1 2
qufavQmuf
rsKd;BuD; aw;a&; - zdk;aZmf
c&D;wpfcktwGuf ajy;xGufcJh trSm;t,Gif;wpfckuawmh
aemufusefae jyefvSnfhMunfhawmh tNrJwrf;aygh toHk;csvdkufcJhwJh
b0rSefawG cHpm;csufaysmufae rcHpm;EdkifcJhawmh
ESvHk;om;eJYc&D;xGufcJh vrf;rBuD;wpfcku apmifhBudKae
ajcvSrf;wdkif;awmh trSwfw&aygh usqHk;oGm;cJh&wJh tm;rmefawG
ausmfvTm;aecsifatmif qE´awG tajy;a&muf
qufavQmuf cHpm;csufeJYqufavQmuf
qufavQmuf cHpm;csufeJYqufavQmuf (a&;)
qufavQmuf cHpm;csufeJYqufavQmuf (avQmuf ...avQmuf)
(a&; ...avQmuf)
pdwful;rsm;eJU Edk;xcJhavmuBuD;xJu ½dIufoHawG
vSnfhMunfhawmh tenf;trsm;aygh toHk;csvdkufwJh b0rSefawG
ausmfvTm;aecsifatmif qE´awG tajy;a&muf
ausmfvTm;aecsifatmif qE´awG tajy;a&muf
3 4
avajy
rsKd;BuD; aw;a&; - auatwD
Mu,fpifrsm; 'Drdk;om;atmufodkY a<uoGm;
tcsdefrSef jzwfausmfaewJh ighb0aeY&ufrsm;
yifv,feufxJqDudk a&muf&SdzdkY igajy;xufcJhr,f
'Pf&mrdk;a&awG&TJepfvdkY ta0;BuD;a0;vnf; ajy;vmr,f
ridkygeJUawmifwef;wdkY aESmuf,SufaeMu
aocsmjynfhpHkaewJhvrf; &Sd&JUvm;
ig[m rif;qDudka&muf&SdzdkY qkawmif;vdkufyga[h
tMuifemrD;tdrf0,fvif;jyaygh
igta0;qHk;t&yfu ajy;vmr,f igajy;vmr,f
aveD7JUajcoHawg igh&JUpdwftwdkif;
oDcsif;wpfyk'fnnf;&if;eJU a&SUqufwGJvdkYac:oGm;
ig[mrif;qDudk a&muf&SdzdkY vrf;&SdaeqJ
aemufwpfcg ESif;rdk;awG&GmvdkYaumif;aew,f
ig[majy;vmr,f (0dk;) ajyvm;r,f
rSm;,Gif;cJhNyD
rsKd;BuD; aw;a&; - auatwD
qef;jym;wJhb0udk aemufjyefvSnhfNyD
wdkYESpfa,muftjzpf jyefpOf;pm; a0; ...oGm;cJhcsdefrSm
rMumcif tqifajyawmhr,f aeYopfudk BudKr,fwdkYarmae
(yg)ap rif;twGuf tm;awG&SdcJh ig ta0; a&mufcJhcsdefrSm
tdk ...rif;&JUtcspfrsm; wdrfawGvdk ajymif;vJoGm;cJh (w,f)
rMumcif awGU&awmhr,f wdkYarQmfvifhwJh aeomcsdef&,f
avrSm arQmvGifhcJhNyDaemf a[h rif;av;Munfhvdkufawmh
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igr,HkEdkifatmif jcm;em;NyDtcspfa& rif;bufu BudKaewm
rdk;onf;rkefwdkif; tm;vm; em;rvnfbl; rSm;,Gif;cJhNyD ckawmh
tdk ... tckawmh
tdrfjyefcsdef b0wpfck[mNydKuGJ rif;wdkYeJU vGwf&majy;csifw,f
bmwpfckrS rodawmhyg aysmfovdkyg b0udk MuHKovkdaer,f
reufjzefvGJacsmfol[m aemifweJY vrf;ay:rSm
rif;eJUwdkY tcspfrsm;vnf; arQmfvifhrxm;wmawG jzpfcJhavw,f
jyefawGUzdkYtBudrfBudrfBudK;pm;cJhrS rSm;
tvGrf;awGtjynfheJY (tdk) igh&JUESvHk;om; (aysmufqHk;ukefNyD)3
wdkYESpfa,muf&JUtjzpfawG[m jcm;em;NyD tcspfa&
rif;bufuBudKaewm rdk;onf;rkefwdkif;
tm;vHk; rif;em;rvnfbl; rSm;,Gif;cJhNyDckawmh (tdk) tckawmh rSm;,Gif;cJhNyD
ckawmh vm ... vm ...
