SID NUMBER: 0926018

MODULE CODE: ED 130010S

PART A Electronic Section

You are employed as a Design Engineer at Cowboys Ltd and your Section leader has asked you to
evaluate the following analogue circuits using a suitable electronic package such as Multisim or
similar.

i) Transformer fundamentals

The result shows that the two signal are identical because of the transformer equation
N1/N2=V1/V2

V1= 100vpeak, I =V2 100vpeak. Reviewing the signals I saw a little bit of drop in the output signal
because of the resistive loss in the transformer.

 Disconnect the second channel from track A and reconnect it to track B.

The results show that the output is half of the input in level because N2= ½ N1

 Change L1

Changing L1 on the transformer will increase the impendence because X L = 2π fL has been increased
hence exerts more drop in the signal.

ii) Half wave bridge rectifier fundamentals.

The results show that the upper signal which is the positive is clear but the negative signal is not fully
shown. There were a little bit of the negative signal because the diode can pass the signal in one
direction and stop the signal in the opposite direction. The small part of the signal shown is due to
the inefficiency of the diode.

 Now modify figure 2 by adding a 50uf capacitor to give figure 3. Explain why the output
voltage changes.
The result shows that the upper signal which is the positive part is allowed to pass but the negative
part is stopped, although I still see a little bit of it.

 10uf

 25uf

 100uf
 250uf

During the process of using different amount of capacitor, Increase in the capacitor led to
the positive signal joining each other. T= RC
More C means more time to discharge, therefore connecting to other following positive
part of the signal.

iii) Open loop transfer characteristic of 741 op-amp.

 Vary the cursor to determine the relationship between the 741 op amp gain and frequency.

FREQUENCY MAGNITUDE(dB) PHASE(Deg)

10HZ 99.073 116.673
100HZ 80.039 92.876
10KHZ 40.05 90.029
50KHZ 26.071 90.005
100KHZ 20.05 90.002
200KHZ 14.03 90
300KHZ 10.508 89.999
400KHZ 8.009 89.997
500KHZ 6.071 89.997
600KHZ 4.487 89.996
700KHZ 3.148 89.995
800KHZ 1.988 89.994
900KHZ 0.965 89.993
1000KHZ 0.049 89.992
 f/m
100
80
60 Y-Values

40
20
0
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000

freq against magnitude 1

F/P
150
100 Y-Values

50
0
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000

Frequency against phase 1

Looking at the result you will see that increase in frequency decreases the gain and phase.
 Explain the significance of the Bode Plotter response.
The Bode Plotter is a very useful method to represent the magnitude and phase of a system
as a function of frequency. The Bode Plotter interprets how the input affects the output in
both gain and phase over frequency. The magnitude is the gain and the phase is the angle in
degree. The transfer function of gain and phase angle can be plotted as a function of
frequency to give an overall picture of system response.

iv) OP amp amplifier. Connect and analyse the circuit shown in figure 6
FREQUENCY MAGNITUDE(Db) Phase(degrees)
10 Hz 42.849 81.134
100 Hz 56.438 27.794
10 kHz 56.347 -36.443
50 kHz 46.423 -107.331
100 kHz 37.518 -136.766
200 kHz 26.651 -156.933
300 kHz 19.857 -164.422
400 kHz 14.949 -168.275
500 kHz 11.114 -170.617
600 kHz 7.97 -172.188
700 kHz 5.307 -173.317
800 kHz 2.996 -174.169
900 kHz 0.956 -174.834
1000 kHz -0.872 -175.369

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Y-Values
Column1

Frequency/magnitude-phase 1
The measured output peak = 110 mv as you can see in the diagram it should be about
110
that amount. The measured output = =77.78 mv .
√2
Vout 77.8
The input= 0.1mv so, the total G= = =778
Vin 0.1

The calculated gain

R 2 100 k
G1 = = =50 k
R1 2k
R 4 30 k
G2 = = =15 k
R3 2k

G= G1 x G2 = 50k x 15k=750k

The two op amps make a 180° phase shift each, hence we are using an inverting
op amp but because we use two stages we get a 180 and a 180 where shift is 360
which is equal to zero.

Digital
i) Investigating logic gates. Use the workbench package to construct of
figure 7.
When the switch is closed X1 probe lights.

When the switch is open Z1 lights.

Truth Table

A Z1

0 1

1 0
PART B
Now construct the circuit of figure 8(the gate is now a two input NAND)
TTL 7400N.

