Umts/Utran: © Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U

UMTS/UTRAN
Introduction
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 1

Introduction to UMTS
Table of contents
1. Introduction
2. Services Provided
3. UMTS system description
4. WCDMA for UMTS
5. UTRAN (Release 1999)
Appendix
Related Documentation
Abbreviations and acronyms

1.
Introduction

1.Introduction
Definition
Universal
Mobile
Telecommunication
System
“UMTS is one of the major new third generation mobile
communications systems being developed within the framework
which has been defined by the ITU and known as IMT-2000”
UMTS Forum
1. Introduction
1.1 Context
1.2 Standardization
1.3 UMTS goals
1.4 UMTS technical overview

1.Introduction/1.1 Context
Past mobile systems (1)
First Generation (1G)
In the early 80’s, analog systems

e.g Radiocom 2000, C-Netz…
Service:
speech
Limitations of 1G:
•poor spectrum efficiency
•expensive and heavy user equipment
•mobility only in a small area
•no security of communications

Past mobile systems (2)
Second Generation (2G)

In the early 90’s, digital systems
Europe : GSM
US : IS-95 (also called cdmaOne), IS-136 (TDMA system)
Japan : PDC
Services: Speech and low data rate

Limitations of 2G:
• Congestion
more than 300 million wireless subscribers worldwide -->need to increase system capacity
• Limited mobility around the world -->need for a global standardisation
• Limited offer of services

more than 200 million internet users--> Need for new multimedia services and applications
(video telephony, e-commerce...)

Technical solutions
Two types of solutions were possible :
• enhancement of 2G system --> 2,5G

low cost but short term
e.g.: HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE for GSM evolution
• design of a complete new standard --> 3G

high cost, long term, but great amount of new potential services
e.g: UMTS

GSM evolution (1)
HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data)

Principle: to enhance channel coding scheme and to bundle GSM time slots on a
circuit-switched basis.
Performance: up to 115,2 kbps
Already implemented but not all operators/manufacturers have made this choice.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

Principle: to enhance channel coding scheme and to bundle GSM time slots on a
packet-switched basis (the allocation of time slots is performed dynamically at the
initialisation and during the connection)
Performance: up to 171,2 kbps
1999/2000 : deployment phase

2002 : service offers for most operators

GSM evolution (2)
EDGE (Enhancement Data rates for GSM evolution)
Principle: new modulation scheme (8PSK instead of GMSK)
Performance: up to 384 kbps
Implementation is yet to come (foreseen for 2003)
EDGE might be a good alternative to 3G systems in certain areas or for operators

who do not have 3G licences, although the 3G brings more in terms of new
multimedia services.

Let’s take some examples!
 Downloading a map (50  A 2 1/2 minutes MP3 music

KBytes) file (2.4 MBytes)
GSM 42 s GSM 34 mn
GPRS 8 s GPRS 7 mn
EDGE 3 s EDGE 128 s
UMTS 0.2 s UMTS 10 s
 Downloading a Word document  Audio and Video

(500 KBytes) streaming
GSM 7 mn Streaming with all
GPRS 82 s technologies
EDGE 27 s except with GSM
UMTS 2 s

1.Introduction
1.1 Context
1.2 Standardization
1.3 UMTS Goals

1.Introduction/1.2 Standardization
IMT-2000: definition
IMT-2000 is a framework for third generation mobile systems (3G) which is

scheduled to start service worldwide around the year 2000 subject to market
considerations.
IMT-2000 should use the frequencies around 2 GHz all over the world.
IMT-2000 is defined by a set of interdependent ITU Recommendations*.
IMT-2000 main requirements are :

- wide range of high quality services
- capability for multimedia applications
- worldwide roaming capability
- compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed networks

IMT-2000: main participants
Europe: ETSI
Japan: ARIB
USA: TIA, T1
South Korea: TTA
China: CWTS
ITU: International
Telecommunication Union

IMT-2000: terrestrial
radio interfaces
IMT-MC (Multi Carrier)
IMT-TC (Time Code) IMT-SC (Single Carrier)
CDMA2000
TD-CDMA TDMA Single Carrier
FDD MC
UMTS TDD UWC-136
EDGE/ERAN
IMT-DS (Direct Spread) IMT-FT (Frequency Time)

W-CDMA TDMA Multi-Carrier
UMTS FDD DECT
Radio/Network
Connection
Evolved GSM Core Evolved IS-41 Core

Network Network

2G terrestrial radio interfaces
China :
GSM
US & Canada : (87%)
Western Europe: CDMA
(13%)
GSM GSM
(12%) (100%)
CDMA
(49%)
TDMA Japan:
(39%)
PDC
(64%) CDMA
(36%)
Rest of the World :
GSM
(41%) CDMA
(35%) TDMA 1999 Market Share:
(24%)
GSM 48 %
CDMA 28 %
TDMA 15 %
PDC 9%

3G terrestrial radio interfaces
China :
GSM
US & Canada : (87%)
Western Europe: UMTS CDMA
(13%)
CDM
GSM A
GSM
EDG
(12%) (100%) 2000
CDMA UMTS
E (49%)
CDM TDMA Japan:
A (39%)
EDG
2000 E PDC
(64%) CDMA
UMTS
(36%)
Rest of the World : CDM
A
GSM 2000
(41%) CDMA UMTS
UMTS (35%) TDMA IMT2000
1999 Market Share:
CDM
EDG
(24%)
GSM 48 %
A UMTS
E CDMA 28
CDM%
2000
UMTS EDG
TDMA 15A%
EPDC 9%
2000

3GPP: joint organization
for UMTS standardization
Affiliated organizations:
ETSI (Europe) ARIB/TTC (Japan)
T1 (USA) TTA (South Korea)
CWTS (China)
Other members involved: manufacturers and operators
System Specification:
Access Network
WCDMA (UTRA FDD)
TD-CDMA (UTRA TDD)
Core Network
Evolved GSM
All-IP
Releases defined for the system specifications:
- Release 99 (called R3 as well)
- Release R4 and R5 (previously known as Release 2000 or R’00)
In the following material we will only refer to UMTS R99.

3GPP: TSG organization
Project Co-ordination Group

(PCG)
TSG CN TSG RAN TSG SA TSG T TSG GERAN

Core Network Radio Access Networks Service and System Terminals GSM EDGE
Aspects Radio Access Network
CN WG1 T WG1
Mobility Management, RAN WG1 SA WG1 Mobile Terminal GERAN WG1
Call Control, Radio layer 1 Services Conformance Testing Radio Aspects
Session Management specification
RAN WG2 T WG2

CN WG2 Radio Layer 2 & SA WG2 Mobile terminal GERAN WG2
CAMEL Radio Layer 3 RR Architecture services & capabilities Protocol Aspects
specification
T WG3
CN WG3 RAN WG3
SA WG3 Smart Card GERAN WG3
Interworking with Iub, Iur, Iu specification &
Security Application aspects Terminal Testing
External Networks UTRAN O&M requirements
CN WG4 RAN WG4

SA WG4
MAP/GTP /BCH/SS Radio performance &
CODEC
Protocol aspects
CN WG5
OSA SA WG5
Open Service Access Telecom Management

3GPP specifications
Series_Id Series_description
21. Requirements
22. Service Aspects
23. Technical Realization
24. Signaling Protocols (UE to network)
25. UTRA aspects
26. CODECs
27. Data
28. (reserved)
29. Signaling Protocols (intra-fixed network)
30. Program management
31. User Identity Module
32. O&M
33. Security Aspects ecs . htm
e cs /s p
34. Test specification . org/ s p
.3g pp
35. Security algorithms : / /ww w
http
UMTS Roadmap
EDGE UMTS R5
Commercial
introduction
UMTS R99 UMTS R99

Field Trials commercial
System
GPRS
implementation
2001 2002 2003 2004

1.Introduction
1.1 Context
1.2 Standardization
1.3 UMTS Goals

1.Introduction/1.3 UMTS goals
Why UMTS?
“UMTS will be a mobile communication system that offers significant user benefits
including high-quality wireless multimedia services to a convergent network of
fixed, cellular and satellite components.”
It will deliver information directly to users and provide them with access to new
and innovative services and applications.
It will offer mobile personalized communications to the mass market regardless of

location, network and terminal used.”
UMTS Forum 1997

1.Introduction/1.3 UMTS goals
UMTS vision
Zone 4: Global
Satellite
Zone 3: Suburban Zone 2: Urban

Zone 1: In-Building
Pico-Cell
Micro-Cell
Macro-Cell
MSS
GSM UTRA/ FDD UTRA/ TDD

1.Introduction
1.1 Context
1.2 Standardization
1.3 UMTS Goals

1.Introduction/1.4 UMTS technical overview
UMTS general architecture
CS networks PS networks Core network (CN)

(PSTN, ISDN..) (Internet…) it provides support for the network
features and telecommunication services.
It is connected to external CS networks
CN or PS networks.
Iu Radio Access network (RAN)

it comprises roughly the functions
RAN specific to the access technique.
3 different RANs are foreseen:
Uu •UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial RAN)
UE •MSS (Mobile Satellite component)
•BRAN (Broadband RAN)
CN Core Network
RAN Radio Access Network
UE User Equipment
User Equipment (UE)
It is the mobile phone.
UMTS Cellular System
UMTS consists of a set of hierarchical cells, but the multiple access technique is
completely different from GSM.
GSM UMTS
Users are separated in frequency Users are separated with codes (CDMA)
(FDMA) and in time (TDMA)

UMTS duplex modes
5 MHz channel
FDD mode
f1 Uplink
Code and Frequency
orthogonality
f2 Downlink
5 MHz channel
TDD mode
... Uplink & Downlink ... 15TS
Code and Time
orthogonality

UMTS Frequency allocations
2110 2170 2200

FDD MSS
1900 1920 1980 2010 2025
TDD FDD MSS TDD
Uplink Downlink
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

TDD: Time Division Duplex
MSS: Mobile Satellite System

1.Introduction
QUIZ! (1)
Mark the following answers to the questions A to E by True or False.
A. What are the limits of 2G systems like GSM?

1/ No security of communications
2/ No dynamical allocation of radio resources
3/ Mobility only in a small area
4/ Heavy mobile phones
5/ Limited offer of data services
B. EDGE...
1/ is an evolution of GSM
2/ is sometimes considered as a 3G system
3/ is based on a new modulation scheme
4/ is supposed to reach a bit rate about 40 times greater than the GSM one

1.Introduction
QUIZ! (2)
C. Which of these radio interfaces belongs to IMT-2000?
1/ CDMA One 2/ UMTS FDD 3/ UMTS TDD 4/ CDMA 2000 5/ EDGE
D. What is the organisation responsible for UMTS standardization?
1/ 3GPP 2/ 3GPP2 3/ ETSI 4/ ARIB 5/ CWTS
E. What is the bandwidth of a CDMA carrier in UMTS?
1/ 200 kHz 2/ 1 MHz 3/ 5 MHz
F. Are the following statements about UTMS duplex modes True or False?
1/ FDD is similar to the GSM duplex mode
2/ TDD use the same frequencies as FDD
3/ FDD is better suited for asymmetric traffic
4/ TDD will come later

2.
Services provided

2. Services provided
2.1 UMTS service principles
2.2 UMTS Bearer services
2.3 Tele-services
2.4 UMTS Terminals

2. Services provided/2.1 UMTS service principles
What is a service?
TE/MT UTRAN CN CN TE
E.g speech, Node Gateway
file transfer, Teleservice
emails...
UMTS Bearer Service External Bearer
Service
E.g data Radio Access Bearer Service CN Bearer

(RAB) Service
transfer at
9,6 kbps, in Radio Bearer Iu Bearer Backbone
transparent Service Service Bearer Service
mode, ... ...
with turbocode
Radio Physical Physical
... Bearer Service
Bearer Service
Uu Iu

Tele-services and
Bearer services
Teleservices
Speech, emergency calls
“Instinctive” service
SMS
Email
Internet Access Basic services
Mobile e-commerce
Video Postcards
Information and location
Enhanced services
based services
New applications New services to be provided

by service providers (third party)
UMTS Bearer services

Large toolkit for all kinds of services

Third party: service provider
Tele-services will not be standardised so as to differentiate between operators

and providers of applications.
UMTS offer new opportunity for content and service providers
Today’s 1:1 customer-operator relationship

Tomorrow’s situation?
Contracted Content providers

Operator
Contracted Service providers
Contracted Service providers
Operator

Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
The Virtual Home Environment (VHE) is an important portability concept of the

3G mobile systems.
• it enables end users to bring with them their Personal Service Environment
(PSE) whilst roaming between networks,
• and also being independent of terminal used.
• "same look and feel" wherever you are
The PSE is defined in terms of one or more User Profiles (list of subscriptions,
associated preferences, terminal interface preferences, …)

Service Architecture
Tele-services Service Layer

(terminal equipment functions,
Operator transmission capabilities)
Standardized
interfaces
Service Capability Features
Service Capability Servers GSM/GPRS/UMTS CAMEL MExE SAT
Bearer Services Network Layer
Fixed
VHE concept is based on the standard mechanisms of Service Capability Servers
which allow Service Capability Features. The latter are carried through standard
interfaces in order to support Tele-services adapted to the Service Capabilities of
the network and user equipment.

