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9
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13

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14

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]]b,f ocifbOD;vJ}}

eHygwf(1)u-

]][dk ol&d, OD;vSaz&JU orufuav;xifyg&JU}}

olwkdUodwm uRefawmfrodjzpfaeí ai;pdkufíom em;axmifaerdonf/

eHygwf(4)u pum;pazmfjyefonf/

]]wuúodkvfausmif;q&mBuD;awGu ausmif;om;rdbrsm;qDudk ausmif;om;awG ausmif;jyefvTwfrvTwf?

ausmif;om;awG pmar;yGJ ajzrajz taMumif;jyef&r,fvdkU pmawGydkUawmh ausmif;om;1600&SdwJUteuf
1155 a,mufu pmar;yJGajzr,fvdkU pmjyefw,fqdkwm [kwfovm;}}

]]pmar;yJGrajzcsifvdkU oydwfarSmufwmrS r[kwfbJ/ 'Dawmh 'Dtar;'DtajzeJU ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHudk

a&csdefwdkif;vdkU rjzpfEdkifygbl;cifAsm/ [kwfcsif[kwfr,f? r[kwfcsifaer,f? odkUayr,fh}}

uRefawmfu okdUayr,fhESifhcsDNyD; ausmif;om;wkdU\ wuf<upnf;&kH;aeykHudk &Sif;vif;jy&ef tm;,laepOf

eHygwf(3)u-

wpfaeUu A[ef;rSma'gufwmbarmf armfawmfum;udk ayxkyfeJUxkwm uHaumif;vkdUvGwfoGm;w,faemf?

olu'Dhjyifum;pD;NyD; olUum;ay:rSm om;orD;awGwifvTwfw,fqdkawmh om;orD;awG"m;pmcHvkyfwmeJU
wlaew,f}}

eHygwf(3)onf xdkodkUvQif a'gufwmbarmf\um;udk ayxkyfypfrIESifh ywfoufí pum;yJGwGifvTrf;rdk;&ef

BudK;pm;aeqJ eHygwf(2)u 0ifzsufvdkufavonf/

]]wifwifi,fa& ararhudkvnf; oGm;ac:OD;av}}

wifwifi,f[k tac:cH&olrSm tjcm;olr[kwf/ uRefawmfhtm;vmac:ol tysKdBuD; eHygwf(4)aywnf;/

a':wifwifi,fonf xdktrdefUoHudkMum;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf aigufceJxvkdufonf/
tysKdBuD;eHygwf(4)onf wpfcgrQ þrQoGufvufaom trlt&m rjycJUzl;ao;/ ajcatmufuMur;fjyif
NydKusrnfudk raMumufawmhaom trlt&m? vkyfvJUvkyfvD r[kwfaomtrlt&mjzifh tcef;wpfckwGif;odkU
0ifoGm;avonf/

tm;vkH;aomtysKdBuD;rsm;onf nDvmcHyv’if oD[moea&SUü ]]bk&ifrif;jrwf xGufawmfrlrnf?

tm;vkH;wdwfap}}[laom aqmife&DrSL;oH Mum;vkduf&bdouJUodkU wdwfoGm;Muav\/ olwkdUonf
olwkdUrdcifbk&ifrBuD; tvmudk apmifhpm;aeMu\/ ,if;odkU wdwfqdwfpGm apmifhpm;aepOf uRefawmfonf
[dk[dkonfonfawG;zdkU tcGifhta&;&ay\/ a&mufNyD; tysKdBuD;awGESifh pum;pajym&uwnf;u
awG;awmcGifhr&/ tysKdBuD;rsm;onf uRefawmfhtm; ttm;ray;? 0dkif;íwar;wnf; ar;aecJUMuavonf/
tysKdBuD;eHygwf(1)ESifh (2)wkdU\ y,if;ykwD;rsm;onf pdwfzkdUvm;? tvS0wfxm;zdkUomvm;/
olwkdU\pdefem;uyfBuD;rsm;udk b,ft&G,fxd 0wfMuavOD;rnfenf;/ onftysKdBuD;awGom av;q,fausmfrS
uHay:í vif&ukefMuvQif b,fvdkjzpfukefMurnfvJ/

odkUuvdk awGUu&m aygufyef;aps;awG;aeqJ tysKdBuD; eHygwf(3)u cyf,dkU,dkU trlt&m?