'Duapmifhaeol
rsKd;BuD; aw;a&; - auatwD
tdrfjyefcsdefudkawmif rodawmhol jyefvmr,fqdkwm
rodawmhbl; 'Duapmifhaeol (tdk;) apmifhaeol
tdk ... 'Daea&mifawG aysmufqHk;&if olac:vmr,f
pdrf;vef;aomrD; awGU&r,fpdwfuxifNyD;
'Duapmifhaeol (tdk;) apmifhaeol
vrf;qHk;bufudk ra&mufao;vnf; ara&rif;aemufvSnhfNyD;
iJhMunfOD; ighESvHk;om;b,fvdkjzpfaeovJa[h
&,ljcif;r[kwf&if tcspfubmvJ ighudkvnf;ajymjyOD;av
em;rvnfvnf; igapmifhaeqJ apmifhaeqJ
em em em ara& ta&mufvSrf;cJh em em em
&,ljcif;r[kwf&if tcspfubmvJ ighudkvnf; ajymjyxm;oifhw,f
em;rvnfvnf; igapmifhaeqJ apmifhaeqJ
tvGrf;rD; wjznf;jznf; awmufavmifcJhol
igu'Dxufawmh rwufEdkifcJh igapmifhaewJh
tqHk;owf[m bmvJ
cspfoleJY jyefawGUcgifh rif;em;vnf tdk tm;vHk;uG,f
jynfhpHkvdrfhr,f
(em em em) igrvGrf;csifbl;
tdrfjyefcsdefudkawmif rodawmhbl; jyefvmr,fqdkwm rodawmhbl;
'Duapmifhaeol 'Duapmifhaeol
tdk 'Daea&mifawG aysmufqHk;&if awGU&r,f pdwfuxifNyD;
ig[marQmfvifhNyD; 'Duapmifhaeol
tNrJwrf;apmifhol 'Duapmifhol½l;
ig[marQmfvifhjcif; 'Duapmifhaeol
 5 6
tcspfawG r&yfEdkifbl;
rsKd;BuD; aw;a&; - tiJ
t&efol todkif;t0dkif;rsm;awmh rif;qDrSm 0ifcGJaeNyD
'Dvdk tcspfppfwdkY&JUvrf;wdkif; rajzmifhbl; avQmufvdkufprf;
tdktcspfawG rarhvdkufeJY b,folawG b,fvdk0ifzsufvnf;
pOf;pm;awG;NyD; vlawG&JU aoG;cGJpum;,Hk&if
wdkYESpfa,mufawmha0; b,frS roGm;eJU rif; tcgcg ig [pf a<u;
igh&JUtcspfawGr&yfEdkifbl; wdkYa0;oGm;r,f rawG;&J awmhbl;
rif;twGuf igaemufrqkwfbl;
wdkYtcspfr&yfEdkifbl; igwdkYtcspfr&yfEdkifbl;
tcsdefawG ajymif;oGm;vnf; wdkYtcspfudk rajymif;vJeJU
t&ifvdktcsdefawG jyefr&bl; jyefawG; tJ'Dtwdkif;
tcspfa& rajymif;vJvdkufeJU vdkaewm aocsmjyefpOf;pm; eift"duyJ
ca&mif;awmvm; igpGefYvTwfcdkif;zdkY cHEdkif&nfr&SdvdkY 'D&ifxJu wkefcgwm
rkefwdkif;vm; wdkY&JUtdyfrufawGtm;vHk; zsufqd;r,fvdkYMuHw,f
tcspfppf cdkifNrJxm; tm;wif;cspfolav; rif;eJYa0;rSm rawG;&Jbl;
a[;tcspf igavaemufrqkwfbl; ightcspfawG r&yfEdkifbl; wdkYtcspfawG
r&yfEdkifbl;
7 8
ESvHk;om;&JU todkufwpfckqDodkY
rsKd;BuD; aw;a&; - Edkif;Edkif
[efaqmifjcif;awGeJY em&DawGudk rjzwfcsifbl; wdkifwnfxm;wJhtwdkif;
tcspfa& vSrf;cJhrvdkY jymvGifhaewJh aumif;uifBuD; xdk;azmufvdkYoGm;
