owif;pmjzpfonf/ rnfonfhta&;tom;ESifh xkwfa0onfudk
rod&yg/ apmifa& (60)omxkwaf 0cJo h nf/ od&Yk mwGif 1896-97 ck wGio
f m
rSwfwrf;awGU&NyD; usefESpfrsm;wGif rawGU&awmhyg/
&cdkifjynf&mZ0iftoif; owif;pm
]]&cdik jf ynf&mZ0ifa[mif;rsm;udk &SmazGpak qmif;a&;toif;}}udk 1929
ckrmS zGUJ pnf;cJyh gonf/ vlBu;D vli,frsm; pkaygif;Ny;D wnfaxmifaom toif;
jzpf o nf / a&T a pwD q &mawmf ? OD ; a&T o m? OD ; a&T Z H a tmif ? OD ; zaxmf ?
OD;xGef;atmifponfhyk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk em,uxm;Muonf/ OuúXOD;armifomEdkY
jzpfNyD; twGif;a&;rSL;rSm OD;armifbjzpfonf/ ,if;toif;u owif;pm
wpfapmifudk xkwfa0onf/ ]]&cdkifjynf&mZ0iftoif;owif;pm}} jzpfonf/
,if;owif;pmrSm owif;pmoabmxuf r*¾Zif;oabm qefae
onfukd awGU&onf/ yxrqH;k ESihf aemufq;kH tjzpf wpfBurd o f m xkwaf 0Edik cf hJ
onf/ trsKd ;om;ynm0ef OD;zd;k usm;ydik f jrefrmh*P k &f nfyEkH ydS w
f ukd f &efuek Nf rKd UwGif
½dkufESdyfNyD; &cdkifwGif jzefYcsdcJhonf/
ppfBudKacwf owif;pmrsm;
&cdkifjynf EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIonf ppfBudKacwfwGif jrefrm jynfrrSm
uJhodkY t&Sdeft[kef jyif;xefvsuf&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m
wdik ;f &if;om;tpnf;t½H;k }}rSm xif&mS ;onf/ ,if;tpnf;t½H;k vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;ESihf
twl &cdik jf ynfrmS vnf; owif;pm(2)apmif jyefvnfí xGuaf y:vmygonf/
]]&cdkifjynfowif;pm}}ESifh ]]wdkYvuf½Hk;owif;pm}}rsm; jzpfonf/
172 jrxGef;atmif
&cdkifjynfowif;pm
]]&cdkifjynfowif;pm}}udk 1935-ckESpfrSm xkwfa0onf[k od&onf/
we*FaEGaeYxkwf owif;pmjzpfonf/ wpfapmifudk(5)jym;ay;&onf/
xkwfa0olrSm OD;a&TabmfjzpfNyD; wm0efcH t,f'DwmrSm OD;pHazmfOD; jzpfonf/
wGzJ uft,f'w D mrSm q&mOD;owd;k vS jzpfonf/ 1938-ck? Zlvikd v
f aemufyikd ;f
rSm q&mowd;k vSu wm0efct H ,f'w D m jzpfvmonf/ OD;pHa&T (,ckawmwGi;f )
u vufaxmuft,f'Dwm jzpfvmonf/ ,if;owif;pmudk 1939-ckrSm
ydwfvdkuf&onf/
wdkYvuf½Hk; owif;pm
]]wdkYvuf½Hk; owif;pm}}udk wdkYvuf½Hk; OD;pHa&Tu OD;pD;xkwfa0onf/
yxrvufa&;rlrsm;ESihf 1935-36ckavmufrmS xkwaf 0onf/ aemufyikd ;f wGif
yHkESdyfNyD;owif;pm;tjzpf a&muf&Sdvmonf/ ,if;owif;pmrSmvnf; 1938-
39avmufrSm &ifqdkifoGm;ygonf/
tqdkyg owif;pm(2)apmifrSm e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;twGuf ta&;yg
cJhonfhowif;pmrsm; jzpfonf/ trsdK;om;a&;twGuf tiftm;wpf&yftae
ESihf &Scd o
hJ nf/ ,if;owif;pmrsm;\ tmabmfrsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm ,cktcg
&SmírawGUEdkifavmufatmif &Sm;yg;aeonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm &cdkifjynfEdkifiHa&;
ordkif;twGufta&;ygonfh aqmif;yg;rsm;? tmabmfrsm; jzpfonf/
1942-ck aemufydkif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHonf *syefrsm;vufatmufodkY
usa&mufcJhonf/ *syefacwfESifh t*Fvdyfrsm; jyefvnfí jrefrmjynfudk
odr;f ypfonft h csed x
f d &cdik jf ynfwiG f owif;pmvkyif ef;rsm;udk rpwifEikd af o;
acs/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufydkif; EdkifiHa&;toif;tzGJUrsm;\ toHtjzpf
owif;pmrsm;udk &cdkifjynfwGif xkwfa0vmMuonf/
&cdkifwdkif; owif;pm
ppfawGNrdKUwGif 1949-ckavmufwGif tqdkygowif;pmudk ½dkufESdyf
xkwaf 0ygonf/ t,f'w D mrSm OD;bode;f atmif jzpfonf/ wm0efcx H w k vf yk f
olrmS Od;xGe;f vIid jf zpfonf/ ½ly&Gm&Sd jynfBu;D wHceG f yHEk ydS w
f u
kd rf mS ½du
k Ef ydS of nf/
&cdik jf ynf zqyvtzGUJ xkwaf 0aom owif;pm jzpfonf/ ,if;owif;pmrSm
wpfESpfavmufomcHNyD; aemufydkif; ydwfvdkuf&onf/
vrf;rSefowif;pm
&cdkifwdkif; owif;pmudk ydwfvdkufNyD;aemuf 1955-56 avmufwGif
vrf;rSefowif;pmudk zqyvtzGJUrS jyefvnfxkwfa0ygonf/ t,f'DwmrSm
q&mOD;owd;k vS jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrKd U rdZ&H yf vrf;rSeyf EkH ydS w
f iG f ½du
k Ef ydS x
f w
k af 0
onf/ apmifa&rnfrQxw k af 0onfukd rod&yg/ wpfywfwpfBurd o f m xkwaf 0
cJhonf/ ,if;owif;pmrSmvnf; (1)ESpf? (2)ESpfcefYom wnfwHhcJhonf/
&cdkiftoHowif;pm
'Dro
kd pfygwDrS xkwaf 0onf[k od&onf/ t,f'w D mrSm OD;td;k avmif
(OD;tkef;armif)jzpfonf/ &efukefNrdKUwGif½dkufESdyfNyD; &cdkifwGif jzefYcsdonf/
apmifa& rnfrQxkwfa0cJhonfudk rod&yg/ wpfywfwpfBudrf xkwfa0onf/
1955-56avmufrSm xkwfa0NyD; 1958-ckavmufrSm &yfqdkif;oGm;ygonf/
&cdkiftvif;owif;pm
&wntzGJUrS xkwfa0onfhowif;pm jzpfonf/ 1955-56-ck
avmufrSm xkwfa0onf/ ,if;owif;pmudk &efukefNrdKU? (316)? bm;vrf;&Sd
jynfoUl pmyHEk ydS w
f u
kd rf mS ½du
k Ef ydS o
f nf/ yxrwGif t,f'w D mESihf xkwaf 0olrmS
OD;vSxeG ;f jzL jzpfonf/ aemufyikd ;f wGif t,f'w D mESihf xkwaf 0olrmS OD;vSausmf
(armif0PÖ) jzpfonf/ yHkESdyfwdkufrSmvnf; trSwf-200? 27-vrf;? &efukef&Sd
Zmwd*kPfa&mifyHkESdyfwdkufrSm ½dkufESdyfonf/ wpfywfwpfBudrf xkwfa0onf/
apmifa& rnfrQxw k af 0cJo h nfukd rod&yg/ 1958-ckavmufrmS &yfqikd ;f oGm;
ygonf/
&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif
1958-59avmufrSm xkwfa0onf/ Ak'¨[l;aeYwdkif; jzpfonf/
'DrdkopfygwD\ owif;pmjzpfonf/ ,if;owif;pmudk t,f'Dwmtjzpf
OD;atmifxeG ;f jru yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0onf/ ppfawGNrKd U&Sd jynfoyYl EkH ydS w
f u
kd rf mS ½du
k Ef ydS f
onf/ 1960-ckavmufrSm &yfqdkif;oGm;ygonf/
174 jrxGef;atmif
&cdkifZmenf *sme,f
owif ; pmoabmqef a eojzif h &cd k i f Z menf * sme,f u d k v nf ;
azmfjyvdkufygonf/ ,if;*sme,ftwGJ(1) trSwf(1)udk 1960-ck? rwfvrSm
pwifxkwfa0cJhonf/ (3)Budrfomxkwfa0EdkifcJhNyD; &yfqdkif;cJhonf/ pmwnf;
tzGUJ rSm apmarmifarmif? aemifvwfEiS hf armifwifoed ;f wdYk yg0ifonf/ trSwf
(91)? vSn;f wef;? &efuek &f dS rsKd ;ñGeyYf EkH ydS w
f u
kd rf mS ½du
k Ef ydS o
f nf/ armifapmarmif
trSwf(51)? uRef;awmvrf;? prf;acsmif;? &cdkifu wm0efcH xkwfa0cJhonf/
&cdik jf ynf owif;pmvkyif ef;rSm ESpaf ygif;wpf&mausmcf hJ NyD jzpfonf/
xkwfa0cJhonfh owif;pmrsm;rSmvnf; ikyfwpfcg ay:wpfvSnfh &SdcJhonf/
owif;pmrsm;rSm oufwrf;r&Sncf ahJ cs/ xkwaf 0cJo h nfh apmifa&rSm
vnf; ,ckacwftaeESiMhf unfv h Qif enf;yg;onf/ od&Yk mwGif ,if;acwftajc
taet& jzpfEdkifonfh taetxm;ESifh xkwfa0cJhonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/
pD;yGm;a&;t&Munfv h Qif ,if;jzefcY sad omapmifa&rSm ,if;acwftwdik ;f twm
t&yif tvGet f m;enf;aeygonf/ owif;pm&yfwnfEikd af &;twGuf jzefaY 0
onfhapmifa&rSm ta&;BuD;aMumif; odomygonf/ owif;pmrsm;onf
taMumif;tcsdKUaMumifh &yfqdkif;cJh&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; t"dutcsufrSm
apmifa&enf;yg;rIonf t&if;cHjzpfrnf[k xifrdygonf/
wifjycJhaom owif;pmrsm;ESifhywfoufí razmfjyEdkif aomtcsuf
tvufrsm; &Sdaeonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm xkwfa0cJhonfh ckESpftwdtus? apmifa&
rnfrQxkwfa0cJhonf/ t,f'Dwmrsm;? rnfonfhtwGuf &yfqdkif;cJh&onf/
rnfonfhckESpfwGif &yfqdkif;cJhonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm; jzpfonf/ vufvSrf;
a0;cJNh yjD zpfaom owif;pmrsm;xuf ,ckrsuaf rSmufacwfxw k f owif;pmrsm;
udkyif twdtus azmfrjyEdkifjcif;rSm þpmwrf;\ t"dutm; enf;csuf
wpf&yf jzpfonf/ ,if;tcsuftvufrsm;udk rdrdwdkY udk,fwdkifyg0ifvkyfudkifcJh
olrsm;u azmfxkwfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ jznfhpGufay;vdrfhrnf[k
vnf; xifrdygonf/ ,if;odkY azmfxkwfay;jcif;jzifh &cdkifjynf\ ordkif;pOf
wpf&yf\ [muGufaysmhuGufrsm;udk azsmufzsufEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
jrxG e f ; atmif
udk;um;onfhpmtkyfrsm;
1/ Report on the Administration of Burma during 1892-93
2/ Report on the Administration of Burma during 1896-97
3/ Arakan Past Present Future by John Ogilvyhay,