cyftkyftkyftoHjzifh-

]]a[m ararbk&m;vmaeNyD}}[k aMunmvdkufavonf/

tysKdBuD;tm;vkH;ESifh uRefawmfwkdU\ rsufpdrsm;onf tbGm;BuD;bufodkU NydKifwla&GUoGm;Muavonf/

tbGm;BuD;um; touf80rsm;ausmfaeNyDvm;rqdkEdkif/ qGwfqGwfjzLaom a&mifaypl;uav; atmufwGif

tuGufvdkufqHyifuRwfaeaom ae&mrsm;udkjrif&onf/ rsufESmta&rsm;rSm
yyfMum;tyfovdkwGefUvdyfaeMuNyD; rsufwGif;rSm tawmfa[mufaeojzifh ,if;rsufwGif;rsm;txJü
rsufpdtaumif; yuwdrS &Sdygao;oavm[k oHo,jzpfp&myif/ udk,fcE¨mwGif tom;&Sdawmh[efrwl?
t&dk;ay:ta&wifaeí ta&ay:taMumBuD;rsm;u awmifwef;BuD;awGvdk pDwef;aeMuonf/
tbGm;BuD;onf oefU&Sif;oyf&yfpGm 0wfqifxm;\/ ydk;zJr[kwf/ vuf&ufcsnfvkHcsnf? zsiftusÐ&ifaph
ponfwkdUjzpf onf/ olUvufxJwGifawmifa0S;wpfacsmif;udkudkifxm;\/ okdUaomf awmifa0S;udkifaomfvnf;
cg;vkH;0rudkif;onfudk awGU&onf/ tm;vkH;aom olUorD;rsm;ESifh rwlyJ t&yfykonf/

tbGm;BuD;aemufrSm&yfaeonfh tysKdBuD; trSwf(4)u xdkif&mrSxum qD;BudKaeaom uRefawmfhtm;

&nfnTef;vsuf-

]]a[m'gyJ armifwifxGef;qkdwm? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifaygh ararbk&m;&JU}}

uRefawmfhrSmausmif;om;acgif;aqmif[k tac:cH&ojzifh ausmpdrfhoGm;ovdkvdk? rsufESmxltrf;oGm;ovdkvkd

jzpfrdavonf/

]]uRefawmfuacgif;aqmifrsm; udk,fpm;vm&wJU acgif;aqmifi,fuav; ygcifAsm}}

tr,fBuD;u uRefawmfha&SU ukvm;xdkifwpfckqDodkU vm&if;-

]]acgif;aqmifawGu bmjzpfvdkU rvdkufvmovJ? w&m;a[mxGuf&vdkU tvkyfrsm;aerSwfw,f}}

tbGm;BuD;\ toHum;&kyfESifhrvdkuf rmonf/ Munfvifjywfom;jcif; vnf;&Sdonf/

]]xdkif xdkif rif;uti,fav;&Sdygao;uvm;}}

þvdkajymvdkufrS tbGm;BuD;\rsufpdonf taumif;yuwd &Sdygao;uvm;[k

uRefawmfhpdwfrSmaocsmoGm;awmhonf/ tbGm;BuD;onf ukvm;xdkifwGifxdkifonf/
awmifa0S;udkudkifxm;aomfvnf; awmifa0S;rygbJ vnf; oGm;Edkif vmEdkif xdkifEdkif xxdkifykHaygufonf/
tbGm;BuD;\ vufwpfzuf onfawmifa0S;cg;v,fudkudkifxm;NyD; vufwpfzufu ukvm;xdkifvufwifay:
rSmwifxm;onf/
]][JUwifwifvS rvmao;bl;vm;}}[k tbGm;BuD;u olUorD;awGudk rMunfhbJ olUorD;rsm;tm; ar;vdkuf&m
eHygwf(4)ESifh (3)u NydKifwlajzvdkufMu onf/

