INDEX

Aberdeen, 79 Beckwith, Dr, 202

abstinence from alcohol, 102, 105, 151
accidents, 138, 186, 192, 199, 206–13
Act on Physicians’ Rights and Duties (1927)
(Norway), 60–1
air ambulance, 80–1
Alberta, 194, 196, 202
alcohol abuse, 105–6, 107, 109, 150, 166
ambulance services, 79, 80–1, 87, 88, 136
American Council Institute of Pacific Rela-
‘belated frontier’ term, 201, 203, 213, 278n.13
Berg, Fredrik Th., 94–5
Bergen, Norway, 121, 122
Bertelsen, Professor Torstein, 62, 64, 66
Bethune, Dr Norman, 132–3, 150, 262n.9
biculturalism, 156–7
Bigg, Lesley, 203
Biggs, Leslie, 280n.33
bilingualism, 53, 61, 70, 72, 156–7, 168,

Copyright
tions (ACIPR), 135 267n.20
Andersen, Dr, 176 Birley, May, 212–13
Andrusevich, Dr, 30 Birsay Committee, 75, 84–9, 90
angina of the throat, 120 birth rates, 138, 176
antisepsis, 30 Bowman, R. and J. Kulig, 237n.6
appendectomies, 138, 139 Britain
Arctic Circle, 21, 40 NHS, 75, 76, 81–4, 88, 90
Argyll, 75 nurses training, 222
Arkhangel, 21, 22, 36 preventative health care, 222,
Arkhangeley, 30 see also Scottish Highlands and Islands
Arseneau, Therese, 193, 196 British Columbia, Canada, 155, 199–214
British Medical Association, 81, 84, 85
bacteriology, 30, 36 Brochmann, Sophus W., 52
Badanov, Vadim, 36 Brown, Dr Hubert, 202
Baltic provinces, 36
Baltimore City Hospitals, 136 Cabet, Etienne, 257n.36
Banting, Pamela, 201 Cadona, Ada, 204
Baranov, David, 238n.12 caesarean sections, 138, 140
Barona, J. L., and S. Cherry, 238n.7 Caithness, 75, 84
Barrington, Florence, 208, 209, 210 Canada
Barrington, Sibella, 188 Aboriginal peoples in, 67, 69, 202, 204,
Barry, J. M., 153, 164, 166 207, 208–9, 212, 213, 282n.78
Barth, Fredrik, 58 Honorary Canadian Citizenship Award, 212
Bass, Bessie, 193–4 New Brunswick, 153–68, 183–98
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 143 Newfoundland, 129–51
BCG vaccinations, 52, 53, 56 regions, 266n.11,
Beattie, Elizabeth, 210, 211 see also bilingualism

