Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 1 of 8 Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 2 of 8

CALCULATION SHEET CALCULATION SHEET

Title Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope Title Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4 Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4

Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005 Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
Checked by Christian Müller Date June 2005 Checked by Christian Müller Date June 2005

Example: Determination of loads on a building 1 Wind loads

envelope
This worked example explains the procedure of determination of loads on a Basic values
portal frame building. Two types of actions are considered: wind actions
and snow actions. Determination of basic wind velocity:
EN 1991-1-4
vb = cdir × cseason × vb,0 § 4.2
Where: vb basic wind velocity
cdir directional factor
cseason seasonal factor
vb,0 fundamental value of the basic wind velocity
α

,00
7,30

72
Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity (see European windmap):
5,988

7,2
0 vb,0 = 26 m/s (for Aachen - Germany)

[m]
30,00 Terrain category II ⇒ z0 = 0,05 m EN 1991-1-4
§ 4.3.2
z > zmin
Table 4.1
Basic data

⇒ vb = cdir × cseason × vb,0 = 26 m/s

• Total length : b = 72,00 m
For simplification the directional factor cdir and the seasonal factor cseason are
• Spacing: s = 7,20 m
in general equal to 1,0.
• Bay width : d = 30,00 m
• Height (max): h = 7,30 m Basic velocity pressure

• Roof slope: α = 5,0° qb =

1
× ρ air × v b
2 EN 1991-1-4
2 § 4.5
eq. 4.10
Height above ground: where: ρ air = 1,25 kg/m³ (air density)
h = 7,30 m 1
⇒ qb = × 1,25 × 26 2 = 422,5 N/m²
α = 5° 2
leads to:
Peak pressure
h´ = 7,30 – 15 tan 5° = 5,988 m
q p (z) = [1 + 7l v (z)]× × ρ × v m (z) 2
1 EN 1991-1-4
2 § 4.5, eq. 4.8
Calculation of vm(z)
vm(z) mean wind velocity
vm(z) = cr(z) × co(z) × vb
 Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 3 of 8 Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 4 of 8
CALCULATION SHEET CALCULATION SHEET
Title Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope Title Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4 Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4

Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005 Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
Checked by Christian Müller Date June 2005 Checked by Christian Müller Date June 2005

Where: co(z) is the orography factor ⎡ 7 ⎤ 1

qp (7 ,30) = ⎢1 + ⎥ × 2 × 1,25 × 26
2

cr(z) is the roughness factor ⎣ ln ( 7 ,30 / 0 ,05) ⎦

2
⎛ z ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 0 ,05 ⎞
0 ,07
⎞
c r (z) = k T × ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ for z min ≤ z ≤ z max × ⎜ 0,19 × ⎜ ⎟ × ln (7 ,30 / 0,05) ⎟
⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎜ ⎝ 0 ,05 ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
c r (z) = c r ( z min ) for z ≤ z min ⎡ 7 ⎤ −3
= ⎢1 + ⎥ × 422,5 × 0,947 ×10 = 0,911 kN/m²
2

⎣ ln ( 7 ,30 / 0 ,05) ⎦
Where: z0 is the roughness length
kT is the terrain factor, depending on the roughness length z0 Wind pressure on surfaces EN 1991-1-4
calculated using § 7.2
(pressure coefficients for internal frame)
0 , 07
⎛ z ⎞
k T = 0,19 × ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟ A positive wind load stands for pressure whereas a negative wind load
⎝ z 0,II ⎠ indicates suction on the surface. This definition applies for the external wind
action as well as for the internal wind action.
Where: z0,II = 0,05 (terrain category II) EN 1991-1-4
§4.3.2
zmin is the minimum height Table 4.1 External pressure coefficients
zmax is to be taken as 200 m The wind pressure acting on the external surfaces, we should be obtained from
the following expression: EN 1991-1-4
Calculation of lv(z) we = qp(ze) × cpe §5.2 eq. 5.1
lv(z) turbulence intensity where: ze is the reference height for the external pressure
kI EN 1991-1-4 cpe is the pressure coefficient for the external pressure
lv = for z min ≤ z ≤ z max
co ( z ) × ln( z / z 0 ) §4.4 eq. 4.7 depending on the size of the loaded area A.
l v = l v ( z min ) for z < z min = cpe,10 because the loaded area A for the structure is larger
than 10 m²
Where: kI is the turbulence factor recommended value for kI is 1,0
z = 7,30 m a) vertical walls EN 1991-1-4
§ 7.2
so: zmin < z < zmax h 7,30
for = = 0,24 ≤ 0,25 Table 7.1
d 30,00
⎡ 7k I ⎤ 1
q p (z) = ⎢1 + ⎥ × × ρ × v b × (1
k T × ln( z / z 0 ) )
2

