Geology Topics Unit Part II/V Volcanoes - For Educators - Download at Www. Science Powerpoint

Geology Topics
Part II / VI
Volcano Topics
Start Part I / VI of an educational Earth Science unit about
Geology Topics in Science for
students in grades 6-10
Part I: Dynamic Earth

Part II: Volcanoes
Part III: Earthquakes
Part IV: Minerals
Part V: Rocks and the Rock Cycle
Part VI: Earth System History
Download the Powerpoint version of this video, unit notes,

assessments, lab handouts, review games, videos, and
much more at www.sciencepowerpoint.com
Start Part I / VI of an educational Earth Science unit about

Part II: Volcanoes
Part IV: Minerals

• RED SLIDE: These are notes that are very
important and should be recorded in your
science journal.
• BLACK SLIDE: Pay attention, follow
directions, complete projects as described
and answer required questions neatly.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

• Keep an eye out for “The-Owl” and raise
your hand as soon as you see him.
– He will be hiding somewhere in the slideshow
“Hoot, Hoot”
“Good Luck!”

• What’s the only U.S. state that ends with
three vowels?

• Answer! Hawaii

• Which way is Hawaii moving? Why?

• Answer! Northwest

• Which Island in this picture is the oldest?

• Answer: Kaui. As you move away from
the big island the islands get older.

• Erosion over time has shrunk the islands.
– The small islands have eroded the most.
Active
Volcano

• Place a circle in and area that use to be
one island, but erosion has turned into
several islands.

• Answer! Maui use to be one large island.

• Answer! Maui use to be one large island.

 Hawaii is caused by a hot spot: A location
above an upwelling of magma from the
mantle.

• A new Hawaiian Island is forming under
the ocean south of the big island.

• Activity! Making a volcanic island chain.

– Have one volunteer sharpen a red or green
colored pencil.

colored pencil.
– Create a crack big enough for the pencil to
poke through between the lab tables.

colored pencil.
– Group members move ocean plate (paper)
toward clock very slowly and curve it.

colored pencil.
– Person under table touches marker to paper
every thirty seconds for five minutes.

colored pencil.
– Make first circles largest, and last circles the
smallest.

colored pencil.
smallest.
– Sketch results in journal when complete.

colored pencil.
smallest.
– Sketch results in journal when complete.

e
T im

• Where is this in the United States?

• Answer! Yellowstone Park. Wyoming.

• This could happen to Yellowstone Park.

– The three super eruptions occurred 2.1
million, 1.3 million, and 640,000 years ago.

– An eruption of this magnitude would challenge
the survival of our civilization.

– An eruption of this magnitude would challenge
the survival of our civilization.

• Supervolcano: A volcano capable of
producing a super volcanic eruption, which
is a volcanic eruption with ejecta greater
than 1000 cubic kilometers.
• This is the range of serious destruction if
the Yellowstone Super Volcano were to
erupt.

• Explosions happen about “every 600,000
years at Yellowstone,

years at Yellowstone," says Chuck Wicks
of the U.S. Geological Survey,

of the U.S. Geological Survey, who has
studied the possibilities in separate work.

of the U.S. Geological Survey, who has
studied the possibilities in separate work.
"And it's been about 620,000 years since
the last super explosive eruption there."

• The Hot Spot under the continent has
erupted periodically throughout history.

• The rest of the United States would be
buried in 1 meter of Ash.

– The global climate would shift for many years
as dust clouds would block out the sun.

– The global climate would shift for many years
as dust clouds would block out the sun.
– Agriculture would become difficult.

• Without the sun…

– Energy flow of life stops.

– There are no plants.

– There are no animals that eat plants.

– People are left to…?

– People are left to…?

• This is a picture of the caldera from the
last eruption of the Super Volcano.

• Which way is the continent moving based
on the previous eruptions of the
Yellowstone Supervolcano?

• Answer! The continent is moving West,
Southwest.