Let’s Look for the nearest
restaurant
Choose your preferences:
- type of restaurant: French
- type of payment: credit card
...
Restaurant Paul Bocuse
69660 Collonges-au-Mont-d'or
This service is built from the following service capability features:

call set-up & authorisation (CAMEL for services in roaming after authentication
phase with SAT),
Map display on the phone : SAT and MExE
Call the restaurant by Push Service : MExE
Reservation with VISA card number : secured transaction with MExE
Billing of the service : CAMEL

2.3 Tele-services
2.4 UMTS Terminals

2. Services provided/2.2 UMTS Bearer Services
Bearer services characterization
Bearer services are characterized by a set of end-to-end characteristics with

requirements on QoS, always considered point-to-point.
Bearer services provide the capability for information transfer between access
points and involve only low layer functions.
Each bearer service is characterized by its requirements:
• transfer information: connection oriented or connectionless, traffic type

(guaranteed/constant bit rate, non guaranteed/variable…), traffic
characteristics (uni-directional, bi-directional, multicast…), priority
• quality characteristics: maximum transfer delay, delay variation, bit error
ratio, data rate.
This set of requirements are called QoS parameters.

Example : several active radio bearer services can be handled simultaneously by
the same terminal equipment. Page 41
© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U
Bearer QoS requirements
• negotiable: QoS offer on demand
• provide a wide range of QoS levels
• dynamic behaviour: It shall be possible to negotiate (re-negotiate) the

characteristics of a bearer service at session or connection establishment (during an
on going session or connection).
• support of asymmetric nature between uplink and downlink
• supply of bearer services without wasting resources on the radio and network
interfaces.

Bearer Supported bit rates
The only limiting factor for satisfying application requirements shall be the
cumulative bit rate per mobile termination at a given instant in each radio
environment:
At least 144 kbps in rural outdoor radio environment (with a maximum
speed of 500 km/h)
At least 384 kbps in urban or suburban outdoor radio environments
(with a maximum speed of 120 km/h)
•At least 2048 kbps in indoor or low range outdoor radio environment
(with a maximum speed of 10 km/h)
Theses performances decrease:

- when the speed of the user increases
- when the load of the network increases

2.3 Tele-services
2.4 UMTS Terminals

2. Services provided/2.3 Tele-services
Typology
Always-on Media Fun

• Games (Hangman, Poker, Quiz, …)
Directories • Screen Saver
• Yellow/White Pages • Ring Tone
Mobile Office • International Directories • Horoscope
• Operator Services • Biorhythm
• Voice (!)
• E-mail
• Agenda Music
• IntraNet/InterNet • Downloading of
• Corporate Applications Transportation music files or
• Database Access • Flight/train Schedule video clips
• reservation News
(general/specific)
• International/National News Location services
Vertical application • Local News • Traffic Conditions
• Sport News • Itineraries
• Traffic Management • Weather • Nearest Restaurant,
• Automation • Lottery Results Cinema, Chemist,
• Mobile branches • Finance News Parking;, ATM ...
• Health • Stock Quotes
• Exchange Rates
M-commerce
Non physical
• on-line Banking
• Ticketing Physical
• Auction • on-line shopping
• Gambling • on-line food
• Best Price
• e-Book

QoS classes
 4 classes have been identified:

 conversational
 AMR speech service
+  Video telephony -
– CS: H324
– PS: H323
 streaming Data
Delay
Integrity
sensitive  interactive sensitive
 Web-browsing
 location based services
-  background +
 e-mail delivery
 SMS ...

Performance
QoS of teleservices depends not only on UMTS network, but also on applications,
terminals and external networks.
From a user’s perspective it is more relevant to speak of delay rather than bit rate:
Error Conversational Streaming audio Voice messaging

Fax
tolerant voice and video and video
E-mail arrival
Error Telnet, FTP, still image, E-commerce,
WWW browsing notification
intolerant interactive games paging
Conversational Streaming Interactive Background

delay <<1 sec delay<1 sec delay <10 sec delay >10 sec

Defining charging principles
• How will billing be performed: by time? by volume? by number of connections?
• If billing is performed by volume, what will be an easy way to explain to the

customer what a “1 Mbyte of data” is?
• What will happen in case of handover between GSM and UMTS?
• What about roaming? Prepaid services?
• QoS depends directly on the load of the network. A trade-off must be found
between users. Customers who pay more might have higher priority or better QoS
(depending of the operator’s strategies). Billing for a given service might depend
on the QoS.

2. Services provided/2.3 Teleservices
Location based services
Teleservices will depend on the strategy and on the imagination of operators and
content providers.
The key point is likely to be a fast access to information and an appropriate

filtering of the user location data.
the UMTS killer application is likely be a location based service
Example of location based services : look for an hotel, consult yellow pages, get
local traffic situation or weather report,...
Limitation: location information could be a risk for privacy.

2.3 Tele-services
2.4 UMTS Terminals

2. Services provided/2.4 UMTS terminals
User Equipement (UE)
UICC
Cu
interface USIM 1
USIM 2
GSM
access
SIM
Mobile
Equipment
GSM/GPRS
(ME) terminal
User Equipment (UE)

2. Services provided/2.4 UMTS terminals
Range of terminals
There will be a wide range of terminals depending of the type of application

(speech, video, games, dual...), the mode (UMTS/GSM, UMTS/DECT...)
Integrated approach: Distributed approach:

1 handset able to perform all functions. 1 handset for voice & WAP, or voice only
Most of the concept phones today. and a Bluetooth connection to other devices
(headset, camera...).
Automotive / Telematics PS
G Domestic
New interfaces
Data / IT
E-Commerce
Consumer Electronics
Image Games Audio

QUIZ!
A. True or False? The tele-services...
1/ are used for example to make a call, to access yellow pages, on-line banking...
2/ are mapped on bearer services
3/ will be standardized by 3GPP
B. True of False? The VHE...
1/ is a portability concept of 3G mobile systems
2/ will enable to keep the same environment when roaming between mobile and fixed networks
3/ will be adapted to the terminal capabilities
4/ will use proprietary interfaces

QUIZ!
C. True or False? A bearer service can support for one user:
1/ 2 Mbps at a speed of 120 km/h
2/ 2 Mbps in a high loaded cell
3/ 2 Mbps at 3 km away from the base station
4/ Asymmetric traffic
5/ Variable traffic
D. True or False? Location based services...
1/ are services only available in some areas (city centers...)
2/ are services related to the location of the user
3/ can locate the mobile phone with an accuracy of about 50 m

QUIZ!
E. True or False? A UICC (UMTS integrated Circuit Card)...
1/ has the same size as a GSM SIM card
2/ can not be used in a GSM terminal
3/ can be used in an UMTS terminal and provide access to GSM network
4/ is linked with the UMTS terminal via a proprietary interface
5/ may provide access to UMTS networks of different operators
F. UMTS services have been announced to come later than initially scheduled because of non
availability of UMTS terminals in volume: can you find some reasons which makes it quite complex
to design UMTS terminals?

3.
UMTS System Description

3. UMTS System Description
3 views of the system
Logical architecture Protocol architecture
Protocol
Entities
stacks
Bearers
Call scenario

Protocol
Entities
stacks
3.1 Logical architecture

Bearers
3.2 Protocol architecture
3.3 Call scenario

3. UMTS System Descript./3.1 UMTS logical architecture
UMTS logical Architecture
Core Network
CN CS-Service PS-Service
Domain Domain
Iu-CS Iu-PS
Iu-PS Iu-CS
IU Iu-reference
point
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
UTRA Iub Iub Iub Iub

N Node_B
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Uu-reference
UU point
UE

CN logical architecture
UMTS Core Network for Release 99

2G/3G 2G/3G PLMN
MSC GMSC PSTN / ISDN
A
GSM BSS
BSC
EIR HLR AuC VHE
Gb
Iu (CS)
UTRAN
2G/3G IP Backbone 2G/3G External
RNC Iu (PS) SGSN GGSN IP Network

UTRAN logical Architecture
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
Iub Iub Iub Iub
Node_B
Node B Node B Node B Node B
RNC
It is the intelligent part of the UTRAN:
- radio resource management (code allocation, congestion control, admission control)
- radio mobility management
- macro-diversity handling (soft HO)
- control of Node-Bs
Node-B
A Node-B can be composed of several cells and performs:
- radio transmission handling
- macro-diversity handling (softer HO)

Soft Handover (1)
Core Network
Iu Iu
Iur
S RNC1 D
S RNC2
Iub Iub Iub Iub
NodeB1 NodeB2 NodeB3 NodeB4
1 2 3 4 5
6

Soft Handover (2)
The role of an RNC (Serving or Drift) is on a per connection basis between a UE

and the UTRAN:
Serving RNC: provide Iu UE-CN connection
Drift RNC: supports Serving RNC by providing radio resources
The recombination of the signal is performed in Serving RNC (in Node B for
softer HO) and in UE using a RAKE receiver.
Soft HO is highly recommended in UMTS system: about 30 to 40% of mobiles are

in macro-diversity mode in IS-95.

UMTS logical Interfaces
Open Interfaces
The functional split for the UMTS components (UE, Node-B, RNC...) are clearly
specified, but the internal architecture and implementation issues are left open (it is
up to the manufacturer).
However all the interfaces (Cu, Uu, Iub, Iur, Iu-CS, Iu-Ps) have been defined in
such a detailed level that the equipment at the endpoints can be from different
manufacturers.
“Open Interfaces” aim at motivating competition between manufacturers.
Physical implementation of Iu interfaces

Each Iu Interface may be implemented on any physical connection using any
transport technology.
ATM will be provided in the R99 release and IP is foreseen in further releases

Protocol
Entities
stacks

Bearers
3.3 Call scenario

3. UMTS System Descri./3.2 UMTS protocol architecture
Access stratum and
Non Access Stratum
Non-Access Stratum (NAS)
Radio Radio Iu Iu
Protocols Protocols Protocols Protocols
(1) (1) (2) (2)
Access Stratum
(AS)
UE UTRAN CN
Uu Iu
SAP
Interchanges between entities is applied on a peer-to-peer principle.
Each entity provides services to entities of upper layers through Service Access
Points (SAP).

Non Access Stratum
CS traffic
CM/MM
CS traffic PS traffic
CM/MM SM/GMM
Iu Protocols
NAS
AS Uu Iu-CS
MSC
Radio Iu
Radio Protocols
Protocols Protocols
PS traffic
SM/GMM
UE UTRAN
Iu Protocols
Iu-PS
SGSN

Access Stratum: radio protocols
4. User authentication (NAS signalling)

2. Web browsing (from/to Iu-PS)
3. Local
weather
1. Speech (from/to Iu-CS)
forecast
1 2 4 3
(SMS Cell
Broadcast)
NON ACCESS STRATUM (NAS)
ACCESS STRATUM (AS)
RRC 5. Initial access (RRC Connection Establishment) RRC
PDCP BMC PDCP BMC
RLC RLC
Co er p
MAC
nt
MAC
Us
ro
lp e
Iu Iu
lan
la
e
n
protocols protocols
Phys Phys
UE Uu Node B Iub RNC

Access Stratum: Iu protocols
Iub Iu-CS MSC

Node-B RNC RANAP
NBAP
RNSAP Iur
Iu-PS SGSN
RNC
The same general protocol Control Plane User Plane

Radio
model is applied for all Iu
interfaces: Network Application Data
Layer Protocol Stream(s)
Transport Network Transport Network Transport Network

Transport User Plane Control Plane User Plane
Application Protocol: ALCAP
Network
- NBAP for Iub
Layer
Signaling Signaling Data
- RNSAP for Iur Bearer(s) Bearer(s) Bearer(s)
- RANAP for Iu-CS and Physical Layer

Iu-PS

Protocol
Entities
stacks

Bearers
3.3 Call scenario

3. UMTS System Description/3.3 Call Scenario
Radio Access Bearer (RAB)
UMTS Bearers
CN-CS
RAB
RAB
UTRAN UMTS Bearer
UMTS Bearer
UE RAB
RAB
UMTS bearer
services CN-PS
Radio Bearers Iu Bearers
RABs (mapped on Radio & Iu Bearers)

“The RAB provides confidential transport of signaling and user data between
UE and CN with the appropriate QoS”.
Establishment of a call
Inside the UTRAN
No more distinction between CS and PS part: all data are mapped on RAB.
But the RAB characteristics (delay, bit rate…) may not be the same for CS and PS
part.
UTRAN has the total freedom to configure the radio bearers according to the
required RAB attributes (ie QoS).