William Black Wood & Son, London 1892.
4/ Education in Burma, by Maung San Oo Khine,

Puinted at the Akyab Press, 1901
5/ Early News Papers in Burma by C.A Cuttins,

Burma Research Society, Fiftieth Anniversary Publications
No. 2, 1960
6/ &cdik w
f ikd ;f owif;pm? &cdik t
f vif;? &cdik t
f oHEiS hf tjcm; &cdik jf ynf
xkwf owif;pmrsm;? *sme,frsm;/
&cdkifr*¾Zif; twGJ(1) trSwf(1)? 1335-ck? ewfawmfvqef;(1)&uf

pmqdkawmfaeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0onf/
176 jrxGef;atmif
a[;\ &cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;vrf;

azmufvkyfa&; BudK;yrf;rI
jrxGef;atmif
b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf ta&SUbufESifh ½dk;rawmiftMum;&Sd a'orSm
&cdik u
f rf;ajrmifa'o jzpfonf/ ,if;a'oonf ajrmufbufwiG f us,jf yefNY y;D
awmifbufodkY usOf;ajrmif;oGm;onf/ ajrmufrSawmifodkY oG,fwef;aeonfh
urf;ajrmifa'o jzpfonf/ rd;k rsm;Ny;D opfawmxlxyfonf/ jrpfacsmif; yGm;rsm;
NyD; a&pD;oefonf/ urf;½dk;wef;wpfavQmuf ausmufaqmifrsm;onf/
awmifukef;awmifwef;rsm;onf c&D;oGm;vma&;udk cufcJaponf/
,if;wdrYk mS &cdik u
f rf;ajrmifa'o\ obm0tcuftcJrsm; jzpfonf/
&cdkifa'o vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;rSm obm0tcuftcJrsm;aMumifh rjzpf
xGe;f Edik af Mumif; tpOfwpdu k f ajymqdck MhJ uonf/ ,if;wdrYk mS tkycf sKyo
f l vlwef;
pm;rsm;\vufoHk;pum; jzpfcJhonf/ aESmif;vlrsm;uvnf; oHa,mifvdkufí
pum;qdkMuonf/
od&Yk mwGif Old Arakan trnfcH owif;pmq&ma[;onf ppfawGrS
rEÅav;udkjzwfNyD; w½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;udpöudk
owif;pmrSvnf;aumif;? oufqikd &f m tmPmydik rf sm;xHwifjyívnf;aumif;
txl;tav;ay;NyD; BudK;yrf;cJholwpfOD; jzpfonf/
a[;tolvJ
a[;trnf\tjynfhtpHkrSm John Ogilvy Hay, F.R.G.S jzpfonf/
a[;onf 1870-ck rwdkifrD odkYr[kwf ,if;0ef;usif avmufwGif &cdkifodkY
a&muf&Sdvmol jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif(7)ESpfausmf (8)ESpfeD;yg;cefY aexdkif
cJhol jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU wGifaepOf 1853-ckESpfxkwf Akyab Commercial
News owif;pmwdkufudk 0,f,lNyD; Arakan News owif;pmtjzpf trnf
ajymif;NyD; OD;pD;xkwfa0cJhol jzpfonf/ ,if;owif;pmwGif ]]&cdkif0gBuD;}} Old
Arakan trnfjzifh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;onf/ ,if; Old Arakan trnf
jzifh t*Fvyd o f aYkd &muf&dS Ny;D aemufrmS vnf; owif;pmrsm;wGif a&;om;onfukd
awGU&onf/
ppfawGNrdKUwGif aexdkifpOf *kPfxl;aqmif w&m;rw&m;olBuD;
Honarary Megistrate of the Town of Akyab tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
a[;onf &cdik w f iG (f 7)ESpf (8)ESpcf efY aexdik pf OftwGi;f &cdik af 'owGif
vrf;yef;qufo, G af &; txl;nHzh si;f aeonfukd rsujf rifu, kd af wGU awGUcJ&h ol
jzpfonf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;twGuf owif;pmorm;wpfOD;yDyD rdrdydkif
onfh Arakan News owif;pmrS aqmif;yg;rsm;udk tav;ay;a&;om;cJhol
jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh ppfawGNrdKUonf qdyfurf;aumif;wpfckjzpfaMumif;
&cdik rf rS EÅav;udjk zwfNy;D w½kwjf ynftxd rD;&xm;vrf; (Indo Burma China
Railway Connections) azmufvkyfa&; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;onf/
a[;onf 1888-ckavmufwGif t*FvefjynfodkY jyefvnf a&muf&Sd
onf/ t*FvefrSmvnf; ppfawGrS rEÅav;udkjzwfNyD; w½kwfjynfodkY rD;&xm;
vrf;azmufvkyfa&;udpötwGuf oufqdkif&mtmPmydkifrsm;xHodkY pmtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;? owif;pmrS vnf;aumif;? vlu, kd w
f ikd f csO;f uyfívnf;aumif;
BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhol jzpfonf/
a[;onf &cdkifrSw½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;
twGuf BudK;yrf;&mwGif &cdkifwdkif;rif;BuD;tjzpf vnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHudk
t*Fvdyfrsm; wwd,tBudrf odrf;ydkuf&mwGif EdkifiHa&;t&m&SdcsKyftjzpf
vnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhol pav'if (Sir E.B, Sladon Knight Codonel)
ESifh tif*sifeD,mcsKyfESifh jrefrmEdkifiH\ r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;\ jynfolU
vkyfief;Xme twGif;0eftjzpf vnf;aumif;? tdEd´,EdkifiHtpdk;&\ jynfolU
vkyfief;Xme\ twGif;0eftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhol AdkvfcsKyfBuD; tvufZE´m;
za&Zm (General Alexander Fraser)ponfh yk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ tm;wufoa&m
ulnDrIudk &cJholjzpfonf/ ,if;yk*d¾KvfwdkYrSm a[;ESifhyk*d¾Kvfa&;ta&vnf;
&if;ESD;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/
a[;\aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh ol\aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk avhvmygu
]],leD,H*suf tvHatmufwGif &cdkifjynfudk wdk;wufapvdkolwpfOD;}}
178 jrxGef;atmif
jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ ol\pGr;f aqmif csurf sm;onf tkypf ;kd olNAw
d o
d Qvrl sKd ;
wpfOD;\tjrifjzifh wifjycsufrsm;jzpfonf/ tkyfpdk;olNAdwdoQvlrsdK;wpfOD;
tjzpfjzifh BudK;yrf;csufrsm; jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif ol\wifjycsuf? BudK;yrf;csufrsm;onf &cdkifordkif;wGif
rSwfwrf;wifxm;&rnfh udpöwpf&yf jzpfayonf/
&cdkif twdwf- ypöKyÜef- tem*wf