• Picture of Super volcano on Jupiter’s
moon Io.
• Yellowstone’s Burning Question?
– Please read article and answer one question?
– Are we in serious danger?
– Please provide some information to support
your conclusion from the article.
– Answer: It does not appear that we are in any
serious danger. A long time from now, this
supervolcano will erupt and cause serious
devastation.
 New Area of Focus: Volcanoes.

 Volcano: An opening in the Earth's crust
through which molten magma and gases
erupt.

• Activity! Google Earth, Visiting Volcanoes
• Mt Etna in Italy
• Mt Pinatubo – Indonesia
• Mt Rainer in Washington State
• Mount Saint Helens
• Stromboli – Mediterranean Sea
• Surtsey – Icleand
• Kilauea – Hawaii (Big Island – Only active)
• Mt Vesuvius
• http://penkat.com/video/73
• Krakatoa - Indonesia
• The cataclysmic explosion of Krakatoa was
heard as far away as Western Australia,
about 1,930 miles.

about 1,930 miles.
– 36,417 (official toll) people died.

about 1,930 miles.
– 13,000 times the yield of the atomic bomb that
devastated Hiroshima, Japan.

about 1,930 miles.

about 1,930 miles.
Krakatoa use
to be here!

about 1,930 miles.
New Island forming,

called Anak
Krakata. (Child of
Krakatoa).

about 1,930 miles.
Video
(Optional)
Anak Krakata
erupting HD

• Mt Fuji – Japan
– Most photographed Mountain in the world.
• Paricutin – Mexico (Started off as a crack
in a corn field)
 The positives of volcanoes
-
-
-
-
-
-

 New Land is formed.

 Release of healthy gases.

 Many gems and ores worth $.

• Sulfur mining: A horrible job
• Diamond mine / pit in Africa
• Mirny Diamond Mine, Serbia
 Hominids used obsidian (cutting tools) to
advance.

 Volcanic ash fertilizes land.

 Volcanic eruptions formed oceans and
early atmosphere.

early atmosphere.

early atmosphere.

early atmosphere.

early atmosphere.

early atmosphere.

• Volcanoes are very important to Earth.

1st atmosphere H and He from solar Lost to solar wind
nebula
2nd atmosphere H20, CO2 and SO2 from From Volcanoes

Transformed by
photosynthesis
Current N2, O2, from Nitrogen fixing + continued

atmosphere photosynthesis and photosynthesis
constant N2 production

nebula

Transformed by
photosynthesis


nebula

Transformed by
photosynthesis


nebula

Transformed by
photosynthesis


 The negatives of volcanoes
-
-
-
-
Copyright ©
Copyright © 2010
2010 Ryan
Ryan P.
P. Murphy
Murphy
 Destruction and death.
 Loss of land until…?

• Indonesian Mud Volcano triggered by drilling.
• Mud volcanoes are built by a mixture of hot
water and fine sediment (mud and clay)
that is forced to the surface.
• Engineers are trying to plug hole with concrete
balls.
• They are also pumping the mud / water into the
river nearby which is causing problems to fishery.
• Reading and video about the Mud Volcano.
 Release of poisonous and greenhouse
gases.

• Disruption of transportation
– Video: Ash cloud disrupts air travel.
• Munch, The Scream, was inspired by the
sunsets caused from the particles after the
eruption of Krakatoa in 1883.

 Eruptions can have a tremendous impact
on global climate.

• Tambura 1815: The year without summer
 Mass extinction events?

For those species that don’t make it.

For those species that don’t make it.

Good for us simply because we exist

 Types of volcanoes
-
-
-
-
-
-

 Fissure.

 Shield.

• Olympus Mons was a shield volcano.
 Dome
 Ash Cinder
• Which is a dome volcano, and which is an
ash cinder volcano?

Answer:
• Answer!

Answer:
• Answer!
Dome

Answer:
• Answer!
Dome

Answer:
• Answer!
Dome
Ash Cinder
 Composite or Stratovolcano.