Example : CS call establishment
UE Uu UTRAN Iu CN
Connection to UTRAN
(RRC Connection establishment)
Request for service

(RRC) (RANAP)
Authentication and Ciphering / Integrity
Setup
Establishment of Resources (RAB + Radio Bearer)
Alert and Connect

QUIZ!
A. Put the correct words in the spaces on the figure below
CS networks
... ... ... ...
(PSTN, ISDN)
...
... ... ... PS networks

... ... ...
(internet)
... ...
... ...

Quiz!
B. Which of the following statements concerning the soft(er) handover is true of false?
1/ a soft(er) HO consists of two or more simultaneous radio links between the UE and the UTRAN
2/ a soft HO is under the control of the Drift RNC
3/ a softer HO is performed by Node-B
C. Where is performed the radio mobility management?

1/ in the CN 2/ at the RNC 3/ at the Node-B
D. According to the norm, can the RNC from a given

manufacturer be compatible with:
1/ the CN of another manufacturer?
2/ the RNC of another manufacturer?
3/ the Node-B of another manufacturer?

4.
WCDMA for UMTS

4. WCDMA for UMTS
4.1 Context
4.2 Spread Spectrum modulation
4.3 Code Division Multiple Access
4.4 Rake Receiver
4.5 Power Control
4.6 Soft Handover
4.7 Typical coverage and capacity values

4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.1 Context
From military to civil modern radio-
communications
Early 70’s
CDMA developed for military field for its great qualities of privacy (low
probability interception, interference rejection)
1996
CDMA commercial launch in the US
This system called IS-95 or cdmaOne was developed by Qualcomm and has
reached 50 million subscribers worldwide
2000
IMT-2000 has selected three CDMA radio interfaces:
- WCDMA (UTRA FDD)
- TD-CDMA (UTRA TDD)
- CDMA 2000
In the following material we will only refer to WCDMA (UTRA FDD)

4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.1 Context
Why CDMA?
CDMA is very attractive:
• Better spectrum efficiency than 2G systems
• Suitable for all type of services (circuit, packet) and for multi-services
• Enhanced privacy
• Evolutionary (linked with progress in signal processing field)
BUT:
• Complex system: not easy to configure and to manage
• Unstable in case of congestion

4. WCDMA for UMTS
4.1 Context
4.4 Rake Receiver
4.5 Power Control
4.6 Soft Handover

4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.2 Spread Spectrum Modulation
A code as a shell
against noise
Noise
Spreading Radio channel Despreading
Transmitter Receiver
The letter ‘A’ represents the signal to transmit over the radio interface.
At the transmitter the height (ie the power) of ‘A’ is spread, while a color (i.e a
code) is added to ‘A’.
At the receiver ‘A’ can be retrieved with knowledge of the code, even if the power
of the received signal is below the power of noise due to the radio channel.

Spectrum spreading
P P P P
Radio channel Noise
level
f f f f
Spreading De-spreading
At the transmitter the signal is multiplied by a code which spreads the signal
over a wide bandwidth while decreasing the power (per unit of spectrum).
At the receiver it is possible to retrieve the wanted signal by multiplying the

received signal by the same code: you get a peak of correlation, while the noise
level due to the radio channel remains the same, because this is not correlated with
the code.
The spectrum spreading permits transmission of a signal below the noise level and
makes the signal very hard to detect.
Spectrum spreading makes CDMA very secure.

Transmission Chain
Air Interface
NB-Signal WB-Signal WB-Signal NB-Signal
Data Data
Modulator Demodulator
Code sequence Code Sequence
The narrowband data signal is multiplied bit per bit by a code sequence: it is
known as “chipping”.
The chip rate of this code sequence is much higher than the bit rate of the data
signal: it produces a wideband signal, also called spread signal.
At the receiver the same code sequence in phase should be used to retrieve the
original data signal.

Spreading factor
Signal 1 0 0 (bits)
Spreading 1111 0000 0000 (chips)
Code 0101 0101 0101
Tx signal 0101 1010 1010
Radio channel
Rx signal 0101 1010 1010
Code 0101 0101 0101
Despreading 1111 0000 0000
Signal 1 0 0
(In this case, each bit of the signal is spread over 4 chips. The spreading factor is
4)
Spreading makes CDMA adequate for services with variable bit rates.

Processing Gain
W 
Processing Gain  10 Log 10 
 Rb 
Processing
Gain
De-spreading
f
W Rb
The Processing Gain is the gain you have at the receiver by the despreading of the
signal (peak of correlation). It enables transmission of the signal below the noise
level.
A high bit rate signal needs more power to cross the noise level by de-
spreading.

4. WCDMA for UMTS
4.1 Context
4.4 Rake Receiver
4.5 Power Control
4.6 Soft Handover

4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.3 Code Division Multiple Access
One-cell reuse
The area is divided into cells, but the entire bandwidth

is reused in each cell (frequency reuse of one)
> Inter-cell interference
> Cell orthogonality is achieved by codes
The entire bandwidth is used by each user at the same

time
> Intra-cell interference
> User orthogonality is achieved by codes

Multiple access (1)
Spreading 1
Spreading1
Transmitter 1 Radio Channel
Spreading 2 Receiver
The receiver aims at receiving Transmitter 1 only.

Transmitter 2
All the users transmit on the same 5 MHz carrier at the same time and interfere
with each over.
At the receiver the users can be separated by means of (quasi-)orthogonal codes.

Multiple access (2)
Spreading 1
Spreading1
Transmitter 1 Radio Channel
Spreading 2 Receiver
The receiver aims at receiving Transmitter 1 only.

Transmitter 2
If a user transmits with a very high power, it will be impossible for the receiver to
decode the wanted signal (despite use of quasi-orthogonal codes)
CDMA is unstable by nature and requires accurate power control.

Spreading:
Channelization and scrambling
cch1
air
interface
Modulator
cch 2 cscrambling
cch 3
The channelization code (or spreading code) is signal-specific: the code length is
chosen according to the bit rate of the signal.
The scrambling code is equipment-specific.

Channelization codes
(spreading codes)
C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C ch,2,0 = (1,1)
C = (1,1,-1,-1)
ch,4,1
The code tree is shared by several
C ch,1,0 = (1) users (usually one code tree per cell)
C ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
C ch,2,1 = (1,-1)
C ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8
The channelization codes are OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) codes:
• their length is equal to the spreading factor of the signal: they can match variable
bit rates on a frame-by-frame basis.
• orthogonality enables to separate physical channels:
UL: separation of physical channels from the same terminal
DL: separation of physical channels to different users within one cell

Scrambling codes
The scrambling codes provide separation between equipment:

• UL: separation of terminals
No need for code planning (millions of codes!)
There are 214 long and 214 short scrambling codes in uplink
• DL: separation of cells

Need for code planning between cells (but trivial task)
There are only long scrambling codes in downlink
(512 to limit the code identification during cell search procedure)
The long scrambling codes are truncated to the 10 ms frame length.
Only one DL scrambling code should be used within a cell.

Another scrambling code may be introduced in one cell if necessary (example :
shortage of channelization code), but orthogonality between users will be
degraded.
4. WCDMA for UMTS
4.1 Context
4.4 Rake Receiver
4.5 Power Control
4.6 Soft Handover

4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.4 Rake Receiver
Rake Receiver principle (1)
In a CDMA system there is a single carrier which contains all user signals.
Decoding of all these signals by one receiver is only a question of signal

processing capacity.
A Rake receiver is capable to decode several signals simultaneously in the so

called “fingers” and to combine them in order to improve the quality of the signal
or to get several services at the same time.
A Rake receiver is implemented in mobile phones and in base stations.
A Rake receiver can provide:

- multi-service (via handling of multiple physical channels that are carrying the
services)
- soft handover
- path diversity

Rake receiver principle (2)
Delay Adjustment
Multi-code
signal
1st
Finger Delay 1 Data 1
Code Sequence 1
2nd
Finger Delay 2
Code Sequence 2
Data 2
3rd
Finger Delay 3
Code Sequence 2 or 3
The components of the multi-code signal are demodulated in parallel each in one
“finger” of the Rake Receiver.
The outputs of the fingers:

• can provide independent data signals
• can be combined to provide a better data signal(s)

Rake receiver
and multi-service
Spreading 1 Despreading 1
Radio Channel
Spreading 2
Despreading 2
Transmitter Multimedia receiver
As a first approach, we can say:

One service, one code! (*)
>> Which codes make it possible to separate

the two signals at the receiver?

Rake Receiver
and soft handover
Spreading 1
Despreading 1&2
Base station 1 Radio Channel
Spreading 2 Mobile phone
Base Station 2 >> Which codes make it possible to

separate the two signals at the receiver?
Soft handover is possible, because the two mobile stations use the same frequency
band. The mobile phone need only one transmission chain to decode both
simultaneously.

Rake Receiver
and path diversity (1)
Natural obstacles (buildings, hills…) cause reflections, diffractions and scattering
and consequently multipath propagation.
The delay dispersion depends on the environment and is typically:
• 1 µs (300 m) in urban areas

• 20 µs (6000 m) in hilly areas
The delay dispersion should be compared with the chip duration 0,26 µs (78 m) of
the CDMA system.
If the delay dispersion is greater than the chip duration, the multipath components
of the signal can be separated by a Rake Receiver.
In this case, CDMA can take advantage of multipath propagation.

Rake Receiver
and path diversity (2)
Direct path
Spreading Despreading
Reflected path
Dispersion <Chip duration
>> Which codes make it
The Rake Receiver cannot provide path diversity. possible to separate the two
signals at the receiver?
Direct path
Spreading Despreading
Reflected path
Dispersion > Chip duration
The Rake Receiver can provide path diversity to improve the quality of the signal.

4. WCDMA for UMTS
4.1 Context
4.4 Rake Receiver
4.5 Power Control
4.6 Soft Handover

4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.5 Power Control
Why Power Control?
MS2
MS1
Node
B
Near-Far Problem
on the uplink way an overpowered mobile phone near the base station can jam any
other mobile phones far from the base station.
> Need for very efficient and very fast Power Control on UL
> Power Control is also used in DL to reduce interference and consequently to

increase the system capacity.
Open Loop
Open loop power control
1
1
Node Node
B B
2 2
If UE receives a STRONG DL signal, If UE receives a weak DL signal,

then UE will speak low. then UE will speak LOUD.
Problem:
fading is not correlated on UL and DL due to separation of UL and DL band.
Open loop Power Control is inaccurate.
Closed Loop
Closed loop power control
”Power down” SIR estimation
SIR estimation ”Power down”

Node
SIR B ”Power up” SIR estimation
RNC target
SIR estimation ”Power ...”
...
The Node-B controls the power of the UE (and vice versa) by performing a SIR
estimation (inner loop).
The RNC controls parameters of the SIR estimation (outer loop).
This SIR estimation is performed each 0,66 ms (1500 Hz command rate).
Closed loop Power Control is very fast.
4. WCDMA for UMTS
4.1 Context
4.4 Rake Receiver
4.5 Power Control
4.6 Soft Handover
4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.6 Soft Handover
Soft Handover (1)
RNC
Node
B
Node
B Node
B
Soft HO Softer HO
Soft Handover (2)
Why do we need soft HO?