– 291 –
292 Medicine in the Remote and Rural North, 1800–2000
Canadian Medical Association, 157
cancer, 138
cataract procedures, 35, 172, 243n.110
catechists, 177, 179–80, 181
Cathcart Report (1936), 81
Catholics, 162–3
Cecil Lake, British Columbia, 201, 202,
205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 213
CF (Commonwealth Fund), 131, 132,
261n.7
Chatham, Bishop of, 163
CHD (coronary heart disease), 65–6
child welfare, 82
childbirth, 138, 140–2, 173–4, 201, 203–6
children
deprivation, 227
frontier mothers’ and, 206–7
Härjedalen, 107
outpost nursing and, 188–9
psychiatric services for, 68
spring tonic for, 206–7
Copyright
children’s homes, 41, 43, 44, 45–6
Children’s Hospital of Lapland, Rovaniemi,
221–2
chiropractors, 159
chloroform, 141, 160, 161, 192
cholera, 12, 29, 32, 94, 100, 103, 118
Christian missionaries, 42–6, 47, 48, 49, 50,
51, 55, 56, 109, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179
Christiania (later Kristiania; Oslo), 121,
124–5, 126–7
Christianity, 102, 131, 177, 179–80, 181
Chuvaev, Dr, 34
climate, 22, 104–5, 117, 130
Coaker, Sir William, 133
coastal hospitals (kysthospitaler), 47
coldfever, 120
College of Physicians and Surgeons in
Canada, 153, 154, 155
colonialists, 109, 114, 171–2
communicable diseases see infectious
diseases
Communist Manifesto, 102
confidentiality, 32
contagionist theories, 94
core-periphery issues, 21, 156, 238n.10–12,
253n.1
counter-irritant theory, 210
CRCS (Canadian Red Cross Society)
outpost nurses, 184–98
Cree people, 209
Crellin, John, 207, 210, 281n.61–2
Crimean War, 23
crofters, 77, 78, 254n.13
croup, 120, 210
cultural backwardness, 21, 22, 31
Daigle, Olida, 188
Dalhousie University, Halifax, 186
Daly, Mary, 193
Danish Lutheran Mission, 171, 173, 175,
177, 179
Davis, Megan, 155
Dawson Creek, British Columbia, 202, 204,
211, 212, 213, 276n.2, 283n.104
Delano, William Adams, 131
DeMarsh, Kathleen G., 191–2, 193, 195,
196
Dene-thah people, 202
Denmark, 116, 117, 118, 171, 177
dental extractions, 138
depopulation, 77, 86
Depression era, 51, 133, 134, 148, 158, 167,
184, 188, 205, 211
Dewar Committee, 78–9, 81, 85, 86
Dewetter, Ellen, 206
diarrhoea, 31, 120, 122, 123, 142, 209,
283n.86
diet, 105, 106, 194, 207
Dingman, Lily, 212
diphtheria, 30, 120, 122, 123, 142, 188, 189
‘distance decay’, 21, 33, 36
district medical officers, 255n.1
Norway, 40–1, 63, 66, 70, 72
Sweden, 93–100, 103, 110, 112, 113
district nurses, 83, 87, 216, 217, 222, 225, 229
district physicians (distriktläkare), 98, 116,
118–19, 123, 125–6, 127
doctor-patient ratios, 28, 36, 63, 144, 158
doctors, 116, 124, 125–6
abuse of addictive substances, 132–3,
150–1, 166
Bertelsen’s survey of, 64, 66
Birsay Committee, 84–9
Danish, 173
Dewar Committee’s report on, 79
 Index
in Finland, 215
in Greenland, 172, 175–6, 182
issuing sickness certificates, 77–8
Lapland, 223, 230
licensing, 153–7
misconduct of, 166–7
missionary, 130–1
National Health Service, 82, 84
in Newfoundland, 129, 131, 135, 136–51
nineteenth-century country, 100–14
in Norway, 41, 116, 123–5
Olonets congresses, 23, 28, 29, 34
Peace River region, 202
professionalization of, 153–68
qualifications, 22, 28, 64, 99, 153, 157,
162, 163, 165
rapid turnover of, 79, 99, 100
reciprocal cross-border agreements, 60–1
Russian zemstvo system, 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 30–1, 32, 33, 34–5, 36, 37
salaries, 25, 26, 27, 28, 80, 82, 96, 98,
Copyright
100, 110, 113, 123, 172, 215
Sami-speaking, 251n.60
Scottish Highlands and Islands Medical
Service, 79–80, 81
in Sweden, 91–114
unlicensed, 153–4, 157, 163–6, 167, 168
women, 31
Duden, Barbara, 239n.20
Dunn, Nancy, 203, 207
Dunneza people, 209, 282n.78
Dyck, Erika, 270n.69
dysentery, 212
Eaton, Genevieve, 195–6
ECG technology, 139, 264n.25
Ecke, Dr Robert Skidmore, 129, 131, 135,
136–44, 147–51
patients’ letters to, 144–7
eczema, 209
Edinburgh, 79, 80
education
Bildningscirkeln (Circle of education),
101–2
grants, 59, 60, 62
literacy, 31, 33, 177, 235
regionalization of higher, 64–6, 73
Sami children, 46, 49–50,
see also health education; medical training
293
Edwards, Kate ‘Ma,’ 204, 205, 212
Egede, Hans, 171
elderly people, 41, 43, 46, 86, 87
Elk City, Oklahoma, 134
Elliott, Jayne, 185, 193
Ellmin, Dr Johan, 100–14
on climate and health, 104–5
early life and career, 100–3
on Härjedalen inhabitants, 105–8,
110–12, 114
later life, 112–14
practical problems encountered by,
110–12
on Sami population, 108–9, 114
in Vemdalen, 103–4
emigration, 77, 118, 121
endemic disease, 95
ENT specialists, 80
epidemics, 22, 29, 95, 96, 100, 104, 195
cholera, 118
data on, 115, 118, 120–3, 126–7
measles, 188
equality, 23, 27, 30, 58, 60–4, 65, 68, 73,
108
erysipelas, 120
ethnic identity, and health, 57, 58–9, 60,
65–6, 68, 70, 71–2, 73
euthanasia, 140
Evang, Karl, 52, 53, 61, 64, 65
‘evil eye’, 33
eye problems, 35, 108, 172, 243n.110
Eyr medical journal, 124
fatalism, 229
feldshers (semi-trained health workers), 22,
23, 25, 26, 27–9, 32, 33, 35, 37
Finland, 40, 61, 244n.1,
see also Lapland public health nurses
Finnish Journal of Nursing/Finnish Journal of
Midwifery, 218–19
Finnmark, Norway, 40–56, 57, 60, 61, 62,
63, 66, 68, 72, 117, 121, 125, 244n.1,
248n.80
Finnmark Sami Council, 62
First Nations Peoples, 202, 204, 207, 208–9,
212, 213, 282n.78
First World War, 184, 188
Fish Creek, British Columbia, 204
Fjellheim, Ester, 252n.82
294 Medicine in the Remote and Rural North, 1800–2000