⎣14c4o ( z ) × ln( z / z 0 ) ⎦ 2 4243 44244 3 D: cpe = 0,7

424443 basic pressure 1 wind profile
squared gust factor E: cpe = - 0,3
 Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 5 of 8 Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 6 of 8
CALCULATION SHEET CALCULATION SHEET
Title Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope Title Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4 Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4

Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005 Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
Checked by Christian Müller Date June 2005 Checked by Christian Müller Date June 2005

b) duopitch roofs EN 1991-1-4 The internal pressure coefficient depends on the size and distribution of the
§ 7.2 openings in the building envelope.
with α = 5,0°,
Table 7.4a Within this example it is not possible to estimate the permeability and
θ = 0° (wind direction) opening ratio of the building. So cpi should be taken as the more onerous of
EN 1991-1-4
§ 7.2.9 (6)
e = min (b; 2h) + 0,2 and – 0,3. In this case cpi is unfavorable when cpi is taken to + 0,2. Note 2
= min (72,00; 14,60)
= 14,60 m
Wind loads
1) upwind face
The wind loadings per unit length w (in kN/m) for an internal frame are
G: cpe = - 1,2 2) downwind face calculated using the influence width (spacing) s = 7,20 m:
H: cpe = - 0,6 w = (cpe + cpi) × qp × s
I: cpe = - 0,6 Internal and external pressures are considered to act at the same time. The EN 1991-1-4
J: cpe = 0,2 / - 0,6 worst combination of external and internal pressures are to be considered for § 7.2.9
every combination of possible openings and other leakage paths.
⇒ cpe = - 0,6
(see Table 7.4a , Note 1) Characteristic values for wind loading in [kN/m] for an internal frame:
- zones D, E, G, H, I and J

G: w = 9,18 H: w = 5,25 J: w = 5,25

I: w = 5,25

7,30
D: w = 4,59 E: w = 3,28
External pressure coefficients cpe (for zone D, E, G, H, I and J):
H: c pe = -0,6 J: c pe = -0,6
G: c pe = -1,2
I: c pe = -0,6
e/10 = 1,46 1,46
30,00 [m]

D: c pe = 0,7 E: c pe = -0,3

Internal pressure coefficient EN 1991-1-4

The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure, wi should be §5.2 eq.5.2
obtained from the following expression
wi = qp(zi) × cpi
where: zi is the reference height for the internal pressure
cpi is the pressure coefficient for the internal pressure
 Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 7 of 8 Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 8 of 8
CALCULATION SHEET CALCULATION SHEET
Title Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope Title Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4 Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4

Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005 Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
Checked by Christian Müller Date June 2005 Checked by Christian Müller Date June 2005

2 Snow loads Snow load on the roof

s = 0,8 × 1,0 × 1,0 × 0,772 = 0,618 kN/m²
General
spacing = 7,20 m
Snow loads on the roof should be determined as follows:
EN 1991-1-3 ⇒ for an internal frame:
s = μi × ce × cz × sk §5.2.2 eq.5.1
s = 0,618 × 7,20 = 4,45 kN/m
where: μi is the roof shape coefficient
s = 4,45 kN/m
ce is the exposure coefficient, usually taken as 1,0
ct is the thermal coefficient, set to 1,0 for normal situations
sk is the characteristic value of ground snow load for the α
relevant altitude

7,30
Roof shape coefficient
Shape coefficients are needed for an adjustment of the ground snow load to a
snow load on the roof taking into account effects caused by non-drifted and
drifted snow load arrangements.
EN 1991-1-3 30,00
The roof shape coefficient depends on the roof angle. [m]
§5.3
0° ≤ α ≤ 30° ⇒ μ1 = 0,8 Table 5.1

Snow load on the ground

The characteristic value depends on the climatic region.
For a site in Aachen (Germany) the following expression is relevant:
⎡ ⎛ A ⎞2 ⎤ EN 1991-1-3
s k = (0,264 × 2 − 0,002) × ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ kN/m² Annex C
⎢⎣ ⎝ 256 ⎠ ⎥⎦ Table C1
Where: z is the zone number (depending on the snow load on sea
level), here: z = 2
A is the altitude above sea level, here A = 175 m
⎡ ⎛ 175 ⎞ 2 ⎤
s k = (0,264 × 2 − 0,002) × ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 0,772 kN/m²
⎣⎢ ⎝ 256 ⎠ ⎥⎦