Imagine that a UE penetrates from one cell deeply into an adjacent cell:
> it may cause near-far problem
> hard HO is not a good solution, because of the need for the hysteresis
mechanism
Additional resources due to soft HO:

- Additional rake receiver in Node-B
- Additional Rake Fingers in UE
- Additional transmission links between Node-Bs and RNCs
Soft HO provides Diversity (also called Macro-Diversity), but requires more

network resource.
Soft Handover (3)
 Soft Handover execution:

 Soft Handover is executed by means of the following procedures
 Radio Link Addition (FDD soft-add);
 Radio Link Removal (FDD soft-drop);
 Combined Radio Link Addition and Removal.
 The cell to be added to the active set needs to have information
forwarded by the RNC:
 Connection parameters (coding scheme, layer 2 information, …)
 UE ID and uplink scrambling code,
 Timing information from UE
 The UE needs to get the following information
 Channelization & scrambling codes to be used
 Relative timing information (Timing offset based on CPICH synchro)
4. WCDMA for UMTS
4.1 Context
4.4 Rake Receiver
4.5 Power Control
4.6 Soft Handover
4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.7 Typical coverage and capacity values
Radio dimensioning process: What’s new?
Market perspective
Mobile data market forecast
Marketing inputs
Multi-service environment
Voice+data
Variable bit rate
Different QoS
Asymmetric traffic
New radio technology

W-CDMA Capacity
Coverage Quality
Concentric coverage
The coverage is determined by the uplink range, because the transmission power of
the terminal is much lower than that of the base station.
R1
R2
R3 UE Transmit Power
21 dBm (126 mW)
24 dBm (251 mW)
Service Speech Packet data Packet data

in suburban area 12 kbps 144 kbps 384 kbps
Cell radius
R1 3 km R2 2 km R3 1,5 km
(uplink limited)
Ways of improving coverage
AMR speech Codec

it enables to switch to a lower bit rate if the mobile is moving out of the cell
coverage area: it is a trade-off between quality and coverage.
Multipath diversity
it consists of combining the different paths of a signal (due to reflections,
diffractions or scattering) by using a Rake Receiver.
Multipath diversity is very efficient with W-CDMA.
Soft(er) handover
the transmission from the mobile is received by two or more base stations.
Receive antenna diversity
the base station collects the signal on two uncorrelated branches. It can be obtained
by space or polarization diversity.
Base stations algorithms
e.g. accuracy of SIR estimation in power control process
Soft capacity
The capacity is determined by the downlink direction, because:

- better receiver techniques can be used in the base station than in the mobile station
(but requiring more CPU power).
- the downlink capacity is expected to be more important than the uplink capacity
because of asymmetric traffic.
The downlink capacity has two limitations:

- the amount of interference in the air interface
Adjacent cells share part of the same interference: there is an additional capacity in
a cell, if the number of users in the neighboring cells is smaller.
- the loss of code orthogonality
The downlink codes originate from a single point and can be synchronized.
But, after transmission over multipath channel, part of orthogonality is lost.
It is a soft capacity, because it is not limited by the hardware equipment.
Parameters influencing capacity
The capacity depends on:

- the radio environment (rural, suburban, indoor)
- the terminal speeds
- the distribution of the terminals
- the load of the cell: trade-off capacity/coverage (breathing cells)
High loaded cell High loaded cell

High DL interference level Low DL interference level
DL data throughput 660 kbps DL data throughput 1440 kbps
(per carrier per sector) (per carrier per sector)
4. WCDMA for UMTS
QUIZ!
A. True or False? Spreading...
1/ consists of increasing the power while decreasing the frequency bandwidth
2/ allows to transmit a signal with a S/N (Signal-to-Noise ratio) smaller than one
3/ enables to retrieve the coded signal at the receiver by using the same code in phase
4/ is used in FDMA system
B. Signal 1 has a bit rate of 12 kbps and a coding rate of 1/3, signal 2 has a bit rate of 384 kbps and a
coding rate of 1/2:
1/ Which spreading factor should be chosen for each of these signals?
2/ What is the processing gain for each of these signals?
4. WCDMA for UMTS
QUIZ!
C. True of false? WCDMA...
1/ is also called UMTS FDD or UTRA FDD
2/ uses a 1 MHz bandwidth carrier
3/ has a chip rate of 3,84 Mchips/s
D. How many carriers are there per operator for WCDMA?
1/ 124 carriers 2/ 62 carriers 3/ 1 to 3 according to the country
E. True or false? A Rake Receiver
1/ can separate simultaneously two signals only if their codes are perfectly orthogonal
2/ can separate simultaneously several signals of 2 different WCDMA carriers
3/ can take advantage of multipath propagation
4. WCDMA for UMTS
QUIZ!
F. True or false? In WCDMA, power control

1/ is used in uplink and in downlink
2/ is crucial in downlink because of near-far problem
3/ is composed of the open loop and the closed loop
4/ may be performed each WCDMA time slot (1500 Hz command rate)
G. True or false? Soft handover...

1/ is highly desirable in WCDMA
2/ require use of more frequencies
3/ require use of more power in uplink
4/ require additional signal processing equipment such as Rake Receiver
5/ require additional transmission links
5.
UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access Network
(FDD mode, Release 1999)
5. UTRAN
UTRAN role and principles
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1 Uu Iub
UE Node B RNC CN
• To transfer traffic and control channels between UE and CN

- Common handling of packet-switched and circuit-switched data
- Protection of the user data on the air interface (providing of ciphering)
- Independence from the applied transport technology on the Iu interface
• To manage the radio mobility of the user
Full control of UE radio mobility with the use of the Iur interface which makes it possible to
perform soft HO even with 2 cells/Node-Bs belonging to different RNCs.
• To make efficient use of limited radio resources
Support of WCDMA specific Radio Resource Management (RRM) algorithms.
5. UTRAN
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
UE Node B RNC
5.1 From Radio Bearers to transport channels
5.2 Radio Protocols
5.3 Iu Protocols
5.4 UE identifiers and UE states
5.5 Signalling procedures
5.6 The Physical Layer (on the air interface)
5.7 Radio Resource Management (RRM)
5.8 Mobility management

5. UTRAN/5.1 From Radio Bearers to transport channels
Situation
UE UTRAN CN CN UE
Node Gateway
Teleservice
UMTS Bearer Service External Bearer

Service
Radio Access Bearer Service CN Bearer
(RAB) Service
Radio Bearer Iu Bearer Backbone

Service Service Bearer Service
... ...
Radio Physical Physical

Bearer Service
Bearer Service
Uu Iu
Radio Bearers, logical and transport
channels
Control plane User plane
Web browsing
NAS signalling
Telephony
SMS Cell
speech
RRC Broadcast
RRC connection User plane

Signalling Radio Bearers
Radio establishment
Bearers PDCP BMC
RLC
Control Traffic
Logical Logical ...
Channels Channels
MAC MAC
Transport Channels Transport Channels

(Iur)/Iub/Uu
Phys. Phys.
UTRAN UE
Radio Bearers
Signalling Radio Bearers (SRB)

SRBs can carry:
- layer 3 signalling (e.g. RRC connection establishment)
- NAS signalling (e.g location update)
There can be up to 4 SRBs per RRC connection (one UE has one RRC connection
when connected to the UTRAN).
User Plane Radio Bearers

RABs are mapped on user plane RBs.
One RAB can be divided on RAB sub-flows and each sub-flow is mapped on one
user plane RB.
e.g the AMR codec encodes/decodes speech into/from three sub-flows; each sub-flow
can have its own channel coding.
Logical Channels (1)
Control Channels (CCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)

UTRAN
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Traffic Channels (TCH)

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
Logical Channels (2)
UL ( )
/ Wha t type o f info rm a tio n?
DL ( )
BCCH System control informa tion
e.g cell identity, uplink interference level
PCCH Pa ging informa tion
e.g CN originated call when the network does not know the
location cell of the UE
CCCH Control informa tion
e.g initial access (RRC connection request), cell update
DCCH Control informa tion (but the UE must ha ve a RRC connection)
e.g radio bearer setup, measurement reports, HO
DTCH Tra ffic informa tion dedica ted to one UE
e.g speech, fax, web browsing
CTCH Tra ffic informa tion to a ll or a group of UEs
e.g SMS-Cell Broadcast
Why Transport Channels?
A transport channel offers a flexible pattern to arrange information on any service-

specific rate, delay or coding before mapping it on a physical channel:
• it provides flexibility in traffic variation
• it enables multiplexing of transport channels on the same physical channel
Transport channels provide an efficient and fast flexibility in radio resource

management.
Structure of a Transport Channel (1)
Transport Block: basic Transport Format (TF): it may be changed every TTI. Each
unit exchanged over TF must belong to the Transport Format Set (TFS) of the
transport channels. transport channel
168
360 bits 168 168 168
360 168 168 168

10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms
Time Transmission
Interval (TTI): periodicity >> The system delivers one Transport Block Set to the physical
at which a Transport Block layer every TTI: what is the delivery bit rate of the transport
Set is transferred by the blocks to the physical layer during the first TTI?
physical layer on the radio
interface
Structure of a Transport Channel (2)
Transport Format (TF)

• Semi-static part (can be changed, but long process)
Transmission Time Interval (TTI),
Coding scheme...
• Dynamic part (may be changed easily)
Size of transport block,
Number of transport blocks per TTI
Transport Format Set (TFS)

It is the set of allowed Transport Formats for a transport channel, which is
assigned by RRC protocol entity to MAC protocol entity.
MAC chooses TF among TFS.
MAC may choose another TF every TTI without interchanging with RRC protocol
(fast radio resource control).
Example
576 bits
576 576
576 576 576
576 576 576

40 ms
Sta tic Pa rt
TTI ?
1. Complete the table
Coding scheme Turbo coding, coding ra te= 1/ 3
CRC 16 bits
2. What is the delivery bit
rate of the transport blocks
Dyna m ic Pa rt to the physical layer
Tra nsport Block Size ? during the first TTI?
Tra nsport Block Size Set 576*B (B= 0,1,2,3,4)
3. How many Transport Format(s) may be chosen for this transport channel?
4. Can you imagine why the transfer has been interrupted during the third TTI?
Transport Channels
Common Channels
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Forward Access Channel (FACH)

UTRAN
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Dedicated Channels
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
Common Transport Channels (1)
BCH: Broadcast Channel

A downlink transport channel that is used to carry BCCH. The BCH is always
transmitted with high power over the entire cell with a low fixed bit rate.
>> The BCH is the only transport channel with a single transport format (no
flexibility). Can you explain why?
PCH: Paging Channel

A downlink transport channel that is used to carry PCCH. It is always transmitted
over the entire cell.
>> Is it possible to carry all types of information on the PCH?
FACH: Forward Access Channel

A downlink transport channel that is used to carry control information. It may also carry
short users packets. The FACH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only a part of the
cell using beam-forming antennas. The FACH uses open loop power control (slow power
control).
>> In which case is it interesting to use beam-forming antennas? would it also be relevant to
implement this feature for PCH?
RACH: Random Access Channel

An uplink transport channel that is used to carry control information from the mobile
especially at the initial access. It may also carry short user packets. The RACH is always
received from the entire cell and is characterized by a limited size data field, a collision risk
and by the use of open loop power control (slow power control).
>> Why is it interesting to carry short user packets on RACH in spite of limited data field
and collision risk (instead of using a dedicated channel)?
DSCH: Downlink Shared Channel

A downlink transport channel shared by several UEs to carry dedicated control or
user information. When a UE is using the DSCH, it always has an associated
DCH, which provides power control.
CPCH: Common Packet Channel

An uplink transport channel that is used to carry long user data packets and control
packets. It is a contention based random access channel. It is always associated
with a dedicated channel on the downlink, which provides power control.
 Transfer of signalling and traffic on a shared basis
Dedicated Transport Channels
DCH: Dedicated Channel

A downlink or uplink transport channel that is used to carry user or control
information. It is characterized by features such as fast rate change (on a frame-by-
frame basis), fast power control, use of beam-forming and support of soft HO.
>> Two features are only applied on DCH: can you guess which?
Mapping
LogicalTransport Channels
Control Logical Channels Traffic Logical Channels
BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH CTCH
BCH PCH RACH FACH DSCH CPCH DCH
Common Transport Channels Dedicated

Transport
Channels
Mapping
Logical  Transport Channels
Control Logical Channels Traffic Logical Channels
BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH CTCH
BCH PCH RACH FACH DSCH CPCH DCH
Common Transport Channels Dedicated