folk medicine see traditional medicine Lapland, 227–8

Fort St John, British Columbia, 199, 202,
205, 206, 211, 212, 213
FPU (Fisherman’s Protection Union), 133
Freer, Edith, 204
Frieden, N., 31
friendly societies, 77
‘frontier-civilization’ dichotomy, 147, 148,
149
Galenic humoural system, 94, 201, 206, 209
Galtung, Johan, 238n.10
gastro-intestinal cases, 104, 105, 139–40
genetic research, 59, 66, 71–2, 73
geography, and health, 94, 103, 105, 113
Gibbon, Elizabeth, 208
Glasgow hospitals, 79, 81
Götrek, Pehr, 102
Grand Manan’s outpost hospital, New Brun-
swick, 187, 189, 193–4
Grandhaven/Grandhaven Red Cross Hospi-
outpost nurses, 187, 190, 194,
see also education
health visitors, 80, 82, 83
heart disease, 65–6
Hedenström, Dr J. A., 99
Helman, Cecil, 281n.60
Herald, Ada, 204
HIMS (Highlands and Islands Medical
Service), 75, 77–81, 83, 87, 88, 90
Hippocratic tradition, 94
Holgate, Ethel, 205
Hollies, Dr Edward, 202
Holst, Frederik, 124, 260n.11
home helps, 87
home nursing, 82, 191, 222
home remedies, 209–14, 281n.62, 282n.66,
282n.77–80
home visits, 119, 138, 139–43, 149, 175,
187, 192, 193, 194, 222, 223, 224, 227,
229

