shows how low frequencies are passed below the half power point and higher frequencies are

blocked after the cut-off frequency.

The phase angle, ɸ , is the measure of the
deviation of a position within a wave from
its initial position and is expressed in (10) as
[3]:
ɸ = −arctan (2𝜋𝑓𝑅𝐶) (10)

Figure 10 shows a graphical plot for a low-

Figure 10:Phase-angle response for the low-pass R-C filter [1].
pass filter showing the phase angle at zero
degrees for f = 0Hz. This angle reduces to negative 45 degrees at the cut-off frequency and at
high frequencies, the phase angle tends to negative 90 degrees[1].
If an RC filter is designed for a set cut-off frequency of fc and a known capacitor value, the
value of the resistor can be determined by using equation (8) to solve of resistance, R.
3. Results

Microsoft Excel was used to document and calculate the results for the two RC circuits.
3.1. High-Pass Filter Circuit
The high pass filter in a series RC circuit was simulated first as shown in Figure 1. A variable
frequency from 0.1 kHz to 100 kHz was used. The capacitor with a fixed capacitance of 1 nano
Farad was used. A cut-off frequency of fc = 1.5kHz was used.
The resistance was calculated using equation (8) and found to 106103 Ω or 106k Ω. The voltage
into the RC circuit was kept constant, with a value of 10V.

The reactance of the capacitor was calculated using equation (2) 𝑋 =

The total impedance was calculated using equation (4), ZT = 𝑅 +𝑋 .

The voltage out was calculated and documented for each frequency using equation (5) Vout =
Vin

The gain was calculated using the ratio of Vout/Vin. (Vin = 10V).

The high-pass RC circuit phase angle was calculated equation (9) ɸ = arctan ( ) for
the various frequencies and documented in a table.
3.2. Low-Pass Filter

The high pass filter in a series RC circuit was simulated as shown in Figure 6. A variable
frequency from 0.1 kHz to 100 kHz was used. The capacitor with a constant capacitance of 1
nano-farad was used. A cut-off frequency of fc = 1.5kHz was used.
6
The resistance was calculated using equation (8) and found to 106103 Ω or 106k Ω. The voltage
into the RC circuit was kept constant, with a value of 10V.

The reactance of the capacitor was calculated using equation (2) 𝑋 =

The total impedance was calculated using equation (4), ZT = 𝑅 + 𝑋 .

The voltage out was calculated using equation (6) Vout = Vin

The gain was calculated using the ratio of Vout/Vin. (Vin = 10V).
The low-pass RC circuit phase angle was calculated equation (10) ɸ = −arctan (2𝜋𝑓𝑅𝐶)for
the various frequencies and documented in a table.

4. Experimental details Commented [SJ((3]: Should be in “Results” and can optionally

be moved to an appendix if it is this much data.

4.1. High-Pass Filter Circuit

Table 1: High-Pass Filter results table

𝒇 (kHz) ω (rad/s) 𝑉 (V) 𝑉 (V)

G b Table 1 shows the results of the
(𝑉 /𝑉 ) (degrees) experiment indicating the
0.1000 628 10 0,665 0,067 86,19 frequencies, input voltage,
0.2000 1257 10 1,322 0,132 82,41 output voltage, gain, and phase
0.4000 2513 10 2,577 0,258 75,07 angle. The circuit diagram for
0.8000 5027 10 4,706 0,471 61,93 this type of circuit is shown in
1.000 6283 10 5,547 0,555 56,31 Figure 1. The table
1.200 7540 10 6,247 0,625 51,34 demonstrates that for an
1.500 9425 10 7,071 0,707 45,00 increase in frequency from
2.000 12566 10 8,000 0,800 36,87 0.1kHz to 100kHz, the output
4.000 25133 10 9,363 0,936 20,56 voltage increases from 0.665V
6.000 37699 10 9,701 0,970 14,04 to 9.999V. The Gain(G)
8.000 50265 10 9,829 0,983 10,62 increases from 0.067 to 1 and
10.00 62832 10 9,889 0,989 8,53 the phase angle between the
30.00 188496 10 9,988 0,999 2,86 input and output voltages
60.00 376991 10 9,997 1,000 1,43 reduces from 86.19 degrees to
100.0 628319 10 9,999 1,000 0,86 0.86 degrees.