Transport
Channels
Complete the gaps!
(1) … channels
are defined by what type of information (e.g user data, signalling, system
information...) is transported over the radio interface.
(2) … channels
are defined by how and with what characteristics (e.g type of coding, required
transfer delay, required BER... ) data are transferred over the radio interface.
(3) … channels
are defined by the mechanisms (e.g frequency, code, power, framing...) with which
the data are transferred over the physical resources of the air-interface.
Complete the table!
Tra ffic Lo g ica l Tra nsp o rt

cla ss Cha nne l Cha nne l
Sig na lling
1. … - BCCH BCH, FACH
2. … - PCCH PCH
3. … - CCCH UL: RACH, DL: FACH
4. … - DCCH RACH, DCH
Use r info rm a tio n

3 UL: 3 coordina ted DCHs
5. … Conversa tiona l
DTCHs DL: 3 coordina ted DCHs
6. … Intera ctive DTCH UL: RACH, DL: FACH
UL: CPCH, DCH
7. … Intera ctive DTCH
DL: DSCH,DCH
UL: CPCH, DCH
8. … Strea ming DTCH
DL: DSCH,DCH
UL: CPCH, DCH
9. … Ba ckground DTCH
DL: DSCH,DCH
10. … Ba ckground CTCH FACH
5. UTRAN
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
UE Node B RNC
5.2 Radio Protocols
5.3 Iu Protocols

5. UTRAN/5.2 Radio Protocols
Radio protocol stack
Control plane User plane

Non Access Stratum
Bearers (called
Access Stratum RAB in user plane)
control
Layer 3 RRC
PDCP
PDCP SAP
control
control
Layer 2/PDCP
Layer 2/BMC BMC
control
Radio Bearers
control
Layer 2/RLC RLC RLC

RLC RLC
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
Logical Channels
Layer 2/MAC MAC
Transport Channels
Layer 1 PHY
Physical Channels
Radio Resource Control (RRC)
Call management
Bearers
Layer 3
Radio mobility management
RRC
Measurement control and reporting
control
control
control
control
Radio Bearers Outer loop power control
control
(control plane)
PDCP
BMC
RLC
MAC
PHY
RRC is the brain of the radio interface protocol stack.
PDCP and BMC protocols
PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)

- in the user plane, only for services from the PS domain
- it contains compression methods
In R99 only a header compression method is mentioned (RFC2507).
Why is header compression valuable?
e.g a combined RTP/UDP/IP headers is at least 60 bytes for IPv6, when IP voice
service header can be about 20 bytes or less.
BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Services)

- in the user plane
- to adapt broadcast and multicast services from NAS on the radio interface
In R99 the only service using this protocol is SMS Cell Broadcast Service (directly
taken from GSM).
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Segmentation
Radio Bearers Radio Bearers
(control plane) (user plane) Buffering
Data transfer with 3
Layer 2/ RLC RLC
upper part RLC
RLC RLC configuration modes:
RLC RLCRLC
- Transparent (TM)
Control Traffic
Logical Logical - Unacknowledged (UM)
Channels Channels
- Acknowledged (AM)
Ciphering
RLC provides segmentation and (in AM mode) reliable data transfer.
Medium Access Control (MAC)
Control Traffic
Logical Logical Basic data transfer
Channels Channels
Multiplexing of logical channels
Layer 2/
lower part MAC Priority handling/Scheduling (TFC
selection)
Transport
Channels
Reporting of measurements
(common and
Ciphering
dedicated)
MAC can switch a common channel into a dedicated channel if higher bit rate is
required (on request of L3-level).
MAC can change dynamically Transport Format (bit rate…) of each transport
channel on a frame basis (each 10 ms) without interchanging with L3-level.
MAC provides flexible data transfer.

TFC selection in MAC protocol
Several transport channels can be time-coordinated to be MAC

multiplexed on a CCTrCH before mapping on one physical
channel (or more if necessary). TFC selection
Transport Format (TF)
e.g. DCH1 = {244}
DCH2 = {0 ; 148} Transport Format Set (TFS) DCH1 DCH2 DCH3
DCH3 = {0 ; 148}
Transport Format Combination (TFC)
TrCH multiplexing
TFCS = { {244 ; 0 ; 0} , {244 ; 148 ; 0} , {244 ; 0 ; 148} }
Transport Format Combination Set (TFCS) CCTrCH
MAC selects TFC inside TFCS. Physical channel

Mapping
There is one TFCS per CCTrCH.
L1
>> Why is the combination {244 ; 148 ; 148} not possible? Physical Channel(s)
The Physical Layer
Common Dedicated
Transport Transport Multiplexing of transport ch.
Channels Channels
Spreading/modulation
Layer 1 Physical layer
RF processing
Power control
Common Dedicated
Physical Physical Measurements
Channels Channels
Air Interface
The physical layer provides multiplexing and radio frequency processing with a
CDMA method.
Exercise: MAC protocol (1)
BCCH PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH DCCH DTCH DTCH
MAC
Control
MAC-d
MAC-b MAC-c/sh
BCH PCH FACH FACH RACH CPCH DSCH DSCH DCH DCH
Iur or local
Look at this figure and answer the questions on the following pages.
1. On which logical/transport channels will be mapped:

- system information broadcasting
- paging
- telephony speech
- internet browsing at a high bit rate
- internet browsing at a low bit rate
Can you imagine a situation where the UE will use 2 DTCHs (or more) at the same time?
2. Guess the meaning of “MAC-b” “MAC-c/sh” and “MAC-d”.
3. Why is there one MAC-d entity on the UE side and several MAC-d entities on the UTRAN side?
4. What is the link between MAC-c/sh and MAC-d for?
5. What are the 4 main functions of MAC protocol?
6. MAC can multiplex logical channels only if they require the same QoS: true or false?
7. RNTI (Radio Network Temporary Identity) is an UE identity assigned by UTRAN, when the UE is
connected to the UTRAN . The parameter RNTI is included in the header of each transport blocks in
MAC-c/sh, but not in MAC-d : can you explain the reason?
8. The system can also multiplex transport channels: where does that take place?
9. What is the name of the channel on which several time-coordinated transport channels can be
multiplexed?
10. Which entity is responsible for TFC selection? TFCS allocation?
11. Is it possible to multiplex 2 FACHs (or more)? 2 DCHs (or more)? a FACH and a DCH?
12. Will the physical channel configuration be changed (e.g modification of spreading factor) when
MAC selects a new TFC inside TFCS?
13. MAC makes measurement reports to RRC: why is it necessary?
5. UTRAN
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
UE Node B RNC
5.2 Radio Protocols
5.3 Iu Protocols
5.5 Signaling procedures

5. UTRAN/ 5.3 Iu protocols
General model
The same general protocol model is applied for all Iu interfaces:
Radio Control Plane User Plane

1. What is the
Network Application Data purpose of the
Layer Protocol Stream(s) separation between
the Radio Network
Transport Network Transport Network Transport Network Layer and the
Transport User Plane Control Plane User Plane
Transport Network
Network ALCAP Layer?
Layer
Signaling Signaling Data 2. Why is ALCAP
Bearer(s) Bearer(s) Bearer(s) protocol necessary?
Physical Layer
Application Protocols: - NBAP for Iub interface

- RNSAP for Iur interface
- RANAP for Iu-CS and Iu-PS interfaces
Iub protocols
Radio Link RRC Connection

Establishment RABs* Establishment*
NAS signalling*
RNC
Control Plane User Plane
Radio
Network Frame
NBAP Protocols
Layer (IubFP)
Transport Network User Transport Network Control Transport Network User
Plane Plane Plane
Transport
ALCAP
Network
Layer AAL5 AAL5 AAL2
ATM
Physical Layer
* at this stage these data streams have been mapped on

Node B
transport channels by MAC protocol
Iur protocols
Establishment of an RRC Connection

additional radio link RABs* Establishment*
to an UE NAS signalling*
(for soft HO)
SRNC
Control Plane User Plane
Radio
Network Frame
RNSAP Protocols
Layer (Iur FP)
Transport Network User Transport Network Control Transport Network User
Plane Plane Plane
Transport
ALCAP
Network ...
Layer AAL5 AAL5 AAL2
ATM
Physical Layer
* at this stage these data streams have been mapped on

DRNC
transport channels by MAC protocol
UTRAN protocols:
general recap
RRC PDCP BMC RRC PDCP BMC
RLC RLC
Uu Iub
MAC MAC
SRNC Soft combining
Soft(er) combining NBAP ALCAP Iub-FP NBAP ALCAP Iub-FP Iur-FP ALCAPRNSAP
Softer
combining ... ... ... ... ... ...
Phy. Phy. AAL5 AAL5 AAL2 AAL5 AAL5 AAL2 AAL2 AAL5 AAL5
(air) (air) ATM/Physical layer ATM/Physical layer
UE Node-B Iur
RRC PDCP BMC
RLC
Radio Protocols
DRNC MAC
NBAP ALCAP Iub-FP Iur-FP ALCAPRNSAP
Iu Protocols (Radio Network Layer) ... ... ... ...
AAL5 AAL5 AAL2 AAL2 AAL5 AAL5
Iu protocols (Transport Network Layer) ATM/Physical layer
5. UTRAN
5.1 From Radio Bearers to transport channels ?

?
5.2 Radio Protocols
5.3 Iu Protocols
5. UTRAN/5.4 UE identifiers and UE states
UE identifiers
2 types of UE identification on the radio interface:
• NAS identifiers
- IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity
- TMSI: Temporary Mobile Station Identity
They are used in the initial access CCCH message
• UTRAN identifier
- RNTI: Radio Network Temporary Identity
This is allocated by the UTRAN for each UE in connected mode and used for
inband identification in common transport channels (e.g FACH). The RNTI is not
used outside the UTRAN.
UE states (1)
out of coverage RRC Connection Release
UE UE UE
detached in idle mode in connected

mode
“just after switch on” process

Including Cell search procedure RRC Connection Establishment
Why is the idle mode necessary?
UE states (2)
out of coverage RRC Connection Release
RRC Connection Establishment procedure UE UE

UE
in connected
detached in idle mode mode
“just after switch on” process RRC Connection Establishment
CCCH 1 - UE in idle mode,

RNC
- a Common Control Channel (CCCH) is
used to initiate the procedure
CCCH
RNC
DCCH 2 - Setup of a Dedicated Control Channel
(DCCH)
DCCH RNC 3 - UE in connected mode

- The DCCH is used during the whole time
of the RRC connection to carry signalling
Which type of transport channel are used to
dedicated to this particular UE
carry CCCH? DCCH?
UE states (3)
Cell_DCH state UE in connected

Signalling and traffic data Cell DCH mode
UE
dedicated to the UE (mapped on
DCCH and DTCH respectively) in idle Cell PCH
are carried on DCH transport
mode Cell FACH
channel
URA PCH
Cell_FACH state
Signalling and traffic data
dedicated to the UE (mapped on Cell_DCH Cell_FACH
DCCH and DTCH respectively) No traffic UL/DL at expiry of timer 1
are carried on RACH (uplink) and
FACH (downlink) transport
Cell_FACH Cell_DCH
channels
Traffic volume UL/DL too large
UE states (4)
Cell_PCH state
No transmission of signalling and UE in connected
Cell DCH
traffic data dedicated to the UE (no mode
UE
DCCH and no DTCH)
in idle Cell PCH
But the RRC connection is still active
(UTRAN keeps RNTI for UE) and UE mode Cell FACH
location at a cell level.
URA PCH
- a DCCH (and possibly a DTCH) can
be reestablished very quickly (this
procedure is initiated by sending a
paging signal PCH) Cell_FACH Cell_PCH
No traffic UL/DL at expiry of timer 2
URA_PCH state Cell_PCH  Cell_FACH URA_PCH
Very similar to cell_PCH state Too many cell reselections
UTRAN keeps the location of the UE at the Cell/URA_PCH  Cell_FACH

URA level (set of UMTS cells) Incoming DL or UL traffic
UE identifiers and UE states:
complete the table!
CN UTRAN
UE Sta te s
UE Ide ntifie rs UE Lo ca tio n UE Ide ntifie r UE Lo ca tio n
id le m o d e IMSI, TMSI LA, RA
ce ll_DCH
ce ll_FACH
co nne cte d
m o de
ce ll_PCH
URA_PCH
5. UTRAN
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
UE Node B RNC
5.2 Radio Protocols
5.3 Iu Protocols
5.5 Signaling procedures

5. UTRAN/5.5 Signaling procedures
List of basic signaling procedures
A. Broadcast of system information
B. Paging
B1. Paging Type 1 (in idle mode or in cell_PCH or in URA_PCH states)
B2. Paging Type 2 (in cell_FACH or cell_DCH states)
C. RRC Connection
C1. RRC Connection Establishment (to cell_FACH and to cell_DCH states)
C2. RRC Connection Release (in cell_DCH states)
D. Radio Link establishment
E. Direct Transfer
F. Control of RAB, RB, Transport Channel and Physical Channel