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tal, 202, 206 homes for the elderly, 41, 43, 46
Greenland midwives, 171–82 Hopkins, John, 134
Danish Health Service, 172–3 hospitals, 82
isolation of, 174–7 charitable hospitals, 131–4, 147
as mediators in colonial process, 177–82 cottage, 119, 143, 151, 216, 222, 225
training, 173–4 Denmark, 174, 176
Greenock Royal Infirmary, 79 Finnmark, 41, 43, 44, 47
Grenfell, Dr (later Sir) Wilfred, 130–1, 132, Highlands and Islands Medical Service,
151 80, 81
Grenfell Mission, 183, 186 Lapland, 221–2, 225, 272n.16
Grout, Forbes, 209 modernity and, 150, 151
Newfoundland, 131, 143
Hallin, Dr O. F., 99 Norway, 63, 70, 124–5
Hallongren, S. E., 99 Notre Dame Bay Memorial, 131–4, 135,
Hammerfest, Finnmark, 41 137, 139, 143, 144, 147–9, 150, 151
Hannaway, C., 105 outpost facilities, 185–98, 273n.3
Hansen, Otto Galtung, 52 Russian zemstvo system, 22, 23, 25,
Härjedalen, Sweden, 93, 98, 99–100, 103, 26, 27, 29–30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37,
104–14 241n.60, 241n.63
Harkness family, 131 Scottish Highlands and Islands, 79
Harris, Lady, 183 United States of America, 136–6
Harrison, Mark, 238n.12 houses
Harvard Medical School, 136 clean, 139–40, 179
Havika, Nordland insanitary, 105, 216, 227
health education, 26, 82, 88 Lapland, 226, 227, 231, 234
cultural change and, 37, 49, 51, 53, 54, Sami, 41, 48, 49, 108
56, 70 Scottish Highlands and Islands, 79
 Index
Howe, Dr Howard A., 136
Huss, Magnus, 105
Hutchinson, John F., 36
hygiene, 23, 26, 30, 32, 48, 49, 51, 105, 122,
124
maternity work and, 174, 178–9
poor, 106, 184, 186
IGA (International Grenfell Association),
131, 186
ILO Convention 169 Concerning Indig-
enous and Tribal Peoples in Independent
Countries, 67
immigrants, 70
immunization, 82
imperialism, 105, 113, 114
indigenous people
Canada, 202, 204, 207, 208–9, 212, 213,
282n.78
Greenland, 171–82,
see also Kvens; Sami population
Copyright
industrialization, 10, 48, 54, 118
infant mortality, 31, 215, 216, 242n.70
Greenland, 173
Härjedalen, Sweden, 99
Lapland, 227, 235
New Brunswick, 158, 187, 268n.27,
274n.15
Olonets guberniya, 31, 33
regional differences, 95
Sami population, 60, 99
Scottish Highlands and Islands, 79, 84
social welfare, 235
infectious diseases, 34, 94, 119, 126, 138,
215, 222, 259n.7
influenza, 120
internal migration, 118
Inverness, 75, 76, 79, 80, 85
isolation (geographic), 31, 87, 174–7, 180,
191–2, 223
isolation procedures, 32, 47, 48
Isserson, Dr, 28, 29, 32, 33
Janssen, Carl Emil, 175
John Hopkins University medical school,
132, 134, 135, 136, 137
Jonassen, Øyvind, 53, 54–5, 60, 70
Journal of the Norwegian Medical Associa-
tion, 54
295
Kamila, Hissu, 220
Kapustin, M. Ia., 21
Karasjok, Finnmark, 43, 54, 57, 62, 63, 68
Karelia, Republic of, 21
Kargopol’ uezd, 25, 30, 33, 34, 36
Kautokeino, Finnmark, 43, 54, 62
Kearney, Dr Garnet, 202
Kemp, Francis, 205
Kennedy, Robert, 137
Kiær, Dr Frantz Caspar, 124
Kirkwall Hospital, 79
KMA (Kvinnelige Misjons Arbeidere), 43,
44
Krapp, C., 99
Krashevsky, Dr, 26
Kvens people, 40, 41, 42, 53, 70
Labrador, 130, 131, 183
Laforce, Helene, 269n.40
language, 39, 40, 42, 44–6, 49–55
bilingualism, 53, 61, 70, 72, 156–7, 168,
267n.20
Greenlanders, 173, 177
linguistic assimilation policy, 40, 46, 49,
50, 55, 59, 62, 73
missionaries and, 42
Sami, 59–60, 61, 62, 65, 68, 69
Lapland public health nurses, 215–35
legal obligations and responsibilities,
222–3, 227–8
local authorities and, 231–3
local health centres, 225–6, 229, 232,
234
motivating factors for, 220–2, 233
patients’ attitudes towards, 230–1
rapid turnover of, 233–4
recruitment of first, 218–19, 221
LaPointe, Jean, 193, 196
Læstadianism, 42, 44
lay healers, 199–214
lechebnitsy (local clinics), 23
Leger, Dr Alfred, 153–4, 157, 163–6, 167,
168
Lerch, Hans, 173
Lerwick Hospital, 79
Leskov, Simeon, 32
Leslie, Sir Harald, 84,
see also Birsay Committee
296 Medicine in the Remote and Rural North, 1800–2000
lethality, 119–20, 121
Libov, Dr, 29
life expectancy, 99, 104, 235
Linnaean tradition, 94, 105
Lit, Dr, 26
literacy, 31, 33, 177, 235
LMCC (License of the Medical Council of
Canada), 157
Lockwood, William, 135
Lodeynoe Pole uezd, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32
Lucas, Gertie, 205–6
Lund, Hagbart, 50
Lundberg, F. A., 99
Lutheranism, 42, 136, 171, 173, 175, 177,
179
Lyubichankovsky, Dr, 28–9
McArthur, Helen G., 192, 196–7
McDade, George, 163
McDonald, Dr S. H., 163, 164
McDonell, Catherine, 209
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McInerney, Dr J. P., 190, 194
McIntyre, Bronwyn, 192, 273n.2
McKee, Dr, 202
Madawaska, New Brunswick, 158
Mahon, Rita, 210
malnutrition, 194, 227
Manitoba, 184
Mannerheim League for Child Welfare, 216,
222, 285n.7
Marin, Dr C. O., 99
Mason, Jutta, 280n.33
mass screenings, 51, 52, 53–4, 56, 60
maternal mortality rates, 81, 84, 173, 215,
216
May, Ruth, 186
measles, 120, 188
Medical Act (1920), 155, 267n.15
Medical Council of the College of Physi-
cians and Surgeons, 153–4, 155–6, 157,
158–68
medical kits, 211, 283n.104
medical reference books, 208, 282n.68
medical reports
Norway (nineteenth-century), 115–27
Sweden (nineteenth-century), 93, 94–5,
101, 103–6, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113
medical research, 57, 59, 60, 65–6, 69–73, 137
medical training, 33, 126
ethnic medicine included in, 70–1
John Hopkins University, 132, 134, 135,
136, 137
midwives, 173–4, 176, 186
New Brunswick, 157
Norway, 124, 259–60n.10
nurses, 221–2
Russian zemstvo system, 22, 23, 28, 33, 34
Sami, 59–60, 62, 64–5, 69, 72
schools of nursing, 62, 194, 196, 250n.34,
see also education
Medicare, 191
Meiklejohn, Harriet, 187
meningitis, 120, 138
miasma, 94, 106
midwives, 82, 156
in Finnmark, 40
in Greenland, 171–82
in Lapland, 215, 217, 219, 223, 224, 231,
272n.26
lay, 31, 111, 141–3, 159–62, 168, 173,
181, 199–200, 203–6
in New Brunswick, 159–62, 166, 168
in Newfoundland, 183, 186
Olonets guberniya, 27, 32, 33–4, 35
outpost nurses as, 192, 193, 194
role as mediators and agents of civiliza-
tion, 177–82
Scottish Highlands and Islands Medical
Service, 80, 81
in Sweden, 96
migration, 118, 202, 234
Miller, Mary Lois, 204, 205
missionaries, 42–6, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 56,
109, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179
Mitchinson, Wendy, 161, 279n.32
Mitham, P. J., 156, 267n.17
Mixer, Katherine, 205
mobile clinics, 216, 224, 225
Molleson, Dr I. I., 31
mortality rates, 95
Härjedalen, Sweden, 104
males from alcoholism, 105–6
maternal, 81, 84, 173, 215, 216
Norway, 118, 119–20, 121
tuberculosis, 41,
see also infant mortality
 Index 297