a[;onf &cdik w f ½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvyk af &;twGuf tkycf sKyf
a&;? ppfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlraI &;? a&aMumif; vrf;tajctae? ppfwaumif;ESihf
&cdkifa'o&Sd vlOD;a& tajctaersmudk aphpHkpGm avhvmonf/ oufqdkif&m
tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmydkifrsm;? ppfa&;tmPmydkifrsm; aiGaMu;twGuf ukrÜPD
ydik &f iS rf sm;? a&aMumif;uRr;f usio f rl sm;udvk nf; w½kwrf ;D &xm;vrf; azmufvyk f
a&;twGuf pmtm;jzifv h nf;aumif;? vlu, kd w
f ikd f oGm;a&mufívnf;aumif;
vlawGUqHk aqG;aEG;rIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/
a[;onf olUudk,fydkif Arakan News owif;pmrS 1876-ck?
Edk0ifbmv(4)&ufrS 1877-ck? Edk0ifbmv(24)&uftwGif; &cdkifw½kwf
rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;twGuf aqmif;yg; (12)apmifudk a&;om;azmfjy
cJhonf/
,if;tjyif tjcm;owif;pmrsm;jzpfaom Times, Indian Stateman,
The Pioneer Mail, The Spector, Saturday Review owif;pmrsm;\
owif ; rsm;ud k ud k ; um;ívnf ; aumif ; ? t,f ' D w mxH ay;pmrsm;jzif h
vnf;aumif; a&;om;cJhonf/
NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyfESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
tdE, ´d Edik if \H twGi;f 0eftjzpf vnf;aumif; aqmif &Gucf o hJ l The Marquis
of Salisbury K.G xHov Ykd nf;aumif;? tdE, ´d Edik if H twGi;f 0ef Viscount Cross
G.C.B xH o d k Y v nf ; aumif ; ? td E d ´ , Ed k i f i H b k & if c H c sKyf The Marquis of
Lansdowne G.C.S.L xHodkYvnf;aumif; pmtwefwef qufoG,fí &cdkif
w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&; tajctaersm;udk wifjytpD&ifcH
cJo h nf/ vlu, kd w
f ikd v
f nf; awGUqHw k ifjyEdik af &;twGuf vef'efNrKd UwGif 1887-
ck? pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeYu pma&;om;NyD; awGUqHkcGifh awmif;cHcJhonf/
,if;yk*K¾d vrf sm;xHrS pm&&Sad Mumif; jyefMum;pm&&Sad omfvnf; awGUqHck iG hf r&&Syd g/
,if;tjyif t*FvefEdkifiH NrdKUBuD;rsm;jzpfaom vDbmyl;? [l;vf?
refcsupf wmNrKd Ursm;&Sd ukeo
f nfrsm;toif;wdx Yk oH v
Ykd nf; &cdik w
f ½kwf rD;&xm;
vrf;azmufvyk af &;udpö pma&;om; qufo, G í f oabmxm;rsm;udk ar;jref;
cJhonf/
,if;tjyif a[;onf t*Fvef&Sd a&wyfOD;pD;csKyfESifh ygvDreftrwf
jzpfol Lord George Hamilton M.P Ist. Iord of Admiralty xH tqdkyg
udpöESifh vludk,fwdkifawGUqHkcGifhudk 1890-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (25)&ufaeYu
awmif;cHcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;yk*d¾Kvf udk,fwdkif rawGUqHkEdkifcJhaomfvnf;
olUud,k pf m; Adv
k Bf u;D ba&;('f) Captain Bridge R,N. The Director of Nawal
Intelligeace qdkolESifh awGUqHkcGifh &&SdcJhonf/ ,if;tjyif a[;onf ol\
oabmxm;rsm;udk pmtm;jzifh 1890-ck? azazmf 0g&D (4)&ufaeYwiG f tqdyk g
AdkvfBuD;xHodkY a&;om;ay;ydkYcJhonf/
,if;tjyif 1867-ck? arv (1)&ufrS 1874-ck? Mo*kwv f (4)&ufaeY
txd b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftwGif; txl;ojzifh ppfwaumif;ESifh ppfawGNrdKU
rsm;wGif yifv,fu;l oabFm rmvderf LS ;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ l (Capatin
James Ewert, for mary years commarder of a Britigh India Company,
Steomer in the Bay of Bengal) xHrS ppfawGoabFmqdyo
f nf ppfwaumif;
xuf aumif;rGefaom oabFmqdyfaumif;wpfckjzpfaMumif; oabmxm;
rSwfcsufudk &,lcJhonf/
t*FvefygvDreftrwfrsm;xHov Ykd nf; 1891-ck? Mo*kwv f twGi;f u
a[;onf &cdik -f w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvyk af &;udpt ö wGuf ygvDrefwiG f
wifjyaqG;aEG;Edkif&efpmrsm;udk jzefYa0cJhonf/
,if;tjyif xif&Sm;onfh avmh'f'gz&ifh (Lord Dufferin) pav'if?
za&Zm ponfwt Ykd jyif pD;yGm;a&;bufrS yk*K¾d vrf sm;? twwfynm&Sirf sm;xHrS
oabmxm;rsm;udk &,lEdkifcJhonf/
a[;onf &cdkif-w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;twGuf &cdkif
wGif &SdpOfuvnf;aumif;? t*FvefodkY jyefa&mufpOfuvnf;aumif; ol\
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk pkaygif;NyD; pmtkyfwpftkyf xkwfa0&ef pDpOfcJhonf/
1892-ck? rwfv(9)&ufaeYpjJG zifh vef'ef&dS tdE, ´d Edik if H twGi;f 0ef½;kH odYk
&cdik w
f ½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvyk af &;udpEö iS yhf wfoufonfh aqmif&u G cf suf
rsm;udk pmtkyx f w
k af 0vdk aMumif; cGijhf yKcsuu f kd a[;u awmif;cHonf/ 1892-
ck? rwfv(23)&ufaeYpGJjzihf ,if;½Hk;rS oabmwlnDcsufudk &&SdcJhonf/
180 jrxGef;atmif
,if;aMumifh 1892-ck? arvwGif William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh
and London) yHkESdyfwdkufrS &cdkiftwdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wf (Arakan Past
Present Future) pmtkyfudk ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/
,if;pmtkyw f iG f &cdik af 'oodYk a[;ra&mufru
D tajctae? a&muf&NdS y;D
tajctaeESihf tem*wfumv a[; arQmrf eS ;f cJah om &cdik jf ynftajctaersm;
udk aphpHkpGm wifjyxm;onf/
qdyfurf;aumif;NrdKU ppfawG
ppfawGNrKd Uonf yxrt*Fvyd jf refrmppfyJG Ny;D onfah emuf wnfaxmif
aom NrdKUjzpfonf/ 1870-ck? Zlvdkifv (7)&ufaeY xkwf Arakan News wGif
Old Arakan trnfcH a[;u &cdi k w
f ikd ;f rif;Bu;D a[mif; Sir Archibald Bogle
\ ravsmah omZGv J UkH vaMumifh &cdik af 'o\ qefpyg;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyif ef;rSm
wdk;wufvmaMumif;jzifh ,if;yk*d¾Kvftm; csD;usL;a&;om;xm;onf/ qefpyg;
vkyif ef;ESppf Ofwpf[ek x f ;kd wd;k wufvmojzifh ppfawGNrKd Uonf qefpyg;vkyif ef;
\ tcsuftcsmusaom NrdKUwpfNrdKUjzpfvmonf/ tESpfESpfq,fwdkif toHk;jyK
oGm;vm&ojzifh ppfawGNrdKUonf vDbmyl;oabFmydkif&Sifrsm;\ od&SdrIrsm;vm
onf[k a[;u vDbmyl; ukeo f nfrsm;toif;odYk 1874-ck? Zlvikd v f (27)&uf
&ufpGJjzifh ay;ydkYonfh pmwGifazmfjyxm;onf/
a&S;u oabFmrmvderf LS ;rsm;? a&aMumif;tmrcHvyk if ef; &Sirf sm;onf
ppfawGodkY oGm;vrf;wGif&Sdaom tdGKifhpwm Oyster Reef ausmufwef;rSm
awG;aMumufp&m jzpfcJhonf/ qmtmomz,fom\ pDpOfñTefMum;rIaMumifh
tGKd ipf wmausmufaqmifay:wGif tvSr;f a0;onfah e&mrsm;rSyif rD;a&mifukd
jrifEikd af om rD;jywdu k u f kd ESpt
f wefMumuyif zGiv hf pS Ef ikd cf NhJ y;D jzpfonf/ ,if;
rD;jyaMumifh ppfawGoo Ykd mG ;vmaeus oabFmrsm;omru umvuwåm;NrKd UESihf
b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftwGif; oGm;vmaeonfh oabFmrsm;twGufvnf;
rcefrY eS ;f Edik af om tusKd ;tjrwfrsm;udk jzpfxeG ;f apEdik af Mumif;jzifh ,if;pmwGif
qufvufazmfjyxm;onf/
ppfawGNrKd Uonf &cdik jf rpf0rS ig;rdik t f uGmwGif wnf&o dS nf/ &efuek Nf rKd U
onf rkwåryifv,fauGUxdyfwGif&Sdonfh &Snfanmif;aom yifv,fc&D;oGm;
vmrI jzpfonf/ rdik f (30)cefY jrpfaMumif;twdik ;f qefwuf&onf/ oabFmrsm;
oGm;vm&mrSm ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;aom tusKd ;qufrsm;onf &efuek o f Ykd oGm;&m
rSm jzpfxGef;EdkifaMumif;rsm;udkvnf; tqdkygpmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/
ppfawGrS rEÅav;rSm rdkif(100)yifra0;/ w½kwfjynfESifh jrefrmjynf
wdkYrS xGufaomxGufukefrsm;\ xGufayguf jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfypönf;
xkwfvkyfolrsm;\ yifv,fa&vufMum;rSm ppfawG jzpfonf/ tpçyxr
aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf ukefusp&dwfrsm;rnf/ odkY&mwGif wdkawmif;aom
oGm;vma&;c&D;ESihf ul;oef;a&mif;0,frrI sm; jzpfxeG ;f vmrIaMumifh ,if;ukeu f s
p&dwrf sm;rSm rMumrD axrdrnfjzpfonf[k a[;u ppfawGqyd u f rf;rS rEÅav;
w½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfjcif; tusdK;tjrwfudk azmfjyxm;
onf/
b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf&dS ppfawGNrKd Uudjk zwfNy;D azmufvyk af om rD;&xm;
vrf;onf r[mAsL[mt& vnf;aumif;? tkyfcsKyfa&;t& vnf;aumif;
uREkfyfwdkYtwGuf oef;aygif;rsm;pGm tusdK;&Sdrnf jzpfonf/ Nidrf;csrf;rIudk
taxmuftuljyKrnf jzpfonf/ e,fpGefe,fzsm;a'orsm;&Sd vlrsm;\
0ifa&mufpGuf zufrIrsm;vnf; r&SdEdkifawmhyg[k a[;\rdwfaqGpav'ifu
ppfawGujkd zwfNy;D &cdik w
f ½kwf rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvyk af &;udpu ö kd tav;ay;
axmufcHxm;onf/
,if;tjyif a[;onf NAw d o
d Q-tdE,
´d oabFmukrP Ü w D iG f rmvderf LS ;
tjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol *sDtD;0wf\ ppfawGqdyfurf;
onf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf&Sd qdyfurf;NrdKUrsm;teuf aumif;rGefaom
qdyu f rf;aumif;wpfcjk zpfaMumif; oabmxm;rSwcf suu f kd &,lNy;D oufqikd &f m
rsm;odkY wifjycJhonf/
ty,fcH &cdkifjynf
a[;onf &cdkifwGifvusL;ESpf&Snf aecJhol jzpfonf/ &cdkifa'oESifh
qufqHcJh&onfrSm tESpfESpfq,fcefY &Sdonf/ &cdkifudk oHa,mZOfBuD;ol
rsufESmjzL vlrsdK;wpfOD;jzpfonf/ ,leD,H*suf tvHatmufwGif &cdkifudk
wdk;wufapvdkolwpfOD; jzpfonf/ &cdkifa'oudk tkyfpdk;olrsm;\ ypfy,fxm;
onfh a'otjzpf a[;ujrifonf/ tkypf ;kd olrsm;\ 0efccH su?f xifjrifcsurf sm;