]]vmr,fawmh ajymoGm;wmyJ? ckxd rvmao;bl;}}

]]rvmao;bl; bmjzpfvkdU aemufusaeovJ rodbl;}}

olwkdUajzonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf eHygwf(2)u-

]]rSmoGm;om;yJ aemufus&if aemufusr,fvdkU}}

eHygwf(4)u ]]tpnf;ta0;rsm; &SdaeNyDvm; rodbl;}}

odkUjzihf tysKdBuD; 4a,mufpvkH; wpfa,mufwpfcGef; nDrti,fqkH;ESifh ywfoufNyD;

xifjrifcsufawGay;aeMuav&m awmfawmfuav; qlnHvmavonf/ xkdtcg tbGm;BuD;u awmifa0S;ESifh
Murf;jyifudkacgufvdkuf NyD; wdwfoGm;apavonf/ touf 40ausmf 50ausmf 60eD;yg; tysKdBuD;rsm;onf
olwdkUtara&SUü 4-5-6ESpf t&G,f uav;rsm;vdk jyKrlvdkuf Muonf/ rsufpdoli,fuav;rsm;jzifh
wpfa,muf wpfa,mufMunfhNyD; ,dkU,dkUuav;NidrfaevdkufMuonf/ xdkcPü ]]aMomf 'gaMumifhvnf;
'DtbGm;BuD; [morD;5a,mufpvkH; ,ckxd tysKdBuD;awGjzpfaeatmif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifaywmudk;}}[laom
todOmPfonf uRefawmfhOD;aESmufxJrSm xGef;vif;ívmavonf/

tbGm;BuD;onf b,folUudkrQrMunfhbJ olUa&SUwnfhwnfhudkom aMumifai;MunfhNyD;-

]]ausmif;om;awG wpfckvkyfzkdUaumif;w,f}}

]]bmvkyfzkdU aumif;ygovJ cifAsm}}

]]tckaetcgrSm ausmif;om;awGudk wkdif;jynfu tm&kHpdkufNyD; av;pm;aewm

rif;wkdUausmif;om;awGuomvkyf&if awmfawmfaumif;r,f/ &Siftm'dpö0Ho[m tifrwefxufjrufwJU
bkef;BuD;/ pmqdkvnf; udk,fhbmom pmayomru bmomjcm;vnf;wwfw,f? ynmt&nftcsif;xufjruf
oavmuf owÅdvnf;&Sdw,f? &ifxJrSm&Sdwmudk &SdwJUtwkdif; tefxkwfjy&Jw,f? tusifhoDvqdkvnf;
okóefxJrSm ausmif;xkdifwmudkyJ Munfhawmhav/ tJ'Dvkd yk*¾dKvfwpfyg; oljrwfwpfa,mufudk
yumoed,uH vkyfwm w&m;oabmvm;[if}}

uRefawmfu udk,fem;rvnfaomta&;wGif bmrQrajymvdkojzifh qdwfqdwfaevdkufaomtcg eHygwf(1)u

olUtartm; axmufcHvkdufav onf/

]]b,fw&m;rSmvJ arar}}

]]at; rw&m;bl;? 'DudpörSm ausmif;om;awGu0ifNyD; rw&m;aMumif; uefUuGufajymqdkzdkUaumif;w,f/

Munfhprf;ygOD;? b,fxda&mifhwufvmMuovJqdk &if Mo0g'p&d,tzJGUrSm &Siftm'dpöygaew,f/ 'gu
b,folurSvnf; xkwfypfvkdU&wm r[kwfzl;? &Siftm'dpöuvnf; xGufray;bl;/ tm*udk,fawmf?
Munfhprf;b,favmuf owdÅ&SdovJqdkwm}}
tm;vkH;aomorD;rsm;u acgif;ndwfum axmufcHMuavonf/ uRefawmfum; acgif;vnf;rndwf?
acgif;vnf;r,rf;/ odkUaomf tbGm;BuD;onf uRefawmfhudkMunfhaeonfr[kwfí
uRefawmf\Mum;aea&;udkodrnfr[kwfyg/