Moscow, 22, 27, 28, 30, 36 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, 57,
Mosdell, Dr H. M., 262n.10 61–2, 67, 70
‘motherwork,’ 200, 203, 206, 207, 214, minority rights, 58, 67
276n.1, 276n.6, 277n.7 municipalities (kommunes), 116, 117,
Mott, Frederick D., 135 118, 119, 124, 125
Mowinckel, Johan Ludwig, 50 population, 117–18
mumps, 120 Sami population, 39–56, 57–73, 125
Murmansk, 21 Sanitation Commission, 118, 119,
Murphy, Dr Noel, 143, 151 see also under Finnmark
Myers, Sharon, 188 Norwegian Sami Council, 67
Norwegian Tuberculosis Act (1900), 47, 52
Napoleonic Wars, 116 Notre Dame Bay Memorial Hospital
Napolitano, Valentina and Mora Flores, G., (NDBMH), 131–4, 135, 137, 139, 143,
278n.18 144, 147–9, 150, 151
nation-building, 40, 113, 118, 124 Nova Scotia, 158, 186
National Board of Health (Sundhetskol- nurses/nursing
legium), 93, 95, 96, 98, 100, 103, 112, American-trained, 147
113, 116 Lapland, 215–35
national insurance scheme, 77, 79, 82 married, 193, 194, 197
nationalism, 40, 42, 45, 47, 50, 55 memoirs of, 191–7
Nazis, 52 Newfoundland, 131