udk a[;onf &cdik -f w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvyk af &;BuKd ;yrf; csurf sm;wGif
tvsOf;oifhovdk azmfjyxm;onf/ ol\&cdkif twdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wf
pmtkyfrSmvnf; ,if;wdkYudk azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
1867-ckrS 1871-cktxd r[m0ef&iS af wmfrif;Bu;D tjzpf aqmif&u G f
cJhol AdkvfcsKyfBuD;zdkuf (General Fytche) u oltNidrf;pm;,lNyD;aemuf
182 jrxGef;atmif
a&;om;cJhonfhpmwGif uREfkyfwdkYacwfwGif vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; acwf
aemufusaerIrSm uREkfyfwdkYtwGuf 0rf;enf;zG,fjzpf&yfwpf&yf jzpfonf/
wdkif;ESpfwdkif;jzpfaom &cdkifESifhweoFm&DwdkYudk odrf;,lcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif;
(45)ESpf&SdNyD; yJcl;wdkif;rSm (18)ESpf&SdNyD; jzpfonf/ &cdkifrSm vrf;wpfvrf;rQ
r&Sad o;ay/ rNy;D jywfao;onfh 'uúm;ppfwaumif;vrf;udk >cif;csux f m;&rnf
jzpfonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;0efcHcsufudk a[;uaumufEkwfazmfjy
xm;onf/
'uúm;ppfwaumif;rS ppfawGoYkd qufo, G rf nfv
h rf;rSm ppfwaumif;
rS 'uúm;txd rdkif(60)cefY NyD;cJhonf/ ,if;vrf;rSm 'kwd, t*Fvdyf-jrefrm
ppfyGJtNyD;wGif avmh'gv[dkZD trdefYt& azmufvkyfcJhonfhvrf; jzpfonf/
odef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm ukefuscJhaom tqdkygvrf;rSm ,cktcgawmBuD;
rsufrnf; jzpfaeonf/ ,if;udpöudk a[;uaxmufjyxm;onf/
]]ppfawGc½dkif\ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;rSm rNyD;rjynfhpHkrIESifh
tvGef rauseyfrI&Sdaom tajctaejzpfonf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,frI
cRw, f iG ;f aomfjim;vnf; rdik t
f enf;i,frQom a0;aom wdu k ef ,frsm;odYk
c½dik f t&m&Srd sm;Munf½h pI pfaq;&ef rvma&mufonfukd uREyfk t f aejzifh
em;rvnfEdkifatmif jzpfrdonf/ ppfawGNrdKUonf uREkfyfwdkYxHwGif
ESpfaygif;(60)&SdNyD jzpfonf/ ,if;umvtwGif; uREkfyfwdkYonf tcGef
aumufrsm;udk jrefrmjynf&Sd tjcm;a'orsm;xuf ydkrdkaumufcHcJhonf/
odkY&mwGif wpfpHkwpfOD;onf ,if;a'otESHUoGm;a&mufygu xdka'o&Sd
jynfolvlxkwdk;wufrItwGuf wpfjym;wpfcsyfrQ oHk;pGJxm;onfh
taetxm;udk awGU&rnf r[kwfay}}[k Adamson's Settlement
Reoprt on Akyab District for 1885-86udk udk;um;azmfjyxm;NyD;
ty,fcH&cdkifjynftjzpf a[;u oufaoxlcJhonf/
,if;tjyif 1891-ck? azazmf0g&Dv (2)&ufaeYxkwf Times owif;
pmwGifvnf; ,if;(ppfawGc½dkif)wGif vrf;rSmrdkif(40)rQyif r&Sdao;aMumif;
azmfjyxm;onfh pmydk'fjzifh a[;\ ty,fcH&cdkifjynftaMumif;udk xyfrH
axmufcHxm;onf/
]]&cdik af 'oonf NAwd od QtvHawmfatmufwiG f ESpaf ygif;(50)&SNd yD
jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif omrefvrf;rSm rdkif(50)r&Sdao;? wpfESpfvQif
taumufcGefrS ydk&&SdaiGrSm odef;(20)ausmf&dSonf/ EdkifiHtESHY rD;&xm;
vrf;rsm; azmufvkyf&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh
tpdk;&twGuf BuD;rm;aomtusdK;tjrwf &&Sdrnfjzpfonf}} ponfjzifh
a[;onf (Arakan News) owif;pmwGif 1876-ck? Edk0ifbm (4)&uf aeYu
a&;om;azmfjycJhonf/ ,if;pmom;rsm;twdkif; 1874-ckESpfu tdEd´,EdkifiH
twGif;0efjzpfol Marquis of Salisbury xH pmay;ydkYcJhonf/ tdEd´,
twGif;0efxHodkY azmfjyyg pmudkay;NyD;(18)ESpftMum 1892-ck? arvwGif
a&;onfh twdwfu&cdkifjynftaMumif;t&mudk azmf&mrSm azmfjyygpmudk
xyfrHwdk;wufrIr&Sdao; aMumif;udk a[;u xyfqifhí azmfjyxm;onf/
&cdkiftwdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wftaMumif;rsm;udk trSmpm oabm
jzifh pmtkyfwGif azmfjy&mwGif--
]]&cdkifonf bk&ifEdkifiHtjzpf jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkifawmhrnf
r[kwfacs/ odomxif&Sm;onfh taetxm;odkY jymyHkrS xlaxmifEkdifNyD;
ppfawGqdyfurf;onf tdEd́,EdkifiHwGif taumif;qHk; qdyfurf;wpfckESifh
BuD;us,faom a&wyfpcef;wpfck jzpfvmrnf/ ,if;\pGrf;&nfESifh
wnf&SdaeyHkwdkYrSm xl;xl;uJuJtajctaersm;aMumifh twnfjyKazmfjy
&jcif; jzpfayonf}}[k a[;u 1892? arv&ufpGJjzifh typfy,fcH &cdkif
jynf\ tem*wfudk a[;u arQmfrSef;cJhonf/
a[;\ &nf&G,fcsuf
a[;onf &cdkif? twdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wfpmtkyfudk 1892-wGif
pDpOf½u kd Ef ydS x
f w
k af 0onf/ ,if;pmtkywf iG f ol\&nfñeT ;f vdo k nfh taMumif;
t&mESifh yk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk a&SUqHk;pmrsufESmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ ol\&nfñTef;
csuo f nf jzpfapcsiaf om qEÉiS hf cH,cl surf sm;udk twdck sKH ;Ny;D azmfjyxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/
a[;onf &cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&; BudK;yrf;rIrSm
tjrifq h ;kH tqift h xda&mufatmif wifjycJo h nf/ wdu
k w
f eG ;f vIUH aqmfcohJ nf/
oufqdkif&m yk*d¾Kvfrsm;uvnf; ,if;udpöudk tav;ay; pOf;pm;cJhonf/
,if;aMumifh ol\&nfñTef;azmfjy&mwGif tav;eufqHk;tqifhjzifh pOf;pm;
cJhMuaomfvnf; cGifhjyKcsufr&&Sday[k a[;\aqmif&Gufcsufudk twdkcsHK;í
rSwfwrf;wifcJhavonf/ yxrBudK;yrf;rItcsdef 1874-ck umvtwGif;u
wm0ef&Sdol 0efBuD;csKyfEdkifiHjcm;a&; wm0efcHtjzpfvnf;aumif;? tdEd´,EdkifiH
twGif;0eftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhol Marquis of Salisbury K.C 'kwd,tBudrf
BudK;yrf;rIumv twGuf tdEd´,EdkifiHtwGif;0ef Viscount Cross G.C.B ESifh
184 jrxGef;atmif
td E d ´ , bk & if c H c sKyf The Marquis of Lansdowne, G.C.S.L wd k Y t m;
vnf;aumif; &nfñTef;xm;onfudkvnf;awGU&onf/
,if;ESihf wpfqufwnf;rSm t&Sio f cifrsm;\ yl;aygif; aqmif&u G rf I
jzifh wdk;wufrIaES;auG;aom tajctae&Sdonfh &cdkifjynfonf tusdK;pD;yGm;
jzpfxGef; wdk;wufvmrnf/ tdEd´,ESifh jrefrm-w½kwfvrf;rBuD; azmufvkyf
jcif;jzifh ,if;a'o\ tpdwftydkif;jzpfaom ppfawGNrdKUonf BuD;us,faom
aps;uGuEf iS hf tdE, ´d tifyg,m\ wwd,tBu;D qH;k qdyu f rf;NrKd UwpfNrKd U jzpfvm
rnf[k arQmfvifhygonf[k a[;u &nfñTef;azmfjyxm;onf/
]]&cdkifjynf&Sd ppfawGNrdKUonf ta&SUb*Fvm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH\
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;twGuf qdyfurf;BuD;wpfckjzpfonfudk tpdk;&
uaomfvnf;aumif;? jynfov l xl u
k aomfvnf;aumif; tav;teuf
owdjyKjcif; r&Sdao;ay/ vGefcJhonfh ESpf(30)ausmfu ay;pmrsm;ESifh
*sme,frsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh uREyfk \ f pOf;pm;&ef axmufcaH wmif;qdk
cJhaom odomxif&Sm;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk uREkfyf\ aqmif&Guf
csufrsm; rNyD;qHk;rD jyefvnfyHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;jzifh xyfrHNyD;tav;xm;
owdjyKvmap&efrSm uREkfyf\ qEýifjzpfygonf/ ,cktcsdeftxd
qdyu f rf;udk toH;k &Sad tmif raqmif&u G Mf uao;yg}}[k ol\ aqmif&u G f
csufrsm;udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhjyKa&;twGuf tdEd´,EdkiHtwGif; 0ef½Hk;odkY
1892-ck? rwfv 19&ufpGJjzifh ay;ydkYonfh pmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/
,if;azmfjycsurf sm;rSm a[;\qEÉiS hf &yfwnfcsurf sm;udk azmfñeT ;f xm;jcif;yif
jzpfayonf/
a[;\&cdik w f ½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvyk af &;BuKd ;yrf;rIrmS umv
&SnfvsmcJhonf/ a[;ESifhtNydKif tdEd´,EdkifiHtmoHrS jrefrmjynfudk jzwfNyD;
w½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;udk Captain Sprye qdkolu
vnf; tqdjk yKco hJ nf/ tvm;wl rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvyk af &;twGuf tqdjk yK
csufrsm;vnf; ,if;tcsdef &&SdcJhonf/
a[;\ BuKd ;yrf;rIumvtwGi;f jrefrmEdik if \ H yxrqH;k rD;&xm;vrf;
jzpfaom &efukef-jynfrD;&xm;vrf;udk 1877-ckwGif azmufvkyfcJhonf/
&efuek -f rEÅav;rD;&xm;vrf;udk 1889-ckwiG f azmufvyk cf o hJ nf/ ,if;rD;&xm;
vrf;rsm; azmufvyk Nf y;D pD;rIonf a[;\BuKd ;yrf;csurf sm;udk t[eft Y wm;jzpfchJ
[ef&o dS nf/ od&Yk mwGif ol\vkyif ef;rsm;wGif ,if;udprö sm;tm; jyóemwpf&yf
taeESifh a[;u tav;teufjyKNyD; wifjyxm;onfudkum; rawGU&ay/
tdEd´,EdkifiHESifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tjcm;rD;&xm;vrf;rsm; azmufvkyfcJhMu
aomfvnf; a[;\ tqdkjyKcJhaom &cdkif-w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf;um; taumif
txnf ray:cJhacs/
rnfoyYkd if qdak pumrl tkypf ;kd ol rsuEf mS jzLvlrsKd ; a[;\ BuKd ;yrf;csuf
rsm;uduk m; rSww f rf;wifxm;&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;tjyif NAw d o
d Qvufatmuf
(66)ESpfausmf umvtwGif; &cdkifjynf\ tajctaewpfpdwfwpfa'oudk
ordkif;xif[yfrI wpf&yftaejzifh tav;xm;avhvm&rnfhudpöwpf&yfyif
jzpfygonf/
jrxG e f ; atmif
udk;um;onfhpmwrf;
1/ Arakan Past Present Future, by John Ogilvy Hay.
Willian Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London
1892- May.
2/ ]]&cdkifjynfxkwf owif;pmrsm;}}
jrxGef;atmif &cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf-1 (1973-ck)
3/ ]]&cdkifa&;&m pmtkyfpmwrf; (rsufESmzHk;) jyyGJtñTef;}}
(&efukef)rS xkwfa0onf/
&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif; trSwf(17? twGJ-1) 1988-ck? ZGefv/