tbGm;BuD;onf olUbmomol qufajymjyef\/

]]tJ'Dvkd Mo0gp&d,tzJGUrSm qufraexdkufbl;vdkU wcsKdU qlylaeMuw,f/ &Siftm'dpöudk xkwfypfEdkifbkdfU

w&m;pJG&r,fvkdU odrf;armifudkajymaeMuw,f}}

eHygwf(4)u0if

]]tpdk;&a&SUaecsKyfBuD; OD;odrf;armifvm;arar}}

]]at;wpfcgwkef;u bkef;BuD;awGu axG;cHeJUaygufwJu bk&m;vlBuD; odrf;armifaygh}}

eHygwf(2)u-

]]aMomf aMomf 21-OD;ygwDEdkifiHa&;u ]ukodkvfwpfyJ i&Jwpfydóm}vdkU ajymqdkxGufoGm;NyD;

tpdk;&a&SUaeBuD;0ifvkyfoGm;wJU OD;odrf;armifyJaygh}}

odkUjzifh tysKdBuD;(4)OD;u OD;odrf;armifonf awmolBuD;om;jzpfaMumif;? OD;odrf;armif\ ZeD;taMumif;?

olwkdUazazbk&m;&SdpOfu tdrfb,fESacguf bmvkyfvmzl;aMumif; ponfrsm;udkajymqkdaeMujyef&m
qlqlnHnH jzpfvmjyefav\/ tbGm;BuD;onf awmifa0S;ESifhMurf;jyifudk acgufum Nidrfapjyefavonf/

tbGm;BuD;u uRefawmfhtm; nTef;íajymjyef\/

]]tJ'Dvkd t&Sif tm'dpötay:rSm rw&m;wmawG vkyfaewmudk ausmif;om;awGu 0ifuefUuGuf&if

raumif;bl;vm; b,folwJU rif;emrnf}}

eHygwf(4)u 0ifaxmufonf/

]]armifwifxGef;}}

uRefawmfhrSm ra&Smifomawmhojzifh ajz&avonf/

]]uRefawmfawmh 'DudpörSm udk,frEdkifwJUjyóemjzpfaevdkU rajymwwfatmif jzpfaeygw,f bGm;bGm;cifAsm?

'Dawmh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGa&SUrSm uRefawmfwifjyyghr,f}}

tbGm;BuD;onf rsm;pGmESpfNcdKufoGm;[ef&Sdonf/ uRefawmfhbufodkU MunfhNyD;-

]]ajymvdkufyguG,f? rif;wdkUausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk? tbGm;u tifrweftm;udk;ygw,fvkdU/

r[kwfrcHpdwf&Sdolwkdif; ausmif;om;awGudk tm;udk;aewmyJ (orD;rsm;bufvSnfhí) [JU [JU
xrif;auR;Muawmhav}}
tysKdBuD;eHygwf(4)onf oGufvufpGmxNyD; aemufaz;taqmifodkU ul;oGm;um
cPav;aeawmhjyefvmavonf/ tbGm;BuD;onf olUudk,folikHU Munfhvdkufojzihf uRefawmfvnf;
vdkufMunfhrdonf/ onfawmhrS tbGm;BuD;\ &ifaphtusÐwGif tdwfaxmifuav;wyfxm;onfudk
owdjyKrd\/ tbGm;BuD;onf xdktdwfaxmifuav;xJodkU EIdwfprf;NyD; *Grf;axmifhwpfaxmifhudk
xkwf,lvdkufonf/ NyD;awmholUem;ESpfzufxJodkUxnfhí ydwfqdkUvdkufonf/ þonfum; orD;rsm;tm;
ajymcsif&majymMuawmh[k cGifhay;vdkufaom tcsuf[kyif xifp&m&Sdonf/

orD;BuD;rsm;onf uRefawmfhtm; ar;cGef;trsKd;rsKd;xkwfNyD; olwkdUbmom ajzonfhtcgajzonf/