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NCWC (National Council of Women of outpost, 184–98, 275n.49
Canada), 183 Peace River region, 202–3, 212–13
New Brunswick, Canada professional autonomy of, 80, 170, 185,
medical professionalization in, 153–68 220, 222–4
outpost nursing in, 183–98 rapid turnover, 189, 193, 221, 234
New Norwegian University, Christiania, schools of, 62, 194, 196, 250n.34
124, 126 Scottish Highlands and Islands Medical
Newfoundland, 129–51, 183, 211 Service, 79, 80, 81, 87
NHS (National Health Service), 75, 76, ‘triple duties’ in the NHS, 83
81–4, 88, 90 versatility, 186, 226, 229–30
Nielsen, Dr Villads, 123 voluntary parish, 44, 45, 51
Nikolaevsky, Dr, 34 nursing homes, 47, 48
Nilsen, Bertrand, 43
Nissen, Kristian, 50 Oban Hospital, 79
Nordland, 44, 46, 47, 49 obstetrics, 138–43, 270–1n.5,
Norges Læger (encyclopaedia), 24 see also midwives
Norrland, Sweden, 97, 98 Oklahoma Farmers’ Union, 134
Norsk Finnemission, 42, 43, 44 Olds, Dr John, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 150
Norsk luthersk finnemisjonsforbund, 43, 45 Ol’gsky, Dr, 33
Norway, 110 Olonets province, Russia, 21–37
Birsay Committee’s visit to, 85–6, 89 Olonets uezd, 25, 28, 36
equality initiatives and party politics in, Olson, Robert, 137
62–3 Ontario, 155, 184, 185, 190, 196
history of, 117–18 ophthalmologists, 30
medical reports, 115–27 Orkney, 75, 76, 77, 80, 84, 85
Ministry for Church and Higher Educa- Osipov, Dr Evgraf, 27
tion, 62, 64 Oslo, 63, 117, 121, 124–5, 126–7
298 Medicine in the Remote and Rural North, 1800–2000

Oslo University, 64, 92, 260n.10 public health, 116

osteopaths, 159 Finland, 215–35
Outer Hebrides, 83 Finnmark, Norway, 47–56, 85
outpost nursing, 185–98, 274n.26 Norway, 123–7, 259n.9
Sami population, 57–73
Paine, Robert, 178
parish priests, 162–3 zemstvo medicine, 21–37
Parsons, Dr Charles, 132–3, 150, 262n.9 Public Health Nurses’ Bulletin, 212
patent medicines, 211 Puddester, John C., 262n.10
Peace River Block News, 207 Pudozh uezd, 25, 26, 30, 35–6
Peace River region, BC, 199–214 pyemia, 120
location, 202–3
mothers and children’s health, 206–7 quacks, 111, 159, 162–3
mothers and professional nurses, qualifications, 22, 28, 64, 99, 153, 157, 162,
211–12 163, 165,
mothers as lay midwives, 203–6 see also medical training
mothers dealing with accidents and ill- Quebec, 158, 165, 269n.40
ness, 206–13 Quisling government, 52
peasants, 21–35
Peck, Kathleen, 205, 213 ‘radesyge’ disease, 124
Perm province, 22, 31 radiology, 51, 53, 54, 56, 60, 80, 189