F1. RAB Establishment
F2. Physical Channel Reconfiguration
G. Soft HO (Radio Link Addition)
How to read call scenario diagrams
Logical channel
Name of the message
Transport channel
UE RNC
1. RRC Connection Request (CCCH:RACH)

RRC RRC
Initial UE identity, Establishment cause, Initial UE
capability
Network entity
Protocol entity
Parameters of the message
A. System Information Broadcasting
(1)
The broadcast system information:
- may come from CN, RNC or Node-B.
- contains static parameters (Cell identity, supported PLMN types...) and dynamic
parameters (UL interference level...).
- is arranged in System Information Blocks (SIB), which group together elements of
the same nature.
- can be carried on BCH which is transmitted permanently over the entire cell.
>> Do you think the UE needs to read all the SIBs each time a broadcast is
repeated?
A. System Information Broadcasting
(2)
UE Node-B RNC CN
System Information
Update Request
NBAP Master/Segment Info NBAP
Block(s), BCCH
modification time
System Information
Update Response
NBAP NBAP
System Information (BCCH:BCH)
RRC RRC
Master/Segment Info Block(s)

RRC RRC
>> Why does RRC protocol
RRC
RRC terminate at Node-B for BCH
(not at RNC)?
B. Paging
Paging is typically used at core network-originated call.
UE in idle mode
The network will page the UE in LA (CS domain) or RA (PS domain)
UE is in connected mode
The network will page the UE:
- in the cell (in cell_PCH, cell_FACH, cell_DCH states)
- in the URA (in URA_PCH state)
Paging Type 1: mapped on PCCH/PCH

Paging Type 2: mapped on DCCH/FACH or DCCH/DCH
>> Can you guess which Paging Type will be use in idle mode? in cell_PCH state?
in cell_FACH state? in cell_DCH state? in URA_PCH state?
B1. Paging Type 1
UE 1 UE 2 Node-B Node-B RNC 1 RNC 2 CN

1 2
1. Paging
RANAP RANAP
CN Domain Indicator, UE
identity, Paging cause
1. Paging
RANAP RANAP
Idem
2. Paging Type 1 (PCCH:PCH)

RRC RRC
2. Paging Type1 (PCCH:PCH)

RRC RRC
B2. Paging Type 2
UE Node-B SRNC CN
1. Paging
RANAP RANAP
CN Domain Indicator, UE
identity, Paging cause
2. Paging Type 2 (DCCH:FACH or DCH)

RRC RRC
C. RRC connection
RRC connection is established at the initial access

(after cell search procedure when the UE is camping on a cell).
After RRC connection establishment:

- UE will switch from idle mode to cell_FACH or cell_DCH states.
- UE will have a signalling link with UTRAN (on DCCH)
UE needs to establish a RRC connection prior to making :

- voice call
- location update
- measurement reporting
...
C1. RRC Connection Establishment
UE Node-B RNC
1. RRC Connection Request (CCCH:RACH)

RRC RRC
Initial UE identity, Establishment cause, Initial UE capability
2. Allocate RNTI, Select Level

1 and Level 2 parameters (e.g.
TFCS, scrambling code)
3. Radio Link Establishment (see Procedure D)
4. RRC Connection Setup (CCCH:FACH)

RRC RRC
Initial UE identity, RNTI, capability update requirement, TFS, TFCS, frequency, UL
scrambling code, power control info
5. RRC Connection Setup Complete (DCCH:RACH or DCH)

RRC RRC
Integrity information, ciphering information
>> Can the UE send user information (e.g voice call) after completing this stage?
C2. RRC Connection Release
(in cell_DCH state)
UE Node-B Node-B DRNC SRNC CN
of DRNC of SRNC 1. Iu Release
Command
RANAP RANAP
Cause
2. Iu Release
Complete
RANAP RANAP
-
3. ALCAP Iu Bearer Release
4. RRC Connection Release (DCCH:DCH )

RRC RRC
Cause
5. RRC Connection Release Complete (DCCH:DCH )

RRC RRC
-
6. Radio Link Deletion
D. Radio Link (RL) Establishment
for a DCH
Node-B RNC
Radio Link Setup Request

NBAP NBAP
Cell id, TFS, TFCS, frequency, UL scrambling
code, power control info
Start RX
ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup
Radio Link Setup Response

NBAP NBAP
Signalling link termination, transport layer
addressing info
Downlink synchronisation
Iub-FP Iub-FP
Uplink synchronisation
Iub-FP Iub-FP
Start TX
>> Are NBAP, ALCAP and RRC messages carried on the same transport bearers on Iub?
E. Direct Transfer
The mechanism to transfer signalling from higher layers (NAS signaling) through
messages of RRC protocol is called Direct Transfer.
UE Node-B SRNC CN
1. Direct Transfer
RANAP RANAP
CN Domain Indicator, NAS
2. Downlink Direct Transfer PDU
(DCCH:FACH or DCH)
RRC RRC
NAS message
>> Can you mention some
examples of use of Direct
Transfer?
1’. Uplink Direct Transfer
(DCCH:RACH or DCH)
RRC RRC
CN node indicator, NAS message
2’. Direct Transfer

RANAP RANAP
CN Domain Indicator, NAS
PDU
F. Control of RAB, RB, Transport
and Physical Channels
These procedures take place after RRC connection establishment: the UE is either
on cell_FACH or cell_DCH state.
A RAB is mapped on one or more RB(s).
A RB establishment consists of:

- performing admission control (see RRM: Radio Resource Management)
- setting parameters describing RB processing in layer 2 (e.g TFS, TFCS) and in
layer 1 (codes, power control)
RAB and RB can be reconfigured during an active connection.

The transport channels and physical channels parameters are included in the RB
but can also be reconfigured separately with transport and physical channel
dedicated procedures (Transport Channel Reconfiguration and Physical Channel
Reconfiguration).
F1. RAB Establishment
UE Node-B RNC CN
1. RAB Assignment Request

RANAP RANAP
RAB parameters, User plane
mode, Transport Address, Iu
Transport association
2. ALCAP Iu Data Transport Bearer Setup
3. Radio Link Establishment

(see Procedure D)
4. RB Setup (DCCH:FACH or DCH )

RRC RRC
TFS, TFCS...
5. RB Setup Complete (DCCH:RACH or DCH )

RRC RRC
-
6. RAB Assignment Response
RANAP RANAP
-
>> Can the UE send user information (e.g voice call) after completing this stage?
F2. Physical Channel
Reconfiguration
UE Node-B DRNC SRNC
of DRNC
1. RL Reconfig. Prepare
NBAP NBAP
DL scrambling code
2. RL Reconfig. Ready
NBAP NBAP
-
3.
RNSAP RNSAP
DL scrambling code
4.
RNSAP RNSAP
5. RL Reconfig. Commit
NBAP NBAP
6. Physical Channel Reconfiguration (DCCH:DCH )

RRC RRC
DL scrambling code
7. Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete (DCCH:DCH )
RRC RRC
-
>> What is the difference between NBAP and RNSAP?
G. Soft HO
(Radio Link Addition)
UE Node-B DRNC SRNC
of DRNC
1. Decision to setup
new RL
2. RL Setup Request
RNSAP RNSAP
-
3. Radio Link Establishment

(see Procedure D)
4. ALCAP Iur Data Transport Bearer Setup

5. RL Setup Response
RNSAP RNSAP
-
6. Active Set Update (DCCH:DCH )

RRC RRC
-
7. Active Set Update Complete (DCCH:DCH )

RRC RRC
-
EXERCICE
 Please complete the procedure diagrams on the following

slides by using the elementary procedure previously
described
 Duration :
10 minutes
5. UTRAN/5.5 Signalling procedures
Location Update
Find the missing procedure names!
UE Node-B RNC CN
UE detached
0. “Just after switch on” process

UE in idle mode
1. ...
UE in connected mode
2. ...
MM: Location Updating Request
MM: Authentication Request
MM: Authentication Response
3. Security procedures
4. ...
MM: Location Updating Accept
5. ...
UE in idle mode
5. UTRAN/5.5 Signalling procedures
Mobile terminated call
Find the missing procedure names!
UE Node-B RNC CN
0. “Just after switch on” process
1. ...
2. ...
3. ...
RR: Paging Response
MM: Authentication Request
MM: Authentication Response
4. Security procedures
5. ...
CC: Setup
CC: Call Confirm
6. ...
7. ...
CC: Alerting
CC: Connect
CC: Connect Acknowledge
5. UTRAN
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
5.1 From Radio Bearers to transport channels UE Node B RNC
5.2 Radio Protocols
5.3 Iu Protocols
5.7 Radio Resource management (RRM)
5. UTRAN/5.6 The Physical Layer
Physical Layer Process
Transport Channels
Convolutional coding,
Channel Coding Turbo coding
10 ms frame duration
Radio Frame Segmentation 15 time slots
Transport Channel Multiplexing CCtrCH
Physical Channel Mapping DPDCH, DPCCH, PRACH...
Channelization codes
Spreading
Scrambling codes
Layer 1
Modulation QPSK
Physical Channels
spread over 5 MHz bandwidth
Radio Frame Structure
…
1 Radio Frame : = 15 Time Slots
10ms
….
1 Time slot : = N bits
(according to the bit rate after channel coding)
0.6666 ms
..
1 Bit : = M chips
(M is equal to the spreading factor)
The bit rate may be changed for each frame (10 ms).
Fast power control may be performed for each time slot (0,666 ms).
Transport Channel Multiplexing
DCH 1 DCH 2
Channel Coding Channel Coding
Transport Channel Multiplexing
CCTrCH
Physical Channel Mapping
One Physical Channel (or more if necessary)
Two transport channels can be mapped onto the same physical channel (for one
user).
Physical channels
Physical channels
are defined by the mechanisms (e.g frequency, code, power, framing...) with which the data
are transferred over the physical resources of the air-interface.
• Physical channels are defined mainly by:

- a specific carrier frequency
- a scrambling code
- a channelization code
- start & stop instants (giving a time duration, measured in integer multiples of
chips)
• Physical channels are sent continuously on the air interface between start and stop
instants.
• Physical channels are separated by means of quasi-orthogonal codes (2 physical

channels shall not have the same channelization code / scrambling code
combination).
Uplink Physical Channels
Common Channels
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Associated with
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) Transport Channels
Node
B
Dedicated Channels
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Associated with

Transport Channels
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) NOT associated with

Transport Channels
e.g. Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Data
DPDCH Ndata bits
Pilot TFCI FBI TPC

DPCCH Npilot bits NTFCI bits NFBI bits NTPC bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..6)
1 Radio Frame Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
T = 10 ms
DPDCH carries the dedicated data generated at layer 2 (ie the Dedicated
Transport Channel DCH). f
DPCCH carries the dedicated signalling of the physical layer, which is required to
convey DPDCH. DPCCH is not visible above the physical layer, it is not carried
by any transport channels.
Under long scrambling code.
e.g. Uplink PRACH
When attempting to access the network, the mobile has no dedicated code yet and
must choose randomly a code in a set of codes.
Collisions may occur between two mobiles.
radio frame: 10 ms radio frame: 10 ms
5120 chips A mobile can only begin to transmit

at a certain access slot (slotted
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
ALOHA).
Access slot #0 Random Access Transmission
Access slot #1 Random Access Transmission 15 access slots have been defined
(nothing to do with the time slots of
Access slot #7 Random Access Transmission the radio frame!).
Access slot #8 Random Access Transmission
Access slot #14
The PRACH has a Random Access Transmission to limit risk of collision.

It is based on a Slotted ALOHA approach with fast acquisition indication.
Downlink Physical Channels
Common Channels
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

Associated with
Transport Channels
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Synchronisation Channel (SCH)

Node
B Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
NOT associated with
Page Indicator Channel (PICH) Transport Channels
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Dedicated Channels
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Associated with
Transport Channels
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
NOT associated with
Transport Channels
e.g. Downlink DPDCH/DPCCH
DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Data1 TPC TFCI Data2 Pilot
N data1 bits N TPC bits N TFCI bits N data2 bits N pilot bits
Tslot= 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..7)
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
One radio frame, T f = 10 ms
Similar to uplink, but DPDCH and DPCCH are time-multiplexed.