186 jrxGef;atmif
&cdkifpmapmif r*¾Zif;rsm;
jrxGef;atmif
1853-ck rwdkifrD &cdkifwGif yHkESdyfwdkufvkyfief; r&Sdao;[k qdkEdkifyg
onf/ owif;pmwpfapmifudk 1853-ckwGif ppfawGNrdKU rS xkwfa0ygonf/
,if;owif;pm xkwfa0onfhESpfrSm &cdkifodkY yHkESdyfvkyfief; pmyHkESdyfpufrsm;
a&muf&Sdvmonf[k qdkEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ yHkESdyfvkyfief;&cdkifwGif pwifonfh
umv[k rSwf,l&rnf jzpfygonf/
jynfBuD;r@dKif owif;pmudk 1892-93wGif xkwfa0ygonf/
,if;owif;pmudk &cdik jf refrm ta&;tom;ESihf xkwaf 0cJah Mumif; odEikd yf gvQif
,if;taxmuftxm;t& &cdik -f jrefrm ta&;tom;ESihf xkwaf 0onfph mtkyf
pmwrf;rsm;&SdaeNyD[k qdkEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
rnfoyYkd ifqakd pumrl &cdik w f iG f &cdik jf refrm ta&;tom; ESix hf w
k af 0cJh
onfh pmtkyfrsm;rSm 1920-ckESifh ,if;ywf0ef; usifavmufwGif&SdaeNyD jzpfyg
onf/ 'kw, d urÇmppf rpwifrD ppfBuKd acwfwiG f pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;udk &cdik rf mS
½dkufESdyfxkwfa0rIrsm; jznf;jznf;rSefrSef xkwfa0aeNyD jzpfygonf/ ,if;pm
tkypf mwrf;rsm; ½du k Ef ydS x f w k af 0onfv h yk if ef;rSm 'kw, d urÇm ppf'PfaMumifh
&cdik rf mS vH;k 0eD;yg; ysupf ;D cJ&h ygonf/ ppfNy;D pESihf vGwv f yfa&; &&SNd y;D aemufyikd ;f
umvrSm &cdik w f iG f yHEk ydS f vkyif ef;&So d nf[k qd&k rnfjzpfaomfvnf; tvGeyf if
tm;enf; aeygao;onf/ ,cktcsed x f yd if yHEk ydS v
f yk if ef;rSm zdwpf m? vufurf;
pm tqifrh o S m &Sad eygao;onf/ pmtkyrf sm;yHEk ydS af &;ESihf taMumif;udprö sm;
ay:aygufcv hJ Qif &efuek o f v Ykd ma&muf Ny;D yHEk ydS af e&onfukd awGUjrifEikd yf gonf
&cdkifvli,frsm;\ pmayvIyf&Sm;rIonf 'kwd,urÇmppf rwdkifrD
umvxuf jrefrmEdik if v H w G v f yfa&; &&SNd y;D aemufyikd ;f umvrSm t&Sed t f [kef
&&SdvmNyD jzpfygonf/ pmayvIyf&Sm;rI\ toD;tyGifhrsm;jzpfaom pmapmif
r*¾Zif;rsm;udk &efuek w f iG ½f u kd Ef ydS Nf y;D &cdik jf ynfe,fNrKd U&GmtESYH jzefaY 0cJMh uonf/
ppfawG NrdKUwGif wcsdKUpmapmifrsm;udk ½dkufESdyfcJhMuygonf/ ,if;pmtkyfrsm;udk
jzefcY s&d mrSm vli,ftoif;tzGUJ rsm; wm0ef,jl zefcY scd hJ jcif;u rsm;onf/ ,if;odYk
jzefcY s&d mrSm wm0ef,jl zefcY sad om toif;tzGUJ rsm;\ vIy&f mS ;rItay: rlwnfNy;D
&cdik Ef iS yhf wfoufonfh pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm; wnfwcH rhJ rI sm;? oufwrf;&SnMf umrI
rsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/
&efukefwuúodkvf? &cdkifausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm; r*¾Zif;

vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif 1950
]]&efukefwuúodkvf &cdkifausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm; toif;}}\
ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;udk 1949-ck? pufwifbmv (15)&ufaeY nae
(4)em&DwiG f ,leb D mpDwD pmoifwef; trSwf (2)rSm jyKvyk o f nf/ ,if;tpnf;
ta0;rS Ouú| udak zmfZEH iS hf twGi;f a&;rSL; udak usmxf eG ;f wdYk yg0ifonfh 1949-
50ckESpftwGuf trIaqmiftzGJUudk wifajr§mufMuygonf/ ,if; trIaqmif
tzGUJ ESihf pmwnf;tzGUJ 0ifrsm; BuKd ;pm;rIaMumifh uReaf wmfw\ Ykd aemifawmfrsm;
vufxufü pmapmifuav;rsm; xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ odaYk omf ,ckEpS t f zdw Yk iG u
f m;
aemifawmfrsm;\ ajrawmifajr§mufay;rIudk taMumif;jyKí pmrsufESm(80)
ausmrf Q yg0ifaomvGwv f yfa&; pmapmifwpfck jzpfay:Edik pf rG ;f &Scd ahJ vonf}}
[k 1949-50ck? &efukefwuúodkvf &cdkifausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;toif;
twGif;a&;rSL;\ tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
,if;pmapmifonf &cdkifvli,frsm;\ pmayvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;teuf
tapmqHk;xGufay:vmonfh pmapmifr*¾Zif;wpfck jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyf
jrefrm(2)bmomjzifh xkwaf 0&efjzpfaomfvnf; vGwv f yfa&;trD xkwaf 0&ef
twGuf tcsed v f ík tvkyv f yk af e&ojzifh t*Fvyd u f @udk csev f yS cf o hJ nf[k
vnf; ,if;pmapmifwGif azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
,if;pmapmifwGif twdkifyifcH pmwnf;tjzpf OD;ausmf&if(bDat)
wm0efcHpmwnf; armifwifatmif('k-0dZÆmwef;) wuúodkvf eE´rdwf? wGJzuf
pmwnf;? armifxeG ;f NrKd if ('k-Oya' wef;)? csp'f gvD taxGaxGtvkyw f m0efcH
udkpHa&TvS(y-0dZÆm) &JoD[ wGJzuftvkyfwm0efcH rwifaESmif; (y-0dZÆm)
&SifaESmif;wdkYjzpfygonf/
188 jrxGef;atmif
&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;rsm;
1950-ckwGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm;toif;
r*¾Zif;vGwfvyfa&;pmapmifudk xkwfa0cJhonf/ ,if;vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif
onf ]]&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;}}xGufay:vma&;twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpf
jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY vGwfvyfa&;pmapmifxkwfa0cJhNyD; 1951-ckwGif &efukef
wuúov kd f ausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm;toif; BuKd ;yrf;rIaMumifh yxrqH;k aom
]]&cdkifwefaqmif}}udk xGef;n§day;vdkuf ygonf/ r*¾Zif;wGif jrefrm-t*Fvdyf
u@ESpf&yfjzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/
1952-ckESpf ]]&cdkifwefaqmif trSwf-2}}udk jrefrm-t*Fvdyf
ESpfu@jzifh xkwfa0cJhygonf/ 1953-ckwGifrl ½kef;uefwGef;z,fí r&aom
tcuftcJtrsKd ;rsKd ;aMumifh rxGuEf ikd f cJah y/ ]]uREyfk w
f oYkd nf &cdik w
f efaqmif\
tvif;&dyfESifh uif;uGmír&ojzifh vGefcJhonfhESpfESifh ,ckESpf (2)ESpfaygif;
twGuf þav;ESpaf jrmuf &cdik w f efaqmif zGm;jrifvm&ayonf}}[k awGU&yg
onf/ ,if;aMumifh 1954-55ck &cdik w f efaqmifrmS (2)ESpaf ygif; trSw(f 3)ESihf
trSwf(4)tjzpf xkwfa0cJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
&cdik w
f efaqmiftrSw(f 5)udk 1955-56wGif xkwaf 0cJh onf/ 1957-
58wGif &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf(6)udk xkwfa0cJhygonf/ &cdkifwefaqmif
trSwf(1)rS trSwf(5)txdwGif jrefrm? t*Fvdyf u@ESpf&yfudk azmfjyxm;
ygonf/ trSwf(6)wGif a&S;a[mif;a0omvD&u©0PÖwpfpdwfwa'oudk
wifjycJhonf/ 1958-59ckwGif &cdkifwefaqmiftrSwf(7)udk xkwfa0cJhyg
onf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;wGif &cdkifpmayu@udkvnf; wdk;csJUxm;onfudk awGU&
ygonf/ 1959-60wGif &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf (8)udk jzefYcsdonfudk awGU&
ygonf/ 1960-61wGif &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf(9)udkvnf;aumif;? 1961-
62 wGif &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf(11)udk vnf;aumif; &cdkif? jrefrm? t*Fvdyf
u@rsm;jzifh xkwfa0cJhMuygonf/
1962-63 &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf(11)udk xkwfa0cJhNyD;aemuf &cdkif
wefaqmifr*¾Zif;rSm taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh (8)ESpfcefY xkwfa0jcif;udk
rawGU&yg/ ,if;aemuf 1971-72wGif &cdkifwefaqmiftrSwf (12)udk
xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/ od&Yk mwGif &cdik pf mayu@ESihf t*Fvyd u f @udk azmfjyxm;
jcif; r&Sdyg/ ,if;tjyif pmapmiftrSwfudkvnf; azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/
,if;aemuf &cdkifwefaqmif 1973-74 pmapmiftrSwf(13)udk
1974-ckwiG f xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/ 1975-76wGif &cdik w f efaqmiftrSwf (14)udk
vnf;aumif;? 1977-78wGif &cdkif wefaqmiftrSwf(15)udk vnf;aumif;
xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;rsm;wGiv f nf; &cdik pf mayu@ESihf t*Fvyd u
f @
wdkYudk azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/
&cdik w
f efaqmiftrSwf (16)udk 1980-ckwiG f xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/ ,if;
r*¾Zif;wGif jrefrm-t*Fvyd Ef pS cf u
k kd jyefvnfNy;D azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;&cdik w f ef
aqmiftrSwf(16)udk 1980-ckwGif xkwfa0cJhNyD;onfrS ,aeYxufwdkif
&cdkifwefaqmifum; ay:xGufvmjcif; r&Sdawmhyg/
&cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif;onf &efukefwuúodkvf&Sd &cdkifausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;wd\ Yk BuKd ;yrf;rIaMumifh xGe;f vif;vmonfh rD;½SL;wefaqmifwpf&yf
jzpfonf/ aemifawmfaemifawmfrsm; xGef;n§dcJhaom rD;½SL;wefaqmifwpf&yf
jzpfonfh &cdik wf efaqmifukd xGe;f n§ad y;&efrmS ,aeYwuúov kd yf nmudk qnf;yl;
aeMuaom wuúov kd af &muf &cdik af rmifr,frsm;\ wm0efwpf&yfyif jzpfay
onf/
"n0wDr*¾Zif;rsm;
ppfawGc½dkifrSvma&mufMuonfh &efukefwuúodkvfwGif ynm
oifMum;aeaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;u 1951-ck Mo*kwv f (1)&uf
aeYwGif &efukefwuúodkvf "n0wDausmif; ol-ausmif;om;rsm;toif;udk
Ouú|udkazmfZH? twGif;a&;rSL; udkausmfcifyg0ifonfh trIaqmif(18)OD;jzifh
zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ ,if;toif;rS BuD;rSL;í "n0wDr*¾Zif; (1951-52) twGJ
(1)? trSw(f 1)udk twdik yf ifcpH mwnf; OD;ausm&f if (r[m0dZmÆ ) pmwnf;pHa&TvS
('k-0dZÆm)wdkYu jrefrmu@wGif vnf;aumif;? twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;uHBuD;
(r[m0dZmÆ )pmwnf; pdex f eG ;f atmif? wGzJ ufpmwnf; rjroDwmwdu Yk t*Fvyd f
u@wGiv f nf;aumif; aqmif&u G Mf uonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;udk 1952-ckEpS f ESpOf ;D
ydkif;wGif xkwfa0cJhonf/
"n0wD r *¾ Z if ; twG J ( 1) trS w f - 2rS m twd k i f y if c H p mwnf ;
OD;ausmf&if (r[m0dZÆm)? pmwnf; rvSvSMuif (0dZÆm)? wGJzufpHausmfom (y-
0dZÆm) ynma&;wdkYu jrefrmpmu@wGifvnf;aumif;? twdkifyifcHpmwnf;
a':jrpdef? pmwnf; rjroDwm (0dZÆm)? wGJzufpmwnf; apmvSatmif
(ody^ÜH 0dZmÆ )wdu
Yk t*Fvyd pf mu@wGif wm0ef,cl MhJ uonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif; twGJ
(1) trSwf-2udk 1953-ckESpfOD;ydkif;rSm jzefYcsdcJhonf/
190 jrxGef;atmif
"n0wDr*¾Zif;twGJ(1)? trSwf(1)ESifh (2)ESpfapmifom xkwfa0cJh
ygonf/ aemufyikd ;f wGif &efuek w
f uúov kd f "n0wD ausmif;olâusmif;om;
rsm;toif;onf &efukefwuúodkvf &cdkifausmif;olâusmif;om;rsm;toif;
ESihf yl;aygif;oGm;ygonf/ ,if;aMumifh "n0wDr*¾Zif;udk xkw0f jcif;rjyKawmh
bJ &cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;udk tm;jznfhNyD; xkwfa0oGm;Muygonf/
t½kPfOD;r*¾Zif;
1952-rwfvwGif xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ trSwf 163-ck? 34-vrf;? &efuek f
&Sd &cdkifvli,frsm;toif;(&efukef)rS xkwfa0jcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;rSm
,cktcg &SmazGrawGUawmhyg/ ,if;aMumifh ,if;pmtkyfwGif yg0ifonfh
taMumif;t&m? uavmif&iS rf sm;ESihf pmwnf;tzGUJ 0ifrsm;udk rodEikd af wmhyg/
,if;r*¾Zif;rSm wpfBudrfom xGufcJhygonf/
ppfawGausmif;om;rsm;
om;rsm; ESpfywfvnfpmapmif
Edik if aH wmf wef;jrifah usmif; trSw(f 1)rS xkwaf 0aom pmapmif jzpfyg
onf/ yxrqH;k tBurd f ppfawGausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS xkwaf 0aom pmapmif
jzpfonf/ 1953-ck? azazmf0g&D(22)&ufaeYwGif xkwfa0rnf[k aMunmcJh
onf/ odkY&mwGif pmapmif½dkufESdyfNyD; jynfawmfomoabFmjzifh udkom'dk;ESifh
udkausmfvSjzLwdkYu &efukefrS ,laqmifvmMuygonf/ ppfawGqdyfurf;
ta&mufwiG f pmapmifxw k af 0cGivhf ufrw
S f r,lraI Mumifh jzefaY 0cGihf &yfqikd ;f
jcif;cH&onf/ w&m;pGJum'PfaiG(100d) 'Pfwyfjcif;cH&onf/ pmtkyfrsm;
udkvnf; rD;½IdUzsufqD;cH&onf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGausmif;om;rsm;