rdk;om;rsm;udk wGef;zGifhNyD;
(igvmr,f tcspfiSufi,f tcspfiSuf&JUtodkufwpfckodkY
avrkefwdkif;rsm;xef vdIif;Murf;xJvnf; ul;cwfvdkY)
igysHoef;cJhNyD rif;&JUtMuifemaumif;uifatmuf n&JUavjynfnif; awGeJU
a&SUudk c&D;qufxGuf a&Ttdka&mif aeawmufyaom aeY7ufrsm;udkapmifh
tcspfav;a& urf;vifhawmh
(awmifawGudkausmfjzwfvdkY rif;&ifcGifrSm cdkem;zdkY
rif;&JUterf;rsm; tdk ... ay;vdkuf^awmh
rif;qDa&mufzdkY igh&ifcGifrSm arQmfvifhvdkY
tcspf&JUtm;rsm;ay;yg igvmr,f tcspfiSuf&JU todkufwpfckodkY
tdk; .. [dkrSmvIdif;Murf;awG jzwfoef;pGefYpm; rif;av;twGuf
(tdk) rif;tcspfeJY tm;tifawGudk jznfhay;awmh vSwJhaeY&ufrsm; a&SUrSm
jyef&OD;rvm;
rsKd;BuD; aw;a&; - Edkif;Edkif
igarQmfvifhjcif;rsm; wpfppD uGJtufvnf; ig[mwrf;wqJ
&ifckefaeOD;rvm; va&mifausmcdkif;ol eifae&pfcJh tm;vHk; ...
rif;twGuf &ifqdkifausmfjzwf b0rSm 'Pf&mawGom tBudrfBudrf ig&cJh
tm½kPftcsdefrSm wdkYed;zdkY vmav avQmuffvSrf;zdkY 'Pf&mopfwdkY &OD;rsm;
ig,HkMunfcsifw,f tcspfav;&JU a&Ttdka&mif 'Dtcspfrsm;eJU
jyefvnfayGUzuf&OD;rvm; [dktcsdefawG ckawmh wu,fudk qHk;½IH;vdkYoGm;
jyef&OD;rvm; ig jyefr&yghrvm; ...
&efckefaeOD;rvm; va&mif ausmcdkif;ol eifridka<u;eJY
ig arQmfvifhjcif;rsm; wpfppD uGJtufvnf; igwrf;wqJ
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(tm; ...,m;) (tm; ...,m;)
wdkYcspfjcif; aeY&ufrsm; wdkY&JUaea&mifrsm;
tqHk;r&Sd yHk&dyfrsm;
uG,fvGefjcif;
rsKd;BuD; aw;a&; - tiJ
av[kefpD;NyD; ajy;vdkY vSrf;cJhawmh ae&ma[mif;av;
cPavmufem;cdkOD; eif[m ta0;qHk; xGufcGmoGm;NyDvdkY
r,HkEdkifao;bl;^r,Hk&Jbl; tcspfa&r,Hk&Jbl;
[dk;ta0;u wdrfjymxJ rif;&Sdvm;Munfhvdkuf rif;&JU0dOmOfavvm;
aus;iSufawGarQmfaeqJ rdk;aumif;uifMunhfvdkuf
rif;&JU0dnmOfav; taEG;qHk; erf;vSnfhOD;
udk,fhoDcsif;av; vdkuf&GwfqdkvdkufOD;
udk,hfarQmfvifhcsuf tm;tifawGay;vdkuf
uAsmawmif;av;&ifxJ cHpm;Munfhvdkuf
tvif;pufawG arSmifaeqJ vrf;jyygMunfhvdkuf
rif;&JU0dnmOfav;vm; &ifrSm udk,fhrsuf&nf
arQmfaeqJ rdk;aumif;uif Munfhvdkuf
rif;&JU0dnmOfav;vm; udk,f[m ½l;oGyfolvm;
&ifrSm aomu&JUrD;awGudk eifvmNidrf;owfvSnfhygawmh
txD;usefpGm xm;cJhNyD; uG,fvGefjcif;[m ighpdwfxJ