The SF may range from 256 to 8.
e.g. Downlink PCCPCH
256 chips
Data
( Tx OFF)
18 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
The Primary CCPCH carries the BCH, which provides system- and cell-specific
information (e.g set of uplink scrambling codes)
The P-CCPCH is a fixed rate (30 kbps, SF=256) DL physical channel, which
provide a timing reference for all physical channels (directly for DL, indirectly for
UL).
CCPCH is scrambled under the Primary Scrambling code.
e.g. CPICH (pilot)
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits = 10 symbols
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
CPICH (or Pilot or Beacon)

The pilot carries a pre-defined symbol sequence at a fixed rate (SF=256).
It is a reference:
- to aid the channel estimation at the terminal (time or phase reference)
- to perform handover measurements and cell selection/reselection (power
reference)
e.g SCH and
the cell search procedure
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14
Primary
SCH acp acp acp
Secondary i,0 i,1 i,14

SCH acs acs acs
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
SCH (Synchronisation Channel)

It can be detected by the UE just after switch on, as the SCH consist of a 256
modulated code sequence which is the same for every cell in the system.
It is used by the UE in the cell search procedure to get the (downlink) scrambling
code of the cell.
After cell search procedure, the terminal can read system and cell- specific BCH
information.
Mapping
TransportPhysical Channels
P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel
BCH
S-CCPH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
PCH
FACH
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
RACH
PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel
CPCH
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
DSCH
DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DCH
Physical channels not mapped on transport channels:

DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (uplink and downlink)
SCH Synchronisation Channel
CPICH Common Pilot Channel
PICH Page Indicator Channel
AICH Acquisition Indication Channel
Example 1: UL 64 kbps data (1)
In this example, a RB (Radio Bearer) is mapped (in RLC) on DTCH which is

mapped (in MAC) on DCH.
The DCH has the TFS (Transport Format Set):

Transport block size 640 bits
Transport block set size 4*640 bits
CRC 16 bits
Coding Turbo coding, coding rate = 1/3
TTI 40 ms
#4 640 640 640 640
#3 640 640 640 640
#2 640 640 640 640
#1 640 640 640 640
40 ms
This example can be applied for ISDN service.
Example 1: UL 64 kbps data (2)
#1 #4
Transport block 640 640
CRC CRC
CRC attachment #1 #4
640 16 640 16
TrBk concatenation 2624
Turbo coding R=1/3
7872
Tail
Tail bit attachment
7872 12
1st interleaving What is the radio frame
7884 length? Can you deduce
Radio frame segmentation #1 #4
the spreading factor
1971 1971
Rate matching (SF)?
#1 #4
1971+N 1971+N
RM1 RM4
To TrCh Multiplexing (see further)

Extracted from 3GPP 25.944
Example 2: UL 3,4 kbps data (1)
In this example, a SRB (Signalling Radio Bearer) is mapped (in RLC) on DCCH
which is mapped (in MAC) on DCH.
The DCH has the TFS (Transport Format Set):

Transport block size 148 bits
Transport block set size 0, 148 bits
CRC 16 bits
Coding CC, coding rate = 1/3
TTI 40 ms
148 148 148
40 ms
>> Assuming that RLC and MAC overhead in a transport block is 12 bits, can you
determine the bit rate of this SRB?
Example 2: UL 3,4 kbps data (2)
Transport block
148 CRC
CRC attachment
148 16
TrBks (B =0,1)
TrBks concatenation
164
Tail
Tail bit attachment
164*B 8*B
Convolutional Coding, CR What is the radio frame
= 1/3 516*B length? Can you
1st interleaving deduce the spreading
516*B
Radio frame Segmentation
factor?
#1 #2 #3 #4
129*B 129*B 129*B 129*B
Rate matching
#1 #2 #3 #4
129*B +NRM1 129*B +NRM2 129*B +NRM3 129*B +NRM4
Extracted from 3GPP 25.944 To TrCh Multiplexing (see further)
UL TrCH multiplexing
of 64 kbps and 3,4 kbps data
UL 64 kbps data UL 3,4 kbps data
#1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4
TrCH multiplexing
#1 #1 #2 #2 #3 #3 #4 #4
2nd interleaving
Physical channel mapping
?? kbps DPDCH
CFN=4N CFN=4N+1 CFN=4N+2 CFN=4N+3
15 kbps DPCCH CFN=4N CFN=4N+1 CFN=4N+2 CFN=4N+3
>> On which physical channel are the UL 64 kbps data and the UL 3,4 kbps data?
what is the spreading factor mapped? what is the DPDCH bit rate?
>> What is carried on DPCCH ?
5. UTRAN
no
5.1 From Radio Bearers to transport channels yes
5.2 Radio Protocols
5.3 Iu Protocols
5.8 Mobility Management
5. UTRAN/5.7 Radio Resource Management (RRM)
RRM purposes
RRM is a set of algorithms to manage radio resources:
• Maximise the amount of radio resources available

Power control algorithms
Handover algorithms
• Allocation of radio resources
Which type of transport channel, transport format should be chosen to
meet QoS requirements?
• Admission Control
In which conditions can a new user be admitted?
• Load Control (congestion control)

What should be done to avoid congestion?
In RRM all layers are involved under RRC control.
RRM functions
 UE dedicated functions, implemented in SRNC and Node B:

 Selection of radio bearer parameters according to RAB requirements
 Closed loop power control
 Handover control
 RRC states management according to UE traffic volume
 DL dynamic scheduling on DCH
 UTRAN dedicated functions, implemented in CRNC:
 Radio admission control
 Code allocation
 Radio load control
 Open loop power control
Transport channel allocation
strategies
UL / DL
RACH / FACH
Common low setup time, but continuous Short packets
transmission not maintained Bursty traffic to be sent
channels immediately
no soft HO and no fast PC
CPCH / DSCH Medium packets

Shared
no guarantee of delay Bursty and delay-
channels no soft HO, but fast PC insensitive traffic
Long packets
DCH / DCH
Constant and variable
Dedicated bit rate can be changed during bit rate traffic with low
transmission (TFS) delay requirement
channels (LCD)
soft HO and fast PC
High bit rate
Admission and Load Control
Both procedures are handled by CRNC. They are estimated separately for uplink and
downlink directions.
Admission Control
This algorithm is executed when a radio bearer is to be setup or modified. It is based
on:
•Power transmission criteria (noise increase in UL, transmit capacity in DL)
•Number of active users in the frequency band (code management)
And performed according to:
•The type of required QoS
•The current system load
Load Control (Congestion Control)
This algorithm ensures that the system is not overloaded and remains stable.
In case of congestion some actions can be taken.
But overload situations should normally be exceptional.
5. UTRAN
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
UE Node B RNC
5.2 Radio Protocols
5.3 Iu Protocols
5. UTRAN/5.8 Mobility management
General description (1/2)
The mobility management enables a user to have access to the subscribed services
on the whole coverage of the usual network and possibly visited networks. It is
performed as long as the UE remains switched on. It needs a lot of radio and
network resources.
• UE in idle mode (network mobility)

Wherever the UE is located in the network coverage:
- the UE should have an access point to the network in the uplink
>> Cell reselection mechanisms
- the network should be able to reach the UE in the downlink (paging)
>> Location Area (LA) / Routing Area (RA) update mechanisms
• UE in connected mode (radio mobility management)

A connection to the UTRAN (RRC connection) has been established: this connection
should remain, when the UE moves from one cell to another.
>> Handover (HO) or cell update mechanisms
General description (2/2)
• UE in idle mode UE UTRAN

This mode is entered after “just after
Detached
switch on” process.
The UE location is:
“Just after switch on” process
- known by the CN at LA or RA level
- not known by the UTRAN
Idle
mode
• UE in connected mode
This mode is entered after RRC RRC connection establishment
connection establishment.
The UE location is: Connected
- known by the CN at a LA or RA level mode
(furthermore the MSC or the SGSN knows Uu
the SRNC of the UE)
- known by the UTRAN at a cell or URA
level.
UE in idle mode (1/2)
When moving across the network, the

UE may have to perform a cell
reselection, if the initial cell on which it
is camped is no longer available or is no
longer the best suited.
? The cell reselection consists of a

selection of candidate cells and a ranking
of these cells according to radio criteria.
The cell reselection is performed autonomously by the UE, but the network can
influence it by changing the radio parameters used in radio criteria.
These radio parameters are transmitted in the Broadcast Channel (BCH).
UE in idle mode (2/2)
VLR ... ... SGSN
Location Area HLR Routing Area

VLR SGSN
(LA) (RA)
When camping on a cell, the terminal must register its LA and/or its RA.
When the terminal moves across the network, it must update its LA (RA) which is stored in
VLR (SGSN) in the Core Network.
LA (RA) Update is performed periodically or when entering a new LA (RA).
UE in connected mode (1/3)
MM m e chanis m s Effect during the call
Cell_DCH hard HO very short cut

soft HO no cut
Cell_FACH hard HO very short cut
cell update suspended
Cell_PCH cell update suspended
URA_PCH URA update suspended
Cell update (URA update) consists of updating the MS location information

stored in the SRNC.
A UTRA originated paging message will therefore be sent only in this cell (this
URA) and not in a whole LA or RA.
Soft HO
•inter-cell (softer HO, managed by Node-B)
•inter Node-B
•inter-RNC (SRNS relocation)

Hard HO cell 1 cell 2
•intra CDMA-carrier
not recommended for dedicated channels,
but necessary for common channels for which soft HO is not applied
•inter CDMA-carrier
one operator can have two CDMA carriers or more
between two different operators
•inter-mode
FDD-TDD (not provided in R99)
•inter-system
UMTS-GSM: necessary to provide continuous coverage
UMTS-CDMA2000 (in the US?)
Cell reselection
•Inter-system : UMTS/GPRS (inter/intra carrier, inter/intra RNC)
A hard handover consists of forwarding a call on another channel which is

running on a different carrier.
The terminal must make measurements on other
frequencies (FFD, GSM or TDD frequencies) whilst
holding the on-going connection : UTRA GSM
cell cell
- Dual receiver
•simple handover operation, but expensive receiver
- Compressed mode (or slotted mode)
•simple receiver, but complicated handover operation
•the information is compressed time periodically (a few ms), in order to
perform measurements on the other frequencies without losing data
Downlink
10ms frame Compressed Idle

frame period
Exercise
1. The cell reselection is easier than the initial cell selection (performed just after
switch on): can you find the reason?
2. What is the difference between the cell reselection and the cell update
(performed in cell_PCH state)?
3. If there were no LA/RA update mechanisms, what would happen?
4. Is it better to have small or large LA?
5. Why is soft HO not provided in cell_FACH state?
6. In which case is it be better for the network to move a UE

to URA_PCH state rather than to cell_PCH state?
Appendix
• “Just after switch on” process

• AMR codec
•NBAP elementary procedures
•RANAP elementary procedures
Appendix/”Just after switch on” process
PLMN selection
PLMN selection 1 After switch on, the UE:

- scans the entire frequency bandwidths of UTRAN
List of Selected FDD and GSM (cell search procedure for UTRAN
available 1 2 PLMN FDD )
PLMNs
- monitors the broadcast channels (BCCH for UTRAN
FDD) to get the PLMN identifiers.
UE
Cell selection
switched Hence the UE can establish a list of PLMNs which are
on available in its location.
2 In the list of available PLMNs, the UE selects:

Attachment - the HPLMN (Home PLMN) if it is available
- otherwise another PLMN (national or international)
according to priority rules possibly stored in the USIM
Appendix/”Just after switch on” process
Attachment procedure
PLMN selection 3 In the selected PLMN, the UE:

- selects the best cell according to radio criteria
- initiates attachment procedure on the selected cell
4 During the attachment procedure (called IMSI attach for

CS domain, GPRS attach for PS domain), the UE indicates
5 Cell selection its presence to the PLMN for the purpose of using services:
- authentication procedure
Attach- Attach- - storage of subscriber data from the HLR in the VLR (or in
4ment result
ment 3 the SGSN for PS domain)
request
- allocation of the TMSI (P-TMSI for PS domain)
Attachment
5 The result of the procedure is notified to the UE:
Indication of service - if successful, the UE can access services

to the UE - if it fails, the UE can only perform emergency calls
Appendix/AMR codec
AMR codec (for CS domain)
Cla s s Cla s s Cla s s

AMR m o d e So u rce co d in g b it- ra te
A B C
AMR_1 2 .2 0 1 2 .2 0 kbit/ s (G SM EFR) 81 103 60