ESpfywfvnf pmapmiftrSwf(1)udk vHk;0xkwfa0jcif; rjyKvdkuf&yg/
]ppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpyf wfvnf pmapmif (1954-55)} twG(J 1)
trSwf(2)pmapmifudk 1956-ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif ½dkufESdyfjzefYa0cJhygonf/
,if ; pmapmif w G i f twd k i f y if c H p mwnf ; OD ; om'if ? wm0ef c H p mwnf ;
udak rmifarmifvES iS hf rjzLarwdYk jzpfMuygonf/ ,if;trSw(f 2) pmapmifxu G Nf y;D
aemuf ]ppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnfpmapmif}xGuf ay:jcif; r&Sd
awmhyg/
"npmapmif
,if;pmapmiftwGJ(1) trSwf(1)udk 1958-ck? arvrSm xkwfa0yg
onf/ twdkifyifcHpmwnf;tjzpf "n0wDOD;btkef;? wm0efcHpmwnf;
owd;k EG,?f pmwnf; &u©o&l ed ?f 'k-pmwnf; "npd;k ESihf "nrif;ausmw f Ykd jzpfMu
onf/ "npmapmif uavmif&SiftzGJUudk (6-7-1958)aeYwGif ppfawGNrdKU
a&Tjym;&yf twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;btkef; tdrfrSmzGJUpnf;Muonf/ Ouú|
udkat;xGef;? twGif;a&;rSL; udkatmifjrtygt0if tzGJU0if(15)OD; yg&Sdonf/
"npmapmifukd ppfawGNrKd U rdZ&H yf? vrf;rSeyf EkH ydS w
f u
kd w
f iG f ½du
k Ef ydS Nf y;D udw
k ifO;D u
wm0efcH xkwaf 0cJo
h nf/ ,if;pmapmifrmS trSwrf nfrQxd xkwaf 0cJah Mumif;
rod&yg/
wufaeopf pmapmif
1958-ckavmufrSm pwifxkwfa0cJhonf/ ,if;pmapmif wm0efcH
pmwnf;tjzpf udkarmifausmf? pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;rSm ppfawG aemifvwf?
jrwHZOf? prf;EG,f? vJhvJhrm? cifav;olZmwdkYu aqmif&Gufonf/ twGJ(2)
trSwf(7)pmapmifudk (16-10-1959)&ufpGJjzifh xkwfa0onfudk awGU&
ygonf/ ,if;pmapmifukd ppfawGNrKd Uausmif;wufvrf; jynfoUl pmyHEk ydS w f u
kd w
f iG f
½dkufESdyfNyD; udkausmfarmifu xkwfa0ygonf/ pmapmiftrSwf rnfrQtxd
xkwaf 0cJah Mumif;? rnfonfch Ek pS af vmufwiG f xkwaf 0rI &yfqikd ;f cJah Mumif;rsm;
udkum; rod&Sd&yg/
acwfa&SUaqmif pmapmif
pmapmif twGJ(1) trSwf(1)udk 1961-ck? {NyDvrSm xkwfa0onf/
pmwnf ; tzG J U 0if OD ; owd k ; vS ? OD ; ausmf j r? ud k O D ; a&T Z H ? ud k p H v S a tmif ?
udkatmifa&TxGef;ESifh udkausmfpdk;wdkYu aqmif&Gufonf/ ppfawGNrdKU yHkESdyfwdkuf
wGif ½dkufESdyfonf/ twGJ rnfrQxGufcJhaMumif;? rnfonfh ckESpfwGif xkwfa0rI
&yfqdkif;cJh&aMumif;rsm;udk rod&Sd&yg/
192 jrxGef;atmif
&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif
,if;pmapmifudk jynfolUyHkESdyfwdkuf OD;atmifxGef;OD;vrf;? ppfawGwGif
½dkufESdyfNyD; t,f'Dwm OD;atmifxGef;jru yHkESdyfxkwfa0onf/ 1959-ckESpf
OD;ydkif;wGif jzefYa0cJhonf/ pmapmifoabmxuf t&G,ftpm; owif;azmfjy
xm;yHrk sm;rSm owif;pmoabm aqmifaeygonf/ rnfonhcf Ek pS w f iG f &yfqikd ;f
cJhaMumif; rod&yg/
&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI aqmifyg;rsm;
aqmif;yg;rsm;udkpkaygif;NyD; ½dkufESdyfxm;onfh pmapmifjzpfonf/
aqmif;yg;trsm;pkrSm &cdkif,Ofaus;rIudk avhvmvdkufpm;ol vli,fwdkY\
wifjycsufrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ ,if;aMumifh pmtkyfudkvnf; vli,fb0ESifh
udkufnDatmif ]&cdkifñGefYzl;}}[lí trnfay;vdkufygonf[k rdwfqufpum;
wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;rsm; pmapmifwGif &cdkifpmayu@?
*Dw? &moDbGJU? ordkif;okawoe pmay[lí u@rsm;cGJxm;onfudk awGU&
onf/
&cdik vf il ,frsm;\ pmayvIy&f mS ;rIwpf&yf jzpfonf/ 1968ck? Zlvikd v
f
rSm &efukefNrdKUwGif ½dkufESdyfjzefYa0ygonf/ aemufwGif ]&cdkifñGefYzl;uAsmrsm;}
[lí uAsmpmtkyfwpftkyfudk ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0NyD; aemufxyf ]&cdkifñGefYzl;}
pmapmifrsm; rxGufawmhyg/
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*¾Zif;
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI tEkynmtzGJU(&efukef)rS xkwfa0aom r*¾Zif;
jzpfonf/ 1971-ck azazmf0g&DvwGif twGJ(1)udk xkwfa0cJhygonf/
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI tEkynmtzGJU(&efukef)\ Ouú|rSm OD;armifarmifcifjzpfNyD;
twGif;a&;rSL;rSm OD;cifarmifaxG;? wGJzuftwGifa&;rSL;rSm OD;atmifausmf
wdkYjzpfNyD; r*¾Zif;wm0efcHpmwnf;rSm OD;atmifomOD;? OD;BudKifomatmif?
OD;oef;armifwdkY jzpfMuygonf/ pmwnf;rsm;rSm OD;omñGefY? OD;odef;vGif?
OD;atmifausmfpdef? OD;armifxGef;a0? OD;wifarmifESifh OD;ausmfwifwdkY jzpfMu
ygonf/
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*¾Zif;rSm wpfBudrfom xkwfa0EdkifcJhNyD; aemufxyf
rxGufawmhyg/
&cdkifr*¾Zif;
&cdkifr*¾Zif;twGJ(1)udk 1335-ck? ewfawmfvqef;(1)&ufaeYwGif
pmqdkawmf txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0ygonf/ &cdkif,Ofaus;rI aumfrwD
tjzpf (ppfawGNrdKUe,f)pmayaumfrwDwGif Ouú|OD;ausmfOD; (taemufom;)
twGif;a&;rSL; OD;OD;ausmfodef;(tm;opf)ESifh tzGJU0if(11)OD; yg0ifonf/
,if;r*¾Zif;wGif twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;omausmf? wm0efcHpmwnf;
taemufom;(ppfawG) pmwnf;tzGJU0if tm;opf? udkav;i,f(ppfawG)?
armifapmol(ppfawG)? ppfawG odef;aemifwdkYu aqmif&GufMuygonf/
&cdik rf *¾Zif; trSw(f 2)udk 1975-ck? azazmf0g&DvwGif xkwaf 0onf/
,if;r*¾Zif;wGif twdkifyifcH t,f'DwmtzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf tm;opf (ppfawG)
ppfawG odef;aemifwdkYu aqmif&Gufygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(3)udk 1976-ck? pufwifbmvwGif xkwfa0yg
onf/ wm0efcpH mwnf; apmode;f armif (cGyaf 'gif;eD-ppfawG) pmwnf;tzGUJ 0if
rsm;tjzpf ppfawGyGifhvTm? tm;opf? a':arodef;? armifrrif;rm? (ajrmufOD;)
A*sD;ausmf(ppfawG) ppfawG odef;aemifESifh ppfawGndKoefYwdkYu aqmif&GufMu
ygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(4)udk 1977-ck? pufwifbmvwGif xkwfa0
onf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;\ twdik yf ifcH pmwnf;rSm OD;ausmf OD;? wm0efcpH mwnf;rSm
OD;OD;bodef; (ppfawG odef;aemif) pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawG yGifhvTm?
ppfawG ndKoef?Y a':arode;f ? armifrif;rm (ajrmufO;D )ESihf ppfawG xGe;f ,OfwYkd
u aqmif&GufMuygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif;trSwf(5)udk 1977-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfa0ygonf/
twdik yf ifcpH mwnf; OD;ausmOf ;D ? wm0efcpH mwnf; ppfawG ode;f aemif? pmwnf;
tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawGyGifhvTm? ppfawG ndKoefY? a':arodef;? ppfawG
xGef;,OfESifh A*sD;ausmf(ppfawG)wdkYu aqmif&GufMuygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif;trSwf(6)udk 1980-ck? azazmf0g&DvwGif q&mawmf
OD;Owår &mjynfhtxdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwf0jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;wGif
twdik yf ifcpH mwnf; OD;ausmOf ;D ? wm0efcpH mwnf; ppfawG ode;f aemif? pmwnf;
tzGUJ 0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawG ndKoef?Y A*s;D ausm(f ppfawG)? jrifah usmv
f idI f (ppfawG)?
194 jrxGef;atmif
armifodef;cdkif(ppfawG)? ppfawG yGifhvTm? &u© ESif;jrZHESifh a':OD;jrarwdkYu
aqmif&GufMuygonf/
&cdik rf *¾Zif; trSw(f 7)udk 1981-ckwiG f xkwaf 0ygonf/ &cdik rf *¾Zif;
aumfrwDwGif em,ursm;tjzpf oQiftkef;? taemufom;(ppfawG) yef;csD
rif;ndKwdkYu aqmif&GufNyD; pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawGodef;aemif?
atmifvSodef;? ppfawGyGifhvTmESifh ppfawGndKoefYwdkYu aqmif&GufMuygonf/
]]aqmif;yg;aygif;(48)yk'?f 0w¬Kw(kd 30)yk'?f 0w¬K&n S (f 15)yk'?f uAsmyk'f
a& (200) ESifh umwGef;rsm; vufcH&&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYteuf toifhawmfqHk;
,lqaom aqmif;yg;(12)yk'?f 0w¬Kw(kd 4)yk'?f 0w¬K&n S (f 2)yk'?f uAsm(18)yk'Ef iS hf
umwGef;tcsdKUudk &cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(7)wGif xnfhoGif;&ef a&G;cs,fcJhMu
ygonf}}[k r*¾Zif;aumfrwD\ tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/
&cdik rf *¾Zif; trSw(f 8)udk 1984-ck? azazmf0g&DvwGif xkwaf 0onf/
&cdkif? jrefrmESifh t*Fvdyfu@rsm; yg0ifonf/ twdkifyifcHpmwnf;tjzpf
OD;ausmfOD;? wm0efcHpmwnf; ppfawG odef;aemif? pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf
ppfawGndKoefY? A*sD;ausmf(ppfawG)? armifaumufpH (ppfawG)ESifh ppfawG
yGifhvTmwdkY u aqmif&GufMuygonf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(9)udk 1984-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfa0onf/
,if;r*¾Zif;wGif twdik yf ifcpH mwnf; OD;ausmf OD;? OD;btke;f ? wm0efcpH mwnf;
ppfawG ode;f aemif? pmwnf;tzGUJ 0if ppfawGnKd oef?Y ppfawGyiG v hf mT ? A*s;D ausmf
(ppfawG)? armifaumufpH (&cdik jf ynf)ESihf atmifvo S ed ;f wdYk yg0ifaqmif&u G Mf u
ygonf/
&cdik rf *¾Zif;udk 1973-ckavmufuyifpwifNy;D NrKd Ue,f &cdik , f Ofaus;rI
tzGJU (ppfawG)rS xkwfa0vm&m 1984-ck? 'DZifbmvtxd r*¾Zif;udk;apmif
xkwaf 0cJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ trSwf (10)udk xkwaf 0Edik &f ef pdik ;f jyif;vsu&f adS Mumif;