When BC (0,0) then Z1 lights.

When BC (0, 1) then X2 and Z1 lights.

when BC is (1,0) then X1 and Z1 lights.

When BC (11) X1 and X2 lights only

Truth Table

B C Z1
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

NAND GATE-3 INPUT

Change gate G1 to a three input NAND.

When BCD is (000) then Z1 lights.

When BCD (001) X3 ad Z1 lights

When BCD (010) X2 and Z1 lights.

When BCD(011) X2, X3 and Z1 lights.

When BCD (100) X1 and Z1 lights.

When BCD (101) X1, X3, and Z1 lights.

When BCD (110) X1, X2, and Z1 lights.

Truth Table

B C D Z1
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

NOR GATE 2 INPUTS

When BC (00) Z1 lights.

For BC (01) X2 lights only.

For BC (10) X1 lights only.

For BC (11) X1 and X2 lights only.

Truth table

B C Z1
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

NOR GATE 3 INPUTS

BCD= 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110

For BCD (000) Z1 lights.

For BCD (001) X3 lights only.

For BCD (010) X2 lights only.

For BCD (011) X2 and X3 lights.

For BCD (100)

For BCD (101) X1 and X3 lights only.

For BCD (110) X1 and X2 lights only

For BCD (111) X1, X2, and X3 lights.

Truth Table

B C D Z1
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0

XOR 2 INPUTS

BC= 00, 01, 10, 11

For BC (00) no light.

For BC (01) X2 and Z1 lights.

For BC (10) X1 and Z1 lights.

For BC (11) X1 and X2 lights.

Truth table

B C Z1
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

XNOR GATES 2 INPUTS

AB= 00, 01, 10, 11

For AB (00) Z1 lights only

For AB (01) X2 lights only.

For AB (10) X1 lights only.

For AB (11) X1, X2,and z1 lights.

Truth Table

A B Z1
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

FLIP FLOP

Note the indication of probes Z1 and Z2, when AB= 00, 01, 00, 10, 00, 01, 00, 10.

For AB (00) Z1 and Z2 does not light.

For AB(01) Z2 lights.

For AB (00) the second time Z2 lights only.

For AB (10) X1 and Z1 lights.

For AB (00) Z1 lights only

For AB (01) Z2 lights.

For AB (00) Z2 lights only.

For AB (10) Z1 lights only.

PART B Mechanical Section

This section relates to investigation and research.

i) Cam mechanism

Outline the concept and operation of the radial type cam mechanism.

Your investigation should include at least three types of cam profile and their
applications; in addition, three methods of transferring the motion from cam to
follower.

CAM MECHANISM

Cam mechanisms generally consist of two moving elements which the cam profile and the follower,
mounted on a fixed frame. A cam can be define as a machine element having a curved outline,
which by its rotational motion gives specified motion to another element with which it is in contact,
called the follower.

TYPES OF CAM PROFILE

PEAR- SHAPED CAMS:

A follower controlled by a pear-shaped cam remains motionless for about half a revolution or cycle
of the cam. During the time the follower is stationary, and the other half of the revolution of the
cam, the follower rises and then falls. The pear-shaped cam is symmetric, so the rise motion is the
same as the fall motion. Pear shaped cams are used on the shafts of a car.
This cam profile makes the follower to move with a uniform velocity. It allows the rise and fall with
uniform velocity.

CIRCULAR CAMS

Circular cam profile is a circle cam. It is also known as eccentric cams which produces a smooth
motion. It is used in steam engines.

ii) Gear mechanism

Outline the concept and operation of the following gear types:

 Worm

Bevel

This part of your investigation should also include a discussion upon the arrangement of
the gear teeth; namely: spur, helical and herringbone.

WORM GEARS

Before explaining the concept and operation of the worm gear and other gears it is essential to
know what a gear is. A gear is a machine element, whose function is to transmit motion and power
from its shaft, through another gear to its shaft, by means of gear teeth. The axis of the worm is
usually at 90 degrees to the worm gear shaft.

Worm gears are used when large gear reductions are needed. Worm gears are the perfect choice
when the need is for producing large motor speed gear reductions in a single step. It is common for
worm gears to have reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or greater.

Many worm gears have an

interesting property that no
other gear set has: the worm
can easily turn the gear, but
the gear cannot turn the worm.
This is because the angle of the
worm is so shallow that when
the gear tries to spin it, the
friction between the gears and
the worm holds the worm in
place.