[dktaMumif;ar;&mu onftaMumif;a&mufoGm;NyD; onftaMumif;ajymae&mrS onftaMumif;xJu
[kdvlonfvlawGtaMumif; a&mufoGm;avonf/ b,foUl om;orD;udkodovm;? olwdkUoydwfarSmufMu
ovm;paom uRefawmfESifhwdkuf&dkufqdkifaom ar;cGef;rSaeí rkd;nSif;w&m;yGJudk a&mufzl;ovm;? ae&if;
OD;aum0d'&JU yOöif;trBuD;taMumif;odovm; paom uRefawmfESifhrqkdifonfh ar;cGef;rsm;txd
a&mufavonf/ olwkdUuar;? uRefawmfurajz? olwkdUbmomajz/ Mumawmh uRefawmfonf acG;aoaumif
ykyfudk usD;uef;awG 0dkif;xdk;aeMuykHudkom ajy;íowd&rdawmhonf/ uRefawmfwnf;[laom
rwkHUjyefEdkifonfhacG;aoaumifykyfudk olwdkUwpfawGu ar;cGef;EIwfoD;rsm;jzifh 0dkif;xkd;aeMuonf
r[kwfygavm/

tapcHruav;uvmNyD; ]]xrif;yGJ tqifoifhjzpfygNyD}}qdkíom oufom&m&awmh\/

{nfhcef;\aemufbufwGifuyfvsuf&Sdaomtcef;rSm xrif;pm;cef;jzpf awmh\/

opfvGifaompm;yGJ&SnfBuD;wGif opfvGifawmufajymifaom ukvm;xkdifrsm;u 0dkif;&Hxm;avonf/
yef;uefjym;rsm;ay:wGif usqif;ta&mif [yfaeaom rD;a&mifum;waoG;warG;vSaeonf/
ZGef;cuf&if;rsm;ay:udk usqif;ta&mif[yfaeaom rD;a&mifum; rsufpdpl;aponf/ qDjyef[if;ay:
usqif;ta&mif[yfaeaom rD;a&mifum; qmavmifjcif;udk tm;ay;aeonf/

Akdvfqefonfhtcif;tusif;ESifh [if;rsm;udkMunfhNyD; tbGm;BuD;ESifh tysKdBuD;wkdUonf t&G,ftdkMuoavmuf

tcif;tusif;tpDtrHrsm;ü ysKdaomtjrif&SdMuonfwum;[k pOf;pm;rdayonf/

tbGm;BuD;onf pm;yGJxdyfrSmxkdif\/ uRefawmfu tjcm;xdyfrSm xdkif&\/ tysKdBuD; eHygwf(1)ESifh (3)onf

uRefawmfhnmbufrSmxdkifí? eHygwf(2)ESifh (4) onfb,fbufrSmxkdifavonf/ tbGm;BuD;um;
uRefawmfwdkUpm;aom xrif;[if;udkrpm;? olUtwGuf oD;oefUcsufjyKwfxm;aom vltdkpm[if;xrif;udk
pm;onf/

xrif;pm;&if; tbGm;BuD;onf pum;wpfcGef;rQrajym/ olUvltdkpmudkom at;at;oufom pm;aeavonf/

tysKdBuD;rsm;um; tpm;taomufESifh ywfoufaompum;rsm;udkajymaeMu\/
uRefawmfwdkUoydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;ESifh a&eHajrtvkyform;awG b,fvkdpm;MuaomufMuykHudk
ar;jref;\/ olwdkUb,fwkef;u b,fq&mawmfudk tdrfrSmqGrf;zdwfauR;ykH? b,folUudknpmpm;yJG
cif;auR;ykHrsm;udk [if;trsKd;trnfESifhwuG ajymjyaeMu\/ xkdokdU xrif;pm;&if; olwdkUajymqdkaom
pum;rsm; em;axmif&í tuJcwfrdonfrSm olwdkUtdrfwGif a'gufwmwifwifvSom tvkyfvkyfí
usefvltm;vkH;rSm tvkyfr&Sd? <u,f0NyD; ypönf;udkxdkifpm;aeMuonf/

