Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MAJOR TOPICS
INTRODUCTION
Transformer is a device that
Transfer electrical power from one circuit to another It does so without a change of frequency It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
Classification of Transformer
1.Step Up Transformer 2.Step Down Transformer
Step Up Transformer
If the secondary winding has more no. of turns than primary winding, then secondary voltage is higher than primary voltage and transformer is called step up transformer
CONSTRUCTION
Type of Transformer
Core Type Transformer Shell Type Transformer
Magnetic Core
Magnetic core made of thin silicon steel laminations . In order to reduce the eddy current losses, these laminations are insulated from each other by thin layers of varnish. The vertical portions of the core are called legs or limbs and the top and the bottom portion are called the yokes
Conservator
It is a large cylinder connected by pipe to the transformer main tank. Transformer oil is filled up to the certain level in the conservator. Remaining upper portion is filled with air. The conservator volume is used for expansion of oil during higher loads. Communication of the air between top of the conservator and outside air is through the breather.
Conservator tank
Conservator
Conservator are of two type: Conventional Conservator Conservator with Rubber Air Bag
Tap Changer
Tap Changer is generally provided on the High Voltage side of the winding of transformer. Tap changers are used to maintain the secondary voltage reasonably constant at the users end.
Designed to operate with Transformer in circuit. Used for daily or short period voltage variations
Buchholz Relay
Gas & oil operated instrument which detects low oil level, formation of gas or development of sudden pressure inside the oil filled transformer. Gives both the alarm & tripping signal depending upon the oil level or amount of gas formed.
Bushings
Bushings
The Function of a bushing is to provide insulating support to a conductor passing through earth tank. Bushing is used when a conductor is taken out through metallic tank or a wall. Is made of single piece porcelain.
Marshalling Box
This Box is provided with each large transformer and placed on the side of the transformer and this enclosure is completely weather proof. All control cable and power cables for fan control and and auxiliary supply switchgear etc. are via marshalling box and it also houses the oil and winding temp. indicators.
Winding Temp. Indicator: winding temperature indicator placed in the marshalling box gets input for measurement from 1. Thermocouple placed in the pocket provided with the tank near hot oil 2. CT secondary which measures the current in winding The indicator is provided with alarm & tripping contacts
Radiators
Provides cooling to the transformer oil. Oil is circulated through the radiators in which cooling can be assisted by a blast of air provided by fans. This cycle is continuously repeated
OPERATION
LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER
Mainly two types of losses- Copper loss & Iron loss. Copper loss is directly proportional to square of load on the transformer. Iron loss consists of Eddy current loss. Hysteresis loss
VOLTAGE REGULATION
It is defined as change in magnitude of the secondary terminal voltage, expressed as a percentage of the secondary rated voltage, when load at a given power factor is reduced to zero, with primary applied voltage held constant.
If V1 is secondary terminal voltage at no load V2 is secondary terminal voltage at full load %regulation = (V1 - V2 )*100/ V1
This change in secondary terminal voltage with load current is due to leakage impedances of the transformer. The magnitude of this change depends on the load power factor, load current, total resistance & total leakage reactance of the transformer. Distribution transformers should have good voltage regulation so that voltage at the consumers premises doesnt vary widely as the load changes.
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of Transformer is defined as Ratio of output power to input power. Efficiency = Output/Input = (Input-Losses)/Input
(For 24 Hours)
The efficiency of distribution trf is usually measured as All Efficiency of power trf is measured as day efficiency as load on these trf varied b/w wide output/input limits during 24 hours of a day.
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
Distribution trf are those which change the voltage to a level suitable for utilization purposes at the consumers premises. Distribution trf are designed to have very low iron losses. Distribution trf have less efficiency than power trf.
POWER TRANSFORMERS
Power trf. are those which are used at sending & receiving ends of a long, high voltage power transmission line for stepping up or stepping down the voltage. Power trf have more iron losses. Power trf have more efficiency.
Maintenance
Maintenance Schedule
Sr. No Frequency of operation Item to be inspected Inspection
1. Hourly
Maintenance Schedule
Sr. No Frequency of operation Item to be inspected Inspection Check against the oil level
Oil level in transformer and on load tap changer Oil level in transformer bushing Dehydrating Breather
2.
Daily
Do Check the colour of the silica gel & oil level in oil cup
Maintenance Schedule
Sr. No Frequency of operation Item to be inspected Inspection Examine for any crack or dirt deposit Check the dielectric strength of the oil Lubricate the bearing & check the all circuits including Limit switches
Bushing
3. Quarterly
Oil in transformer and OLTC OLTC driving mechanism & Automatic control
Maintenance Schedule
Sr. No Frequency of operation Item to be inspected Inspection
4. Yearly
Check for acidity Oil in transformer and sludge. Compare with the Insulation Resistance value at the time of commissioning Value Pocket holding thermometer Temperature should be checked Indicator
Maintenance Schedule
Sr. No Frequency of operation Item to be inspected Inspection
4. Dial type oil Gauge Check pointer for freedom 4. Yearly Relays, alarms, their circuits etc. Check the relays and alarm contacts and their operation.
Earth resistance
Testing
Ratio Test
This test is conducted by applying a single phase 230 V supply on the High Voltage Side winding and measure the voltage on Low Voltage Side winding. The Ratio should be checked at all tap positions.