r,HkEdkifawmhygvm; qdwfNidrfpGm tdyfpufNyD; udk,fhtcspfa&
[dk;ta0;u wdrfjymxJ rif;&Sdrvm;Munfhvdkuf rif;&JU0dnmOfav;vm;
rif;&JU0dnmOfav;vm;
wdrfawG rif;0dnmOfav;vm; ta0;urif;0dnmOfvm;
wdrfvdk eifvGifharsmoGm;rvm; r,Hk&Jbl; tdk; rif;0dnmOfav;vm;
 9 10
zefqif;&Sif
rsKd;BuD; aw;a&; - jrifhrdk;atmif
ESvHk;om;xJ &SdwJh wdkYtcspfrsm; b,folawG zefqif;wmvJ
xl;qef;wJh&Sifoefjcif; arG;zGm;cJh ightcspfrif;tcspf
rif;av;&JUtem;rSm &Sdae&if bmawGigvdktyfOD;rSmvJ
tvif;wef;rsm; &ifxJrSm jynfh0cJh ntwGufb0twGuf
tm;vHk; rif;,lvmw,f (&ifxJ)
(bmrqdk rif;twGuf)
ighb0 rif;twGufyJ rif;b0 igh&JUtwGufyJ ydkifqdkifcJh
rif;twGuf ighudk arG;zGm;cJh& vdkcsifwmawG bmrqdkjznfhqnf;vdkY
ightwGuf rif;udk zefqif;cJhw,f
ESvHk;om;xJrSm tcspfwdkY touf0ifw,f
b,fvdktpm;xdk; cspfzdkY r&SdcJh rif;wpfa,mufwnf;om
b0rSmvdktyfcsuf rif;twGuftcspf igzefqif;cJhw,f
ightwGuf tcspfudk rif;zefqif;xm;cJh^ay;r,f
taumif;qHk;aom b0&JUaw;opfrsm; oHpOfawGudk zefqif;cJholav;
rif;av;&JUrsuf0ef;rSm awGU&SdcJh oDcsif;opf tvif;opf rsKdodyfxm;cJh&wJh
rif;&JUrsuf&nfawG ajcmufaoGUr,f a&mifpOfrsm; udk,fhqDrSm rif;av;
twGuf MunfEl;pGm ay;qyfcJh b0twGuf tcspftwGuf
a&mifpOfawG ,laqmifvmcJh (&ifxJ)
tm;vHk;ay;a0Edkifw,f (bmrqdkrif;twGuf)
twlwlaexdkifumae&if; urÇmajrwpfckvHk;ydkifqdkifcJh
11
rdef;r½dkif;vm;
rsKd;BuD; aw;a&; - armifarmifaZmfvwf
uJh&JUyHku vdyfjymvGifhrwwfygbJ yufpufvGef;
'DrSm vufeufcsaewJh ighudk xyfESdyfpufwm
rif;odyfvGefw,f
rif;rkef;&ifowfypf ighudk rif;yg;pyfawmh cPavmuf
pdwfa0; pGyfpGJcsufrsKd;pHkeJY "gwfjym;tdk;BuD;
tyfaMumif;xyfaeNyDa[h
eifrdef;r½dkif;vm; eif ewforD;vm; jyefpOf;pm;NyD ighudk ajz&Sif;vdkuf
eifrdef;r½dkif;vm; eif ewforD;vm;
rif;vrf; rif; jrifaewmyJ ajymprf;
pdwfemrS rsuf&nfus&atmif rif;vkyf&ufxm;
ig[m rif;&JUtvkyfwpfckyg rif;cdkif;orQudk acgif;iHkumcHae&
eifawG;MunfcJhygOD; igh*kPfrmewdky rif;aMumifh uGmus
aemufqkwfvdkY r&rSef;odvmawmh igaemufusaeNyDa[h
[dkwkef;u ighpdwful; (pdwful;) tm;vHk;[mqHk;½IH;
cg;oD;cJhNyD;aemifw [dkwkef;u ighpdwful; (pdwful;)
qHk;½IH; qHk;½IH;
pOf;pm; eifrdef;r½dkif;vm; ajymprf; eifrdef;r½kdif;vm; eifewforD;vm;