TYPES OF WORM GEARS

For industrial reasons there are three different applications of worm gear and wheel gears. The non
throated worm gear, single throated, and the double throated worm gear.

Non- throated Worm gears

In non throated worm gears, both the worm and the driven gear are no throated. Below is an image
of a non throated worm gear.

Single throated worm gears

In single throated worm gears the driven gear is throated only. Tooth contact takes place in a single
moving point on a worm drive.

Double Throated worm gears

In double throated worm gears, the driven gear and the worm are both throated. Therefore higher
loads are allowed without undergoing excessive wear.
The worm gears show the following characteristics.

 Perfect for accurate movement of load

 Large speed reductions.

 Worm gears are cut helically for maximum mating.

 Single step conversion of high speed inputs to low speeds and high torque outputs.

 Occurrence of pure sliding motion.

BEVEL GEARS

Bevel gears are important when the direction of a shaft’s rotation needs to be changed. They are
normally mounted on shafts 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other angles. The
teeth on bevel gears can be straight, spiral or hypoid. Straight bevel gear teeth have similar problem
with straight spur gear teeth, as each teeth engages it impacts the corresponding tooth all at once.
Gear bevel 1

The diagram below is a spiral bevel gear, the spiral teeth engage just like the helical teeth. The
contact starts at one end of the gear and progressively spreads along the whole tooth.

On straight and spiral bevel gears, the shafts must be perpendicular to each other, but they must
also be in the same plane.

SPUR GEAR TEETH

Spur gears are the most common, most widely used and least expensive gears. A spur gear is a
wheel with the teeth cut parallel to their axis of rotation. The teeth is straight, spur gears are
basically used to transmit motion from one shaft to another, the shaft parallel to it.
When the spur gear is engaged it produces some noise which is normal but may become horrible in
high speed.

The distance from a point on a tooth of a gear at the pitch circle to a corresponding point on the
next adjacent tooth, measured along the pitch circle is the circular pitch.

Pc= πD/N

HELICAL GEAR TEETH

Helical gear is a cylindrical shaped gear with helicoids teeth. The helical gear is just like the spur gear
but with its teeth cut at an angle to their axis of rotation of the gear body. Helical gear operates
more quietly and smoothly than the spur gears, this is because the teeth of helical gears slide one
across the others rather than hitting each other as in spur gears.

In addition, unlike the spur gears, in helical gear several teeth of each gear are in contact the same
time, thus resulting in greater strength than if only one tooth of each gear is in contact at a time as
in spur gears. A negative effect of using helical gears is that it exerts an end thrust which may be
absorbed by a thrust bearing.

HERRINGBONE GEAR TEETH

Originally, herringbone gears consist of two helical gears, one right hand and other left hand. Most
herringbone gears are produced in a single unit in special machines which cut the teeth in two
directions at one time.

The diagram below is a herringbone gear oil well pumping unit drive.

REFERENCE

Budynas R. G and Nisbett J.K., 2008,Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design, Eight

Edition in SI Units, Singapore, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

Dimitrov L., 2006, Principles of Mechanical Engineering Design, Bulgaria, Heron press
Ltd.

Ewert, R. H., 1997. Gears and gear manufacture. New York: Chapman & Hall.

Engineers Edge, 2000, Gear Types,[internet], Available at

http://www.engineersedge.com/gears/gear_types.htm, Accessed 2nd of March, 2011.

Erdman G.A. & Sandor N.G., 1997, Mechanism Design, Third Edition, New Jersey,
Prentice-Hall Inc.

Global spec, 1999, About the herringbone gear, [Internet], Available at

http://www.globalspec.com/LearnMore/Motion_Controls/Power_Transmission/Gears/Herr
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Juvinall R.C., Marshek K. M., 2000, Fundamental of Machine Component Design, Third
Edition, America, R. R. Donnelly & Sons.

Lanni C., Carbone G., Ceccarelli M. & Ottaviano E., 2006, Numerical and experimental
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220(Number 1 / 2006), 111-125.

Mott, R. L., 1985. Machine elements in mechanical Design. London: Charles E. Merril Publishing
company.

Ryan V., 2002, Mechanisms,[Internet], Available at

http://www.technologystudent.com/cams/camdex.htm, Accessed 1st March, 2011.
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http://www.scribd.com/doc/13343039/Theory-of-MachinesCam-and-Followers, Accessed
1st of March, 2011.