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personal hygiene, 41, 46 Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, 85
Petrozavodsk uezd, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32 railways, 202
pharmacies, 23, 27, 96 Raumolin, Johanna Christina, 101
philanthropy, 22, 131, 132, 261n.7, 262n.7 raz’’ezd (circuit system), 27, 29, 37
Pinet, Edith, 192–3, 194
Red Cross, 202, 206, 216
pleuritis, 120
respiratory diseases, 104, 120, 210
pneumonia, 120, 210
poliomyelitis, 136, 138, 188, 189 Restigouche, New Brunswick, 158
Porritt Committee (1962), 89 RGTC (Royal Greenlandic Trade Com-
postal service, 110 pany), 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177,
Povenets uezd, 25, 28, 30, 36 178, 181
poverty rheumatic fever, 120
Lapland, 226–7 Rissler, Pehr, 98
Russia, 22, 24, 30–1 Roberts, Dr William H., 187
Sami, 41, 42, 45, 55 Robichaud, Louis, 275n.31
Stockholm, 101 Robinson, Dr George Canby, 263n.20
Sweden, 106 Robinson, Eden, 199
Powell, Evelyn, 204 Roemer, Milton I., 135
Pratt, Mary, 278n.16
Ross and Cromarty, 75
pregnancy, 138, 140–1,
Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fisher-
see also childbirth; midwives
preventative medicine, 23, 30, 39, 96, 116, men, 130
136, 138, 139, 222 rubella, 120
Prikaz (Office of Public Welfare), 22 Russell, Lorna, 193, 194–5, 196
Pringle, Margaret, 194 Russia, 40
professionalization, 153–68 zemstvo medicine in, 21–37
psychiatrists, 30, 68 Ryan, Judge J. L., 163–4
 Index 299

St Leonard’s outpost hospital, New Brun- Siff, Elsie, 262n.9

swick, 187, 188 Sigerist, Henry, 134–5
St Petersburg, 22, 25, 28, 30, 31, 36 Sinitsyn, A. A., 23
Salvarsan, 33 Sjöstrand, Dr P. O., 99
Sami Parliament, 67, 68, 69, 252n.72 Skaar, J. N., bishop of Tromsø, 42
Sami population, 21 Smaalenene, Norway, 121
after Second World War, 52–5 smallpox, 30, 31, 32, 120
alcohol abuse, 109 Smidovitch, Dr V., 31
CHD (coronary heart disease), 65–6 Smirl, Pearl, 204
ethnicity, 58–60 Smith, Amy, 208
in Finland, 227 Smith, Dorthea, 208, 210
genetic structure of, 59 Smout, Christopher, 238n.11, 253n.1
health research, 57, 59, 60, 65, 70, 71–2 social welfare, 235
language, culture and health, 46–52 socialized medicine, 134–6, 143
medical training, 59–60, 62, 64–5, 69, Southwick, Glena, 204
72 Soviet Union, 52, 137
in Norway, 39–56, 57–73, 125 Sowden, Margaret, 209
rights, 67–72, 258n.59 Spence, Elizabeth, 205, 210
social mission among, 42–6, 47, 48, 49, Starr, Paul, 154
50, 51, 55, 56 stationary (uchastock) system, 27, 29, 30,
in Sweden, 99, 103, 108–9, 114 32, 34