eifrdef;r½dkif;vm; eifewforD;vm; ajym ajym ajym ajymprf;
eif;rdef;r½dkif;vm; eifewforD;vm; jyefpOf;pm;OD; ajz&Sif;vdkuf
eifrdef;r½dkif;vm; eifewforD;vm; rif;av; rif;jrifaewmyJ ajymprf;
eifrdef;r½dkif;vm; eifewforD;vm; jyefpOf;pm;OD; &Sif;ypfvdkuf
eifrdef;r½dkif;vm; eifewforD;vm; ajym ajymprf;
eifrdef;r½dkif;vm; eifewforD;vm; tdk
iSufwpfaumif&JUtdyfruf
rsKd;BuD; aw;a&; - udkrdk;
tdrfwufwdkY&JU t&dyfxJ igysHoef;jcif;rsm;pGm
tvif;eJUtwl vGifhvdkoGm;r,f [dk;ta0;qHk;uwdrfrsm;Mum;
ig,HkNyD;vdkufcJhr,f tqHk;wpfckudk vdkcsifcJh
rm,mawGjynfhvdkYaew,f ighpdwf"gwfawwGNzdKcszdk;Y
twm;tqD;rsm; igha&SUxdk;xGufypfvmcJh
taoG;tom;rsm;xdpD;um ysHoef;jcif;eJU &ifckefqJa[h
tawmifyHawg rD;awmufawmhr,f ydwfqdkYwJhaveDMurf;
tEÅ&m,frkefwdkif;awGeJY c&D;Murf;udk igjzwfoef;
rjrifEdkifwJh vrf;&JUtqHk;rSm BudKaer,f tdyfrufrsm;
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tawmifyHawGjzefY igysHoef;&if; aor,f'Dvrf;
emusifwJhtqdyfwufjcif;awG ayGUydkufumysHaeqJ
ylavmifpGm wyfrufaevdkY cHEdkif&nfeJY toufjyif;cJh
'DurÇmrSm xm;&pfawmhr,f taemufbufrSm aecJhOD;
tdk igysHxGufcJh 'DrSm ighb0&JU t"dyÜg,fudk jrif&zdkY
twm;tqD;igha&SUu wdk;xGufypfvdkufprf;
taoG;tom;rsm;xdpD;um aysmf0ifysHoef;jcif;eJU &ifckefqJa[h
tawmifyHawG rD;awmufawmhr,f ydwfqdkYwJh aveDMurf;
tEÅ&,frkefwdkif;awGeJU rcHEdkifatmif t&ufpufqHk;
rjrifEdkifwJh vrf;&JUtqHk;rSm BudKaer,ftdyfrufrsm;
tawmifyHawGjzefY igysHoef;&if; aor,f'Dvrf;
e*g;aiGUwef;udkausmfNyD; igoGm;r,f aumif;uifvrf;
tdk;"g;oGm;xufxufnavjyif; tjrifhqHk; [dktjrifhqHk; ysHoef;vdkuf&if;
12
tcspfZmwfvrf;
rsKd;BuD;
rif;,HkatmifajymzdkY udk,fBudK;pm;
aocsmatmif pum;vHk;rsm;a&G;cs,f
udk,fh&ifudkcGJNyD; xGufajy;oGm;
[efaqmifwmtaumif;qHk;awG;NyD; pOf;pm;NyD;om;
rif;r&Sdawmh raeEdkifatmif pJGvrf;jcif;rsm;
&ifckef&Da0rl;ae AsL[mawGudk em;rvnf
BudKwifpDpOftoifhjyifrvm;
i,f&G,fol 0#fa<u; (awG) udk,f[m tBudrfBudrf
ay;qyfxm; t½dk;qHk; (aom) tcspfZmwfvrf;
pdwfrematmif arhypfEdkifrvm;awG;
t&G,fawG[m jznf;jznf;jcif;ajymif;vJaew,f
ckcsdefrSm rif;cspfEdkifrvm;a[h
&ifckefoHa[mif;EGrf;roGm;bl; arQmfvifhqJvm;
rif;r&SdraeEdkifyg pGJvrf;jcif;rsm;