AMR_1 0 .2 0 1 0 .2 0 kbit/ s 65 99 40
AMR_7 .9 5 7 .9 5 kb it/ s 75 84 0
AMR_7 .4 0 7 .4 0 kb it/ s (IS-6 4 1 ) 61 87 0
AMR_6 .7 0 6 .7 0 kb it/ s (PDC-EFR) 58 76 0
AMR_5 .9 0 5 .9 0 kb it/ s 55 63 0
AMR_5 .1 5 5 .1 5 kb it/ s 49 54 0
AMR_4 .7 5 4 .7 5 kb it/ s 42 53 0
The AMR (Adaptative Multirate) speech codec:

- offers 8 AMR modes between 4,75 kbits/s and 12,2 kbits/s
- is capable of switching its bit rate every 20 ms upon command of the RNC
- is located in the UE and in the transcoder (which is located in the CN)
Appendix/NBAP elementary procedures
NBAP elementary procedures
NBAP Functions (see 3GPP 25.433)

•Cell Configuration Management. This function gives the CRNC the possibility to manage the cell configuration information
in a Node B.
•Common Transport Channel Management. This function gives the CRNC the possibility to manage the configuration of
Common Transport Channels in a Node B.
•System Information Management. This function gives the CRNC the ability to manage the scheduling of System
Information to be broadcast in a cell.
•Resource Event Management. This function gives the Node B the ability to inform the CRNC about the status of Node B
resources.
•Configuration Alignment. This function gives the CRNC and the Node B the possibility to verify that both nodes has the
same information on the configuration of the radio resources.
•Measurements on Common Resources. This function allows the CRNC to initiate measurements in the Node B. The
function also allows the Node B to report the result of the measurements.
•Radio Link Supervision. This function allows the CRNC to report failures and restorations of a Radio Link.
•Compressed Mode Control [FDD]. This function allows the CRNC to control the usage of compressed mode in a Node B.
•Measurements on Dedicated Resources. This function allows the CRNC to initiate measurements in the NodeB. The
function also allows the NodeB to report the result of the measurements.
•DL Power Drifting Correction (FDD). This function allows the CRNC to adjust the DL power level of one or more Radio
Links in order to avoid DL power drifting between the Radio Links.
Appendix/RANAP elementary procedures
RANAP elementary procedures
RANAP Functions (some of them (see 3GPP 25.413))

•Relocating serving RNC. This function enables to change the serving RNC functionality as well as the related Iu resources
(RAB(s) and Signalling connection) from one RNC to another.
•Overall RAB management. This function is responsible for setting up, modifying and releasing RABs.
•Release of all Iu connection resources. This function is used to explicitly release all resources related to one Iu connection.
•SRNS context forwarding function. This function is responsible for transferring SRNS context from the RNC to the CN for
intersystem forward handover in case of packet forwarding.
•Controlling overload in the Iu interface. This function allows adjusting the load in the Iu interface.
•Sending the UE Common ID (permanent NAS UE identity) to the RNC. This function makes the RNC aware of the UE's
Common ID.
•Paging the user. This function provides the CN for capability to page the UE.
•Transport of NAS information between UE and CN. This function has three sub-classes:
•Controlling the security mode in the UTRAN. This function is used to send the security keys (ciphering and integrity
protection) to the UTRAN, and setting the operation mode for security functions.
•Controlling location reporting. This function allows the CN to operate the mode in which the UTRAN reports the location of
the UE.
•Data volume reporting function. This function is responsible for reporting unsuccessfully transmitted DL data volume over
UTRAN for specific RABs.
Appendix/RSNAP elementary procedures
RSNAP elementary procedures
RSNAP Functions (some of them (see 3GPP 25.423))

•Radio Link Management. This function allows the SRNC to manage radio links using dedicated resources in a DRNS;
•Physical Channel Reconfiguration. This function allows the DRNC to reallocate the physical channel resources for a Radio
Link;
•Radio Link Supervision. This function allows the DRNC to report failures and restorations of a Radio Link;
•Compressed Mode Control [FDD]. This function allows the SRNC to control the usage of compressed mode within a DRNS;
•Measurements on Dedicated Resources. This function allows the SRNC to initiate measurements on dedicated resources in
the DRNS. The function also allows the DRNC to report the result of the measurements;
•DL Power Drifting Correction [FDD]. This function allows the SRNC to adjust the DL power level of one or more Radio
Links in order to avoid DL power drifting between the Radio Links;
•CCCH Signalling Transfer. This function allows the SRNC and DRNC to pass information between the UE and the SRNC
on a CCCH controlled by the DRNS;
•Paging. This function allows the SRNC to page a UE in a URA or a cell in the DRNS;
•Common Transport Channel Resources Management. This function allows the SRNC to utilise Common Transport
Channel Resources within the DRNS (excluding DSCH resources for FDD);
•Relocation Execution. This function allows the SRNC to finalise a Relocation previously prepared via other interfaces.
Related Documentation
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Related documentation
English
- WCDMA for UMTS, Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, Wiley 2000,
ISBN 0 471 72051 8
- UMTS Mobile communications for the future, Wiley 2001,

ISBN 0 471 49829 7
- Alcatel Telecommunications Review, 1st Quarter 2001 (“Find your way with 3G”)
- 3GPP specifications: ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/Specs/
Francais
- UMTS les réseaux mobiles de troisième génération, Editions Eyrolles 2001 (translation of
“WCDMA for UMTS” )
- UMTS les origines, l'architecture, la norme, Pierre Lescuyer, Editions Dunod 2001,
ISBN 2 10 005195 4
- Revue des Télécommunications d’Alcatel , 1er trimestre 2001 (entièrement consacrée à la 3G)
Abbreviations and Acronyms (1)
AAL ATM Adaptation Layer CCCH Common Control Channel

ACELP Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction CCTrCH Coded Composite Transport Channel
ADN Abbreviated Dialling Number CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
ALCAP Access Link Control Application Part CDR Call Detail Record
AMR Adaptive Multi Rate CN Core Network
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode CPCH Common Packet Channel
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel CRNC Controlling RNC
BCH Broadcast Channel CS Circuit Switched
BHCA Busy Hour Call Attempts CTCH Common Traffic Channel
BER Bit Error Rate DCA Dynamic channel Allocation
BLER Block Error Rate DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
BMC Broadcast / Multicast Control DCH Dedicated Channel
BM-IWF Broadcast Multicast InterWorking DHO Diversity HandOver
Function DHT Diversity HandOver Trunk
BSC Base Station Controller DRAC Dynamic Resource Allocation Control
BSS Base Station (sub)System DRNC Drift RNC
BTS Base Transceiver Station DS Direct Sequence
CAMEL Customized Application for Mobile DSCH Downlink Shared Channel
Enhanced Logic DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
CC Call Control
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
ERAN EDGE Radio Access Network (all-IP) IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity
FACH Forward Access Channel IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
FBI FeedBack Information IP Internet Protocol
FDD Frequency Division Duplex IR Incremental Redundancy
FDD-DS FDD-Direct Sequence (FDD1) ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
FDD-MC FDD-Multiple Carrier (FDD2) L1,L2,L3 Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3
FER Frame Error Rate LA Location Area
FP Frame Protocol LCS Location Services
FTP File Transfer Protocol LLC Logical Link Control
GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network LQC Link Quality Control
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node M3UA SS7 MTP3 User Adaptation layer
GPRS General Packet Radio Service MAC Medium Access Control
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications MBS Multi-standard Base Station
GSN GPRS Support Node (ie SGSN or GGSN) MC Multiple Carrier
GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol MExE Mobile Execution Environment
GTP-U GPRS Tunneling Protocol-User Plane MM Mobility Management
HO HandOver MSC Mobile-services Switching Center
HPLMN Home PLM MSP Multiple Subscriber Profile
MTP3 Message Transfer Part (broadband) PS Packet Switched

MTP-3B Message Transfer Part level 3 QOS Quality Of Service
NAS Non Access Stratum QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
NBAP Node-B Application Part RA Routing Area
ODMA Opportunity Driven Multiple Access RAB Radio Access Bearer
OSA Open service Architecture RACH Random Access Channel
OTDOA-IPDL Observed Time Difference of Arrival RAN Radio Access Network
Idle Period Downlink RANAP RAN Application Part
OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor RB Radio Bearer
PCCH Paging Control Channel RL Radio Link
PCH Paging Channel RLC Radio Link Control
PDA Personal Digital Assistant RNC Radio Network Controller
PDC Personal Digital Cellular (2G Japan) RNS Radio Network Sub-System
PDP Packet Data Protocol RNSAP RNS Application Part
PDU Protocol Data Unit RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identity
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network RRC Radio Resource Control
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel RRM Radio Resource Management
SAP Service Access Point TF Transport Format

SAT SIM Application Toolkit TFC Transport Format Combination
SDU Service Data Unit TFCI Transport Format Combination Indicator
SF Spreading Factor TFCS Transport Format Combination Set
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node TFS Transport Format Set
SHO Soft HandOver TMSI Temporary Mobile Station Identity
SIR Signal to Interference Ratio TPC Transmission Power Control
SMS Short Message Service UDP User Datagram Protocol
SPU Signaling Processing Unit UICC UMTS Integrated Circuit Card
SRNC Serving RNC UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication
SSCOP Service Specific Connection Oriented System
Protocol USIM UMTS Subscriber Identity Card
SSCP Signaling Connection Control Part USSD Unstructured Supplementary Service
STM Synchronous Transfer Mode Data
TC Transcoder URA UTRAN Registration Area
TCP Transport Control Protocol URAN UMTS Radio Access Network (ETSI)
TD-CDMA Time Division & CDMA Universal Radio Access Network (3GPP)
TDD Time Division Duplex USB Universal Serial Bus
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VC Virtual Channel
VHE Virtual Home Environment
VoIP Voice over IP
VP Virtual Path
WAP Wireless Application Protocol
W-CDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access
WIM WAP Identity Module
Abbreviations and Acronyms
(Standard Organizations)
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project (WCDMA)

3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (cdma2000)
3GIP 3rd Generation partnership for Internet Protocol
ANSI American National Standard Institute (USA)
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Business (Japan)
CWTS China Wireless Telecommunication Standard group
ETSI European Telecommunication Standard Institute
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IMT International Mobile Telecommunication
ITU International Telecommunication Union
T1 Committee T1 telecommunication of the ANSI (USA)
TIA Telecommunication Industry Association (USA)
TTA Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea)
TTC Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan)
UWCC Universal Wireless Communications Committee
W3C World Wide Web Consortium

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UMTS/UTRAN

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 1

3. UMTS system description

4. WCDMA for UMTS

5. UTRAN (Release 1999)

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 2

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 3

1.3 UMTS goals

1.4 UMTS technical overview

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 5

First Generation (1G)

In the early 80’s, analog systems

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 6

Second Generation (2G)

Services: Speech and low data rate

• Limited mobility around the world -->need for a global standardisation

• Limited offer of services

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 7

Two types of solutions were possible :

• enhancement of 2G system --> 2,5G

• design of a complete new standard --> 3G

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 8

HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data)

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

1999/2000 : deployment phase

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 9

EDGE (Enhancement Data rates for GSM evolution)

Principle: new modulation scheme (8PSK instead of GMSK)

Performance: up to 384 kbps

Implementation is yet to come (foreseen for 2003)

EDGE might be a good alternative to 3G systems in certain areas or for operators

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 10

 Downloading a map (50  A 2 1/2 minutes MP3 music

 Downloading a Word document  Audio and Video

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 11

1.3 UMTS Goals

1.4 UMTS technical overview

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 12

IMT-2000 is a framework for third generation mobile systems (3G) which is

IMT-2000 is defined by a set of interdependent ITU Recommendations*.

IMT-2000 main requirements are :

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 13

South Korea: TTA

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 14

IMT-DS (Direct Spread) IMT-FT (Frequency Time)

Evolved GSM Core Evolved IS-41 Core

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 15

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 16

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 17

In the following material we will only refer to UMTS R99.

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 18

Project Co-ordination Group

TSG CN TSG RAN TSG SA TSG T TSG GERAN

RAN WG2 T WG2

CN WG4 RAN WG4

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 19

UMTS R99 UMTS R99

2001 2002 2003 2004

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 21

1.3 UMTS Goals

1.4 UMTS technical overview

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed. E.A.U Page 22

It will offer mobile personalized communications to the mass market regardless of