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sanatoria, 47 Stavanger county, Norway, 122
Sanitation Act (Norway, 1860), 118, 123 Stockholm, Sweden, 91, 92, 97, 100–3, 112,
Saskatchewan, 184 113
Saulteaux people, 209 Sundhetskollegium see National Board of
Scandinavian society (Skandinaviska sällska- Health
pet), 102 superstition, 31, 186
scarlet fever, 32, 120, 188, 210 Sutherland, 75, 84
Schiøtz, Aina, 63 Sveg, Härjedalen, 98, 99, 110
Schonberg, Muriel I., 186 Sweden, 42, 58, 61, 117, 234
School Act (1936, Norway), 59 Bildningscirkeln (Circle of education),
school medical inspections, 80, 88, 187, 196, 101–2
230 characteristics of Härjedalen people,
Scottish Highlands and Islands, 75–90, 211 105–8
Birsay Committee, 84–9 Dr Ellmin in, 91–114
demography, geography and economy medical statistics, 94–5
of, 75–7 National Board of Health, 93, 95, 96, 98,
HIMS (Highlands and Islands Medical 100, 103, 112, 113, 116
Service), 75, 77–81, 83, 87, 88, 90 population issues, 96
NHS, 81–4 Sweet, Jean, 192
scurvy, 120, 207, 213 syphilis, 30, 32, 33, 34, 138, 241n.63
Second World War, 52, 137, 167, 216, 235
Seers, Dudley, 235 Tana River Valley, 53, 60, 248n.80
septicaemia, 120 Taylor, Charlotte, 204, 212, 284n.116
shamans, 31, 172, 173 Thuesen, Søren, 179, 180
Shepilevsky, Dr, 33 Tian-Shanskaia, O., 31
Shetland, 75, 76, 77, 80, 83, 84 Tompkins, Emily, 199–200, 205, 207, 211,
Shif, Dr I. A., 26, 29 276n.2–4
300 Medicine in the Remote and Rural North, 1800–2000
tonsillectomies, 138, 139
Torgersen, Professor Johan, 54
trade unions, 77
traditional medicine, 31, 35, 69–72, 70,
111–12, 208–10, 227, 282n.65
Aboriginals, 209, 213
Greenland, 172–4
Scottish Highlands and Islands, 79
spring tonic, 206–7
transportation, 190, 192, 205
air ambulance, 80–1
ambulance service, 79, 80–1, 87, 88,
136
doctors, 79, 138, 142, 143, 175
emergency cases in New Brunswick,
195
Härjedalen, 110
in Lapland, 223, 224, 225, 232–3
Olonets province, 25, 32
patient, 36, 79, 86
railways, 202
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Scottish Highlands and Islands, 77, 86
travelling healers, 162
Troms, county of, 40, 44, 47, 49, 65–6
Tromsø
coastal hospital, 47
diocese of, 42
University of, 57, 64–6, 70, 71
Tromsø Committee, 71–2, 73
Tsvataev, Dr A. A., 34
tuberculosis, 118, 134, 138, 140, 194, 216,
222, 259n.7
Finland, 215
New Brunswick, 189
poverty and, 79, 194
Sami population, 39, 41–4, 46–53, 55–6,
77, 79
Scottish Highlands and Islands, 79, 88
Tula province, Russia, 30
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 147
Twillingate, Newfoundland, 129–51
Twohig, Peter, 155
typhoid, 120, 122, 123, 138, 142, 188
typhus, 32, 120, 137, 263n.21
Ulrich, Laura Thatcher, 204
uncertified deaths, 79, 90
unemployment, 77
UNESCO (United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization),
60, 85
United States, 118
Ecke’s early life in, 136–7
ethnicity, 59
New Deal, 134
philanthropy, 131, 132, 147
preventative health care, 222
Typhus Commission, 137, 263n.21
universal health care, 75, 76, 88, 90, 167
universities, 87, 97, 118
Alberta, 196
Bergen, 62, 66
Harvard, 136
John Hopkins, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137
Norway, 124
Nova Scotia, 186
Oslo, 64, 92, 260n.10
Quebec, 165
Tromsø, 57, 64–6, 70, 71
UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Reha-
bilitation Administration), 225
urbanization, 43, 48, 117, 120, 124, 126,
234
vaccinations, 30, 31–2, 35, 82, 108, 210,
226, 227, 229, 231–2, 243n.110
baptisms and, 226
BCG, 52, 53, 56
Lapland, 227
Sami population, 108–9
Sweden, 95, 96
Valverde, Mariana, 197
Van Wart, Dr Clowes, 159
Vemdalen, Sweden, 93, 99, 100, 103–12
venereal disease, 30, 32, 33, 34, 95, 96, 138,
241n.63
Vensmoen sanatorium, Nordland, 47
Veselovsky, Boris, 23–4, 27, 28, 31, 36,
240n.16
Vest-Agder, Norway, 117
Vodlitsa village, 32
Vologda province, 22
voluntary organizations, 40, 41, 43–4, 46,
47, 48, 183, 184, 189, 202, 203, 206, 216
VON (Victorian Order of Nurses), 183, 198
Voznesen’e village, 32
 Index
Vytegra uezd, 26, 30, 35
Wallström, Anders (Soln-Anders), 112
Ward, Dorothy, 193, 196
Watson, Dr Archibald, 199, 202
Watson, Rosa, 212
welfare state, 52, 53, 58, 198
Western Greenland see Greenland
whooping cough, 120, 188
Williams, Winnie, 279n.25
witchcraft, 31, 79
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301
Women’s Institutes, 200, 201, 203, 207, 209,
213, 277n.7
Wrede, Sirpa, 233
X-rays, 51, 53, 54, 56, 60, 80, 189
Yaholnitsky, Pauline, 211–12
yellow fever, 94
Young, Anne, 206, 281n.57
zemstvo system, 23–37, 243n.113–14