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Introduction
The static load is a stationary force or couple applied to a member. Stationary means, the load should be unchanging in
magnitude point or points of application direction or in any other manner
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Introduction
Failure means a part has had: separated into two or more pieces become permanently distorted and thus ruined its geometry its reliability downgraded its function compromised
Focus of this chapter is on first two cases i.e. predictability of permanent distortion or separation
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Introduction
Static strength data of various materials may be available in two forms Data obtained in tests conducted in the similar conditions as the actual service life Data collected in tests conducted in certain ideal conditions that may not necessary simulate the exact service conditions The first type of data is always desirable but difficult to produce When second type of data is used, then the engineer must be clever enough to apply suitable factors
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Failure Theories
There is no general theory that is sacrosanct and unique; hence we call them failure theories Rather it is a choice based on the design requirement and nature of material, whether ductile or brittle Ductile materials are designed based on yield criteria Maximum shear stress (MSS) theory Distortion energy (DE) theory Ductile Coulomb-Mohr (DCM) theory Brittle materials, are designed based on fracture criteria Maximum normal stress (MNS) theory Brittle Coulomb-Mohr (BCM) theory
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Failure Theories
How do we know that the given material is ductile? The judgment is based on the fracture strain. Ductile materials Fracture strain, f 0.05 and identifiable yield strength is often the same in compression as in tension i.e. Syt = Syc = Sy Brittle materials
max =
1 3 S y
2 2
or 1 3 S y
max =
Sy 2n
or 1 3 =
Sy n
for plane stress (one of the principal stresses is zero) and assuming that A B:
Case 1: A B 0.
For this case, 1 = A and 3 = 0. Equation reduces to a yield condition of
Sy n
Case 2: A 0 B .
Sy
Case 3: 0 A B .
For this case, 1 = 0 and 3 = B and Equation gives
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n Sy n
8
B,
1 = 0, 2 = A, 3 =B 1 3
Sy n n
A 0 B, 1 = A , 2 = 0, 3 = B 1 3
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Sy
Sy n
, A B
Sy n
9
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Problem
A ductile hot-rolled steel bar has minimum yield strength in tension and compression of 350MPa. Using the maximum-shear-stress theory, determine the factors of safety for the following plane stress states:
(a) x = 100 MPa, y = 50 MPa (b) x = 100 MPa, xy = 75 MPa (c) x = 50 MPa, y = 75MPa, xy = 50 MPa (d) x = 100 MPa, y = 20 MPa, xy = 20 MPa
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Problem
The figure shows a crank loaded by a force F = 800 N which causes twisting and bending of the 20 mm-diameter shaft fixed to a support at the origin of the reference system. In actuality, the support may be an inertia which we wish to rotate, but for the purposes of a strength analysis we can consider this to be a statics problem. The material of the shaft AB is hot-rolled AISI 1018 steel (Table A20; Page: 1040). Using the maximum-shear-stress theory, find the factor of safety based on the stress at point A.
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ij
ij p
ij = ij p + S ij
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1 u = 2
For tri-axial stress, the strain energy per unit volume is
1 u = [1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 ] 2
Substituting for the principal strains gives
1 1 1 i.e. 1 = [ 1 ( 2 + 3 )] ; 2 = [ 2 ( 3 + 1 )] and 3 = [ 3 ( 1 + 2 )] E E E
1 2 2 2 u= 1 + 2 + 3 2 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) 2E
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]
14
1 2 2 2 uv = 1 + 2 + 32 + 2 1 2 + 2 2 3 + 2 3 1 6E
]
15
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For the simple tension test , at yield 1 = S y and 2 = 3 = 0 1 + 2 the distortion energy , u d = Sy 3E
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( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2 S y or ' S y 2
Where is a single, equivalent, or effective stress called von Mises stress
1 2
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= ( A B +
' 2 A
1 2 2 B
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1 2 2 2 2 2 2 = ( x y ) + ( y z ) + ( z x ) + 6 xy + yz + zx 2
'
)]
1 2
= x x y + y + 3
' 2 2
1 2 2 xy
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3 At yield , S sy = 0.577 S y
According to the MSS criterion,
2 xy
= S y xy =
Sy
= 0.577 S y
S sy = 0.5S y
DE criterion predicts the shear yield strength to be 15 percent more than that predicted by the MSS criterion. Hence MSS is more conservative.
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Sec. 2.4.4 (page : 36) of Arthur P. Boresi and Richard J. Schmidt, Advanced Mechanics of Materials, 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2003,
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Failure occurs when the octahedral shear stress in the given state of stress reaches the octahedral shear stress in simple tension at yield.
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Problem
A ductile hot-rolled steel bar has minimum yield strength in tension and compression of 350MPa. Using the distortion energy theory, determine the factors of safety for the following plane stress states:
(a) x = 100 MPa, y = 50 MPa (b) x = 100 MPa, xy = 75 MPa (c) x = 50 MPa, y = 75MPa, xy = 50 MPa (d) x = 100 MPa, y = 20 MPa, xy = 20 MPa
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Problem
The figure shows a crank loaded by a force F = 800 N which causes twisting and bending of the 20 mm-diameter shaft fixed to a support at the origin of the reference system. In actuality, the support may be an inertia which we wish to rotate, but for the purposes of a strength analysis we can consider this to be a statics problem. The material of the shaft AB is hot-rolled AISI 1018 steel (Table A20; Page: 1040). Using the distortion energy theory, find the factor of safety based on the stress at point A.
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Examples: magnesium alloy materials, for which Gray Cast iron materials, for which
S yc 0.5S yt
Suc 3 4 times of Su t
Sec. 4.5.1 (page : 126) of Arthur P. Boresi and Richard J. Schmidt, Advanced Mechanics of Materials, 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2003,
OR
1 3
1 = St S c n
St n B 1
Sc n
for plane stress (one of the principal stresses is zero) and assuming that A B: Case 1: A B 0. Here, 1 = A and 3 = 0. Equation reduces to A Case 2: A 0 B . Here, 1 = A and 3 = B , Equation reduces to
A
St
Sc n
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Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory
The maximum-normal-stress (MNS) theory states that failure occurs whenever one of the three principal stresses equals or exceeds the strength. For the principal stresses for a general stress state in the ordered form 1 2 3; This theory then predicts that failure occurs whenever 1 Sut or 3 Suc
where Sut and Suc are the ultimate tensile and compressive strengths, respectively, given as positive quantities.
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Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory
For plane stress, with A B,
A Sut or B Suc
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Problem
The figure shows a shaft mounted in bearings at A and D and having pulleys at B and C. The forces shown acting on the pulley surfaces represent the belt tensions. The shaft is to be made of ASTM grade 25 cast iron using a design factor of 2. Based on Brittle Coulomb Mohr theory, What diameter should be used for the shaft?
150 mm dia 1200 N 200 N 120 N 1600 N 200 mm dia
150 mm
B A
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200 mm
200 mm
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Table A24 ; Page :1046-1047 Mechanical Properties of Three Non-Steel (Gray cast iron, Aluminum, Titanium Alloy) Metals
(a) Typical Properties of Gray Cast Iron
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