od&ygonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;onf wpfEpS v f Qif wpfBurd uf s xGuaf eonfukd awGU&
ygonf/
&cdkifjynfe,fpmapmif
&cdkifjynfe,fpmapmif twGJ(1)? trSwf(1)udk 1975-ck? Edk0ifbmv
wG i f &cd k i f j ynf e ,f j ynf o l U aumif p D tvk y f t rI a qmif t zG J U twG u f
OD;rG;D vSatmif (a&T0)u wm0efcx H w
k af 0onf/ &cdik jf ynfe,f jynfoUl aumifpD
BuD;MuyfrIjzifhxkwfa0cJh&m trSwfpOf(13)txd xkwfa0cJhNyD; jzpfygonf/
1984-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif &cdikd jf ynfe,f (10)ESpaf jrmuf txdr;f trSwf tjzpf
]&cdkifjynfe,f r*¾if;}udk xkwfa0Jhygonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif; wGif &cdkifjynfe,f\
(10)ESpfc&D;rSwfwdkifrsm;tjzpf w&m;pD&ifa&;? vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;? EdkifiHa&;?
w&m;pD&ifa&;? pyg;oD;ESw H ;kd csUJ pdu
k yf sKd ;a&;? &cdik af jrrSm pufrv
I ,f,m? *kP,
f l
zG,f&m qefpyg;wifydkYrI? qdyfurf;NrdKUrsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;ponfh q,fESpf
twGif; &cdkifjynfe,fa&;&m aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&;?
ydkUaqmifa&;? usef;rma&;ESifh ywfoufonfh aqmif;yg;rsm; 0w¬KuAsmrsm;
tjyif t*Fvyd u f @udyk g xnfo h iG ;f xm;onfukd awGU&ygonf/ þr*¾Zif;rSm
&cdkifjynfe,f jynfolUaumifpDrS oD;jcm;aumfrwD zGJUpnf;í xkwfa0aom
pmtkyf jzpfygonf/
ppfawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;
ppfawGaumvdyrf *¾Zif;udk 1978-ckEpS uf yif xkwaf 0cJo h nf[k od&
onf/ 1983-84ck pmoifESpfwGif ppfawGaumvdyf r*¾Zif;trSwf(6)udk
1984-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfa0cJhonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;wGif wuúodkvf
aumvdyrf sm;rS pmay0goem&Sirf sm;omru jyifyrSpmay0goem&Sirf sm; yg0if
a&;om;Muonf/ q&m-q&mru MuwfrwfNy;D ausmif;ol-ausmif; om;rsm;
u wm0ef,x l w k af 0aomr*¾Zif; jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh r*¾Zif;rsm;qufwukd f
xGufay:vmjcif; jzpfygonf/
rdom;pk0dkif;r*¾Zif;
rdom;pk0dkif; tajccHa'orSm awmifukwf? oHwGJ? *GjzpfNyD; 1970-
71rS ynmoif axmufyHha&;udk pwifay;cJhonf/ rdom;pk0dkif;r*¾Zif;udk
1978-ck? Zlvikd v f wGif xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ ppfawGa'oaumvdyEf iS hf wuúov kd f
rsm; &efuek rf S awmifuw k ?f oHw?JG *GNrKd Ue,frsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;\ BuKd ;yrf;rI
jzpfonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;\ wm0effcHpmwnf;rSm udkarmifarmifjrifhjzpfNyD;
vufaxmufpmwnf;rsm;rSm udkvSjrifh? udkxGef;aomif;? udkjrifhvIdifESifh
udkcifodef;wdkY jzpfMuonf/ rdom;pk0kdif;r*¾Zif;rSm wpfBudrfom xkwfa0cJh
ygonf/
196 jrxGef;atmif
'Gg&0wDr*¾Zif;
oHwGJtoif;&efukefrS xkwfa0aom r*¾Zif;jzpfonf/ r*¾Zif;
aumfrwDOuú| OD;wifatmif? twGif;a&;rSL; OD;cifarmifjzpfNyD; pmwnf;
OD;wifatmif? wGJzufpmwnf; wifhcdkifwdkYjzpfonf/ 1979-ck? arvwGif
xkwfa0ygonf/ ,if;'Gg&0wDr*¾Zif;rSm wpfBudrfwnf; xkwfa0cJhygonf/
aemufxyf xkwfa0jcif; r&Sdawmhyg/
arC0wDr*¾Zif;
(5)Budrfajrmuf &cdkifjynfe,faeYudk *kPfjyKaomtm;jzifh rmefatmif
NrdKUe,fjynfolUaumifpDr*¾Zif; jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD\ BudK;yrf;rI\ toD;
tyGifhrsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;wGif wm0efcHpmwnf;tjzpf rmefatmif
jrat;jzpf N yD ; pmwnf ; tzG J U 0if r sm;tjzpf atmif o l j rwf ? atmif a z?
odef;wifvwf? apmcGefEdkifESifh armifcifwG,fwdkY yg0ifMuygonf/ arC0wD
r*¾Zif; trSwf(2)twGuf pmrlydwf&ufudk 1980-ck? arv(31)&ufaeYudk
owfrSwfxm;aomfvnf; ,if;r*¾Zif;trSwf(2)rSm ,aeYwdkif xGufay:
vmjcif;udk rawGU&yg/
&cdkifaMu;rHkr*¾Zif;
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI pmMunfhwdkuf? tkwfusif; &efukef\(16) ESpfjynfh
tjzpf 1979-ck ? 'D Z if b mvwG i f xk w f a 0cJ h o nf / &cd k i f , Of a us;rI
pmMunfw h ukd af umfrwD Ouú|rSm OD;atmifausmjf zpfNy;D taxGaxG twGi;f a&;
rSL;rSm OD;odef;ausmf jzpfygonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;\ twdkifyifcHpmwnf;rSm
jrwfausmfolESifh EG,f(ppfawG)wdkYjzpfNyD; wm0efcHpmwnf;rSm armifAndK
jzpfonf/ &cdkifaMu;rHkr*¾Zif;rSm wpfBudrfom xkwfa0cJhNyD;aemuf qufvuf
xGufay:vmjcif; r&Sdawmhyg/
½d;k rr*¾Zif;
ppfawGNrKd Ue,f pmayvkyo f m;tzGUJ rS xkwaf 0aom r*¾Zif; jzpfonf/
ppfawGNrKd Ue,f pmayvkyo f m;tzGUJ Ouú|rSm OD;ausmaf usmjf zpfNy;D twGi;f a&;rSL;
rSm OD;armifBu;D pdef jzpfygonf/ ½d;k rr*¾Zif;udk 1984-ck? rwfvwGif trSw(f 1)
udk xkwfa0cJhygonf/ ½dk;rr*¾Zif; trSwf(2)pmrlrsm;udk 31-5-84aeYudk
aemufqHk;xm;í ay;ydkYEdkifaMumif; pmrlrsm;zdwfac:xm;aomfvnf; ½dk;r
r*¾Zif;trSwf(2)udk ,aeYtxd rjrifrawGU&ao;yg/
OD;&mZfajr r*¾Zif;
ykPÖm;uRef;NrdKUe,f jynfolYaumifpD pmayqyfaumfrwDrS BuD;rSL;í
OD;&mZfajrr*¾Zif;udk 1984-ck? Ed0k ifbmvwGif xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;
aumfrwDOuú|rSm OD;a&TabmfomjzpfNyD; twGif;a&;rSL;rSm OD;apmwifarmif
jzpfNyD; aumfrwDwGif tzGJU0if(10)OD; yg0ifygonf/ pmwnf;tzGJUwGif rif;a&T
(yk P Ö m ;uRef ; )u twd k i f y if c H p mwnf ; tjzpf vnf ; aumif ; ? tzG J U 0if
OD;OD;vSarmifESifh OD;apmatmifwdkYu aqmif&GufMuygonf/ OD;&mZfajrr*¾Zif;
trSwf(2)twGuf pmrlrsm;ay;ydkY&ef aMumfjimxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;\ c&D;vrf;
&cddkifodkY pmyHkESdyfvkyfief; a&muf&SdvmonfrSm ESpfaygif;(130)ausmf
&SdNyD[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif &cdkifwGif pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm; xkwfa0
jzefcY scd o
hJ nfrmS q,fpEk pS f oH;k pkausmf av;pkyif rjynfah o;yg/ ,if;q,fpEk pS f
rsm;twGi;f xkwaf 0cJo h nfh pmapmifr*¾Zif;aygif;(21)apmif &Scd yhJ gonf/ ,if;
pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;\ trsm;pkudk &efukefwGif½dkufESdyfNyD; &cdkif&Sd NrdKU&GmtESHYESifh
&efukef&Sd &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;udk jzefYa0cJhMuonf/ ,if;pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;udk
OD;pD;OD;aqmif xkwaf 0jzefcY scd o hJ rl sm;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf pmayudk avhvm
vdu k pf m;Muaom vli,frsm; jzpfMuygonf/ ,if;ausmif;om;vli,frsm;onf
&cdkifpmay,Ofaus;rI? &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;\ vuf&Sdjzpfysufaeonfh tajc
taersm;udk &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;tm; od&Sdoabmaygufap&ef apwem
t&if;cHNyD; pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;udk xkwfa0cJhMuonfudk awGU&ygonf/
&cdkifpmapmif r*¾Zif;rsm;onf wpfESpfwpfBudrf? ESpfESpf wpfBudrf
avmufom ay:xGufvmaom pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;jzpfygonf/ ,if;odkY
xGufay:vmaom pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYpmay,Ofaus;rI? &cdkifvlrI
a&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESihf tjcm;udprö sm;ud&k &Sad om pmrsuEf mS tay: rlwnfNy;D wifjy
cGihf &&SMd uygonf/ &&Sad omtajctaetcGit hf cgBuKH wikd ;f &cdik t
f rsKd ;om;wd\
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trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm;wifjy&ef txl;vdktyfae
ygonf/
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(þpmwrf ; twG u f 1985-ck ? Zef e 0g&D v 25&uf a eY w G i f
&cdkifo[m,toif; &efukefrSxkwfa0onfh ]]&cdkifa&;&m pm tkyfpmwrf;
(rsufESmzHk;)jyyGJtñTef;}}pmtkyfudk rSDjirf;udk;um;yg onf/)
jrxG e f ; atmif
1985-ck? {NyDv 30&uf/
&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(10)? 1986-ck? rwfv

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4 jrxGef;atmif

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&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (9)? 1984-ck? 'DZifbmvrS

r[mrdwfwdkY\ yxrtBudrf ppfqifa&;

r[mrdwf\ 'kwd,tBudrf ppfqifa&;

&cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif; (1980)'DZifbmv/

ppfBudKacwf &cdkifjynf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;

tm&uHygwDrS udk,fpm;vS,f ½kyfodrf;jcif;

ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;xGef;atmif? rpöwm aZmfe'if ('kwd,ausmif;tkyf)

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rlvwef; (atmufwef;) ynm&nfcRefqk

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(þpmwrf;udk Education in Burma by Maung San Oo Khine, of

ARAKAN NEWS owif;pm

1853 ckESpf xkwfa0pOftcgujzpf Akyab Commercial News

2/ Report on the Administration of Burma during 1896-97

3/ Arakan Past Present Future by John Ogilvyhay,

4/ Education in Burma, by Maung San Oo Khine,

5/ Early News Papers in Burma by C.A Cuttins,

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