 Caldera Volcano: Large crater caused by
the violent explosion of a volcano that
collapses into a depression.
• Name that type of Volcano. 1-10.
– Word Bank: Fissure, Shield, Dome, Ash
Cinder, Composite or Stratovolcano, Caldera.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
• Bonus! Who is this falling into the volcano
within Mt. Doom?
• Bonus: What movie is this? I think it has
something to do with a volcano?
• Answers! Name that type of Volcano. 1-10.
– Word Bank: Fissure, Shield, Dome, Ash Cinder,
Composite or Stratovolcano.

1
1
Composite /
Strato
volcano
2
2 Dome
3
3
Shield
4
4 Ash Cinder
5
5 Fissure
6
6 Ash Cinder
7
7 Shield
8
8 Caldera
9
9
Composite /
Strato
10
10 Fissure
• Bonus! Who is this falling into the volcano
within Mt. Doom?
• Bonus! Gollum from The LOTR. He is
melting in the lava of Mt. Doom.
• Bonus: What movie is this? I think it has
something to do with a volcano?
• Bonus: Spy Kids.
• Try and figure out the picture beneath the
boxes.
– Raise your hand when you know. You only
get one guess.

Strato
/Composite
Volcano
 Pyroclasitc flow: A fast-moving avalanche
of hot lava fragments.

• Video! Pyroclastic flow and Mt. Saint
Helens (2 min) and Mt. Unzen (1.5 min)

 Pyroclastic rock: Rock ejected from a
volcano.

 Lahar: A flow of volcanic ash and water.

• A lahar is often produced when a snow-
capped volcano erupts and hot
pyroclastics melt a large amount of snow
or ice.

or ice.

or ice.
Snowmelt mixed
with ash
• Video of Lahar near Marapi
• http://vimeo.com/17678904
• Activity – Making a cheesy volcano
• Select the type of volcano you are going to
create.

create.
• Work inside tray to keep activity clean.

create.
• Use the film canister to hold magma

create.
• Use clay and filler to surround canister

create.
• Label parts of the volcano with toothpicks
and labeled flags.

create.
and labeled flags.
• Add baking soda, a drop of food coloring
and some dishwater detergent.

create.
and labeled flags.
• Add Vinegar at end

create.
and labeled flags.
• Add Vinegar at end.

• Building a cheesy volcano set-up
Film Canister Plate / Tray

Clay
Label the parts
Rim
with toothpick Vent
and tape –
Parts are on
the next series
of slides
Hold off on the eruption for
now. It will come soon.
• Questions / Follow-up! Please sketch your
volcano in your journal and label its parts.
• Questions / Follow-up! Please sketch you
Oh-no, We
are doing it
again.
• Learning the difference between lava and
magma

 Magma is beneath the Earths surface

 Magma is beneath the earths surface

 Lava is above the surface

 Lava is above the surface

• This is lava
• This is lava.
• This is magma, why isn’t it a photo?
• Is this Magma or Lava?
• Answer! Lava
• Answer! Magma is beneath the crust.
“You can’t
see Magma
because
then it is
lava, or
you would
be dead.”

• Lava's composition determines its
behavior more than the temperature.

 3 types of lava
-
-
-

 Felsic lava: High in silica. (Sticky and
chunky) Highly explosive.

• It is like blowing a straw into a milkshake.
What happens?

• Answer!
• Felsic lava usually forms composite or
Strato-volcano’s.

“Hoot” “Hoot” “That is
one large explosion!”
• Felsic lava usually
forms composite or
Strato-volcano’s.

“Hoot”
• Felsic lava usually forms“Hoot” “That
composite or is
Strato-volcano’s.one large explosion!”

• Video! Shockwave from Japanese Volcano. Turn
your sound up for this one.
– Shockwave felt from Volcanic Eruption in Japan
 Mafic lava: Flows more, high in basalt.