tvkyftudkifvkyfzkdU rvkdojzifhvnf;aumif;? yGJvrf;obif tjyifodyfrxGufaom

tysKdBuD;rsm;jzpfojzifhvnf;aumif; xif&Sm;olawG xrif;zdwfauR;jcif;ESifh bkef;BuD;qGrf;auR;jcif;rSm
olwdkU\ 0goemjzpfae onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh qkd&aomf olwdkU\ NiD;aiGUzG,faumif;aomb0wGif
'D0goemvkyfrS oufom&m&ayvdrfhrnf/ onfvdkrSvnf; jyifyavmurS vlrsm;ESifh pum;ajym&ayvdrhfrnf/
xrif;pm;NyD;vQifNyD;csif; {nfhcef;ü tm;vkH;NidrfqdrfpGm xdkifaeMu&mu tm;vkH;u 0dkif;NyD; tysKdBuD;
eHygwf(4)(0g) a':wifwifi,fudkMunfhí rsuf&dyfrsufjcnfjyvdkufMuonf/ a':wifwifi,fonf
tcef;xJodkU 0ifoGm;NyD; cPaevQif jyefvm\/ olUvufxJrSm aiGpuúLrsm;ygvmavonf/ xkdaiGpuúLrsm;udk
uRefawmfhvufokdUtyf&if;/

]]ararbk&m;u 20d? tefwDwkdUnDtpf 5a,mufu wpfa,muf 15dpD? aygif; 95usyf? ausmif;om;&efykHaiGudk

vSLygw,f}}

uRefawmfu aus;Zl;wifaMumif;ajymvdkufonf/ a':wifwifi,fonf '&dkifbmudkac:vdkufonf/

tbGm;BuD;onf olUtcef;xJodkU0ifoGm;avonf/ uRefawmfhtm; EIwfawmifqufroGm;/ olUoGm;awGudk
wHylwHESifh wkdufaeNyD; tdyf&efudkompdwful;aeaomaMumifh EIwfrqufjcif; jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifayonf/

tysKdBuD; eHygwf(4)rSwpfyg; tm;vkH;aomtysKdBuD;rsm;onf wpfa,mufNyD;

wpfa,mufuRefawmfhtm;EIwfqufNyD; olwkdUqdkif&mtcef;xJodkU tvQKdvQKdqdwfNidrfpGm 0ifoGm;avonf/
wpftdrfvkH;onf uRefawmfvmpu awGU&ovdkyif Nidrfoufaejyefay\/ aemufrMumrD tdrfa&SUrSm
um;xkd;qdkufavonf/

tysKdBuD;eHygwf(4)u-

]]uJ oGm;aya&mh? ckvdkvmwm aus;Zl;wifygw,f}}

uRefawmfvnf; aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymNyD;aemuf armfawmfum;ay:odkU wufcJUavonf/ /

31

eifvm;[JU "e&Sif

wuúodkvfor*¾wdkufodkUjyefa&mufaomtcg udkodef;atmifwdkUxHrS owif;xl;wpfckudkMum;&avonf/

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OD;bdk;ajAmh paom NrdKUrdNrdKUz vlBuD;rsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufudk&atmif
nGefUaygif;tpdk;&ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;aeonfqdkaom owif;jzpfay\/

nGefUaygif;tpdk;&onf ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufudk vlBuD;rsm;\ aphpyfcsufaMumifh vdkufavsmrnf?

rvdkufavsmrnf rodEdkifaomfvnf; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIudk ydkívkyfvmonf[k qdk&ayrnf/
t&ifuatmufydkif;rsm;udkom zrf;\/ ,ck txufydkif;udkzrf;pjyKavNyD/ Zefe0g&Dv 10&ufaeU EdkifiHa&;
uGefz&ifhBuD;NyD;vQifNyD;csif; aemufwpfaeUwGif ocifEktm;zrf;qD;cJUí 14&ufaeUwGif
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35

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54

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63

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70

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73

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