Flows rather than
explodes

• Mafic lava usually forms shields and
domes.
Flows rather than

explodes

 Intermediate: Has a higher amount of
silica (Silica = liquid quartz or sand)
• Eruption time: Add vinegar to the top the volcano.
• Can you identify any parts of the eruption?
Vinegar
• Eruption time: Add vinegar to the top the volcano.
• Can you identify any parts of the eruption?
Vinegar
Ash
Cloud
Ash
Cloud
Pyroclastic
Rock
Ash
Cloud
Pyroclastic
Rock Lahar
Ash
Cloud
Disrupted air
Pyroclastic travel
Rock Lahar
Climatic Changes
Ash
Cloud
Disrupted air
Pyroclastic travel
Rock Lahar
Climatic Changes
Ash
Cloud
Disrupted air
Pyroclastic travel
Rock Lahar
Lava
flow
Climatic Changes
Ash
Cloud
Disrupted air
Pyroclastic travel
Rock Lahar
Lava
flow
Climatic Changes
Ash
Cloud
Disrupted air
Pyroclastic travel
Rock Lahar
Pyroclasitic
Flow Lava
flow
Climatic Changes
Ash
Cloud
Disrupted air
Pyroclastic travel
Rock Lahar
Pyroclasitic
Flow Lava
flow
Death and Destruction

Any Positives?
New
Land
Fertile
New
Soils
Land
Creation of Atmosphere
Fertile
New
Soils
Land
Fertile
New
Soils
Land
Gems and Ores

Tourism
Fertile
New
Soils
Land
Gems and Ores

• Please clear your area and listen to your
teacher.
“Let’s clean up
this mess so
we can make
another.”
 Viscosity: Resistance of liquid to flow.

 High viscosity = Travels slow because of high
resistance. (Felsic)

Low viscosity = Travels fast because low
resistance. (Mafic)

• Activity! What is more viscous?
– Remember, Viscosity is resistance to flow.

• Answer! The peanut butter doesn’t flow as
much as the ketchup so it has a higher
viscosity.

• Activity! The Condiment Olympics.

• Create the following spreadsheet in your journal.
Condiment Finish Time
Mustard
Ketchup
Jelly
Maple Syrup (Fake)
Maple Syrup (Real)
Chocolate Syrup

• Activity! Viscosity.
– Lay tray on table.
– Place condiments at one side along a starting
line.
line.
– Use textbooks or manually raise tray just off
the vertical at start of race.
line.
– Record the times each condiment takes to
cross the finish line. (DNF = Did Not Finish)
line.
– Record the times each condiment takes to
cross the finish line. (DNF = Did Not Finish)
– I needed green text here to complete the
Olympic colors.
• Visual of Set-Up
Top View
Side View
Start
Finish
• Please graph your findings. You decide which
graph will work the best.
Column
Bar
Line
Pie
Column
Bar
Line
Pie
Column
Bar
Line
Pie
Column
Bar
Line
Pie
Column
Bar
Line
Pie
Column
Bar
ALine
line graph
could
Pie become
confusing in
this case
Column
Bar
Line
Pie
Column
Bar
Line
Pie
Column
Bar
You may begin creating

Line
your graph now.
Pie
• Graph of Possible Outcomes
Speed / Viscosity of Condiments
Chocolate Syrup
Maple Fake
Maple Real
Condiment
Jelly
Ketchup
Mustard
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time in Minutes
• Questions?
– Which substance had the highest viscosity
and why?
– Which substance had the lowest viscosity
and why?
– Which type of lava from the notes has a
high viscosity, and which has a low?
– Name five other fluids and describe their
probable viscosity?

• Questions?
and why?

• Questions?
and why?
– Answer: Answers will vary based on the
brand. Generally, the ketchup, mustard,
and jelly was the slowest down the ramp
and demonstrated most resistance to flow.

• Questions?
and why?

• Questions?
and why?
– Answer: The real maple syrup had the
lowest viscosity and traveled quickly down
the ramp on to the floor almost immediately
after putting it on the ramp.

• Questions?

• Questions?
– Answer: Felsic Lava flows very poorly, it
would be slower down the ramp than Mafic
Lava.

• Which volcano will explode?
Mustard Volcano Maple Syrup Volcano
Higher Viscosity
Higher Viscosity Low Viscosity

will flow more
• Questions?
probable viscosity?
– Oil: Low viscosity
– Peanut Butter: High Viscosity
– Toothpaste: High Viscosity
– Hair Gel: High Viscosity
– Soda: Low Viscosity

• Questions?
probable viscosity?

• Questions?
probable viscosity?

• Questions?
probable viscosity?

• Questions?
probable viscosity?

• Questions?
probable viscosity?

• Questions?
probable viscosity?

• Questions?
probable viscosity?

• Questions?
probable viscosity?

• Questions?
probable viscosity?

• Questions?
probable viscosity?

• Questions?
probable viscosity?

• Do Basaltic (Mafic) lavas have a high or
low viscosity?

• Answer! Basaltic / Mafic Lavas have a low
viscosity.

• Do Granitic (Felsic) lava’s have a high or
low viscosity?

• Answer! Granitic / Felsic lavas have a high
viscosity.

 Types of lava when cooled.
-
-

 'A'ā: Rough lava, older and has
crystalized, Pronounced “ahh ahh”

• Why it’s called Aa lava?
– You are a native Hawaiian hundreds of years
ago before Nike sneakers.

“Aloha” “It is
called 'A'ā
because that is
what you say
when you walk
on it.” “Ah” “Ah”
 Pāhoehoe: Fresh lava, (Pa hoy hoy)
Basaltic lava that is smooth and flowing.

• Which type of magma ('A'ā or Pāhoehoe)
is shown below?

• Answer!
“Did I trick
you?”

• Which type of Magma ('A'ā or Pāhoehoe)

• Which type of lava ('A'ā or Pāhoehoe)

• Answer! Pāhoehoe

• Which Type of Lava?

• Answer 'A'ā.

• Quiz 1-10 + Bonus, Name that lava,
• Pahoehoe, or 'A'ā.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
• #11 Bonus – These creatures live in an old
lava chamber.
• Answers Quiz Wiz 1-10 + Bonus, Name
that lava,
• Pahoehoe, or 'A'ā.

1
1 'A'ā
2
2 Pahoehoe
3
3 'A'ā
4
4 'A'ā
5
5 Pahoehoe
6
6 Pahoehoe
7
7 'A'ā
8
8 'A'ā
9
9 Pahoehoe
10
10 Pahoehoe
• #11 Bonus – These creatures live in an old
lava chamber.
• #11 Bonus: Answer- Fraggle Rock
boxes. Raise your hand when you think
you know.
– You only get one guess.

Munch - The
Scream, Sunset
after Krakatoa
Eruption
you know.

Lahar – A
dangerous mix
of ash and
snowmelt

you know.

Pyroclastic
Flow / Cloud
• Activity! Dynamic Earth Review Game

Geology Topics
Part II / VI
Volcano Topics
End Part I / VI of an educational Earth Science unit about

Part II: Volcanoes
Part IV: Minerals

End Part I / VI of an educational Earth Science unit about

Part II: Volcanoes
Part IV: Minerals

• More Units Available at…
Earth Science: The Soil Science and Glaciers Unit, The Geology Topics
Unit, The Astronomy Topics Unit, The Weather and Climate Unit, and
The River Unit, The Water Molecule Unit.
Physical Science: The Laws of Motion and Machines Unit, The Atoms
and Periodic Table Unit, The Energy and the Environment Unit, and The
Introduction to Science / Metric Unit.
Life Science: The Diseases and Cells Unit, The DNA and Genetics Unit,
The Life Topics Unit, The Plant Unit, The Taxonomy and Classification
Unit, Ecology: Feeding Levels Unit, Ecology: Interactions Unit, Ecology:
Abiotic Factors, The Evolution and Natural Selection Unit and coming
soon The Anatomy and Physiology Unit.




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Geology Topics

Part I: Dynamic Earth

Download the Powerpoint version of this video, unit notes,

Part I: Dynamic Earth

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Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

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Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

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New Island forming,

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